日本玩具标准ST2016 - PART3-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES-中英对照
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美国玩具安全标准与规定CPSC美国消费者产品安全委员会CPSC是联邦政府机构,负责制定消费者产品的安全规范.针对玩具和儿童用品,CPSC颁布了一系列有关安全要求的法律条文.条文规定,凡是生产上述产品的厂家都需按要求进行必要的测试,证明其产品符合CPSC相关的规定.没有通过测试的产品严禁出售,在美国销售此类产品属于违法行为.所有玩具和儿童用品包括8岁以下的儿童设计的产品都要符合CFR中标题16的标准.标准如下:没有通过测试的产品严禁出售,在美国销售此类产品属于违法行为.如禁售产品在装运准备入关,则CPSC美国海关扣压货物或禁止该货物入关.如果进品商仍在销售以前的没有通过测试的产品,则要求进口商停止销售.如果玩具具有严重的造成意外事故的危险,或经CPSC判定为不符合安全规定的玩具,则要求进口商从零售商和顾客中收回这些玩具.ASTM F963除了CPSC规定外,一个含义更为广泛的安全标准,标准消费者安全规范:玩具安全,ASTM F963最初在1986年建立.最新的版本ASTM F963在1996年11月10日通过.本标准的目的是建立一个全国认准的玩具安全要求,以使玩具在正常使用和合理可预见的滥用时发生的事故降低到最少.本标准不排队家长在选择适合儿童年龄的玩具时应尽的责任,或儿童接触同一类玩具时家长的监督责任.除了与玩具安全有关,本标准不涉及产品的性能与质量.除了CPSC规定中正常使用和滥用测试的标准规定外,ASTM F963还包括以下的附加安全规定:—弹射玩具—钉和紧固件—金属丝或杆件—绳和橡皮筋—包装薄膜—轮、轮胎和轴—折叠装置和铰链—机械装置的孔间隙和可触及性—稳定性和超载要求—封闭的空间—模拟的保护装置—挤压玩具—出牙器和出牙玩具—代连接在童床或游戏围栏上的玩具—玩具柜—电池驱动玩具—学前玩偶—球物理性能方面的安全规定:1、包装薄膜弹性塑料薄膜和弹性塑料膜—薄膜额定厚度必须为毫米以上;—实际厚度不得少于毫米.2、玩具上的绳和橡皮筋绳—一根细长的、柔软的材料,包括单纤维丝,纺织和搓捻的绳,粗绳,塑料纺织袋,丝带,及那些通常被称谓线的纤维状材料.供18个月以下的儿童使用的玩具不包括拖拉玩具上含有或系有绳或橡皮筋,在松弛状态和承受51B的重荷时测量,其最大长度必须小于12英寸.如果绳/橡皮筋盘或多段绳/橡皮筋或缠结或形成环状而与玩具的任何部位连接,包括在绳/橡皮筋末端的珠子或其它附着件,在51B的重力作用下,环的周长必须小于14英寸.本标准适用于滥用试验前后.3、学前玩偶被定义为头端是圆的、球形或半球形,颈是细的,而跟颈相连的是一个无任何附属结构的简单圆柱形:总长度不超过英寸.不能穿过附加测试器内径是的空腔.4、球被定义为由纤维束,毛线束,或线束粘在一起的,并且中间被牢固的绑或固定,外形成刷状,形成圆球形或半圆球形的由填充材料制成的小物体.5、脉冲在距玩具表面25厘米的任何位置测量时,玩具不能产生瞬间声级超过138分贝的脉冲噪音.电池驱动玩具的基本要求在ASTM F963-96a中总共有十一条来说明使用电池驱动玩具时潜在的危险如遇热过度,渗漏和爆炸等.1、包装电池盖或电池盖附近要标有永久性清晰易懂的电池极性和电压标志.2、最高可允许额定电压任何二个可接触电接点之间的最高可允许直流额定电压约为24V.3、防止一次性电池的充电这适用于电池可以放错和充电器可以对装有一次性电池的玩具充电的情况.4、电池的可触及性对于供3岁以下的儿童使用的玩具,在滥用测试或前或后,所有电池在不使用工具和情况下,都不能可触及.5、小电池的可触及性所有玩具中的电池如果能完全进入小零件测试筒,在滥用测试或前或后,所有电池在不使用工具和情况下,都不能可触及.6、不同电池的分开使用在任何单一的电路内不能将不同型号或容量的电池混用.7、表面温度测试在正常使用期间和合理可预见滥用后,电池表面温度不得超过71度,包括安装马达的情况下.8、短路测试在正常使用期间和合理可预见滥用后,不得出现可影响温度测试的短路现象.9、电短路接触除了在终羰的接触表面外,电气电路不能与电池的任何部分形成电接触.10、密封产品假使电池产生的气体量足以形成燃烧危险,密封产品的设计必须使电池产生的气体被吸收或泄出.11、操作说明使用一只以上电池的玩具需注明:1新、旧电池不可混用;2碱性电池、普通电池和充电电池不可混用.毒性1、重金属测试油漆和类似的表面涂层材料中重金属含量标准要符合最新的欧洲标准和规定.细节请参照附录IV.2、铅、镉测试用来或可能盛放食品的玩具的部件,如陶瓷茶具必须符合FDCA中402a2c和FDA产品合格方针导则中的有关要求.3、聚氯乙烯中的邻苯二甲酸二脂测试橡皮奶嘴、拔浪鼓和出牙器等PVC原料产品中含量不得超过固体物质含量的3%.4、亚硝铵含量测试橡皮奶嘴要求进行亚硝铵含量测试.5、填充材料的清洁度测试填充玩具的松散填充料不能有来自昆虫、鸟、啮齿类动物或其它动物寄生虫侵扰的不良材料,也不能有在良好操作规范中可能产生的污物,如碎片和金属屑.确定不良材料的测试方法见“法定分析化学家协会的法定分析方法”的第16章.另外,无论是天然还是合成的纤维填充材料都应满足“宾夕法尼亚洲填充玩具的容许量规定”的相关要求.6、微生物测试在ASTM中,清洁度包括另一个含义.尤其要注意含有液体、凝胶等玩具化妆品和玩具,因为他们为细菌生长提供了一个良好的环境.可注水的玩具要做所有的大肠茵测试.含有液体、凝胶和粉末等的玩具化妆品和玩具要求做微生限量测试USP〈62〉和抗微生物防腐剂的有效性测试USP〈51〉.安全标识要求某些玩具,以及在某些情况下它们的包装,要求加上安全标识来表明潜在的危险和使用说明.下列产品和玩具的包装必须按照规定的格式和措辞.—童床和游戏围栏玩具—活动玩具—滚轴滑冰鞋和玩具滑析—模拟的保护装置格式是:1、安全标记要全部大写并集中在第一行;2、警告标记可以在左侧或中间;3、“危险”或其它字样应继续写下去.而且,信号词“小心”或“警告”的所有字母都必须为高度不小于1/8英寸的大写字母.有关危险的声明和其它规定的声明必须用大写或小写字母,其中大写字母的高度不得小于1/16英寸.用在包装上的这类标识必须标在包装的一个主要展示面上,并且与它们出现在其上的背景成鲜明对比.所有的安全标识必须显眼和易读,必须与其它说明或图案明显分开.例如:系在童床和游戏围栏上的活动玩具在通过热印、丝网印刷,或类似的染色过程,将安全标识印到玩具本身上时,在滥用试验前或后,标签依然清晰易读.当安全标识以粘贴方式贴到玩具上时,该标签必须牢固地粘贴在玩具上,标签的任何边缘都不能翘起.在经过滥用试验前或后,标签依然清晰易读.美国小零件危险警告标签规定美国总统克林顿在1994年6月16日就已签发了儿童安全保护法案H.R965.消费者安全委员会于1995年2月27日颁布了修正案,并且于1995年8月28日最终生效,以对在美国生产或进入美国的产品作出规定.1995年8月28日后,制造商还有六个月时间以使他们的产品符合该规定.此法案包括:(a ) 如小球为三岁以下的儿童使用时,该球直径小于或等于”,则禁止出售. (b ) 在某些儿童使用的玩具、游戏机上的窒息危险警告标语应包括:1小物体至少三岁但小于六岁儿童使用的玩具和游戏机,若该玩具或游戏机 中包含小物体,则应有发下的警告声明:警告:窒息危险——小物体不适用于三岁以下儿童使用.2汽球,标识应写明:8岁以下 的儿童产生窒息危险,需成年人监护.将未充气的气球远离儿童.破裂的气球立即丢弃.3小球三岁或以上儿童使用的小球,标识应写明:窒息危险——此玩具是小球,不适用于三岁以下儿童使用. 岁儿童使用并含有小球的玩具或游戏机,标识 应写明:3岁以下儿童使用4弹子三岁或以上儿童使用的弹子,标识应写明:窒息危险——此玩具是弹子,不适用于三岁以下儿童使用. 岁儿童使用并含有弹子的玩具或游戏机,标识 应写明: 警告:窒息危险——玩具含有弹子 不适用于3岁以下儿童使用(c ) 以上标签要用英语写而且要清晰易读在以下地方: —在产品包装的主要展示面;—任何说明材料如说明书等要随附该产品;—如果该产品出售时无包装,在集装箱或售货机上,当出售产品时,警告标签则必须要被展示. (d ) 如果产品没有以上的规定标签,则被认为是冒牌的危险产品. (e ) 字符类型随主要展示面而定:。
