铁路隧道毕业设计-开题报告_及论文摘要(中英文)、文献综述、参考文献及致谢

摘要经济的发展,科技的进步,生活水平的提高，人们对交通的要求也随之提高，隧道作为提高交通质量的关键因素也被广泛重视。

现代隧道在结构计算和施工方法上较以前都有了较大的飞跃。

本设计为公路隧道，重点研究结构计算和设计新奥法施工方案.隧道结构在工程特性、设计原则和方法方面与地面结构完全不同，隧道结构是由周边围岩和支护结构两者组成共同的并相互作用的结构体系。

目前，隧道结构设计主要有两种计算模型：一种是以支护结构作为承载主体，围岩作为荷载，同时考虑其对支护结构的变形约束的模型，即结构力学模型；一种是视围岩为承载主体,支护结构为约束围岩变形的模型，即岩体力学模型。

本设计采用前者。

新奥法施工是应用岩体力学理论,以维护和利用围岩的自承能力为基点，采用锚杆和喷射混凝土为主要支护手段，及时的进行支护,控制围岩的变形和松弛，使围岩成为支护体系的组成部分，并通过对围岩和支护的量测、监控来指导隧道设计和施工的方法和原则。

其核心目的是为了“保护围岩，调动和发挥围岩的自承能力”。

关键词：隧道；衬砌;结构计算；新奥法AbstractAs economic development，technological advances, improvements in living standards, people will also increase their requirements of traffic，the tunnel as a key factor in improving the quality of traffic gets a lot of attention。

Modern tunnels in the structure calculation and construction methods have a greater leap than before. The design is about highway tunnel, attention is paid to structural calculation and the construction of New Austrian Tunneling Method。

