江西师范大学非英语专业研究生英语(第一外国语)教学与

洋务运动时期的外语教学及其启示发布时间：2022-03-21T00:58:29.841Z 来源：《教学与研究》2021年第28期作者：钟倩云[导读] 随着中国全球化进程不断加深，中国外语教育的不断发展，我们有必要回顾外语教育的历史，钟倩云江西师范大学外国语学院江西南昌 330022摘要：随着中国全球化进程不断加深，中国外语教育的不断发展，我们有必要回顾外语教育的历史，探索中国外语教育融入世界体系的历程。

本文以翔实的史料为基础，聚焦于洋务运动时期的中国外语教育，历史性地呈现了当时外语教学的发展背景及其特点。

此外，以培养外语人才、传播西方先进技术为目的陆续开设的洋务学堂，推动了中国近代外语教育的发展，对当今的外语教育仍有重要的启示。

关键词：洋务运动；外语教学；外国语学堂；中国外语教育史作者简介：钟倩云（1999年—）：女，汉族，江西南昌人，江西师范大学外国语学院2020级学科教学（英语）专业硕士研究生，研究方向：二语习得。

一、我国近代时期英语教育发展及传播概况在 19 世纪初，外国传教士来到中国开办教会学校，开始秘密传教。

教会学校成为外国传教士在我国沿海设立的为宣传基督教而学习英文和中文的学校，这就逐渐开启了我国早期的英语教学[1]。

19世纪60年代，为了挽救晚清王朝, 清政府内部的一批有识之士主张 “西学”。

以李鸿章、左宗棠为代表的洋务派提出变道不变器、“师夷长技以制夷”的思想，掀起了以学习、引进西方先进科学技术为主要内容的洋务运动[2]。

学习西方先进科技，首先要有懂得西方语言的人才，了解西方地理文化，才能有效习得国外科技，由此引发了中国历史上一次空前的外语学习热潮[3]。

1862年京师同文馆应运而生，主要培养外语翻译人才，学习西方先进文化和军事思想，也标志着中国近代外语教育的开端[4]。

需要说明的是，从时间上说,在中国的学校英语教学始于鸦片战争前建立的教会学校。

如美国传教士裨治文1830年在广州创办的“贝满学校”,英国“伦敦东方女子教育促进会”的古特拉富夫人1835年在广州创办的一所女塾以及英美联手于1839年在澳门创办的更大规模的马礼逊学校等。

江西师范大学博士研究生培养的基本要求攻读博士学位是我国学历教育中的最高层次,其培养质量标志着学校的学术水平与科学研究水平,为了发展我校研究生教育,保证与提高我校攻读博士学位研究生(以下简称博士生)的培养质量,根据《中华人民共和国学位条例》和国家教育部有关文件规定，结合我校的具体情况对博士生培养制定提出以下基本要求：一、培养目标培养我国社会主义建设事业需要的，适应面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来的德、智、体全面发展的高级专门人才，基本要求是：1、努力学习马克思主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平同志建设有中国特色的社会主义理论和“三个代表”重要思想，拥护党的基本路线，热爱祖国，遵纪守法，品行端正，具有艰苦奋斗、为人民服务和社会主义建设事业献身的精神。

2、勤奋学习，掌握本学科坚实宽广的理论基础和系统深入的专业知识，具有独立从事科学研究工作的能力，在有关的科学技术领域中做出有理论或实践意义的创造性的研究成果。

熟练地运用一种外国语阅读本专业的外文资料，并能写一般的本专业文章。

3、具有健康的身心。

二、学制实行弹性学制，学习年限一般为3-5年。

三、学科专业和研究方向博士研究生的学科、专业设置以国家最新颁布的目录为依据，其专业属于二级学科，研究方向属于三级学科。

1、研究方向的调整和设置，要注意突出重点，加强论证。

在突出本学科已有特色和优势的同时，应密切关注科技、经济、社会发展中具有重大或深远意义的领域，并力求体现前瞻性、先进性和前沿性。

要努力把握本学科发展的主流和趋势，适应我国经济建设和社会进步发展的需要，适应21世纪科学技术发展的趋势，使本学科研究生的培养能够立足于较高的起点和学科发展的前沿。