日本玩具协会发布ST 2016玩具安全新标准2016年2月1日,日本玩具协会(JTA)发布新的玩具安全标准ST 2016,对物理机械性能部分作出修订,阻燃性能部分也更新至与ISO 8124-2:2014相同。
ST 2016将于2016年4月1日施行。
1971年,日本玩具协会(JTA)建立了日本安全玩具标识(ST Mark),用以确保14岁及以下儿童玩具的安全,主要包括三部分:物理机械性能、阻燃性能和化学性能。
本次发布的ST 2016版本,主要针对第一部分物理机械性能部分有较大修订:1、全面修订弹射玩具的相关条款;2、增加对某些挤压玩具、摇铃、紧固件和其他玩具及玩具部件的新要求;3、针对沐浴玩具的制定设计原则;4、明确电池的管控标准。
第二部分阻燃性能的管控标准更新为ISO 8124-2:2014。
第三部分化学性能则与ST 2012保持一致,并且新要求已于2016年1月1日起实施,对试验方法和标准液进行了修订,具体内容请参见附件。
截止至2016年3月31日,日本玩具协会(JTA)同时接受ST 2012或ST 2016作为ST认证标识的标准。
从2016年4月1日起,所有ST认证申请都要符合ST 2016的安全要求,而现有的符合ST 2012的ST Mark标识信息,可一直沿用至2018年3月31日。
高准检测机构提醒:只有符合日本玩具协会采用的《日本玩具安全标准》的玩具和游戏器具才可以在其产品的标签上显示ST标识,并且向指定的测试机构进行安全标准符合性测试。
玩具出口企业需谨慎应对。
日本玩具最新标准ST 2012新的日本玩具安全标准(ST 2012)已于2012年10月3日发布,并将从2013年1月1日起开始生效。
新的ST 2012是由第一部分:机械和物理性能,第二部分:可燃性测试(符合ISO 8124标准)和第三部分:化学性能(这一部分仍保持ST 2002第11版不变)。
ST 2002(第11版)直至2014年3月31日仍然有效。
玩具用涂料中有害物质限量标准玩具用涂料强制性国家标准《GB24613-2009玩具用涂料中有害物限量》实施。
该标准对儿童玩具涂料中5类有害物质进行了具体规定,其中包括总铅含量≤600mg/kg、挥发性有机化合物(vOc)≤720g/L,苯含量≤0.3%,甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯≤0. 3%,以及8项可溶性元素、六类邻苯二甲酸酯的限量要求。
玩具涂料作为直接用于接触儿童的玩具材质,其使用安全方面的要求近几年一直是欧美等发达国家关注的重点,相应的针对性标准法规也陆续出台。
此次我国实施的《玩具用涂料中有害物限量》国家标准相比欧美国家的相关规定,其限量要求和国外标准基本保持一致,而且限制项目更为全面。
玩具涂料新国家标准解读我国首部《玩具用涂料中有害物质限量》国家标准的出台,是采纳了相关的国际标准,同时又充分考虑到我国玩具企业现有水平和我国国情制定的,对我国玩具安全水平有很大的提升。
我国是玩具生产大国,玩具召回也是最多的。
据有关研究显示,我国玩具被召回的案例中,最主要的原因是玩具中的有毒物质含量超标(占总案例49%),而在玩具涂料的安全性方面不合要求的占了不小的比例。
玩具用涂料,作为直接用于按触儿童的玩具材质,其使用安全方面的要求近几年一直是欧美等发达国家和地区关注的重点,相应的针对性标准法规也陆续出台。
为提升我国玩具安全水平,与国际要求接轨,国家质量监督检验检疫总局和国家标准化管理委员会于去年11月15日共同发布《玩具用涂料中有害物质限量》强制性国家标准,标准于今年IO月1日正式生效。
我国首部GB24613-2009《玩具用涂料中有害物质限量》强制性国家标准实施后,玩具涂料中有害物质将明确最高限量:其中包括铅总含量≤600毫克/千克、挥发性有机化合物(VOC)≤720克/升,苯含量≤0.3%,甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯总和≤0. 3%以及8项可溶性元素、6类邻苯二甲酸酯的限量要求。
新国家标准适用于大部分出口国该国家标准的第一起草人、全国涂料和颜料标准化技术委员会专家黄宁表示,我国首部《玩具用涂料中有害物质限量》国标的出台,是采纳了相关的国际标准,同时又充分考虑到我国玩具企业现有水平和我国国情制定的,对我国玩具安全水平有很大的提升。
广州环宇标准及检测技术有限公司GUANGZHOU WORLDWIDE STANDARDS AND TESTING CO. LTD.No. 110, Dongguanzhuang Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou. Tel: (86) 20-87236520, Fax: (86) 20-87237226广州市天河区东莞庄路110号 Website: Rpt Drf: IV#:APPLICATION FOR TOY TESTING玩具测试申请单Pick-up Service, Please call tel: (86) 20-87236019 收板服务电话:(86) 20-87236019Please fill in English/X Mark box请用英文填写/或在选择格内打“×”FOR OFFICE USE / 本公司填写:Application No:申请号:Received:接收日期:Committed:完成日期:Customer No:顾客号:Reviewed By:复核者:Applicant: / 申请商:Supplier/Manufacturer: / 供应商 / 制造商: Address: / 地址:Address: / 地址:Contact Person: / 联系人:Contact Person: / 联系人:Tel. No. :电话:Fax No. :传真:Tel. No. :电话:Fax No. :传真:Sample Description / 样品名称描述:Style/Item No.: 类型/型号:P.O./Ref. No.:定货编号/参考号:Country of Origin: 制造国:Destination:目的地国:Age Grading for Testing: 测试年龄要求: Special