Attributive Clause修改 2

Attributive ClauseIntroductionAn attributive clause, also known as an adjective clause, is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective by modifying a noun or pronoun in the main clause of a sentence. It provides additional information about the noun or pronoun it modifies.Structure of an Attributive ClauseAn attributive clause consists of a relative pronoun or relative adverb followed by a subject and a predicate. The relative pronouns commonly used in attributive clauses are:1.Who/Whom - used for people2.Which - used for things3.That - used for both people and thingsThe relative adverbs commonly used in attributive clauses are:1.Where - used to describe a place2.When - used to describe a timeExamplesHere are some examples of sentences with attributive clauses:1.The boy who is wearing a blue shirt is my friend.2.The car that I just bought is red.3.The book which is on the shelf is mine.4.This is the town where I was born.5.I remember the day when we first met.Functions of Attributive ClausesAttributive clauses serve several functions in a sentence:1. Providing additional informationAttributive clauses provide additional information about the noun or pronoun they modify. They give details, descriptions, or explanations that help in identifying or understanding the noun or pronoun.2. Restricting or limiting the meaningAttributive clauses can restrict or limit the meaning of a noun or pronoun. They specify particular characteristics or qualities that distinguish the noun or pronoun from others.3. Combining sentencesAttributive clauses can also be used to combine two or more sentences into a single, more concise sentence. They allow the writer to provide related information without making the sentence too long or repetitive.Placement of Attributive ClausesAttributive clauses can be placed directly after the noun or pronoun they modify, or they can be placed elsewhere in the sentence for emphasis. The placement of the attributive clause may affect the meaning or tone of the sentence.1. Placement after the noun or pronounWhen the attributive clause is placed immediately after the noun or pronoun, it is called a “peripheral attributive clause.” This is the most common placement for attributive clauses.Example: - The girl who won the competition is my sister.2. Placement before the noun or pronounWhen the attributive clause is placed before the noun or pronoun, it is called a “central attributive clause.” This placement emphasizes the information in the attributive clause.Example: - Who won the competition, the girl is my sister.3. Placement within the sentenceAttributive clauses can also be placed within the sentence for emphasis or stylistic reasons. This placement separates the attributive clause from the noun or pronoun it modifies.Example: - The girl, who won the competition, is my sister.Punctuation of Attributive ClausesThe punctuation used in attributive clauses depends on the placement and structure of the clause. Here are some guidelines for punctuating attributive clauses:1. CommasCommas are used to separate attributive clauses from the rest of the sentence when they are placed after the noun or pronoun.Example: - The book, which was published last year, is a bestseller.2. No commasNo commas are used when the attributive clause is essential to the sentence and restricts or limits the meaning of the noun or pronoun.Example: - The book that I am reading is very interesting.3. Parentheses or dashesIn some cases, parentheses or dashes can be used instead of commas to set off the attributive clause. This is often done to create a stronger separation between the attributive clause and the main clause.Example: - The car (which is parked outside) belongs to my neighbor.ConclusionAttributive clauses play a crucial role in providing additional information, restricting meaning, and combining sentences. Understandingthe structure, functions, placement, and punctuation of attributive clauses can greatly enhance one’s ability to write clear, concise, and grammatically correct sentences.。

Attributive Clause1）充当主语的关系代词关系代词在限定性定语从句中做主语who用于指人，which用于指物，that既可以指人也可以指物。

An architect is a person who/that designs houses and buildings.The bank which/that was opened last week is a very modern one.关系代词在非限制性定语从句中做主语，只能用who指人，which指物，不能用that。

The island, which is at the mouth of the river, is being developed as a scenic spot.My son, who is a surgeon, is now in Sweden as a visiting scholar.2）充当宾语的关系代词关系代词在限定性定语从句中作谓语动词宾语，who(m)用于指人，which用于指物，that 既可以指人也可以指物，在非正式文体中可以省略关系代词。

The suit (which/that) the t ailor made for me doesn’t fit me.The player (whom/that) I beat in the table tennis game was a seed player.在非限制性定语从句中，who(m)用于指人，which用于指物，不能用that，也不能省略。

The town, which thousands of travelers visit every year, is known for its stone bridge and small rivers.Mr Baker, who(m) the teachers and students respect, has completed forty years of teaching.3）作介词宾语的关系代词在限制和非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作介词宾语，即介词宾语，即介词+关系代词，whom用于指人，which用于指人,不能用that。

关系副词引导的定语从句1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语，其先行词往往是表示时间的名词。

(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语，其先行词往往是表示地点的名词(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语，其先行词一般是reason 这个词(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) I still remember the days when/ during which I stayed with my grandpa in thecountryside(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.注意：当先行词是时间、地点名词或reason时，也可以用that/which引导定语从句，其关键是先行词（即引导词）在定语从句中的成分，充当状语时，用when, where, why引导，若引导词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that/which引导例如：1. The factory ________ his father works is in the west of the city.2. Do you still remember the chicken farm _________ we visited three months ago?关键是对work, visit是否缺主语或宾语的判断，work “工作” 不及物，因此不缺宾语，the factory 在后面定语从句中作地点状语，故用where。

