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中古英语名词中古英语是指约1100年至约1500年期间的英语，它是英语语言发展的重要阶段。
在这个时期，英语经历了许多重要的变化和发展，从一种与古英语相似的斯堪的纳维亚方言发展成为一种更接近现代英语的语言。
在中古英语中，有许多重要的名词，这些名词反映了当时社会、文化和思想的各个方面。
以下是一些与中古英语相关的名词：1. Chivalry（骑士风格）：骑士道是中世纪欧洲骑士的行为准则，这种行为准则涉及勇敢、忠诚、尊重女性等方面。
中古英语中的名词“Chivalry”指的是封建时代的骑士道德和行为准则。
2. Feudalism（封建主义）：封建主义是中世纪欧洲的社会和经济系统，其中封建主将土地授予封臣，并要求封臣提供军事服务和其他形式的支持。
中古英语中的名词“Feudalism”描述了封建主义的制度和运作方式。
3. Monastery（修道院）：修道院是中世纪基督教世界中的宗教机构，拥有祈祷、研究和教育的功能。
中古英语中的名词“Monastery”用于描述修道院作为一种特殊类型的机构和建筑物。
4. Serf（农奴）：农奴是中世纪封建社会中的一种社会阶层，他们是贵族的私人财产，被迫在贵族的土地上工作和生活。
中古英语中的名词“Serf”描述了农奴作为一种特定的社会角色和身份。
5. Crusade（十字军东征）：十字军东征是中世纪欧洲的一系列宗教军事行动，旨在夺取圣地并传播基督教。
中古英语中的名词“Crusade”用于描述这一重要历史事件和运动。
6. Plague（瘟疫）：瘟疫是中世纪欧洲的一种常见疾病，导致了大量人口死亡。
中古英语中的名词“Plague”描述了这一疾病以及与之相关的社会和人类灾难。
7. Guild（行会）：行会是中世纪城市中的组织机构，代表同一行业或行业的成员的利益。
中古英语中的名词“Guild”描述了这些行业组织和他们在城市经济中的重要地位。
8. Manor（庄园）：庄园是中世纪封建社会中贵族的土地，包括大片农田、农民的居住区和庄园主的居所。
中世纪欧洲的骑士精神与文化中世纪欧洲是一个百家争鸣、多元化的时代，它最为显著的特征之一便是骑士文化。
骑士们以勇敢、忠诚、荣誉为信仰，并创造了许多流传至今的传说和传统。
本文将探讨中世纪欧洲的骑士精神与文化。
一、骑士的起源和发展“骑士”一词源于拉丁语的“eques”，意为“骑兵”。
在中世纪的欧洲，骑士是指乘坐马匹、拥有贵族地位、以武勇见长的战士。
骑士阶层的形成可以追溯到罗马帝国衰弱后的西欧。
在那个时期，许多罗马军队的士兵和将领移居到了高卢、英伦等地，建立了一些小的封建政权。
这些政权需要军队来维护社会稳定，于是便有了对马匹驾驭技能和战斗技能要求高的个人担任武装力量的需求。
随着时间的推移，这些武装人员逐渐形成了一种具有严格等级和规范的社会组织。
他们“肩负地方治安、防御、进攻等任务，是封建社会的社会基础”（《世界历史词典》）。
骑士们通常是由贵族出身的，拥有自己的财产和领地，可以招募部下。
在战斗中，他们往往孤军奋战，以骑战为主，受到广泛尊敬。
二、骑士精神的体现骑士精神是指骑士们的信仰和价值观，强调荣誉、勇气和忠诚。
2.1 荣誉荣誉在骑士文化中占据了重要地位。
骑士们以维护自己的荣誉为己任，不断追求卓越的表现和名声。
他们会在比武竞技、战争征战、宴会狂欢中寻求荣誉的体现，并且非常看重荣誉的传承。
2.2 勇气勇气是骑士精神中最基本的要素。
在中世纪的战争中，士兵们都非常看重勇气——他们认为这是胜利的关键所在。
骑士们的勇猛和决心成为了许多传说和传统的来源，如《亚瑟王传说》中被称为“最勇猛的骑士”的兰斯洛特。
2.3 忠诚忠诚是骑士文化的另一板块。
忠诚不仅体现在对君主及其家族的效忠上，而且也包括对朋友、同僚和信仰的忠诚。
在许多传奇、神话故事中，骑士们对朋友、爱人、甚至仇敌的忠诚都被提到。
三、骑士礼仪的具体体现作为一个独立的社会群体，骑士阶层依赖着自己的礼仪来展现自己的贵族品格和传统。
下面我们将谈到一些骑士礼仪的具体体现。
3.1 大大咧咧骑士至高无上的尊严和荣誉感，使得他们表达方式极为随意而自然。
The Knight骑士作者：黄刘胤来源：《中学生英语·阅读与写作》2013年第02期In the Middle Ages in Europe, knight or warrior was the Cavalry (骑兵) who got formal military training, later turned into a title of honor used to indicate a social class. In the chaotic (混乱的) situation, kings and dukes needed armies to defend their lands. It was the lord’s job to serve his duty by being a knight—a professional soldier who fought on horseback.骑士或称武士，是欧洲中世纪时，受过正规军事训练的骑兵，后来演变为一种荣誉称号，用于表示一种社会阶层。
在纷乱局势中,国王或公爵贵族们需要军队、士兵来保护他们的领土。
领主通过成为一个骑士——一个真正的士兵，来履行他的职责。
A knight had to have his own armour and a horse. Plate armour (盔甲) was the knight’s best defence against weapons. Some knights even had five horses: for war, hunting, jousting(骑马比武), travelling, and carrying baggage.一个骑士必须有的装备就是属于他个人的盔甲及战马。
盔甲是骑士的最好的防御武器。
有些骑士甚至有5匹马：有的是打战骑的，有的是用来狩猎的，有的是比武的时候骑乘的，有的是旅行骑乘的，有的是驮运行李的。
中世纪2兵种中英文对照完全版English (英国)Peasants 农民Town Militia 城镇民兵Levy Spearmen 征召矛兵Spear Militia 长矛民兵Armored Sergeants重装军士Bill Militia钩镰民兵Billmen钩镰兵Heavy Billmen重装钩镰兵Sherwood Archers舍武德弓箭手Arquebusiers 火绳枪兵Archer Militia 弓箭民兵Peasant Archers 平民弓箭兵Armored Swordsmen重装剑士Dismounted Feudal Knights 步行封建骑士Dismounted English Knights 步行英格兰骑士Heavy Bill Militia重装钩镰民兵Longbowmen 长弓兵Yeoman Archers 约曼弓箭兵Dismounted Longbowmen长弓卫队Hobilars 霍比拉游骑兵Merchant Cavalry Militia商队骑兵Mailed Knights 链甲骑兵Demi Lancers 轻枪骑兵Feudal Knights 