Instructions:特殊要求:.Tests Required / 测试要求: (请在适合的空格内填×) Europe 欧洲EN71Part 1 Physical & Mechanical Test 物理机械性能测试EN71Part 2 Flammability Test 易燃性能测试EN71Part 3 Migration of Toxic Elements Test 毒性元素测试EN62115 (Please attach circuit diagram) 电动玩具安全性能测试EMC电磁兼容测试(Please attach circuit diagram)Packaging Materials Test (Directive 94/62/EEC)欧洲包装材料测试DIN 53160 - Colour fastness to sweat and Saliva颜色牢固度测试DIN 53704 - Phenol content 苯酚含量测试Formaldehyde content 甲醛含量测试Total Cadmium Content (91/338/EEC) 总镉含量测试Six Phthalates Content (2005/84/EC) 邻苯二甲酸盐含量测试RoHS (2002/95/EC)四种重金属含量PBB+PBDE阻燃剂测试 RoHS 六项测试Azo Dyes 偶氮染料测试Nickel Release 金属中镍的释放量测试CANADA 加拿大玩具安全标准C.R.C. c 931 Hazardous Products (Toys) RegulationsPhysical &Mechanical Test 物理机械性能测试Flammability Test 易燃性能测试Toxicological Test 毒性元素测试GB 中华人民共和国玩具安全标准GB6675-2003 (Part 1)GB6675-2003 ( Part 2)GB6675-2003 (Part 3) GB5296.5-2006(包装说明)GB19865-2005 (Battery operated toys)U.S.A ASTM F963 / CPSC Regulation 美国Physical & Mechanical Test 物理机械性能测试Flammability Test 易燃性能测试Total Lead content 总铅含量测试Soluble metals in surface Coating (8 Elements)可溶性测试Stuffing Cleanliness Test(In-house method GTC/TPM/CHM/011)*Battery Operated Toy Test 电池驱动玩具测试Food Contacting Articles(FDA)与食品接触类测试Heavy Metals in Packaging Materials (CONEG)美国包装材料测试US CPSIA 美国消费品安全改进法 H.R.4040Total Lead content 总铅含量测试Phthalates content( 3 or 6 Phthalates)邻苯二甲酸盐测试Australian Standard / New Zealand 澳大利亚/新西兰玩具安全标准AS/NZS ISO 8124-1 Physical & Mechanical Test 物理机械性能测试AS/NZS ISO 8124-2 Flammability Test 易燃性能测试AS/NZS ISO 8124-3 Toxic Elements Test 毒性元素测试AS/NZS 62115 电动玩具安全性能测试Mattel 美泰标准(QSOP)Hasbro 孩之宝标准(SRS)*Further information regarding our in – house methodsplease direct contact our companyOther Test (Please Specify):其它规范(请详细说明):Service Required (Sample pick-up time not included ) : 服务要求 (不包括取板时间):Regular 正常 Express(40% Surcharge) 加快 (加收费40%) Immediate(100% Surcharge) 特快 (加收费100%)Returned Test Samples / 返回测试样品:Yes 是No 否报告是否附图片:Yes 是No 否*Service charge may be levied if samples are to be returned by mail/courier. Otherwise, samples submitted for testing will be scrapped at the discretion of GWSTC upon completion of the test. 测试样品在测试完后将被销毁,如果选用邮寄/专递服务,按情况收取相关费用。
Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C03Determination of Leachable Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd), Antimony (Sb),and Barium (Ba) in Applied Coatings. 701Scope1.1This method describes a general procedure for the determination of leachablearsenic, selenium, cadmium, antimony, and barium in decorative or protectivecoatings applicable to item 9(c) of Part I, Schedule I of the Hazardous ProductsAct ( SOR 2005-344 ).2Applicable Documents2.1Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM TestMethods. Volume 14.02, ASTM E177-90a (1996), pp.79-90.2.2Standard Practice for Intra laboratory quality Control Procedures and aDiscussion on Reporting Low-Level Data. Volume 11.01, ASTM D4210-89,pp.412-419, 1998.2.3John Keenan Taylor, Quality Assurance of Chemical Measurements. LewisPublishers, INC. 328 pages, 1987.2.4National Standard of Canada - Methods of test for toxic trace elements inprotective coatings. CGSB Standard Test