2、对同一专业内所设置的研究方向，应在总体上对本二级学科的主要研究领域有一定范围的覆盖面，既不宜过窄，又要避免重复。

研究方向的调整和设置应力求相对稳定，还应根据新颁布的学科专业目录已经有所扩大的学科范围，注意新研究方向的开拓。

鼓励设置一些跨学科的研究方向，以促进学科专业间的合作、交叉与渗透，特别是促进交叉学科、边缘学科和新兴学科的建立与发展。

045108学科教学（英语）一、学科专业介绍教育硕士专业学位是具有特定教育职业背景的专业性学位，主要培养面向基础教育教学和管理工作需要的高层次应用型专门人才。

开设教育硕士专业学位，可以为有志于高层次学历研修学习的中小学教师提供系统的新知识学习、掌握本学科的发展与改革前沿动态、获得专业知识与技能的系统培养。

教育硕士专业学位与现行的教育学硕士是两种不同性质的学位，前者是职业性学位，在我国被称为专业学位，后者是学术性学位。

专业学位培养目标和培养方式与学术性学位有所不同。

学术性学位的培养方式以研究型人才培养为主；教育硕士专业学位以课程学习为主，系统学习基础理论与专门知识，强调实践与应用，重视案例教学和教科研能力培养。

师大学外语学院英语学科教学论方向有硕士导师7（6）名，相关师资队伍中有教授4（3）名，副教授12名，具有博士学位的5名。

学术梯队结构合理，力量雄厚，在基础教育教师专业发展与教学技能培训中做出显著贡献；近五年先后培养英语课程与教学论方向的硕士研究生20余人。

近年来，外语学院硕士生导师和教学团队在硕士研究生培养教育工作中取得了丰富的教科研成果：1. 硕士生导师关世持和参与的课题：国家级课题1个；省级课题6个；校级课题2个；出版学术专著与编著4部；发表学术论文22篇，其中国家级核心期刊论文6篇；获得省社会科学优秀成果奖1项、省教育科学和教学成果奖1项。

培养指导研究生10人以上，其中有4人获省高等院校硕士研究生创新科研课题项目立项。

2.硕士生导师蕾达主持和参与的课题：教育部项目1项；省级教改科研项目2项；校级课题2个；编写并出版教材3部；发表学术论文近10篇；获得校级教学成果三等奖1个；培养指导研究生5人。

3.硕士生导师杜秀君主持和参与的课题：省级课题6个；校级课题1个；出版学术专著1部；编写并出版教材1部；发表论文7篇；培养指导研究生5人。

4.硕士生导师王蓉主持和参与的课题：国家级课题的子项目1个；省级课题4个，其中主持完成1个；完成校级课题2个；出版学术专著与编著1部；发表学术论文11篇，其中国家级核心期刊论文2篇；获得省级教学成果一等奖1个；获省级高等学校优秀科研成果三等奖1个；培养指导研究生5人。

1.Scientific discovery has brought about many negative effects to our life at the same time ofpromoting our life. Some people think that the development of science has disastrous sideeffects so that we should not live in modern society. What’s your point o f view?科学发现给我们的生活带来了许多负面影响，同时也提高了我们的生活质量。

有些人认为，科学的发展带来灾难性的副作用，因此，我们不应该生活在现代的社会中。

你的观点是什么呢？Scientific discovery plays significant role in our modern life. But nowadays, it turned into a huge monster. Scientific discovery cause numerous harmful consequences and seriously damagepeople’s health and life style.First, scientific discovery is bad for your health. People spend hours and hours to play them, so they are under very high risk of becoming overweight and obese.Second, the modern technology promotes unhealthy eating choices, especially among theteenagers and adolescents. Because they are usually addicted to it, forget the time.Third, people nowadays spend more time and pay more attention on modern technology, it can cause mental disorders or disturbances. Sometimes it will make you unhappy, tiresome andweariness, all of these are dangerous for people s’ health.Fourth, people pay too much attention on the scientific discovery, is lack of concentration,insomnia, restlessness, depressive thoughts, etc. It also will steal the time to be spent for many other important activities, like reading, playing with friend, traveling, and so on. Children are especially affected by the negative sides.Fifth, some kind of modern technology will make children failure in schools and low grades,slow-down in intellectual development, lack of social skills and others.However, for many people, modern scientific such as television, cell phone, computer are still the primary source for receiving the information. It can satisfy their needs.In addition, scientific discovery provides us with perfect entertainment for any taste, you can watch movie, talk to your friend on line or by the cellphone and so on. All these positive factors is useful for us.I am in favor it, it helps students learn more information and learn it more quickly. We can learnmore things in less time. We should enjoy the advantages of modern scientific, and try to solve the problems which modern technology has brought. The key is to make the best use of them ina proper way.科学发现在我们的现代生活中起着重要的作用。