封建骑士NE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队English Knights英格兰骑士NE Late Bodyguard晚期将领卫队Knights Hospitaller医院骑士Knights Templar 圣殿骑士NE Ballista 弩炮NE Catapult 投石车NE Ribault 管炮NE Trebuchet 攻城秤车NE Mortar 迫击炮NE Bombard 攻城炮NE Culverin 长管炮Welsh Spearmen Mercs 威尔士矛兵Irish Kerns Mercs 爱尔兰标枪兵French (法国)Peasants 农民Town Militia 城镇民兵Pike Militia 长矛民兵Pikemen 长矛兵Spear Militia 长矛民兵Sergeant Spearmen长矛军士Armored Sergeants重装军士Partisan Militia 钩斧民兵Voulgier 钩斧兵Dismounted Noble Knights 步行贵族骑士Dismounted Feudal Knights 步行封建骑士Dismounted Chivalric Knights 步行侠义骑士Peasant Archers 平民弓箭兵Peasant Crossbowmen 平民弩兵Crossbow Militia 持弩民兵Crossbowmen 弩兵Arquebusiers火绳枪兵Aventurier 冒险者弩兵Dismounted French Archers步行法兰西弓骑兵Scots Guard 苏格兰卫队Mounted Sergeants骑马军士Merchant Cavalry Militia商队骑兵Mailed Knights 链甲骑兵Feudal Knights 封建骑士Gendarmes 宪兵骑士NE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队NE Late Bodyguard晚期将领卫队Knights Templar 圣殿骑士Knights Hospitaller医院骑士Chivalric Knights侠义骑士Noble Knights 贵族骑士Lancers 重装枪骑兵French Mounted Archers法兰西弓骑兵NE Ballista 弩炮NE Catapult 投石车NE Trebuchet 攻城秤车NE Bombard 攻城炮NE Serpentine 蛇炮NE Grand Bombard 重型攻城炮NE Culverin 长管炮NE Basilisk 蜥炮Religious Fanatics 宗教狂热团Flemish Pikemen Mercs 佛兰芒戟兵Swiss Pikemen Mercs 瑞士戟兵The Holy Roman Empire (圣罗马帝国) Peasants 农民Town Militia 城镇民兵Pike Militia 晚期长矛民兵Spear Militia 早期长矛民兵Sergeant Spearmen 长矛军士Armored Sergeants 重装军士Halberd Militia 长戟民兵Dismounted Imperial Knights步行帝国骑士Dismounted Feudal Knights 步行封建骑士Forlorn Hope 敢死团Zweihander 双手剑士Dismounted Gothic Knights 歌德步兵Peasant Archers 平民弓兵Peasant Crossbowmen 平民弩兵Crossbow Militia 持弩民兵Arquebusiers 火绳枪兵Pavise Crossbowmen 巨盾弩兵Hand Gunners 手炮兵Mounted Sergeants 骑马军士Merchant Cavalry Militia商队骑兵Mailed Knights 链甲骑兵Feudal Knights 封建骑士Imperial Knights 帝国骑士NE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队NE Late Bodyguard晚期将领卫队Teutonic Knights 条顿骑士Gothic Knights 歌德骑士Mounted Crossbowmen 弩骑兵Reiters 黑衫骑士NE Ballista 弩炮NE Catapult 投石车NE Trebuchet 攻城秤车NE Bombard 攻城炮NE Serpentine 蛇炮NE Grand Bombard 重型攻城炮NE Cannon 加农炮NE Basilisk 蜥炮Religious Fanatics 宗教狂热团Landschneckt Pikemen郎斯克纳兹矛兵Spain (西班牙)Peasants 农民Town Militia 城镇民兵Swordsmen Militia 民兵剑士Sword and Buckler Men 圆盾剑士Pike Militia 长矛民兵Spear Militia 早期长矛民兵Tercio Pikemen 西班牙矛兵Dismounted Feudal Knights 步行封建骑士Dismounted Chivalric Knights 步行侠义骑士Dismounted Conquistadores 征服者步兵Peasant Crossbowmen 平民弩兵Crossbow Militia 持弩民兵Peasant Archers 平民弓兵Javelinmen 伊比利亚标枪兵Arquebusiers 火绳枪兵Pavise Crossbowmen 巨盾弩兵Musketeers 滑膛枪兵Almughavars 阿拉贡突袭兵Hand Gunners 手炮兵Merchant Cavalry Militia商队骑兵Mailed Knights 链甲骑兵Feudal Knights 封建骑士Gendarmes 宪兵骑士SE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队SE Late Bodyguard 晚期将领卫队Knights of Santiago 圣地亚哥骑士Conquistadores 征服者骑兵Chivalric Knights 侠义骑士Mounted Crossbowmen 弩骑兵Jinetes 标枪骑兵NE Ballista 弩炮NE Catapult 投石车NE Ribault 管炮NE Trebuchet攻城秤车NE Bombard 攻城炮NE Grand Bombard重型攻城炮NE Culverin 长管炮NE Basilisk 蜥炮Venice (威尼斯)Peasants 农民Italian Militia 意大利民兵Pike Militia 长矛民兵Sergeant Spearmen 长矛军士Italian Spear Militia 意大利长矛民兵Armored Sergeants 重装军士Dismounted Italian MAA 步行意大利重骑兵Dismounted Broken Lances 步行独立枪骑兵Dismounted Feudal Knights 步行封建骑士Venetian Heavy Infantry 威尼斯重装步兵Peasant Archers 