Method 1-GP-500.2, 1-GP-500.3, 1-GP-500.4, 1-GP-500.5, 1-GP-500.7. Specifications Board. (December, 1973).CGSB Standard Test Method 1-GP-500.2 (December, 1973).2.5 C. Watson, “Update of Method C-03, Determination of Leachable Cadmium (Cd),Barium (Ba), Antimony (Sb), Selenium (Se) and Arsenic (As) in AppliedCoatings.” Product Safety Laboratory, Project Report No. 2004-0801. (Nov.2004)2.6 A. Babcock, “Update of Method C-03, Determination of Leachable Arsenic (As),Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd), Antimony (Sb), and Barium (Ba) in AppliedCoatings.” Product Safety Laboratory, Project Report No. 2005-0881. (Oct.2007)Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C03Determination of Leachable Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd), Antimony (Sb),and Barium (Ba) in Applied Coatings. 703Reagents and Apparatus(Note 1)3.1ICP-MS Agilent 7500a equipped with an internal standards addition Tee3.2Arsenic, Selenium, Cadmium, Antimony and Barium standards, 1000 ppm, orAs, Se, Cd, Sb, Ba (+ others) multi-element standard 10.0 ppm ± 0.5%, SCPScience or equivalent, traceable to NIST, for calibration3.310.0 ppb As, Se, Cd, Sb, Ba calibration control standard3.4Gallium, Indium and Bismuth standards, 1000 ppm (nominal), SCP Science orequivalent, traceable to NIST, for internal standards3.5Ultra-pure (18.2 M S) water, free of As, Se, Cd, Sb, Ba3.6Hydrochloric acid, concentrated (- 37% w/w), Trace Metal Grade, FisherScientific3.7Nitric acid, concentrated (- 69% w/w), Trace Metal Grade, Fisher Scientific3.8Scalpel or other suitable scraping tool.3.9Tetrahydrofuran (THF) HPLC Grade, Caledon Laboratories, Ltd.3.10Electric grinder3.11Mortar and pestle3.12Air convection oven3.13Desiccator3.14Sieves, 250 and 500 :m mesh3.15Sample bottles for sieved paint3.16Analytical Balance, with a precision of 0.1mg3.17Weighing vessels3.18Glass beakers, 50 mL3.19Oscillating hot plate or magnetic stirrer3.20Filter paper, Whatman no. 403.21Funnels to fit 50 mL flasks or tubes3.22Volumetric flasks, 50 mL, 2 L3.23Sample tubes, screw cap, 50 mL certified volume3.24Pipettes adjustable 10 - 100 :L, 100 - 1000:L, 0.500 - 2.50 mL, 1.00 - 10.00 mL3.25NIST SRM 1633b, Coal Fly Ash, used as a controlNote 1:Equivalent materials and apparatus may be used.Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C03Determination of Leachable Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd), Antimony (Sb),and Barium (Ba) in Applied Coatings. 704Experimental Procedure4.1Scrape off the applied coating from the test sample with a scalpel, or othersuitable scraping tool, being careful not to remove any of the underlyingsubstrate material. Alternatively, the coating can be removed withtetrahydrofuran (THF) or a suitable solvent (Note 2), and collected into anappropriate vessel. Evaporate the solvent from the removed coating and dry toconstant weight (to the nearest 1 mg) in an air convection oven at 60°C ± 3°C.This may take several hours. Remove the vessel from the oven and cool in adesiccator.4.2Transfer the removed coating to a mortar and grind the sample with a pestle. Anelectric grinder may be