简明语言学整理笔记

1 / 8 第一章1.linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language

2．The scope of linguistics

Phonetics-语音学 phonology-音系学 morphology-形态学 syntax-句法学 semantics-语义学

pragmatics-语用学

从语言形式划分：

Sociolinguistics社会语言学，psycholinguistics心理语言学，applied linguistics应用语言学

3. Important distinctions in linguisticsDescriptive &> prescriptive 规定性&描写性Synchronic & >diachronic 共时性&历时性

Speech&> writing 口语&书写Langue &

(Saussure and Chomsky think rule>language fact )Traditional grammer & modern linguistics

4.What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human

communication5.Design features of language 语言的识别特征 Charles

Hockett①Arbitrariness(任意性)refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural

relationship to their meaning. (sounds and meanings)②Productivity/creativity(能产性）:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new

signals by its users

③Duality（双重性）:The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the

primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its

own principles of organization.. ④Displacement(移位性):Human Languages enable their users

to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at moment of

communication.

⑤ Cultural transmission（文化传承性）人独有。动物为基因传承6.Functions of language

Main function：

Descreptive function 描述功能，expressive function表达功能，social function社会功能

6 basic function （Roman Jakobson）①addresser-Emotive (情感功能): to express feelings and

attitudes of the speaker

②addressee-Conative（意动功能）

③ Context-referential（指称功能）

④.message-poetic（诗性功能）.

⑤contact-Phatic communion(寒暄交流)

⑥Metalingual function(元语言功能):

Halliday –child language： the ideational 概念功能，the interpersonal交际功能，the textual语篇功能

第二章Phology语音学

Three branches：articulatory phonetics 发音语言学，auditory phonetics 听觉语音学，acoustic

phonetics声学语音学。

Organs of speech：pharyngeal cavity咽腔:voiced浊辅音，voiceless清辅音

oral cavity口腔，

nasal cavity鼻腔。Broad&narrow transcription

classification of english speech sound：

phonology音系学名词解释 2 / 8 Phonetics语音学 is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human

languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each

other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified

Phonology 音系学aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns, and how

these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.

A phone音素---- a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during

linguistic communication are all phones.

A phoneme音位---- is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a

particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the

phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in peak and speak.

Allophones音位变体 ---- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic

environments. (complementary distribution互补分布)

e.g. the phoneme [l] in English can be realized as dark [l], clear [l], which are allophones of the

phoneme [l].

Phonemic contrast音位对立----two different or distinctive phonemes are in phonemic contrast,

e.g./b/ and /p/ in [ bIt ] and [pIt].

Complementary distribution互补分布----allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary

distribution. They do not distinguish meaning. They occur in different phonetic contexts, e.g.

dark [l] & clear [l], aspirated [p] & unaspirated [p].

Minimal pair最小对立体--- when two different forms are identical (the same) in every way

except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound

combinations are said to form a minimal pair, e.g.

Some rules in phonelogy

Sequential rules 序列规则

Assimilation rule 同化规则

Deletion rule省略规则

Suprasegmental features超音段特征

stress ，tone，intonation

第三章Morphology（形态学）: refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with formation

and word structure.

Closed class words: conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of the “grammatical”

or “functional” words.

Words --- the smallest free form found in language.

Morpheme --- the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.

Phoneme音位 : the smallest meaningful unit of sound: /p, b/

Morpheme词素 : the smallest meaningful unit in grammar: -s, a-, -lessun-

Free morpheme自由词素----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself

Bound morpheme黏着词素----is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can

not stand by themselves

Allomorph词素变体 --- morphemes may have different forms. (:a and an.) The variant forms of a