附录二外文参考文献及翻译NATM tunnel design principle in the construction of major andConstruction TechnologyW.BroereI.The NATM Design Principle1.Tunnel design and construction of two major theoretical and development processSince the 20th century, human space on the ground floor of the growing demand, thus the underground works of the study of a rapid development. In a large number of underground engineering practice, it is generally recognized that the tunnel and underground cavern project, the core of the problem, all up in the excavation and retaining two key processes. How excavation, it will be more conducive to the stability and cavern facilitate support : For more support, Supporting how they can more effectively ensure stability and facilitate the cavern excavation. This is the tunnels and underground works two promote each other and check each other's problems.Tunnels and underground caverns, and focusing on the core issues with the above practice and research, in different periods, People of different theories and gradually established a system of different theories, Each system includes theory and resolve (or are studying the resolution) from the works of understanding (concept), mechanics, engineering measures to the construction methods (Technology), a series of engineering problems.A theory of the 20th century the 1920s the traditional "load relaxation theory." Its core content is : a stable rock self-stability, no load : unstable rock may have collapsed. need shoring structure to be supported. Thus, the role of the supporting structure of the rock load is within a certain range may be due to relaxation and collapse of rock gravity. This is a traditional theory, and their representative is Taishaji and Principe's and others. It works similar to the surface issues of the thinking is still widely used to.Another theory of the 20th century made the 1950s the modern theory of timbering or "rock for the theory." Its core content is : rock stability is clearly bearing rock to their ownself-stability : unstable rock loss of stability is a process, and if this process in providing the necessary help or restrictions will still be able to enter the rock steady state. This theoretical system of representative characters Labuxiweici, Miller-Feiqieer, Fenner - Daluobo and Kashitenai others. This is a more modern theory, it is already out of the ground works to consider the ideas, and underground works closer to reality, the past 50 years has been widely accepted and applied. demonstrated broad development prospects.Can be seen from the above, the former theory more attention to the findings and the results of treatment : The latter theory is even more attention to the process and the control of the process, right from the rock for the full utilization of capacity. Given this distinction, which both theory and methods in the process, each with different performance characteristics. NATM theory is rock for the tunnel engineering practice in the representation method.2. NATMNATM that the new Austrian Tunneling Method short the original is in New Austrian Tunneling Method, referred to as the NATM. France said it convergence bound or some countries alleged to observe the dynamic design and construction of the basic principles.NATM concept of filibustering Xiweici Austria scholars in the 20th century, Professor age of 50. It was based on the experience of both the tunnel and rock mechanics theory, will bolt and shotcrete combination as a major means of supporting a construction method, Austria, Sweden, Italy and other countries, many practical and theoretical study in the 1960s and patented officially named. Following this approach in Western Europe, Scandinavia, the United States and Japan and many other underground works with a very rapid development, have become modern tunnels new technologies landmark. Nearly 40 years ago, the railway sector through research, design, construction combining, in many construction of the tunnel, according to their own characteristics successfully applied a new Austrian law, made more experience, have accumulated large amounts of data, This is the application stage. However, in the road sector NATM of only 50%. Currently, the New Austrian Tunneling Method almost become weak and broken rock section of a tunnel construction method, technical and economic benefits are clear. NATM the basic points can be summarized as follows : （1）. Rock tunnel structure is the main loading unit, the construction must fully protect the rock, it minimize the disturbance to avoid excessive damage to the intensity of rock. Tothis end, the construction of sub-section should not block too much, excavation should be used smooth blasting, presplit blasting or mechanical tunneling.（2）. In order to give full play to rock the carrying capacity should be allowed to control and rock deformation. While allowing deformation, which can be a rock bearing ring; The other hand, have to limit it, Rock is not so lax and excessive loss or greatly reduced carrying capacity. During construction should be used with rock close to, the timely building puzzle keeps strengthening Flexible support structure, such as bolting and shotcreting supporting. This adjustment will be adopted supporting structural strength, Stiffness and its participation in the work of the time (including the closure of time) to control the deformation of the rock mass.（3）. In order to improve the support structure, the mechanical properties, the construction should be closed as soon as possible, and to become a closed cylindrical structure. In addition, the tunnel shape with a round should, as far as possible, to avoid the corner of the stress concentration.（4）. Construction right through the rock and supporting the dynamic observation, measurement, and reasonable arrangements for the construction procedures, changes in the design and construction management of the day-to-day.（5）. To lay waterproof layer, or is subject to bolt corrosion, deterioration of rock properties, rheological, swelling caused by the follow-up to load, use composite lining.（6）. Lining in principle, and the early rock deformation Supporting the basic stability of the conditions under construction. rock and supporting structure into a whole, thereby improving the support system of security.NATM above the basic elements can be briefly summarized as : "less disturbance, early spray anchor, ground measurements, closed tight."3．With a spring to understand the principle NATM（1）. Cavern brink of a point A in the original excavation ago with stress (stress self-respect and tectonic stress) in a state of equilibrium. As an elastic stiffness of the spring K, P0 under compression in a state of equilibrium.（2）. Cavern excavation, A point in attacking lose face constraints, the original stress state to be adjusted, if the intensity of rock big enough, After less stress adjustments may cavern in a stable condition (without support). But most of the geological conditions of thepoor, that is, after the stress cavern adjustments, such as weak protection, we could have convergence deformation, even instability (landslides), must be provided to support power PE, in order to prevent landslides instability. Equivalent to the Spring of deformation u, in the role of PE is now in the midst of a state of equilibrium.（3）. By the mechanical balance equation, we can see in the spring P0 role in a state of equilibrium; Spring in the event of deformation u, PE in the role they will be in equilibrium, assuming spring elasticity of K, were : P0=PE+KuDiscussion :(1) When u = 0, that is not allowed P0=PE rock deformation, is a rigid support, not economic;(2) when u ↑, PE ↓; When u ↓, PE ↑. That is, rock deformation occurred, the release of some of the load (unloading), we should allow some extent rock deformation, to give full play to rock the capacity for self. Is an economic support measures, the rock self-stability P=P0-PE=Ku;(3) When u=umax, landslides, have relaxation load and unsafe.4. Points（1）. Rock cavern excavation is affected by that part of rock (soil) body, the rock is a trinity : have a load bearing structure, building materials.（2）. Tunnel construction is in the rock stress is of special architectural environment, which can not be equated with the construction on the ground.