平民弓箭兵Peasant Crossbowmen 平民弩兵Arquebusiers 火绳枪兵Pavise Crossbow Militia 巨盾持弩民兵Musketeers 滑膛枪兵Venetian Archers 威尼斯弓箭兵Hand Gunners 手炮兵Mounted Sergeants 骑马军士Stradiots 巴尔干骑兵Italian Cavalry Militia 意大利骑马民兵Italian MAA 意大利重骑兵Mailed Knights 链甲骑兵Feudal Knights 封建骑士Broken Lances 独立枪骑兵SE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队SE Late Bodyguard 晚期将领卫队Knights Hospitaller 医院骑士Knights Templar 圣殿骑士Mounted Crossbowmen 弩骑兵Carroccio Standard V 军旗战车NE Ballista 弩炮NE Ribault 管炮NE Catapult 投石车NE Trebuchet 攻城秤车NE Mortar 迫击炮NE Bombard 攻城炮NE Culverin 长管炮NE Monster Ribault 怪兽管炮Sicily (西西里)Southern Peasants 农民Italian Militia 意大利民兵Sword and Buckler Men 圆盾剑士Pike Militia 长矛民兵Sergeant Spearmen 长矛军士Italian Spear Militia 意大利长矛民兵Armored Sergeants 重装军士Halberd Militia 长戟民兵Dismounted Italian MAA 步行意大利重骑兵Dismounted Broken Lances 步行独立枪骑兵Dismounted Norman Knights 步行诺曼骑士S Peasant Archers 平民弓箭兵Arquebusiers 火绳枪兵Pavise Crossbowmen 巨盾弩兵Pavise Crossbow Militia 巨盾持弩民兵Sicilian Muslim Archers 穆斯林弓箭兵Hand Gunners 手炮兵Mounted Sergeants 骑马军士Italian Cavalry Militia 意大利骑马民兵Mailed Knights 链甲骑兵SE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队SE Late Bodyguard 晚期将领卫队Norman Knights 诺曼骑士Knights Templar 圣殿骑士Knights Hospitaller 医院骑士Chivalric Knights 侠义骑士Mounted Crossbowmen 弩骑兵NE Ballista 弩炮NE Catapult 投石车NE Ribault 管炮NE Trebuchet攻城秤车NE Mortar 迫击炮NE Bombard 攻城炮NE Cannon 加农炮Condottieri 贡多铁里骑兵Milan (米兰)Peasants 农民Italian Militia 意大利民兵Pike Militia 长矛民兵Sergeant Spearmen 长矛军士Italian Spear Militia 意大利长矛民兵Armored Sergeants 重装军士Dismounted Italian MAA 步行意大利重骑兵Dismounted Broken Lances 步行独立枪骑兵Dismounted Feudal Knights 步行封建骑士Peasant Crossbowmen 平民弩兵Peasant Archers 平民弓箭兵Arquebusiers 火绳枪兵Musketeers 滑膛枪兵Genoese Crossbow Militia 热那亚巨盾弩兵Genoese Crossbowmen 热那亚弩兵Hand Gunners 手炮兵Mounted Sergeants 骑马军士Italian Cavalry Militia 意大利骑马民兵Italian MAA 意大利重骑兵Mailed Knights 链甲骑兵Feudal Knights 封建骑士Broken Lances 独立枪骑兵SE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队SE Late Bodyguard 晚期将领卫队Knights Hospitaller 医院骑士Famiglia Ducale 公爵亲卫骑士Knights Templar 圣殿骑士Mounted Crossbowmen 弩骑兵Carroccio Standard M 军旗战车NE Ballista 弩炮NE Ribault 管炮NE Catapult 投石车NE Trebuchet 攻城秤车NE Bombard 攻城炮NE Grand Bombard 重型攻城炮NE Culverin 长管炮NE Monster Ribault 怪兽管炮Religious Fanatics 宗教狂热团Scotland (苏格兰)Highland Rabble 高地民团Town Militia 城镇民兵Highlanders 高地斧兵Scots Pike Militia 苏格兰长矛民兵Highland Pikemen 高地矛兵Spear Militia 长矛民兵Heavy Pike Militia 重装长矛民兵Noble Pikemen 贵族矛兵Highland Nobles 高地贵族剑士Dismounted Feudal Knights 步行封建骑士Noble Swordsmen 贵族剑士Peasant Archers 平民弓箭兵Highland Archers 高地弓箭兵Noble Highland Archers 高地贵族弓箭兵Border Horse 巡逻骑兵Merchant Cavalry Militia 商队骑兵Mailed Knights 链甲骑兵Feudal Knights 封建骑士NE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队NE Late Bodyguard 晚期将领卫队Knights Templar 圣殿骑士Knights Hospitaller 医院骑士NE Ballista 弩炮NE Catapult 投石车NE Ribault 管炮NE Trebuchet 攻城秤车NE Mortar 迫击炮NE Bombard 攻城炮NE Culverin 长管炮Galloglaich Mercs 高地斧兵Byzantine Empire (拜占庭帝国)Southern Peasants 农民SE Town Militia 城镇民兵Byzantine Spearmen拜占庭矛兵SE Spear Militia 长矛民兵Byzantine Infantry拜占庭剑士Dismounted Byzantine Lancers步行拜占庭枪骑兵Varangian Guard 瓦兰吉卫队Dismounted Latinkon步行拉丁骑兵S Peasant Archers 平民弓箭兵S Archer Militia 弓箭民兵Trebizond