2015年江西师范大学外国语学院716综合英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Vocabulary: (20×1 points)There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked a, b, c and d. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. After dusk, the Black slaves ______ home from the cotton plantation.a. totteredb. strolledc. ploddedd. hobbled【答案】c【解析】句意：太阳下山后，黑人奴隶拖着沉重的步伐从棉花种植园回家。

plod沉重缓慢地走。

totter蹒跚，摇摇晃晃地走。

stroll漫步，闲逛。

hobble蹒跚；跛行。

因此，本题的正确答案为c。

2. They ______ forty miles in search of work.a. walkedb. ploddedc. strolledd. tottered【答案】a【解析】句意：他们为了找工作步行了40英里。

walk步行，行走。

plod沉重缓慢地走。

stroll漫步，闲逛。

totter蹒跚，摇摇晃晃地走。

因此，本题的正确答案为a。

3. The city was ______ to rubbles.a. diminishedb. reducedc. dwindledd. minimized【答案】b【解析】句意：这座城市沦为了废墟。

reduce减少，缩小。

reduce to可以表示“沦为；使处于”。

diminish减少，缩小。

江西师范大学全日制教育硕士考研参考书目一览本文系统介绍江西师大全日制教育硕士考研难度，江西师大全日制教育硕士就业方向，江西师大全日制教育硕士学费介绍，江西师大全日制教育硕士考研参考书，江西师大全日制教育硕士考研初试经验五大方面的问题，凯程江西师大全日制教育硕士老师给大家详细讲解。

特别申明，以下信息绝对准确，凯程就是王牌的教育硕士考研机构！五、江西师大全日制教育硕士考研参考书是什么？江西师大教育硕士考研参考书很多人都不清楚，这里凯程老师给大家整理出来了：333教育综合参考书：①教育学原理：《教育学》，王道俊、郭文安编人民教育出版社②中国教育史：《中国教育史》，孙培青编华东师范大学出版社《简明中国教育史》，王炳照等著北京师范大学出版社③外国教育史：《外国教育史》，张斌贤、王晨副编教育科学出版社④教育心理学：《教育心理学》，张大均编人民教育出版社《教育心理学》，陈琦、刘儒德编高等教育出版社以上参考书比较多，实际复习的时候，请按照凯程老师指导的重点进行复习，有些内容是不考的，帮助你减轻复习压力，提高复习效率。

四、江西师大全日制教育硕士考研辅导班有哪些？对于江西师大教育硕士考研辅导班，业内最有名气的就是凯程。

很多辅导班说自己辅导教育硕士，您直接问一句，江西师大教育硕士参考书有哪些，大多数机构瞬间就傻眼了，或者推脱说我们有专门的专业课老师给学生推荐参考书，为什么当场答不上来，因为他们根本就没有辅导过江西师大教育硕士考研，更谈不上有江西师大教育硕士考研的考研辅导资料，有考上江西师大教育硕士的学生了。

在业内，凯程的江西师大教育硕士考研非常权威，基本上考江西师大教育硕士的同学们都了解凯程，2015年共有166人考取目标院校。

凯程有系统的《333教育综合讲义》《333教育综合应试题库》《333教育综合应试解析》《333教育综合掌中宝》，也有系统的考研辅导班，及对江西师大教育硕士深入的理解和及时的考研信息。

不妨同学们实地考察一下。

赣南师范学院非英语专业硕士研究生英语课程免修暂行规定为提高研究生英语教学效果，合理使用教学资源，学校针对研究生英语水平参差不齐的实际情况，根据分类培养、因材施教的原则，允许英语已达到一定水平的硕士研究生申请免修免考公共英语课程，以促进研究生个性发展，推进学校研究生课程教学改革，具体要求和实施办法如下：一、适用范围：本校全日制非英语专业硕士研究生二、免修免考条件：达到下列条件之一者，可申请免修、免试公共英语课程，并免考学位英语。