（3）. Tunnel structure rock + = bracing system.II. The new Austrian highway construction in the basic methodNATM one of the characteristics is the scene monitoring, measurement information to guide construction, through the tunnel construction measure receipts and excavation of the geological observation for prediction and feedback. And in accordance with the established benchmark for measuring the tunnel construction, excavation section steps and sequences, Supporting the initial parameters for reasonable adjustments to guarantee the safety of construction, a tunnel rock stability, the quality of the project and supporting structure of the economy and so on. The author of commitments (Chengde) Chek (Chifeng) East Maojingba Tunnel NATM basic construction method for investigation concluded, synthesis of a newhighway tunnel Natm the selection of different types and the basic characteristics of the construction methods and tips.1. A tunnel construction method of choice tunnel construction method of choice, mainly based on the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions Construction, rock type, buried deep tunnel, the tunnel section size and length lining types, Construction should be the premise of safety and engineering quality at the core, and with the use of the tunnel function, the level of construction technology, Construction machinery and equipment, time requirements and economic feasibility of factors to consider in selection.When choosing the method for tunnel construction on the surrounding environment negatively affected, should also be a tunnel, the environmental conditions as the method to choose one of the factors, taking into rock changes the method and the applicability of the possibility of change. Tunnel project to avoid mistakes and unnecessary increase investment in public works. NATM new construction, we should also consider the entire process of construction of auxiliary operations and changes in the surrounding rock to measure control methods and the tunnel through special geological lots of construction means for a reasonable choice.2. New Austrian Tunneling Method program New Austrian Tunneling Method used all methods can be divided into sections, Division level and the three major types of excavation method and some changes in the program.(1) Full-face method. That whole section excavation method is based on the design of an excavation face excavation molding. Excavation order is its full face excavation, steel bracing, pouring concrete lining. Often choose to IV-VI Class Rock Hard Rock Tunnel, which can be used blasting deep hole.Excavation whole section of the law is a larger space operations, introducing supporting large mechanized operations, improving the speed and process small, less interference and facilitate the construction organization and management. Excavation is due to shortcomings in the larger, lower relative stability of rock, and with each cycle of the relatively large workload, it requires the construction units should have a strong excavation, transport and slag out and support capability, Maojingba VI : Class V rock used in the full-face excavation to achieve the desired results.Full-face excavation face, drilling and blasting construction more efficient use of deep focus to accelerate the excavation blasting speed, and the rock blasting vibration frequency less conducive to a stable transfer rocks. The drawback is every deep hole blasting vibration larger. Therefore require careful drilling and blasting design and strict control of blasting operations.Full-face excavation method is the main process : the use of mobile carts (or platforms), the first full-face a bored, and installed a line, and then drilling platform car outside 50m back to a safe place and then detonate, Blasting to make a shape out after drilling Jardine car again moved to the excavation face in place, began a cycle of drilling and blasting operations, Anchor sprayed simultaneously supporting or after the first arch wall lining.(2) step method. Step method of design is generally divided into sections on the half-section and the lower half section two excavation molding. Excavation order is its first half excavation arch bolt jet concrete bracing, arch lining, the central part of the second half of excavation, sidewall of excavation, concrete wall jet bolt support and lining. The more applicable to the II, III and soft joint development of the surrounding rock, which were used Tim change program.Long-step method : The next stage distance away, on the general level above 50m ahead, Construction can be assigned to the Department of next larger machine with parallel operations, when mechanical deficiencies can be used interchangeably. When the case of a short tunnel, the upper section will be all dug later, and then dug under the section, the construction of which less interference, single process can work.Short step method : on the stage length 5-50m apply to Ⅱ, Ⅲrock can be shortened Invert closing time, Supporting improve early stress conditions, but larger construction interference, in the event of Soft Rock need to consider carefully, Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the excavation excavation face, in order to ensure the safety of construction.Ultrashort step method : The only step ahead 3-5m, section closed faster. The method used for the high level of mechanization of various rock section, in the event of the siege soft rock when required careful consideration. Auxiliary shall be applied measures to stabilize the construction excavation face to ensure the safety of construction.Excavation level of character is the first step to using light excavation drilling machine drill a hole, rather than through large drilling platform car. Two step method of excavation operations with sufficient space and a faster rate of construction. Level is conducive to the stability of excavation face. Especially Excavation in the upper, lower operational safety. Three step method of excavation is the next shortcomings of operations interfere with each other. It should be noted at the bottom of the upper operational stability, level of excavation will increase the number of country rock.(3) Segment excavation method. Excavation Law Division can be divided into five changes in the program : Excavation Division level, from top to bottom hole lead, heading advance on the excavation, single (double) and lateral pit method. Excavation will be conducted Section Division excavation by the Ministry of shape, and to advance some of excavation, it may be called derivative ahead excavation pit method.Law Division level : general application or soil collapse easily lots of soft rock, with its advantages - stage method, height can be lengthened, the two-lane tunnel for a hole-fold, cycling Road Tunnel - hole 2 times; rather than single (double) PENDANTS Heading a high degree of mechanization, can accelerate the progress of the projects.The next heading advance excavation method (that is guided pit wall first arch) : This Act applies to Ⅱ, Ⅲrock. in the soft ground tunneling, to be adopted next general guide advance excavation pit wall first arch Act. Its advantages are : Heading advance excavation, the use of proven geological conditions in advance to facilitate change in the method. Face to facilitate started procedures applicable to the labor arrangements for the use of small machinery and construction. The drawbacks : The next section will guide small, slow construction and construction processes more, construction and management difficult.Unilateral-arm pit Law : rock instability, the tunnel span larger, ground subsidence is difficult to control when using this method. Its characteristics are : a positive step and arms Heading Act advantages.Bilateral arm Heading law : in large-span shallow tunnels, surface subsidence require strict, especially poor rock used. Advantages of this method are : Construction of safe, reliable, but slow construction, high cost.III.The main tunnel construction technology1. Cave construction :（1）excavation slope around :Lofting total station measurements, the use of excavators from top to bottom, paragraph by paragraph excavation, not the amount of excavation or the end of next overlapping excavation, remove pits with the above may slump topsoil, shrubs and rock slopes, rock strata of slope excavation needs blasting, Discussion should focus mainly loose blasting. Also partial artificial finishing, when excavation and inspection slope of slope, if sliding and cracking phenomenon and slowing down due slope.（2）.Cheng Tung-supporting :Yang Brush Singapore Singapore after the completion of timely inspection plate slope gradient, the gradient to pass the inspection, the system set up to fight time anchor, and the exposed bolt heads, hanging metal based network expansion and bolt welding into first overall. Linked network immediately after the completion of shotcrete and repeatedly jet until it reaches the thickness of the design so far.