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揭开墨西哥玛雅金字塔之谜发布:历史 | 分类:未解之谜 | 发表评论揭开墨西哥玛雅金字塔之谜一提起金字塔，人们立刻会联想到埃及。
岂不知在拉丁美洲也有着庞大的金字塔群。
美洲的金字塔分布很广，但主要集中在墨西哥首都墨西哥城附近，及墨西哥东部的尤加坦半岛和墨西哥、危地马拉、洪都拉斯三国毗邻处。
今天我们要讲的就是玛雅金字塔与玛雅文明。
作为世界最著名的古代文明之一，玛雅人到底隐瞒了人类历史上什么惊天秘密？玛雅文明在哪里？玛雅文明约形成于西元前2500年，主要分布在墨西哥南部、瓜地马拉、伯利兹以及洪都拉斯和萨尔瓦多西部地区。
玛雅文明（Maya Civilization）为古代玛雅人所创造的印第安文明，是中部美洲印第安古文明的杰出代表，是古代美洲的三大文明之一，是世界著名的古代文明之一，也是唯一诞生在热带丛林而非大河流域的文明。
玛雅人为何修建金字塔中美洲的玛雅人是一个特别的人种，语言自成一体，脸型轮廓很独特，前额倾斜、鹰钩鼻、厚嘴唇。
他们在美洲这片沼泽低洼、人迹罕见的热带雨林中，创造了令人难以想象的辉煌文明，如平顶金字塔祭坛、浮雕、石碑等众多杰出的建筑物。
玛雅人创造了一套精巧的数学，来适应他们按年记事的需要，以决定播种和收成的时间，对于季节和年度中雨水最多的时间准确的加以计算，以期充分利用贫瘠的土地。
他们所掌握的数学技巧，在古代原始民族中，高明得令人吃惊，尤其是他们熟悉“0”的概念，比阿拉伯商队横越中东的沙漠把这个概念从印度传到欧洲的时间早1000年等。
凡此种种，使得玛雅文化也成为世界文明史上的奇葩。
玛雅文化诞生于公元前1000年，分为前古典期、古典期和后古典期3个时期，直到公元9世纪突然消失。
据考证，大约公元前后，玛雅人达到了第一个兴盛期，在尤卡坦半岛南端的贝登湖周围建立了第一批“城邦”，营造了一个繁华的城市。
玛雅人会不会是不谋而合也用工程浩大的金字塔作坟墓？现今整个遗迹面积达130万平方米，其中心地带包括金字塔、祭坛等多处建筑。
Maya Culture & Maya CivilizationDo you still remember the film 2012?The plot of itfollows novelist Jackson Curtis as he attempts to bring his family to safety amid a worldwide geological disaster. The film refers to Mayanism and the 2012 phenomenon in its portrayal of cataclysmic events.And today we are going to talk about Maya, a real powerful civilization.Maya culture is the world's most ancient cultures in the world, known as the cradle of American Indian culture. Just like China.Maya culture in the region of south-eastern MexicoMaya cultural development is divided into four periods: Pre-classic periodClassic period Postclassic period and Contact period.The Mayas use about 30 different indigenous Mayan languagesIn agriculture, they use the primitive slash-and-burn farming methods, the main crops are cornsIn mathematics they developed the concept of zeroNow let’s go back to the film 2012. The Mayas had made a prediction in the film.The Maya calendar was started in the year around 3114BC August 11 and will end in the year 2012AD December23.A ccording to Maya’s prediction,the sun will never raise after its fall at December 21, 2012. But, the sun refers to Japan.Now, let’s move to some unexplained puzzles about the Maya Civilization.The first one isthe tunnels. There are many tunnels in where Maya Civilization located.One of them is estimatedto have a history of at least 50 thousand years. The tunnel is 250 meters depth.There are many antiques and some characters which’s meaning is still a myster y to us.As we all known, Crystal skull is another mystery of Maya. It’s made with quartz which is one of the hardest material in the world.What carved the skull is still unknownto us, But the technique must be very advanced. However, is this still a mystery to us now? NO!!In 2008, the crystal skull was found to be manufacturedin the mid-19th century or later, almost certainly in Europe during a time when interest in ancient culture was abundant.The crystal skulls were made by a kind of machines, which were used in the19th centuries.The Maya Civilization is also famous for its pyramids.There are nine pyramids, and the most amazing thing is that the light of Polaris will come inthe hall through thehole of north wall.But, this amazing civilization disappeared suddenly. People have some different guess. Some say that aliens took them away. Some says that pollution made them dead. Some says they could not adapt to dramatic changes in the climate. But there’s no evidence for these guesses, so the reason why they disappeared is still the biggest mystery to us.OK, t hat’s all for today! We hope thatwe can find out what happened to this civilization on day. Thank you for listening!。