Unit TwoTeaching Objectives:By the end of this unit, the students will be expected to be able to1. talk about some results brought by TV and other useful and interesting communicative methods;2. use about 30 new words and 8 new phrases and expressions in brief conversations and translation;3. review grammar on the attributive clause:1) attributive clause with relative adverbs; 2) attributive clause with as/which;4. read material on a similar topic and with a similar degree of difficulty.Teaching Methods: Lecture, Discussion, Role-playUnit Duration: 8 class hours (45 minutes each)Teaching procedures:I. Preparatory1. Words and Phrases Learned In Display1. ignore syn. neglect; disregard2. argue syn. claim3. view syn. watch4. tolerate syn. permit; bear; suffer5. respond syn. reply; react6. reckon syn. regard; consider7. belong to 为……成员I belong to those who have decided to live without TV.8. switch on 开(电灯、电视、电器等)When my child switches on TV, he doesn't want to do anything else.9. tune in (to) 收听广播；收看电视What program do you usually tune in?10. be determined to do sth. 决心做某事，决定做某事My family was determined to stop watching TV.11. agree to 同意做某事，赞成My father agreed to give me a computer.12. take up 从事于，专注于We decided to take up other interesting activities to spend our holidays.13. be keen on 对某人或某事非常喜爱，热衷于做某事The old man was keen on playing with his grandson.2. Key to Expressions Learned in Display1. was determined to2. switched on3. agreed to4. belonged to5. keen on6.tunes in (to)7. take upII. Language in Context1. Preview Questionsi. Do you like watching TV? And what kind of TV programs do you usually watch? ii. If one day you don't watch TV any more, what else can you do?iii. What is your attitude towards TV?2. Information Related To the Texti. TelevisionTelevision is a telecommunication system for broadcasting and receiving moving pictures and sound over a distance. The term has come to refer to all the aspects of television programming and transmission as well. The word television is a hybrid word, coming from both Greek and Latin. “Tele-” is Greek for “far,” while “-vision” is from the Latin “visio,” meaning “vision” or “sight.” It is often abbreviated as TV.The earliest television sets were radios with the addition of a television device consisting of a neon tube with a mechanically spinning disk (the Nipkow disk, invented by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow) that produced a red postage-stamp size image. The first publicly broadcast electronic service was in Germany in March 1935. It had 180 lines of resolution and was only available in 22 public viewing rooms. One of the first major broadcasts involved the 1936 Berlin Olympics. The Germans had a 441-line system in the autumn of 1937.Television usage skyrocketed after World War II with war-related technological advances and additional disposable income. Prior to the war, in the 1930s, TV receivers cost the equivalent of US$7000 in 2001, and had little available programming.For many years different countries used different technical standards. France initially adopted the German 441-line standard but later upgraded to 819 lines, which gave the highest picture definition of any analogue TV system, approximately four times the resolution of the British 405-line system. Eventually the whole of Europe switched to the 625-line standard, once more following Germany’s example. Meanwhile in North America the original 525-line standard was retained.A television with a VHF “rabbit ears” antenna and a loop UHF antenna. Television in its original and still most popular form involves sending images and sound over radio waves in the VHF and UHF bands, which are received by a receiver (a television set). In this sense, it is an extension of radio. Broadcast television requires an antenna (aerial). This can be an external antenna mounted outside or smaller antennas mounted on or near the television. Typically this is an adjustable dipole antenna called “rabbit ears” for the VHF band and a small loop antenna for the UHF band.Color television became available in the U.S. on December 30 of 1953, backed by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) network. The government approved the color broadcast system proposed by CBS, but when RCA came up with a subcarrier system that made it possible to view color broadcasts in black and white onunmodified old black and white TV sets, CBS dropped their own proposal and used the new one (see NTSC).The first publicly announced experimental TV broadcast of a program using RCA’s “compatible color” system wa s an episode of Kukla, Fran and Ollie on August 30, 1953. NBC was the first network to have a regularly scheduled color program on the air (Bonanza, started in 1959).Television was not invented by a single inventor, instead many people working together and alone, contributed to the evolution of TV.ii. Television JunkiesJunkie is someone who is so ardently devoted to something that it resembles an addiction; “a golf addict;” “a car nut;” “a news junkie.” Television junkies refer to the people who are addicted to watching television without doing anything else. According to scientific research, the conditions of TV viewing cause a physiological high, much in the same way as all those other less socially acceptable forms of drug use.iii. CartoonA cartoon is a form of art with diverse origins and even more diverse modern meanings. In its historical original meaning, a cartoon is a full-size drawing made on paper as a study for a further artwork, such as a painting. However, cartoons were typically used in the production of frescoes in order to accurately link the component parts of the composition when painted onto newly applied fresh plaster over a series of days. Cartoons by painters such as Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci are highly prized in their own right.Nowadays a cartoon is a humorous drawing of some description. This usage dates from the 1840s when Punch magazine applied the terms to satirical drawings in its pages. The first of these parodied frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster. The original title for such drawings in Punch was Mr Punch’s Pencillings and the title “cartoon” was intended to be ironic—these were still essentially line-art drawings in pencil and/or ink.Over time, more cartoons in Punch made other satirical points and, eventually, came merely to be humorous drawings, usually (although not always) with a punchline caption at the bottom. Many early examples of these are reproduced on the Punch website and are impenetrably obscure by today’s standards.The modern understanding of “cartoon” falls into two further categories—comic strips and animated cartoons.Comic strips are found daily in newspapers worldwide and are frequently compiled into books. Animated cartoons are usually shown on television or cinema screens and are created by drawing thousands of individual drawings which are shown rapidly in succession to give the impression of movement.3. Language Points1. I belong to one of the two per cent of British families who have decided to live without a television set.belong to1) be a member of 为……成员Which party do you belong to?你属于哪一个党派？I belong to the music club on our campus.我是校园音乐俱乐部的成员。