（3）.as of gutter construction :Yang slope away from the groove 5 meters excavation ditch interception, interception gutter mainly mechanical excavation, artificial finishing, after dressing, 7.5# immediately masonry made of mortar and stones, and the floor surface with mortar.2. Auxiliary construction :（1）A long pipe roof :Sets arch construction : construction Lofting, template installation, assembling reinforcement, the guidance of lofting 127 installation guide, concrete pouring.Pipe specifications : Heat Nazarbayev Seamless Steel Tube ￠108 mm and a thickness of 6 mm, length of 3 m, 6 m;N pipe from : Central to the distance 50 cm;N Inclination : Elevation 1 ° (the actual construction works by 2 °), the direction parallel with the Central Line;N pipe construction error : Radial not more than 20 cm;N tunnel longitudinal joints within the same section with more than 50% adjacent pipe joints staggered at least a meter.A. pipe roof construction method :Lofting accurate measurement personnel, marking the centerline and the vault out of its hole elevation, soil excavation reserved as a core pipe roof construction work platform Excavation footage of 2.5 meters, after the end of excavation, artificial symmetrical on both sides of excavation (Commodities H) platform, level width of 1.5 meters, 2.0 meters high, as construction sets and pipe arch shed facilities drilling platform. Pipe-roof design position should be and it should be a good hole steel tube, grouting after playing non-porous tube steel, non-porous tube can be used as pipe inspection, Grouting quality inspection, drill vertical direction must be accurately controlled to guarantee the opening hole to the right, End each drilling a hole is a pipe jacking, drilling should always use dipcompass drilling pipe measuring the deflection, found that the deflection over design requirements in a timely fashion. Pipe joints using screw connection, screw length 15 cm, to stagger the pipe joints, odd-numbered as the first section of the introduction of three-meter steel pipes and even numbered the first section of pipe using 6 meters, After each have adopted six-meter-long steel pipe.B. pipe roof construction machinery :N drilling machinery : XY-28-300 equipped with electric drill, drilling and pipe jacking long shelf;N grouting machine : BW-250/50-injection pump two Taiwan;N using cement-water glass slurry. Mud and water volume ratio 1:0.5; water glass slurry concentration of water-cement ratio 1:1 silicate 35 Baume; The efficacy silicate modulus pressure grouting pressure early pressure 2.0MPA 0.5~1.0MPA; end.（2）. a small catheterA. small catheter used ahead diameter of 42 mm and a thickness of 3.5 mm thermal Nazarbayev seamless steel tubes, steel pipe was front-tip, Welding on the tail ￠6 stiffening brace and the wall around the drilling hole grouting 8 mm, but the tail of a meter without grouting holes and Advance Construction of a small catheter, the tubes and the lining of the centerline parallel to 10 ° -30 ° Chalu into the rock arch. penstocks to 20-50 cm spacing. Each was over a steel tubes, should be closed immediately shotcrete excavation face and then grouting. After grouting, erecting steel Arch, Supporting the early completion of every (2-3 meters, and the paper attempts to be) another one for steel tubes, Advance small catheter general lap length of 1.0 meters.B. Grouting parameters :N water slurry and water glass volume : 1:0.5;N slurry water-cement ratio 1:1N 35 Baume concentration of sodium silicate; The efficacy silicate modulusN grouting pressure 0.5~1.0MPA; if necessary, set up only orifice Pulp Cypriots.（3）. bolting ahead : The Chalu must be greater than 14 degrees, grouting satiated and lap length is not less than 1 meter.3.Correcting construction :Embedded parts used by the Design Dimensions plank make shape design, installation in contrast snoop plate car, and position accuracy (error ± 50CM), the firm shall not be fixed, you must be in possession of the wire through the middle wear.4. Leveling ConstructionInstallation templates, at the request of both sides leveling layer calibration position to install template. Side-channel steel templates used [10#, top elevation with a corresponding length of the road elevation unanimously to allow deviation ±2mm. adjusted using the standard measurement to determine elevation. Every template fixed a certain distance from the outside to ensure that no displacement, the joints template close comfort, not from a slit, crooked and formation, and the bottom connector templates are not allowed to leak plasma. Concrete before reperfusion, the bottom surface of concrete must be clean. When the concrete arrived at the construction site directly installed backward mode of the road bed, and using artificial Huabu uniform. Concrete paver should be considered after the earthquake destroyed the settlement. Unrealistically high can be 10% higher, Lan is the surface elevation and design line. Concrete earthquake destroyed at or anywhere near the corner with plug-Lan Lan pound for pound order; Flat-Lan pound for pound crisscross comprehensive Lan, Inside each location is no longer the time for concrete sinks, no longer emitted large bubbles, and the surface of cement mortar later. normally no less than 15 seconds, also should not be too long; Then Chun-pound beam along the longitudinal Lan-pound trailer, With redundant Chun-pound concrete beams were dragged shift Trim, Dixian Department should keep leveling Lan facts. Finally, the diameter 75~100mm rolling seamless steel pipe for further leveling. Just do prohibited in the surface spraying water, and threw cement.5. Water, cable duct constructionInstall groove wall reinforcement of location accuracy, the line must be linked to the construction. Install groove wall purity, the purity requirements of accurate location, a vertical line. Dyadic greatest degree of not more than 3 mm, and template-Ditch The top-pronged, pass the inspection before the concrete reperfusion, on the side of the original wall must pick hair, and embedded parts to the location accurately. Template using stereotypes purity.6.Gate ConstructionCleared the site for construction layout. By design size requirement dug-wall basis. M7.5# masonry made of mortar and stones.Template installation, location accuracy requirements purity, a vertical line, and timely inspection template slope. Concrete pouring 15 # Riprap concrete, concrete strength to be more than 70% for Myeongdong vault backfill.Myungdong vault backfill should hierarchical compaction said. The typical thickness of less than 0.3M, both backfill surface height difference of not more than 0.5M. restored to the vault after the pack to design hierarchical compaction high, the use of machines rolling, Ramming must manually filled to vault over 1.0M before mechanical compaction .7 .Construction safety and environmental controlEntrance to wear helmets to prevent crashes, in which the speed limit 5KM, lighting must be a 10-meter lights reckless goods stored material must be standardized and distributed under special guard.Spoil venues must be smooth drainage, and must be masonry retaining wall to prevent flooding, debris flow forming.8. The construction process has to tackle the problems :Construction of two liner after water seepage treatment :Small cracks with acrylic, water or slurry coating of epoxy resin and other caulking, a good effect; On the larger cracks, available on the 10th of cement mortar or cement mortar expansion caulking more appropriate and effective;Large cracks (crack width greater than 5MM), (if leakage of water, available along the cutting machine cutting a wide cracks around 2~4CM small groove depth approximately 10CM above the water, Cutting a 5 × 5CM Cube holes room, then insert a pipe 4 × 4CM MF7 plastic Blind groove, Cutting together into good pressure tank, the introduction of vertical water drains, Finally, cement and water Glass closed mixed mortar cutting groove) withoutseepage, it is appropriate epoxy mortar, or grouting, Reinforced concrete and other reinforced jet.IV. Example projectsNATM is from the introduction of the bolt and shotcrete a category of "active" support the new technology to promote the use began. Soon, the Chinese engineer on the tunnel not only in substance but also in terms of acceptance of the new Austrian law. To be held in China in the tunnel and underground engineering academic meeting, the new Austrian capital has become a hot topic.Engineers of the new Austrian law relishes is justified : the use of new Austrian law, has been successful in soft rock and difficult conditions of the construction of various types of underground works.Built on loose sand gravel stratum of Beijing Subway allowed back of the tunnel is a typical example. The tunnel is located in the main street-256, 358m long, the largest excavation section 9m high, 14.5m wide coverage stratigraphic top of the tunnel only minimum thickness 9.0m. Tunnel boring machine of excavation, strengthen the grid arch shotcrete initial support and advance small catheter care, Without prejudice to ground transportation, underground pipelines to ensure the safety of construction success.In the works is the experience, knowledge of the Chinese engineers, the use of new Austrian law principles can be used in the Mountain Tunnel Mine Act to expand the scope of application of the soft rock, even in the fourth strata of municipal shallow tunnel to replace the traditional method of digging or shield. In China, such a method called "shallow mining method."Following allowed back lane tunnel, gravel in the same folder of alluvial gravel layer is shallow mining method used to build the span of 21.67m in the Xidan MTR stations.Changan Avenue in the construction of the new Beijing metro line projects, shallow mining method has been selected as the main method of construction. For example, the Tiananmen Square in Beijing Metro West Point, 226m long, for two double-pole structure.Guangzhou Metro East is shallow mining method used in the construction. Experience shows that from the ground environmental protection, surface subsidence of the dug system。