lesson62： Maya Culture 玛雅文明（墨西哥）原文：K: Katie S：SaSkiaK: Saskia, I'm doing some research about ancient cultures in South America. Which one do you think I should choose?S: I think the Maya are your best bet, there's so much information available about them.K: Maya….OK. There's certainly a lot of them! They Lived all over Mexico, in Tabasco, Chiapas, Guatemala, Belize and Western Honduras.S:They were believed to be the most intelligent of the ancient cultures. The culture's beginnings have been traced back to 1500BC, entering the Classic period about AD 300 and flourishing between AD 600 and AD 900. K: They seemed to be excellent farmers, too. They cultivated maize. beans, squash, and chili peppers, and also "cash crops" of cotton and cacao.S: This can't have been easy, the climate was inhospitable. They also built their settlements next to " cenotes" , natural watering holes.K: The Maya devised a complex style of hieroglyphic writing that has yet to be fully deciphered and they knew lots about science, maths and astrology.S: They used maths and astronomy to predict eclipses and other heavenly events with great precision and formulated a unique calendar system more exact than the one we use today.K: That's amazing! It says here that they were very religious too, but they accepted science and religion together. That's interesting, because nowadays we think of science and religion as being totally different things.S: Their architecture was very interesting too, likeall cultures in Mesoamerica.They built tall pyramidal temples, warren-like single story palaces and courts around a broad central plaza.K: Hmm…. they painted many exotic mura ls too, usually containing the human form.S: They were also very talented in working with ceramics and stoneware.K: But why did such a wonderful, gifted civilization fall? Why did they disappear?S: Now that, my friend, is an interesting story. I've heard some people say that aliens took them away because they were much too advanced to be human.K: That can't be true! Maybe it was because of insufficient food supply, earthquake, pestilence, invasion by outsiders, internal rebellion or a combination of these factors.S: Well, whatever it was, by AD 900 the Maya’s numerous ceremonial centers had been abandoned.译文：K:卡蒂 S：萨斯珂雅K：萨斯珂雅．我正在对南美的古代文化做些研究。
玛雅MayaMayanMayan calendarMaya•玛雅是玛雅人、玛雅语和玛雅文明的统称和简称。
玛雅文明是南美洲古代印第安人文明，美洲古代印第安文明的杰出代表，以印第安玛雅人而得名。
主要分布在墨西哥南部、危地马拉、巴西、伯利兹以及洪都拉斯和萨尔瓦多西部地区。
玛雅文明在物质文化、科学艺术等方面有很大成就。
玛雅文明约形成于公元前1500年，公元前400年左右建立早期奴隶制国家，公元3～9世纪为繁盛期，15世纪衰落，最后为西班牙殖民者摧毁，此后长期湮没在热带丛林中。
•印第安人的一支玛雅人居住的地区，范围约为今墨西哥南部塔巴斯科、坎佩切、尤卡坦等州和危地马拉、洪都拉斯以及伯利兹外围地区。
公元一到五世纪，玛雅人先后在该地区兴建一些城邦。
据传全盛时代人口曾达1，400万。
当时已有发达的农业，对天文、数学、历法、雕刻技术，也有卓越的创造。
史称“玛雅文明”。
为美洲文化的源地之一。
玛雅人占领着墨西哥Yucatan（尤卡坦）半岛、现代洪都拉斯、及现代危地马拉。
其历史大概可追述到公元前二千年，但鼎盛时期是在公元600到900年之间。
尽管他们生活在农业发达时期，他们还是创造出许多类似于埃及灿烂古迹的一些纪念碑和仪式中心。
这些建筑物的规模之所以令人惊奇，是因为他们的宗教信仰相当纯朴简单。
而其建筑的发展水平尽管不是很高，但与其同时代的其它民族相比，还是领先的。
他们发明了一种独特书写语言，到今天必须破译后才能理解。
现仅保留有三本玛雅人写的书，其它的都被视其为异端的欧洲人给毁灭殆尽。
文化•文化:•玛雅人在数学与天文学方面非常精通，其理解与预知各星球运动的本领是根据历法计算出来的，常在一些重要的仪式上表现。
他们住在一个小村子里，每当有重大事情发生时，就可聚集在其中心地商量讨论，这个小村子现已不再存在。
贵族武士和牧师统治着这个社会。
•公元999年，玛雅民族猛然开始衰落，或许是由于地震，也有可能是火山爆发。
许多重要的仪式场所自那以后就被抛弃了，大范围的战争开始，从墨西哥中心来的武士们入侵玛雅城，他们在雨林中分为许多小组进攻。
英语课程中的历史文化专题词汇英语课程作为一门国际通用语言，不仅仅是为了交流，还是了解其他国家的历史文化。
在英语学习的过程中，了解与历史文化相关的专题词汇能够帮助学生更好地理解和运用英语。
本文将从不同历史文化专题出发，介绍一些在英语课程中常见的相关词汇。
1. 古埃及 (Ancient Egypt)古埃及是一个拥有5000年历史以及辉煌文明的国家，在埃及历史和文化方面有很多特色词汇。
Pharaoh：法老，古埃及的君主Pyramid：金字塔Sphinx：狮身人面像Hieroglyphics：象形文字2. 古希腊 (Ancient Greece)古希腊是一个对西方文化产生深远影响的古代文明，其语言和文化被广泛研究和应用。
Democracy：民主Olympics：奥运会Philosophy：哲学Mythology：神话3. 古罗马 (Ancient Rome)古罗马是欧洲历史上最伟大的文明之一，其政治、法律、建筑和文化对世界产生了广泛的影响。
Colosseum：斗兽场Aqueduct：古罗马引水工程Gladiator：角斗士Roman Empire：罗马帝国4. 世界文明 (World Civilizations)世界各地的文明和历史都对英语课程中的专题词汇有所贡献。
Great Wall of China：长城Samurai：日本武士Maya Civilization：玛雅文明Hinduism：印度教5. 中世纪 (Medieval Times)中世纪是欧洲历史中一个重要的时期，影响着政治、文化和社会。
Knighthood：骑士精神Feudalism：封建主义Cathedral：大教堂Plague：黑死病6. 文艺复兴 (Renaissance)文艺复兴是欧洲历史上的一次重大变革，对文学、艺术和科学产生了深远影响。
Leonardo da Vinci：达芬奇Michelangelo：米开朗琪罗Humanism：人文主义Reformation：宗教改革总结：在英语课程中学习历史文化专题词汇，不仅拓宽了学生的知识面，还能增进对不同文化的理解和尊重。