Archers 特拉比松弓箭兵Byzantine Guard Archers 拜占庭禁卫弓箭兵Greek Militia Cavalry 希腊骑马民兵Byzantine Lancers 拜占庭枪骑兵Latinkon 拉丁骑兵Kataphractoi 铁甲圣骑兵Greek Bodyguard 将领卫队Skythikon 塞西亚弓骑兵Byzantine Cavalry 拜占庭骑兵Vardariotai 瓦达泰瑞弓骑兵GR Ballista 弩炮GR Catapult 投石车GR Trebuchet攻城秤车GR Bombard 攻城炮Alan Light Cavalry 阿兰轻骑兵Cuman Horse Archers 库曼弓骑兵Russia (俄罗斯)EE Peasants 农民Woodsmen 森林斧兵EE Spear Militia 长矛民兵EE Spearmen 长矛兵Berdiche Axemen 重斧兵Dismounted Druchima 步行俄罗斯亲卫骑兵Dismounted Boyar Sons 步行波耶骑兵EE Archer Militia 弓箭民兵EE Peasant Archers 平民弓箭兵EE Crossbow Militia 持弩民兵Arquebusiers 火绳枪兵Dismounted Dvor 步行德沃弓骑兵Cossack Musketeers 哥萨克滑膛枪兵EE Cavalry Militia 东欧骑马民兵Druzhina 俄罗斯亲卫骑兵EE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队Tsars Guard 沙皇卫队EE Late Bodyguard晚期将领卫队Kazaks 哈萨克弓骑兵Boyar Sons 波耶骑兵Cossack Cavalry 哥萨克骑兵Dvor Cavalry 德沃亲卫弓骑兵EE Ballista 弩炮EE Catapult 投石车EE Trebuchet 攻城秤车EE Bombard 攻城炮EE Grand Bombard 重型攻城炮EE Cannon 加农炮EE Basilisk 蜥炮Moors (摩斯)ME Peasants 农民ME Town Militia 城镇民兵ME Spear Militia 长矛民兵Nubian Spearmen 奴比亚矛兵Berber Spearmen 柏柏尔矛兵Dismounted Arab Cavalry 阿拉伯步行骑兵Dismounted Tuareg 图雷格步行骆驼骑兵Lamtuna Spearmen 雷姆图拉矛兵Urban Militia 城市民兵Dismounted Christian Guard 步行基督卫队Hashishim 战场哈萨辛ME Crossbow Militia 持弩民兵Sudanese Javelinmen 苏丹标枪兵Desert Archers 沙漠弓箭兵ME Peasant Crossbowmen 平民弩兵Sudanese Gunners 苏丹火绳枪兵ME Hand Gunners 手炮兵Arab Cavalry 阿拉伯骑兵Tuareg Camel Spearmens (骆驼近战兵) Granadine Lancers 格兰纳答枪骑兵ME Bodyguard 早期将领卫队Christian Guard 基督卫队ME Late Bodyguard 晚期将领卫队Desert Cavalry 沙漠骑兵Granadine CB Cav 格兰纳答弩骑兵Granadine Jinetes 格兰纳答标枪骑兵Camel Gunners (骆驼火枪兵)ME Ballista 弩炮ME Catapult 投石车ME Trebuchet 攻城秤车ME Bombard 攻城炮ME Grand Bombard 重型攻城炮ME Cannon 加农炮Sudanese Tribesmen Mercs 苏丹部落剑士Turks (土耳其)ME Peasants 农民Azabs 城镇警备兵ME Town Militia 城镇民兵ME Spear Militia 长矛民兵ME Halberd Militia 长戟民兵Saracen Militia 撒拉逊民兵Janissary Heavy Inf苏丹近卫戟兵Hashishim 战场哈萨辛Dismounted Sipahi Lancers 步行西帕希枪骑兵ME Peasant Archers 平民弓箭兵Turkish Javelinmen 土尔其标枪兵Naffatun 那法掷油兵Turkish Archers 土尔其弓箭兵Ottoman Infantry 奥斯曼步兵Janissary Archers 苏丹近卫弓箭兵Janissary Musketeers 苏丹近卫滑膛枪兵ME Hand Gunners 手炮兵Sipahi Lancers 西帕希枪骑兵ME Bodyguard 早期将领卫队ME Late Bodyguard 晚期将领卫队Quapukulu 土尔其宫廷卫队Turkish Horse Archers 土尔其弓骑兵Turkomans 土库曼弓骑兵Sipahis 西帕希弓骑兵ME Ballista 弩炮ME Catapult 投石车ME Trebuchet 攻城秤车ME Bombard 攻城炮ME Grand Bombard 重型攻城炮ME Cannon 加农炮ME Monster Bombard 怪兽巨炮Armenian Archers 亚美尼亚弓箭兵Afghan Javelinmen Mercs 阿富汗标枪兵Alan Light Cavalry 阿兰轻骑兵Kwarizmian Cavalry 花剌子模重骑兵Armenian Cavalry 亚美尼亚重骑兵Egypt (埃及)ME Peasants 农民ME Spear Militia 长矛民兵Nubian Spearmen 奴比亚矛兵Dismounted Arab Cavalry 阿拉伯步行骑兵Saracen Militia 撒拉逊民兵Tabardariyya 苏丹近卫军ME Halberd Militia 长戟民兵Hashishim 战场哈萨辛ME Peasant Archers 平民弓箭兵ME Archer Militia 弓箭民兵Naffatun 那法掷油兵Desert Archers 沙漠弓箭兵Kurdish Javelinmen 库尔德标枪兵Nubian Archers 奴比亚弓箭兵Sudanese Gunners苏丹火绳枪兵Arab Cavalry 阿拉伯骑兵Mamluks 马穆留克重骑兵ME Bodyguard 早期将领卫队Royal Mamluks 马穆留克近卫骑兵ME Late Bodyguard 晚期将领卫队Desert Cavalry 沙漠骑兵Mamluk Archers 马穆留克弓骑兵ME Ballista 弩炮ME Catapult 投石车ME Trebuchet 攻城秤车ME Bombard 攻城炮ME Grand Bombard 重型攻城炮ME Cannon 加农炮Sudanese Tribesmen Mercs 苏丹部落剑士Kwarizmian Cavalry 花剌子模重骑兵Bedouin Camel Riders (拿弓的骆驼兵)Denmark (丹麦)Peasants 农民Town Militia 城镇民兵Viking Raiders 