初中语法动词不定式讲解及习题

动词不定式

动词不定式不能做谓语，一种非谓语动词结构。

有些动词不定式不带to，动词不定式可以作句子的主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语或单独使用。

一、结构

主动式：to+动词原形； 否定形式：not to+动词原形

被动式：to be+动词的过去分词

二、用法

1、作主语

动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

(1) 常用it作形式主语；真正的主语：“动词不定式”

①It＋be＋形容词＋for sb.＋to do sth. (adj.为necessary，important等)

It is easy for us to learn English.

②It＋be＋形容词＋of sb.＋to do sth. (adj.为人的品质，clever，good，kind等)

“It is stupid of you to write down everything”， the teacher says.

③It＋be＋名词＋to do sth.

It's our duty to take good care of the old.

④It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do sth.

It seemed impossible to save money.

(2) 把不定式置于句首。如：

To get there by bike will take us half an hour.

(3) 带疑问词的不定式短语作主语

How to solve the problem is hard for him.

2、作表语

动词不定式作表语，常说明主语的内容、性质、特征，通常放在连系动词（主要是be动词）后。

1.The best way to improve your English is to join an English club.

2.The first thing is to greet the teacher.

注意：不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。

Our work is serving the people.

3、作宾语

作动词或者介词的宾语

（1）后面常跟动词不定式作宾语的动词有want,hope,begin,learn,try,decide等。

（2）有的及物动词要跟复合宾语（即“宾语+宾语补足语”）。

即动词feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语—动词不定式，句子结构是...feel / find / make / ... it+adj. / n.+to do...。如：

I find it difficult to remember everything.

4、作定语

往往放在被修饰词之后

I have so many chores to do today.

1.句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语，不定式与其所修饰的名词、代词等存在逻辑的动宾关系时，用动词不定式的主动式。如：

1)I have so many chores to do today.

2)I cant think of any good advice to give her.

3)Basketball has also become a more popular sport for people to watch.

具体关系如下例子：

①The next train to arrive is from Washington.

②Do you have anything to be taken to your sister?

③Do you have anything to say on the question?

④Would you please give me some paper to write on?

不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：

(1)表示将来的动作（例①）。

(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。

(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽

管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。

2. 动词不定式所修饰的名词是place, time, way等时，不定式与这些名词呈现出动状关系或同位关系。

如：

1)He needs time to do homework

2)Is that a good place to hang out？

3)You want to know the best way to get around the city.

3.在“there be...”句型里，句子的主语是动词不定式动作的对象，常用主动式。如：

1)There’s just so much to see and do here.

2)... but there are still many things to do there.

注意：

1、记住下面的一些结构：

被修饰部分 + 不定式

(作后置定语) 汉 语 意 思

a key to lock the door 锁门的钥匙

a box to hold these things 装这些东西的箱子

give her a book to read 给她一本书读

Is there any

(+名词/代词) to (do)? 有…要(做的)吗?

It’s time to go. 是走的时间了。

Do you have any work to do? 你有工作要做吗?

I’d like something to eat. 我要点儿吃的。

I have nothing to say. 我没有话要说。

Would you like

something to drink? 你要点儿喝的吗？

2、在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如：

They could not find a place to live in.(他们找不到住的地方)

Please give me a chair to sit on.(请给我一张椅子坐坐)

He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了写字的毛笔)

5、宾语补足语

（1）多数动词后跟带to的动词不定式（后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词（词组）有ask,tell,want,expect,like,wish,wuld like等。）

（2）感官动词和使役动词在主动句中省略to,被动句中还原to.（包括四“看”：look at,observe,see,watch,三“让”：have,let,make,二“听”：hear,listen to,一“感觉”：feel,一“注意”：notice。）

This picture makes me feel tense

I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.

总结：

谓 语 动 词(vt.) +

宾语 (人

/ 物) +不定式

(作宾语补足语)

ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) /

want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让)

/ invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告)

/ help(帮) / +sb.

/ sth. +to (do)

make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) /

see(看) / feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/

have(使得) / help(帮助) +sb.

/ sth. + (do)

注意：hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,

试比较：

I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况)

I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程)

6、作状语

动词不定式及其短语具有副词的特性，可在句中作状语。表示目的、结果等。

①目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。如：

To catch the train,he got up early.=He got up early to catch the train.

为了赶过车，他早早地起床了。

置句末时：to do / in order to do / so as to do都可以用，作目的状语。

置句首时：只用to do / in order to do。so as to do一般不置于句首。

so as to do可以引导结果状语从句，in order to do不引导结果状语从句。

②跟在作表语的形容词或者过去分词的后面作原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do...”结构句中。

I’m sorry to hear that. 听到那件事我很难过。

③结果状语，多见于“too...to”(太…以致不能…)，“enough to...”结构句中。如：

1)Then I’m too tired to do well. What should I do?

2)The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.

7、带疑问词的不定式短语

动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when,

where, why等。这种结构起名词的作用，在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等，或者单独使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不带to。

如：

1. 用作句子的成分。

1)I don’t know what to try next. (作宾语)

2)Where to go is not decided yet.(作主语)

2.单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。

1)What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?)

2)Why go there?(=Why do we / you go there?)