1、本科（全日制）阶段为英语专业，且参加全国高校英语专业四级考试达到合格水平；2、参加全国硕士研究生统一入学考试英语成绩达到75分及以上；3、入学前两年内全国大学英语六级考试成绩达到480分及以上（其中听力成绩80分及以上）；4、入学前两年内托福考试成绩550分及以上（总分677）或80分及以上（总分120分）；5、入学前两年内雅思考试成绩5.5分及以上；6、参加学校组织的英语水平摸底考试且成绩在前20%者。

三、免修免考申请办法：1、符合上述1－5条件之一的研究生开学后第一周内带相关成绩证明（原件和复印件）到各教学学院提出申请。

各教学学院将名单、材料原件及复印件汇总后报研究生部，经研究生部审核通过后，给予研究生公共英语及学位英语免修免考资格。

审核未通过者仍需参加公共英语、学位英语的学习与考试。

2、研究生新生必须参加学校统一组织的英语摸底考试。

考试一般在新生入学后一个月内进行。

英语水平摸底考试成绩在前20%的研究生由研究生部统计公布并直接列入公共英语及学位英语免修免考名单。

3、在免修免考名单未公布之前，研究生应参加公共英语课程的学习。

四、免修免考研究生英语成绩的管理研究生英语免修申请通过后，学术型研究生获得英语阅读、英语听说、文献翻译与写作三门课程学分共5学分，课程成绩登记为“免修免考”。

专业学位研究生获得外语（含专业外语）课程学分共2学分，课程成绩登记为“免修免考”。

研究生英语免修申请通过后，学位英语考试成绩直接认定为合格。

江西师大05年硕士研究生入学考试英语专业真题英语专业综合试题江西师范大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题(B卷)科目:专业综合(英语语言文学、语言学与应用语言学方向考试试题)I. Define the following terms.（10%）1. metalanguage2. phoneme3. performative4. speech act theory5. minimal pairsII. Choose the best answer to fill in the following blanks.（20%）1. Linguists give priority to the spoken language not the written language because _________.A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systemsB. speech precedes writing everywhere in the worldC. we have recording devices to study speechD. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European languages2. Which of the following sounds is voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]3. In English if a word begins with a [l] or [r], then the next sound must be a _________.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel4. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn’t it?” is__________.A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. phatic5. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are _____________.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms6. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/rose”?A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. PolysemyD. Hyponymy7. There are __________ morphemes in the word “gentlemanliness”.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six8. The study of language development over a period of time is generally called ____________ linguistics.A. appliedB. diachronicC. comparativeD. synchronic9.The words such as “lab”, “doc” are_____________.A. clipped wordsB. acronymsC. coined by back formationD. formed by blending10. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bangIII. Tell true statements from false. Write T for true statements in the bracket and F for false ones.（15%）( ) 1. Competence and performance mean, to N. Chomsky, much the same thing.( ) 2. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.( ) 3. [t] is a voiceless alveolar plosive.( ) 4. Langue is relatively stable and systematic whilst parole is subject to personal and situational constraints. ( ) 5. The interpretation of a sentence is nearly always dominated by context effects, either general knowledge or information from earlier parts of the communication.( ) 6. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the mentalism theory.( ) 7. The Formal approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in the beginning of the twentieth century.( ) 8. According to Horn, the unmarked form is used for a stereotypical, unmarked situation and the marked counterpartfor the situation “left over”.( ) 9. Every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance. ( )10. An assumption is relevant in a context to the extent that the effort required to process it in this context is large.IV. Answer the following questions.（30%）1. How is behaviorist psychology related to linguistics ?（8%）2. What are the three important points of the Prague School ?