维京突袭者Spear Militia 早期长矛民兵Norse Swordsmen 北欧剑士Swordstaff Militia 剑矛民兵Dismounted Feudal Knights 步行封建骑士Dismounted Chivalric Knights 步行侠义骑士Dismounted Huscarls 步行战斧骑兵Norse Axemen 北欧斧兵Obudshaer 奥伯德夏戟兵Crossbow Militia 持弩民兵Peasant Archers 平民弓箭手Crossbowmen 弩兵Arquebusiers 火绳枪兵Norse Archers 北欧弓箭兵Hand Gunners 手炮兵Scouts 斥候骑兵Merchant Cavalry Militia 商队骑兵Huscarls 北欧战斧骑兵Feudal Knights 封建骑士Armored Clergy 北欧战地教团NE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队NE Late Bodyguard 晚期将领卫队Knights Hospitaller 医院骑士Knights Templar 圣殿骑士Chivalric Knights 侠义骑士Mounted Crossbowmen 弩骑兵NE Ballista 弩炮NE Catapult 投石车NE Ribault 管炮NE Trebuchet 攻城秤车NE Bombard 攻城炮NE Serpentine 蛇炮NE Cannon 加农炮Portugal (葡萄牙)Peasants 农民Town Militia 城镇民兵Swordsmen Militia民兵剑士Pike Militia 长矛民兵Spear Militia 早期长矛民兵Aventuros 冒险者矛兵Dismounted Portuguese Knights步行葡萄牙骑士Dismounted Feudal Knights 步行封建骑士Dismounted Conquistadores 征服者步兵Peasant Archers 平民弓箭手Peasant Crossbowmen 平民弩兵Crossbow Militia 持弩民兵Lusitanian Javelinmen 努西塔尼亚标枪兵Pavise Crossbowmen 巨盾弩兵Musketeers 滑膛枪兵Almughavars 阿拉贡突袭兵Hand Gunners 手炮兵Portuguese Arquebusiers 葡萄牙火绳枪兵Merchant Cavalry Militia 商队骑兵Mailed Knights 链甲骑兵Portuguese Knights 葡萄牙骑士Feudal Knights 封建骑士SE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队SE Late Bodyguard 晚期将领卫队Conquistadores 征服者骑兵Knights of Santiago 圣地亚哥骑士Mounted Crossbowmen 弩骑兵Jinetes 标枪骑兵NE Ballista 弩炮NE Catapult 投石车NE Ribault 管炮NE Trebuchet攻城秤车NE Bombard 攻城炮NE Grand Bombard 重型攻城炮NE Culverin 长管炮NE Basilisk 蜥炮Poland (波兰)EE Peasants 农民EE Town Militia城镇民兵Woodsmen 森林斧兵EE Spear Militia长矛民兵Dismounted Polish Nobles步行波兰贵族骑兵Halberd Militia 长戟民兵Dismounted Polish Knights步行波兰骑士EE Spearmen 长矛兵EE Peasant Archers 平民弓箭手EE Crossbow Militia 持弩民兵Dismounted Lithuanian Cavalry立陶宛步行骑兵Lithuanian Archers 立陶宛弓箭兵Arquebusiers 火绳枪兵Hand Gunners 手炮兵Hussars 胡萨尔轻骑兵Merchant Cavalry Militia 商队骑马民兵Polish Retainers 波兰扈从骑兵NE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队Polish Knights 波兰骑士Polish Guard 波兰卫队NE Late Bodyguard晚期将领卫队Knights Templar 圣殿骑士Knights Hospitaller 医院骑士Lithuanian Cavalry 立陶宛骑兵Polish Shooters 波兰弩骑兵Polish Nobles 波兰贵族骑兵EE Ballista 弩炮EE Catapult 投石车EE Ribault 管炮EE Trebuchet 攻城秤车EE Bombard 攻城炮EE Serpentine 蛇炮EE Cannon 加农炮Slav Mercenaries 雇佣斯拉夫矛兵Hungary (匈牙利)EE Peasants 农民EE Town Militia 城镇民兵Slav Levies 斯拉夫矛兵Croat Axemen 克罗地亚斧兵Transilvanian Peasants 特兰西瓦尼亚农民EE Spear Militia 长矛民兵Battlefield Assassins 战场刺客Halberd Militia 长戟民兵Pavise Spearmen 巨盾矛兵Dismounted Feudal Knights 步行封建骑士Dismounted E Chivalric Knights步行东方侠义骑士S Peasant Archers平民弓箭手Bosnian Archers 波斯尼亚弓箭手Crossbowmen 弩兵Arquebusiers 火绳枪兵Pavise Crossbow Militia 巨盾持弩民兵Hussars 胡萨尔轻骑兵Merchant Cavalry Militia 商队骑马民兵Feudal Knights 封建骑士Royal Banderium 男爵亲卫骑兵NE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队NE Late Bodyguard 晚期将领卫队E Chivalric Knights 东方侠义骑士Knights Templar 圣殿骑士Knights Hospitaller 医院骑士Magyar Cavalry 马扎尔骑兵Hungarian Nobles 匈牙利贵族骑兵EE Ballista 弩炮EE Catapult 投石车EE Ribault 管炮EE Trebuchet 攻城秤车EE Bombard 攻城炮EE Serpentine 蛇炮EE Basilisk 蜥炮The Papal State (教皇国)Peasants 农民Italian Militia 意大利民兵Pike Militia 长矛民兵Sergeant Spearmen长矛军士Italian Spear Militia意大利长矛民兵Armored Sergeants 重装军士Papal Guard 教皇卫队Halberd Militia 长戟民兵Dismounted