隧道病害防治综述摘要：在我国铁路隧道修建已有近100年的历史，许多隧道都已经进入高维修管理阶段，隧道的病害防治已越来越成为人们重视的问题，随着生产力的发展，越来越多的新技术被运用在隧道病害防治上。

关键词：隧道，隧道病害防治，新技术，衬砌1 、前言近年来随着我国公路建设的快速发展，由8.5万公里构成的“7918”高速公路网即将形成，有关部门正在规划和完善国家高速公路网络，以满足人们出行和经济发展的需求。

由于高速公路线形的技术指标高，当其进入山区或重丘区时，就不可避免地需要采用隧道来穿越山岭。

隧道是铁路、道路、水渠、各种管道等遇到岩、土、水体障碍时开凿的穿过山体或水底的内部通道，是“生命线”工程。

据来自于各方面的统计资料表明，到2005年年底，我国大陆即已建成铁路隧道7500座，总延长4300公里，将在“十一五”（2006~2010年）发展期间为我国的经济建设与发展起到积极的推动作用。

但是，我国地域自然条件差异较大，隧道穿越的山体工程地质条件、气候条件、水文地质和设计、施工、运营的条件复杂多变，早期修建的隧道经常各方面的病害，形成重大的安全隐患。

文献《黄土岭隧道病害成因分析及处治设计》（作者：金文良，公路隧道，2011）]1[指出二十一世纪“我国将从土建大国变成修缮大国”，在我国铁路隧道修建已有近100年的历史，许多隧道都已经进入高维修管理阶段，维修管理费用将大幅度增长。

本文以铁路隧道、公路隧道和地铁隧道为对象，对隧道中主要出现水害、冻害、衬砌裂损和腐蚀四种病害的防治进行综述。

2 、主题2.1 隧道的水害及其防治2.1.1隧道水害的类型及其成因1、类型(1)按部位和流量：拱部有渗水、滴水、漏水成线和成股射流四种，边墙有渗水、淌水两种，少数隧道有隧道涌水病害。