（7%）3. What contribution did the London School make to the study of meaning ?（15%）V. (此题为英语语言文学方向考生必考题)Linguistics contributes a lot to the language teaching and learning. Give your comments.（15%）参考答案I. Define the following terms.（10%）1. metalanguage (北大教材p.16)2. phoneme (北大教材p.56)(上外教材p.24)3. performative (北大教材p.13)4. speech act theory (上外教材p.87)5. minimal pairs (上外教材p.25) (北大教材p.55)II. Choose the best answer to fill in the following blanks.（20%）(B) 1. Linguists give priority to the spoken language not the written language because _______.A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systemsB. speech precedes writing everywhere in the worldC. we have recording devices to study speechD. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European languages(A) 2. Which of the following sounds is voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t](D) 3. In English if a word begins with a [l] or [r], then the next sound must be a _________.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel(D) 4. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn’t it?” is__________.A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. phatic(B) 5. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are _____________.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms(D) 6. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/rose”?A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. PolysemyD. Hyponymy(B) 7. There are __________ morphemes in the word“gentlemanliness”.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six(B) 8. The study of language development over a period of time is generally called ____________ linguistics.A. appliedB. diachronicC. comparativeD. synchronic(A) 9.The words such as “lab”, “doc” are_____________.A. clipped wordsB. acronymsC. coined by back formationD. formed by blending(A) 10. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bangIII. Tell true statements from false. Write T for true statements in the bracket and F for false ones.（15%）(F) 1. Competence and performance mean, to N. Chomsky, much the same thing.(北大教材p.25) different (T) 2. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(上外教材p.8) (T) 3. [ t ] is a voiceless alveolar plosive.(北大教材p.44)(上外教材p.20)(T) 4. Langue is relatively stable and systematic whilst parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.(上外教材p.5)(北大教材p.24)(T) 5. The interpretation of a sentence is nearly always dominated by context effects, either general knowledge or information from earlier parts of the communication.(F) 6. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is knownas the mentalism theory.(北大教材p.160) the referential theory(F) 7. The Formal approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in the beginning of the twentieth century.(北大教材p.119) Structural(T) 8. According to Horn, the unmarked form is used for a stereotypical, unmarked situation and the marked counterpart for the situation “left over”.(北大教材p.271)数量原则和关系原则(T) 9. Every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.(北大教材p.263)关联理论(F) 10. An assumption is relevant in a context to the extent that the effort required to process it in this context islarge.关联理论(北大教材p.264) smallIV. Answer the following questions.（30%）1. How is behaviorist psychology related to linguistics ?（8%）(北大教材p.427)即教材p.459练习第9题2. What are the three important points of the Prague School ?（7%）(北大教材p.394)3. What contribution did the London School make to thestudy of meaning ?（15%）(北大教材p.401)强调语境的重要性V. (此题为英语语言文学方向考生必考题)Linguistics contributes a lot to the language teaching and learning. Give your comments.（15%）(北大教材p.354)综合相关内容。