Italian MAA (Dismounted Men at Arms)步行意大利重骑兵Dismounted Broken Lances 步行独立枪骑兵Dismounted Feudal Knights 步行封建骑士Swiss Guard 瑞士卫队Peasant Archers 平民弓箭手Peasant Crossbowmen平民弩兵Arquebusiers 火绳枪兵Pavise Crossbow Militia巨盾持弩民兵Pavise Crossbowmen 巨盾弩兵Hand Gunners 手炮兵Mounted Sergeants 骑马军士Italian Cavalry Militia意大利骑马民兵Italian MAA 意大利重骑兵Mailed Knights 链甲骑兵Feudal Knights 封建骑士Broken Lances 独立枪骑兵SE Bodyguard 早期将领卫队SE Late Bodyguard 晚期将领卫队Knights Hospitaller医院骑士Knights Templar 圣殿骑士Mounted Crossbowmen弩骑兵NE Ballista 弩炮NE Catapult 投石车NE Ribault 管炮NE Trebuchet 攻城秤车NE Mortar 迫击炮NE Bombard 攻城炮NE Culverin 长管炮Religious Fanatics宗教狂热团Great Cross 十字战车Aztecs (阿芝特克)Aztec Peasants 阿芝特克农民Aztec Warriors 阿芝特克棍兵Eagle Warriors 雄鹰战士Coyote Priests 土狼祭师Jaguar Warriors猛虎战士Aztec Bodyguard阿芝特克将领卫队Aztec Spearmen 阿芝特克矛兵Cuahchiqueh 阿芝特克狂战士Aztec Spear Throwers阿芝特克掷矛兵Aztec Archers 阿芝特克弓箭手Arrow Warriors 阿芝特克巨弩兵Mongals (蒙古)ME Peasants 农民ME Town Militia 城镇民兵ME Spear Militia 长矛民兵ME Levy Spearmen 征召矛兵Dismounted Light Lancers 步行轻枪骑兵Dismounted Heavy Lancers 步行重装枪骑兵ME Peasant Archers 平民弓箭手Mongol Foot Archers蒙古弓箭手Naffatun 那法掷油兵Dismounted Archers 步行弓骑兵Mongol Infantry 蒙古步兵Dismounted Heavy Archers 步行重装弓骑兵Mongol Light Lancers 蒙古轻骑兵Mongol Heavy Lancers 蒙古重装枪骑兵Mongol Bodyguard 蒙古早期将领卫队Khan's Guard (Khan's Guard)可汗卫队Mongol Horse Archers蒙古弓骑兵Mongol Heavy Archers蒙古重装弓骑兵AS Ballista 弩炮AS Trebuchet 攻城秤车AS Bombard 攻城炮AS Rocket Launcher火箭炮车Kwarizmian Cavalry花剌子模重骑兵Timurids (铁木儿)ME Peasants 农民ME Town Militia 城镇民兵ME Spear Militia 长矛民兵ME Halberd Militia 长戟民兵Dismounted Heavy Lancers步行重装枪骑兵ME Peasant Archers 平民弓箭手Naffatun 那法掷油兵Turkish Archers 土尔其弓箭手Afghan Javelinmen 阿富汗标枪兵Dismounted Heavy Archers步行重装弓骑兵Sabadar Militia 萨巴达民兵ME Hand Gunners 手炮兵Mongol Heavy Lancers蒙古重装枪骑兵Mongol Bodyguard 蒙古早期将领卫队Khan's Guard (Khan's Guard)可汗卫队Elephants (近战象兵)Elephant Artillery (大砲象兵)Turkish Horse Archers土尔其弓骑兵Turkomans 土库曼弓骑兵Mongol Heavy Archers 蒙古重装弓骑兵AS Ballista 弩炮AS Trebuchet 攻城秤车AS Bombard 攻城炮AS Grand Bombard重型攻城炮AS Cannon 加农炮AS Rocket Launcher 火箭炮车AS Monster Bombard 巨炮（强力推荐）Kwarizmian Cavalry 花剌子模重骑兵。
The chivalry and gentilityAbstract: The paper mainly talks about the relationship between knighthood and gentleman. The gentility is come from chivalry. As we all known that the English man are famous for gentle. Gentle men are become more and more welcomed. We study the chivalry and gentility so that we can better understand the knighthood.Key word: chivalry gentility relationship1.the introduction of chivalryChivalry, as known as knighthood, can be defined as the general collection of organizations, regulations, morals and norms owned particularly by the knight class in west Europe in the middle ages. Almost all nobles were knights in the medieval days. But no one was born a knight----knighthood had to be earned. The training was both long and hard.1.1the origin of the knightChivalry, as a military regime built on the fief system, primitively originated in Frankish kingdom in the 8th century. Then it was passed to the north, to the west of Reich across Flanders, Burgundy and so on. It is safe to say that chivalry is a kind of mechanism on the whole European