used when the sample is too difficult to grind with a pestleand a mortar. Sieve the ground coating with a 500 :m sieve. The samplepassing through the 500 :m sieve is then sieved through a 250 :m sieve. Theportion of the ground coating that passes the 500 :m and does not pass the 250:m is used for the leaching test. Place the sieved portion in a weighing vesseland dry to constant weight (to the nearest 1 mg) in an air convection oven at60°C ± 3°C. This may take about an hour. Remove the vessel from the ovenand cool in a desiccator.4.3Prepare the 5% (v/v) HCl leaching solution by diluting 50 mL of concentrated(approx. 37% w/w) hydrochloric acid to 1000mL with ultra-pure water.4.4Transfer about 100 mg of the dried coating into a tared 100 mL beaker and weighto the nearest 0.1 mg. Add 20 mL of the 5% (v/v) HCl leaching solution andimmediately start stirring for 10 ± 1 minutes at 20°C ±3°C with the use of anoscillating hotplate or a magnetic stirrer. At the end of the 10 ± 1 minutes,immediately filter the solution, through a Whatman no. 40 filter paper in a funnel,into a 50 mL volumetric flask or certified 50 mL sample tube, wash with a few mLof ultra-pure water, add 1 mL of concentrated nitric acid, and make up to volumewith ultra-pure water. At least three replicate analyses should be performed oneach coating sample.4.5Prepare a blank solution by adding 20 mL of the 5% (v/v) HCl leaching solution toa 100 mL beaker and immediately start stirring for 10 ± 1 min. at 20ºC ± 3ºC withthe use of an oscillating hotplate or a magnetic stirrer. At the end of the 10 ± 1min. immediately filter the solution, through a Whatman no. 40 filter paperNote 2:Acetone or dichloromethane may be used to facilitate the removal of the applied coating, solvents like tetrahydrofuran should not be used if the test article's substrate material is a plastic.Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C03Determination of Leachable Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd), Antimony (Sb),and Barium (Ba) in Applied Coatings. 70 and a funnel, into a 50 mL volumetric flask or certified 50 mL sample tube, wash with a few mL of ultra-pure water, add 1 mL of concentrated nitric acid, and make up to volume with ultra-purewater.4.6Prepare a 2.0% (v/v) nitric acid diluting solution by diluting 20 mL of concentrated (approx. 69% w/w) nitric acid to 1000mL with ultra-pure water.4.7Dilute the worked-up leachate ten times using 2% (v/v) nitric acid (the 50 mLleachate from section 4.4).5Calibration5.1Prepare an acid solution consisting of 0.2% (v/v) hydrochloric acid and 2.0% (v/v)nitric acid in a 2 L volumetric flask. Use 4 mL of conc. HCl and 40 mL of conc.HNO 3 and make up to 2 L volume with ultra-pure water. This solution will beused as a blank solution, to prepare calibration standard solutions, and to dilute samples that are over the linear dynamic range of the instrument.5.2Prepare a series of at least three working calibration standards in the linearrange of the detector of the instrument to obtain a linear calibration curve with acorrelation coefficient of at least 0.99. These standards should be in