江西师大研究生院江西师大研究生院是江西师范大学下设的研究生教育单位，其历史可以追溯到1954年建校的江西省师范专科学校。

经过数十年的发展，目前研究生院已成为全日制硕士研究生和博士研究生培养的重要基地之一。

作为江西省首批硕士研究生教育试点高校，江西师大研究生院致力于培养具备一定科研能力和创新意识的高层次专门人才。

学院设有教育学、文学、历史学、理学、工学、管理学、法学、经济学、体育学、艺术学、音乐与舞蹈学等一系列学科门类。

覆盖了教育学、文学、理学、工学、管理学、法学、经济学、社会学、体育学、艺术学、音乐与舞蹈学等领域。

研究生院注重培养学生的创新精神和科研能力，为学生提供有利的科研环境和资源支持。

学院拥有一批高水平的导师团队，涵盖了各个学科领域的知名专家和学者。

同时，学院积极开展各类科研项目，为学生提供广阔的实践和研究平台。

近年来，研究生教育在江西师大研究生院取得了长足的发展。

学院在标准化管理、课程设置、导师团队建设、科研项目引进等方面不断创新改革，努力提高教育质量和学生培养水平。

一大批优秀毕业生走上了学术研究、教育教学、社会管理和企业管理等领域，并取得了良好的成绩。

江西师大研究生院坚持以人为本的教育理念，注重培养学生的综合素质和创新能力，发挥积极的作用推动学生个体的全面发展。

同时，学院也不断加强与国内外高校和科研机构的交流与合作，为学生提供更广阔的发展空间和合作平台。

江西师大研究生院致力于成为国内一流的研究生教育机构，为培养具有国际视野和创新意识的高层次人才做出积极的贡献。

在未来的发展中，学院将继续秉持“明德、博学、审问、笃行”的校训，不断提升教育教学水平，培养更多优秀的研究生，为社会发展和进步做出更多的贡献。

2017年江西师范大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解Ⅰ. 词语翻译：英汉术语、缩略语或专有名词互译（30分）（一）英译汉（15分）1. corpus-based system【答案】基于语料库的系统2. interlingual translation【答案】语际翻译3. interactive MT【答案】交互式机器翻译4. whispered interpreting【答案】耳语传译5. transmigration【答案】轮回；转生6. aesthetic equivalence【答案】审美对等7. community interpreting【答案】社区口译8. target-oriented【答案】目标导向9. hypotaxis【答案】形合10. governance in cyberspace【答案】网络空间治理11. cutting-edge technologies【答案】尖端技术12. the era of AI【答案】人工智能时代13. VR technology【答案】虚拟现实技术14. skopos theory【答案】翻译目的论15. translation and the dissemination of knowledge【答案】翻译与知识的传播（二）汉译英（15分）1. 功能对等【答案】functional equivalence2. 忠实通顺【答案】faithfulness and3. 语义翻译【答案】semantic translation4. 视译【答案】sight translation5. 逐字翻译【答案】word-for-word translation6. 不可译性【答案】untranslatability7. 信息经济示范区【答案】Information Economy Demonstration Zone8. 本地化【答案】localization9. 中国文化“走出去”【答案】“go global” strategy of Chinese culture10. 佛经翻译【答案】sutra translation11. 归化与异化【答案】domesticating translation and foreignizing translation12. 翻译与文化多样性【答案】translation and cultural diversity13. 计算机辅助翻译【答案】computer-assisted translation14. 非文学翻译【答案】non-literary translation15. 同声传译【答案】simultaneous interpretingⅡ. 语篇翻译：英汉段落互译（120分)（一）英译汉（60分）As information technology, specially the smartphone, rapidly develops, people are overwhelmed by all sorts of information. As a result, “smartphone addicts” can be seen everywhere…during meetings, lectures and gatherings; in the worst cases, such as when driving, they can cause disasters.Well, do people need to be inundated with so much information? We should remind ourselves that information doesn’t not equate to knowledge. Scattered information and fragmented reading not only cannot form anything useful in our minds but can rather actually interfere with our thinking, resulting in so-called “information overload”. Basically, information can be transformed into knowledge only when it is processed for a certain purpose featuring with a structure. In other words, when integrated into an individual system, knowledge functions as a part of a holistic effect.In terms of biological structure and functions the sensory organs of human beings are in fact no more developed than other highly evolved creatures, and yet humans can catch more of the essence of the world, mainly due to their abstract thinking capacity and their language systems. The secret lies in systematized structures.The core of a system is the structure which determines its nature and functions. Diamond and graphite(石墨), for example, are both made solely of carbons. However, their different arrangements of carbonaceous atoms result in the hardest and softest substance in the world. The same principle applies to our perceptual and knowledge systems, where the same amount of information may cause different effects. In a way, we may say “Knowledge is power”—But information is not.So-called “prediction” or “knowing the rest by analogy” is generated essentially by systematic analysis. Taking chemistry as an example, some gaps in the Periodic Table discovered by the Russian Chemist Mendeleyev predicted several new chemical elements; three of which were found by other chemists fifteen years later. Similarly, the theoretical physicist Diac revealed that there were no electronic “bubbles” in a vacuum dur ing his research into the nature of electrons, and then predicted that something called a “positron”(正子) might exist. In physics, many basic particles are found by way of repeated experiments based on symmetrical theory, thus bridging the gap between the subjective and objective worlds. In searching one of the greatest mysteries in modem astrophysics—dark matter—the same law applies.The transformation of “information” into “knowledge” requires ability. Information can be beneficial to our mental developmen t only if it has been effectively screened, categorized and stored. Blindly “receiving” information, on the other hand, will put us in a passive position where creativity can hardly be initiated.To be precise, a human’s intelligence therefore, doesn’t dep end on how much information he or she has been exposed to, rather, it is the ability to process information into personal constructive knowledge that counts.【参考译文】随着信息技术，特别是智能手机的飞速发展，人们被各种各样的信息淹没了。