continent.1.2the decline of the knightsAfter the crusades, the knight was become less and less important. with the development of the commodity economy, the Manor was suffer great challenges. So the knight was not adapting to the society gradually.1.3The spirit of the knightThe spirit of the knight includes eight virtues and the declaration of knight.1.31the declaration of knightI will be kind to the weak. I will be brave and against the strong. I will fight the all that do wrong. I will fight for those who cannot fight. I will help those who call for help. I will harm no woman. I will help my brother knight. I will be true to my friends.I will be faithful in love.1.32 Eight virtuesFirst is humility. Second is honor. Third is sacrifice. Forth is valor. Fifth is compassion. Sixth is spirituality. Seventh is honesty. Eighth is justice.2.GentilityGentleman stems from 17th century middle of Western Europe, it’s based on the knight. A gentleman’s manners are always impeccable. He dresses appropriately for any occasion, knows instinctively how to treat women, acts his age and is always fun to be around. Someone wants to be a gentleman is not easy. He always is polite. He must do as fellows: first, do not curse. Second, do not speak loudly. Third, do not lose your temper. Fourth, do not stare. Fifth, do not interrupt. Sixth, do not spit. Seventh, respect your elders. Eighth, do not laugh at others’ mistakes. Ninth, remove your hat indoors. Tenth, wait for seating before eating. Eleventh, always open doors. Twelfth, put on her coat. Thirteenth, help with her seat. Fourteenth, give her arm.3.The relationship between knight and gentilityAs we all knows, the gentility is stem from the spirit of knight. Absolutely, the similarity and the difference is coexist. After all, the gentility absorbs the good aspectof knight and other wonderful cultures. There is no doubt that the gentility is a new social culture.3.1 The similarityMaybe the great similarity is knight and gentlemen all respect to women. The knight’s love is courtly love. This love is based on the inequality states. Knights are always loyalty to noblewomen. Obviously, the noblewomen positions are higher than knights. This kind of love regards as platonic love. The knight must carry out the noblewomen’order and protect the noblewomen even if lost his life. We can know that it’s not easy to be a knight because he should risk death to save his elegant lover. There is no doubt that the knight is willing to do every thing for his noblewoman. This kind of love is absolutely admirable. The movie first knight is about courtly love. Lancelot loved the queen consort and saved the queen life several times and protected queen’ reputation. The gentlemen are obeying the rule----- lady first. They often polite and have good manners. They respect all the women. They are willing to help all the women who need help. They always open the door for women. Do not forget that they speak in a polite way. The gentlemen are not trouble others. There is an aphorism says do not trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. They may believe the