the following range: 0 ppb to 100 or 200 ppb diluted from a 10 ppm solution of the five elements. Make up all calibration standards in 0.2% (v/v) hydrochloric acidand 2.0% (v/v) nitric acid.5.3Prepare about 100 - 250 mL of a 100 ppb solution of the internal standards Ga,In, Ba in 5% nitric acid. This solution is pumped into the internal standardaddition Tee (on the back of the peristaltic pump) where it mixes with the samplebefore going to the spray chamber of the ICP-MS.5.4Prepare separately from the standards a 10 ppb multi-element calibration controlsolution, or buy it ready-made with a NIST traceable certificate of analysis.5.5Analyse the calibration standards using a minimum of five replicate readings inthe ICP-MS method. Use the same ICP-MS method that will be used for theblanks, controls, and samples. Obtain a calibration curve of ion counts persecond vs. concentration and check it for suitability (e.g. outliers & linearity /curve fitting) for each element before proceeding with the analysis of thesamples.Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C03Determination of Leachable Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd), Antimony (Sb),and Barium (Ba) in Applied Coatings. 706Determination6.1Analyse the method blank before and after each batch of samples.6.2Check the calibration by analysing the 10 ppb multi-element calibration controlsolution. If the calibration is not in control, it may be necessary to re-make thecontrol solution and / or the calibration standards.6.3Analyse the control sample (NIST 1633b - coal fly ash) for all five elements.Record the results in the logbook method control chart (Use CCPro software).6.4Analyse the sample solutions using a minimum of five replicate readings in theICP-MS method. The use of nine or more replicate readings gives betterstatistics, but results in slightly longer analysis times. If necessary, dilute thesample with 0.2% HCl and 2.0% HNO 3 (as prepared in § 5.1) to keep the resultswithin the range of the calibration.7Calculations and Reporting7.1Calculate the percentage by weight of leachable elements in the dry coating testsample according to the following equation:Leachable elements % (w/w) = Ci × 50 × 10 × Dfm × 10,000,000where:Ci =Concentration of element in the leaching solution (ppb) from theinstrument § 6.450 =Volume of worked-up leachate (filtered, rinsed, acidified) § 4.510 =Dilution of leachate § 4.7Df =Further Dilution factor (if required to stay within calibration) § 6.4m =mass (g) of test sample used § 4.410,000,000 =ppb / percent7.2Where the quantity of sample for testing is sufficient and where practicable, theresult of analysis shall be reported as the average of a minimum of threeindependent replicate determinations having a precision which should not differmore than the specifications defined in section 8.Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C03Determination of Leachable Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd), Antimony (Sb), and Barium (Ba) in Applied Coatings. 