它受漏水、涌水规模以及隧道结构、牵引类型、地质条件等的影响。

(2)按水源补给情况，又分为地下水补给和地表水补给两种。

文献《隧道漏水与水害整治》（作者：开永旺，哈尔滨铁道科技，2002）]2[认为根据漏水处水量和水压的大小，隧道漏水的状况大致可为如下几种：①渗润：衬砌表面呈湿润状态，并象冒汗一样出现水珠。

毕业设计任务书毕业设计开题报告摘要合武线卢家山二号隧道是时速350km的高速铁路隧道。

该隧道属于大断面的短隧道。

主要设计内容包括：各级围岩荷载计算、利用有限元软件进行二衬的内力计算、开挖方法设计、爆破设计、复合式衬砌设计、防水以及监测等。

本设计中采用了新奥法施工，尽量保护围岩，发挥围岩的自承能力。

进口和出口段采用明挖法修建拱式明洞；洞身段III级围岩段采用台阶法进行施工，爆破开挖；IV级围岩段采用台阶法预留核心土进行施工，机械开挖；V级围岩段采用了CRD 法进行施工，机械开挖，同时采用超前锚杆进行超前预支护。

设计中介绍了开挖方法的具体施工流程。

施工工艺方面，整个施工过程中进行监控量测，保证施工安全和施工质量。

施工期间还采用地质雷达法和超前钻探取芯法进行超前预报，进一步保证了施工的安全进行。

此外设计中还给出了初期支护、二次衬砌和防排水施工工艺的措施和方案。

关键词：高速铁路隧道新奥法结构计算爆破设计监控量测AbstractNo.2 Lujiashan railway tunnel is between Hefei and Wuhan,it is the high-speed rail tunnel as 350km per hour. The tunnel is a large sections tunnel and belong to short tunnel. In this article, main design contents include: calculation of different surrounding rock load , calculation of internal force in the second lining , design of excavation , design of blasting , design of composite linings , design of waterproof and monitoring, etc.NATM is adopted in this design , with the purpose of try to protect the surrounding rock. Open cut tunnle is built at the entrance and exit of the tunnle by open and cover method. For III levelsurrounding rockmass in this tunnel，steps method is used and blasting excavation；for level IV surrounding rock , three steps reserve core soil is used and mechanical excavation;for V level surrounding rock, CRD method is adopted and mechanical excavation ,meanwhile,advanced bolt is built over the V level surrounding rock .In this article ,the clear method and construction process is introducd.Construction technology is introduced in the article. During the course of construction , monitoring measurements must conducted From beginning to end ,in order to ensure construction safety and construction quality. During construction period ,Geological radar cooperate advanced drilling core to ensure the safty. In addition, primary support , secondary lining and waterproof and drainage construction craft are introduced.Keywords: High speed Railway tunnel NATM Structure calculation Blasting design Monitoring measurement目录第1章绪论 (1)1.1 研究背景 (1)1.2 国内外研究现状 (1)1.3本设计主要内容 (2)第2章卢家山二号隧道概况 (3)第3章结构计算 (4)3.1 二衬结构计算原理 (4)3.2荷载计算 (4)3.2.1荷载计算公式 (4)3.2.2荷载计算 (6)3.3衬砌内力计算 (7)3.4二次衬砌强度检算及配筋 (11)3.4.1强度检算公式 (11)3.4.2强度检算及配筋 (13)3.5隧道的结构形式以及支护参数 (14)第4章隧道施工 (16)4.1 总体方案 (16)4.2 开挖方法和工序 (16)4.2.1 明挖法 (16)4.2.2 CRD法施工 (17)4.2.3台阶法施工 (19)4.3爆破设计 (19)4.3.1 Ⅲ级围岩段爆破设计 (19)4.3.2 Ⅳ级围岩段爆破设计 (22)4.3.3钻爆施工 (25)4.4 装渣与运输 (26)第5章施工工艺 (27)5.1 超前地质预报 (27)5.2 监控量测 (27)5.2.1 量测目的 (27)5.2.2 监控量测项目 (27)5.2.3 监控量测的主要设备 (28)5.2.4 监控量测流程 (28)5.2.5监控量测测点布置、量测断面 (29)5.2.6 围岩压力和两层衬砌间压力量测 (31)5.2.7数据分析与反馈 (31)5.3超前注浆小导管 (31)5.3.1 超前小导管设计参数 (32)5.3.2 超前小导管施工 (32)5.4初期支护 (32)5.4.1 喷射混凝土 (32)5.4.2 锚杆 (34)5.4.3 钢筋网 (36)5.4.4 格栅钢架 (37)5.5二次衬砌 (38)5.5.1二次衬砌施工概述 (38)5.5.2二次衬砌施工准备工作 (39)5.5.3混凝土的灌注、养护与拆模 (40)5.6 隧道防排水设计 (40)5.6.1 洞口防排水 (40)5.6.2 洞内防排水 (40)第6章结论 (44)参考文献 (45)致谢 (46)附录A 外文翻译资料 (47)A.1英文 (47)A.2译文 (51)附录B 图纸 (55)第1章绪论1.1 研究背景随着我国社会、经济的高速发展，全社会客运量和货运量都成倍增长。