70Note 3:The standard deviation (s) of the test results may be calculated according to the following equation,where x i is the result of an individual determination, 0 is the average of the replicate determinations,and n is the total number of replicates.__________s = ' (x i ! 0)2 .r (n !1)7.3Where applicable, the average (x.x × 10 +e ) and the sample standard deviation (s.s × 10 e ) of replicate determinations (s for n > 2) shall be calculated (Note 3),and the result of analysis reported in the following format:Sample No.Specimen No.Colour /Description [As]Leachable % (w/w)[Se]Leachable % (w/w)[Cd]Leachable % (w/w)[Sb]Leachable % (w/w)[Ba]Leachable % (w/w)S-10012341A red paint (x.x±2s.s)×10+e (x.x±2s.s)×10+e (x.x±2s.s)×10+e (x.x±2s.s)×10+e (x.x±2s.s)×10+e S-10012342A blue paint (x.x±2s.s)×10+e (x.x±2s.s)×10+e (x.x±2s.s)×10+e (x.x±2s.s)×10+e (x.x±2s.s)×10+e8Quality Control Procedure8.1To ensure the proper operation of the instrument and that the precision of theanalytical measurements meet the specifications of the method, the followingquality control procedures shall be conducted concurrently with the analysis ofthe test sample.8.2The normal and correct operation of the ICP-MS shall be verified according to thefollowing guidelines:8.2.1Run the ICP-MS Tune program and verify that the values (ion counts persecond) for the tuning solution elements (typically Li Y Tl) are withinacceptable limits of the historical values. A slow decline in the numbers isto be expected as the detector wears out over a period of about twoyears. Record the tuning element values in the ICP-MS logbook andinclude a copy of the tune program printout in the sample or report file. Ifthe tuning values are too low, re-tune the instrument to get acceptablevalues. Minimum acceptable values are Li 6400, Y 16000, Tl 9600 .Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C03Determination of Leachable Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd), Antimony (Sb),and Barium (Ba) in Applied Coatings. 708.3The normal and correct operation of the test method shall be verified accordingto the following guidelines:8.3.1Conduct an analysis of the leachate of NIST SRM 1633b, coal fly ash,tested under identical experimental conditions (except for grinding andsieving) to those of the coating sample. Record the analytical test resultsfor all of the elements in the ICP-MS QC logbook. Verify that the resultsare within acceptable limits on the control chart, and if so, enter a note inthe sample folder(s) to the effect that the test method was found to be"within control". If the test results of the control sample fall outside thespecifications of the method, the entire analytical procedure shall berepeated.9Precision and Bias9.1Repeatability (r): The deviation between replicate test results, as obtained fromanalysis of NIST 1633b (coal fly ash) by the same analyst using the sameinstrument under constant operating conditions, in the normal and correctoperation of the test method, should not differ by more than the followingrepeatability limit at a 95% probability level (1.960 × %2 × CV% = 2.772 × CV%).As: 11%Se: 100%Cd: n/a Sb: n/a Ba: 50%9.2Bias: The bias cannot be established due to the absence of an accepted“leachable” reference value in paint.10Limit of Detection10.1The limit of detection (LOD) of this method, as determined by ICP-MS has beencalculated (Note 4) to be:Arsenic: 0.00018% (w/w)Selenium: 0.00015% (w/w)Cadmium: 0.00019% (w/w)Antimony: 0.00043% (w/w)Barium: 0.00041% (w/w)Note 4: ASTM test method D4210.Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C03Determination of Leachable Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd), Antimony (Sb),and Barium (Ba) in Applied Coatings. 7011Limit of Quantitation10.1The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of this method, as determined by ICP-MS hasbeen calculated (Note 5) to be :Arsenic: 0.00055% (w/w)Selenium: 0.00047% (w/w)Cadmium: 0.00059% (w/w)Antimony: 0.0013% (w/w)Barium: 0.0012% (w/w). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Note 5: ASTM test method D4210Part B: Test Methods Section, Method C03Determination of Leachable Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd), Antimony (Sb),and Barium (Ba) in Applied Coatings. 70 L:\QualityAssurance\Quality\BOOK5\ENGLISH\Amendment 70\C03 Effective 2009-06-15.wpd。
从儿童玩具标准论玩具安全的重要性摘要:玩具是儿童最亲密的伙伴,对于儿童的智力发展和身心健康都具有极其重要的意义,是儿童成长过程中不可缺少的陪伴品。
然而,一些存在着安全隐患的危险玩具,则会成为儿童发生意外伤害、威胁儿童安全的“健康杀手”。
为保护儿童的身心健康,各个国家或地区相继修订出台了管制玩具的法规、指令和标准,以高标准、严要求规范儿童玩具的设计、生产、销售。
关键词:儿童玩具;玩具安全标准;玩具安全的重要性On the importance of toy safety from children's toy standardYan-fen Huang, Xiaoying He,Abstract: Toys are the most intimate partner of children. They are of great significance to children's intellectual development and physical and mental health. They are indispensable companions in the process of children's growth. However, some dangerous toys with potential safety hazards will become the "health killers" of children with accidental injuries and threats to children's safety. In order to protect children's physical and mental health, various countries or regions have revised and issued regulations, directives and standards to regulate the design, production and sales of children's toys with high standards and strict requirements..Keywords: Children's toys; Toy safety standard; The importance of toy safety一、儿童玩具的定义和类别儿童玩具是指设计或预定供14岁以下儿童玩耍,经过加工制作并用于销售的产品。
ASTM F963 – 2016更新内容2016年10月19日,美国材料和试验协会ASTM发布了《消费者安全规范–玩具安全》最新版本:ASTM F963-16。
2017年2月2日,美国消费者产品安全委员会(CPSC)发布了直接最终指令(16 CFR 1250),规定ASTM F963-16玩具安全标准为消费者安全强制规范。
指令将于2017年4月30日正式生效,并适用于该日期及以后所生产的所有玩具产品。
对中国玩具出口企业而言,不满足ASTM F963-16要求的玩具无法进入美国市场。
根据法规16CFR 1250,玩具必须符合ASTM F 963-16的相关条款。
但是,依据消费者产品安全改进法案2008 (CPSIA)第106条(a),ASTM F963标准4.2条款(燃烧)和附录5(固体和毛绒玩具可燃性测试),ASTM F963标准中重申或并入的由委员会或法令颁布的现行强制性标准或禁令的任何条款,以及由食品和药品管理局(FDA)颁布的重申或并入的任何条款或者管制的法规的都不是强制性的。
如果实验室已获得CPSC针对ASTM F963-11条款的认可,那么对于产品认证,CPSC将接受ASTM F963-16中相同条款的测试,但是必须在报告中显示“ASTM F963-16”以及标准的相关条款号。
ASTM F963-16版新增两个章节,章节4.14玩具箱和4.4膨胀材料。
美国消费品安全委员会接受被其授权的ASTM F963-07e1和测试方法4.27的实验室出示关于4.4膨胀材料的测试。
关于膨胀材料,美国消费品委员会接受已经被其认可的具有ASTM F963-11章节4.6小部件和4.24挤压玩具资质的实验室出具的产品测试。
与ASTM F963-11版相比,ASTM F963-16主要有八大变化:一、电动玩具和电池要求(详见ASTM F96-16条款3.1.9、3.1.10、4.25、8.18、8.19及其子条款)随着科技的飞速发展,电子类的玩具类型和数量越来越多,玩具所使用的电池种类也变得多样化,所以新版标准对新型电池有了更加明确和详细的要求:1.增加了纽扣电池(battery, button cell)和硬币电池(battery, coin cell)的定义。