铁路隧道开题报告铁路隧道开题报告一、引言铁路隧道作为现代交通建设的重要组成部分，具有重要的经济和社会意义。

本文将围绕铁路隧道的建设与发展进行探讨，分析其意义、技术难题以及未来发展方向。

二、背景铁路隧道作为铁路线路的重要组成部分，能够克服地理条件限制，提高铁路运输效率，缩短运输距离，减少能耗和环境污染。

然而，随着经济的快速发展和人口的增长，现有铁路隧道已经面临运能不足、安全隐患等问题。

因此，加强铁路隧道的建设与改造势在必行。

三、意义1. 促进区域经济发展：铁路隧道的建设可以连接不同地区，促进经济协同发展，提高区域内外的交通便利性，推动产业转型升级。

2. 提升交通运输效率：铁路隧道的建设可以缩短运输距离，提高运输效率，降低物流成本，促进货物流通和人员流动。

3. 保障交通安全：铁路隧道的建设可以减少交通事故的发生，提高行车安全性，保障人民生命财产安全。

4. 保护生态环境：铁路隧道的建设可以减少对自然环境的破坏，保护生态系统的完整性，促进可持续发展。

四、技术难题1. 地质条件：铁路隧道建设需要充分考虑地质条件，如地层稳定性、地下水位等因素，避免地质灾害的发生。

2. 设计与施工：铁路隧道的设计与施工需要充分考虑隧道的结构安全性、通风与照明等问题，确保隧道的正常运行。

3. 环境保护：铁路隧道的建设需要充分考虑对周边环境的影响，采取相应的环境保护措施，减少噪音和震动对周边居民的影响。

五、未来发展方向1. 利用新技术：随着科技的不断进步，铁路隧道建设可以借助新材料、新工艺和智能化技术，提高施工效率和隧道的使用寿命。

2. 探索地下空间利用：随着城市化进程的加快，地下空间的利用已成为一种趋势。

铁路隧道可以与地下商业、停车场等设施相结合，实现空间的多元化利用。

3. 加强运维管理：随着铁路隧道的建设数量增加，加强运维管理变得尤为重要。

建立完善的监测系统和维护机制，及时发现和处理隧道运行中的问题，确保隧道的安全运行。

六、结论铁路隧道的建设与发展对于促进经济发展、提高交通运输效率、保障交通安全和保护生态环境具有重要意义。

铁路隧道毕业设计随着城市化进程的加快，交通拥堵问题日益严重，铁路交通作为一种高效、快速的交通方式备受关注。

而在铁路建设中，隧道作为重要的组成部分，对于确保列车运行的安全和顺畅起着至关重要的作用。

因此，我选择了铁路隧道作为我的毕业设计课题。

在进行铁路隧道设计之前，首先需要对隧道的功能和要求进行全面的了解。

隧道的主要功能是为列车提供通行的通道，同时还需要考虑到防灾、防洪、通风等方面的要求。

此外，根据列车的运行速度和载重量，还需要对隧道的结构强度进行合理的设计。

隧道设计的第一步是确定隧道的位置和线路走向。

这需要综合考虑地质条件、环境因素以及交通需求等多个方面的因素。

地质勘探是确定隧道位置的重要依据，通过对地质构造、岩层性质等进行详细的调查和分析，可以确定隧道的最佳位置。

隧道的地质条件对于设计和施工来说至关重要。

不同地质条件下的隧道设计有着不同的要求。

例如，在岩石地层中，隧道的设计可以更加简单，但需要考虑到岩层的稳定性和固结等问题；而在软土地层中，隧道的设计则需要考虑到土体的沉降和变形等问题。

隧道的结构设计是保证隧道安全和可靠运行的关键。

隧道的结构主要包括洞口、洞身和洞顶等部分。

洞口设计需要考虑到洞口的宽度和高度，以及进出口的坡度等因素。

洞身设计需要考虑到隧道的净宽、净高和净距等参数，以及隧道的强度和稳定性等问题。

洞顶设计需要考虑到隧道的排水和通风等问题。

在进行隧道设计时，还需要考虑到隧道的施工工艺和施工方法。

隧道的施工工艺包括开挖、支护和衬砌等工序，需要根据具体的地质条件和隧道的要求来确定。

隧道的施工方法包括盾构法、爆破法和钻孔法等，需要根据隧道的长度、地质条件和施工周期等因素来选择。

隧道的运行和维护是保证隧道安全和可靠运行的关键。

隧道的运行需要考虑到列车的运行速度和频率等因素，以及隧道的通风和照明等设施。

隧道的维护需要定期进行巡检和维修，及时处理隧道内的故障和损坏。

总之，铁路隧道作为现代铁路交通的重要组成部分，对于确保列车运行的安全和顺畅起着至关重要的作用。

毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。

尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。

对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。

作者签名：日期：指导教师签名：日期：使用授权说明本人完全了解大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。

作者签名：日期：学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。

除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。

对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。

作者签名：日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。

本人授权大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。

涉密论文按学校规定处理。

作者签名：日期：年月日导师签名：日期：年月日注意事项1.设计（论文）的内容包括：1）封面（按教务处制定的标准封面格式制作）2）原创性声明3）中文摘要（300字左右）、关键词4）外文摘要、关键词5）目次页（附件不统一编入）6）论文主体部分：引言（或绪论）、正文、结论7）参考文献8）致谢9）附录（对论文支持必要时）2.论文字数要求：理工类设计（论文）正文字数不少于1万字（不包括图纸、程序清单等），文科类论文正文字数不少于1.2万字。

桥梁与隧道工程专业毕业论文开题报告范文【桥梁与隧道工程专业毕业论文开题报告】一、选题背景根据20XX年国务院调整的《中长期铁路网规划》，截止到2020年我国将建成如图1-1所示铁路网。

随着铁路建设规模不断扩大，铁路网不断加密必然会存在大量新建线路交叉、并行临近既有线等情况。

邻近营业既有铁路施工不仅需要控制工程本身的安全风险，还需控制与营业线相互影响引起的安全风险。

高铁建设过程中采用高架桥技术可以避免与其它线路平面交叉，节省用地，同时由于线路的全封闭保证了运行的安全性。

桩基础作为结构物的主要基础形式之一，由于具有承载力高、稳定性好、沉降小、抗震性能好以及能适应各种复杂地质条件等优点，被广泛用于交通、港口、工业与民用建筑等领域。

在高速铁路高架桥施工中为了有效控制沉降，保障高铁运行时线路的高平顺性，桩基础得到了广泛应用。

灌注桩具有施工时无振动、无挤土、噪音小等优点，特别是在软土地区，由于预制桩存在挤土效应而受周围环境制约，钻孔灌注桩在施工中得到较为广泛的应用。

桩基的广泛应用促进了灌注桩的理论与实践的快速发展。

灌注桩广泛应用于高铁施工中。

灌注桩施工是一个桩与周围环境不断相互作用的过程。

灌注桩施工主要包括：(1)桩孔定位，泥衆制备;(2)钻孔与灌注泥装;(3)排査清空;(4)灌注混凝土。

其中钻孔与灌注泥装、灌注混凝土及后期混凝土硬化承受上部荷载过程都会引起周围土体应力变化。

若处理不当，会引起周边的环境问题，影响到邻近既有铁线路运行的安全性。

二、研究目的和意义桩侧荷载传递取决于桩土接触面粗糙度、桩与土之间水平有效应力大小以及土的剪切特性。

其中桩土接触面粗糖度依赖于施工方法和施工机械，通常来说，对于给定土层，同样施工条件下，各桩的桩土接触面粗糖度相差不大。

而水平有效应力和土的剪切性能取决于钻孔时间、钻孔置空时间、饶注混凝土前孔内水压力等土体现场应力条件以及施工的一些具体细节影响。

三、本文研究涉及的主要理论饶明贵(2003)[3]对既有线旁钻孔灌注桩施工方法进行了研宄，通过受力计算，结合相关地质条件，提出在一种可用于临近既有线的钻孔灌注桩的施工方法。

铁路隧道作业开题报告铁路隧道作业开题报告一、引言铁路隧道作业是指在铁路建设过程中，为了穿越山脉、河流等自然障碍，必须挖掘地下通道的工程。

随着交通运输的快速发展，铁路隧道作业成为现代化铁路建设的重要组成部分。

本文将探讨铁路隧道作业的背景、挑战和解决方案。

二、背景铁路隧道作业的背景是现代交通运输的需求和技术的进步。

随着人口的增长和城市化进程的加快，交通拥堵问题日益突出。

铁路作为一种高效、环保的交通方式，受到了广大人民群众的青睐。

然而，铁路建设面临着地形复杂、自然条件恶劣等挑战，因此需要进行大量的隧道作业。

三、挑战铁路隧道作业面临着多方面的挑战。

首先是地质条件的复杂性。

地质条件是隧道作业中最重要的因素之一，不同地区的地质条件差异很大，如山区、河谷等地形，以及岩石类型、地下水位等因素都会对隧道作业产生影响。

其次是工程难度的提升。

随着技术的进步，人们对铁路隧道的要求也越来越高，需要建造更长、更宽、更深的隧道，这对工程师的技术水平提出了更高的要求。

此外，隧道作业还面临着环境保护和安全风险等问题。

四、解决方案为了应对铁路隧道作业的挑战，需要采取一系列的解决方案。

首先是加强地质勘察和风险评估。

在隧道作业之前，必须进行详细的地质勘察，了解地质条件和风险因素，以便制定合理的施工方案。

其次是采用先进的隧道掘进技术。

随着科技的进步，隧道掘进技术也在不断创新，如盾构技术、爆破技术等，可以提高施工效率和质量。

此外，还需要加强环境保护和安全管理，确保隧道作业不对周边环境和人员安全造成影响。

五、结论铁路隧道作业是现代化铁路建设不可或缺的一部分，但也面临着地质复杂性、工程难度和安全风险等挑战。

为了解决这些问题，需要加强地质勘察和风险评估，采用先进的隧道掘进技术，并加强环境保护和安全管理。

只有这样，才能保证铁路隧道作业的顺利进行，为人们提供更加便捷、高效的交通方式。

六、展望随着科技的不断进步和经验的积累，铁路隧道作业将会越来越高效、安全。