thought. The gentlemen are also this kind of men and they always help others save problems.3.2 The difference between knight and gentlemanKnight and gentleman belong to different ages. They have different aims. They adapt to different society.3.21 The different positionAll knights were come from noble in the medieval days. But no one was born a knight------knighthood had to be earned. The training was both long and hard. A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven. He was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the ladies. At about fourteen, the page became a squire or assistant to a knight who became his master. He was taught the duties of a knight and practiced using a sword, lance and shield.Every kind of men can be gentlemen. There is no identity restriction. They are always polite. It does not matter that you are poor or in bad occupation. You also have chance to be gentlemen. You may be gentlemen as long as you can not trouble others. The most obviously characters is respect women and in a polite way.3.22 The different aimsThe knight was trained for war. The knight must protect a grant of land. He went into battle with his master. If the squire proved to be a good fighter, he would be made a knight at a special ceremony known as dubbing. As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. Knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments. The contestants and their horses often got killed and injured. The knight was brave and faced injury and death. It took promoting the martial sprit as the core. The gentleman is just adapting to the civilization society. There is no war and it is a peace society. There are no needs the knight but need so many gentlemen. The gentlemen are welcomed all over the world.4.Chivalric literatureThere are a lot of works talk about the knight. Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature. The story is set in Denmark or Sweden and tells how the hero, Beowulf, defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother, a sea monster, but eventually receives his own death in fighting with a fire. Beowulf was the first national epic. Cervantes’s don Quixote is also introduced the knight story. Ivanhoe written by Walter Scott and criticized the capitalism. The most of story were talked about the knight and courtly love and the history about knight. This works had good effect on the gentility.In the seventeenth century, England begins to come into effect the gentleman education. The English man is a typical gentleman.5. ConclusionThe chivalry has a close relationship with gentility. The gentility stems from chivalry. They are in different ages. They have some similarity and difference. They all respect to women. The gentleman is spread all over the world.参考文献：1.王佐良European culture：an introduction 欧洲文化入门[M] 外语教学与研究出版社1992.1原文页码93-942.John Matthews. Dictionary of Medieval Knighthood and Chivalry [M] New York:Greenwood Press, 1998.3.阿萨-伯里格斯英国社会史[M] 北京：中国人民大学出版社，1991.4.唐国清试论欧洲文学中的骑士精神[J]苏州教育学报，2006（9）。
骑士精神英语演讲稿大家好：Hello everybody:骑士起源于古罗马的职业军人。
中世纪时，骑士属于贵族阶级的最低层，是指出身于拥有爵位和土地之家，经过一定仪式被授予骑士称号者。
是为国王和大贵族服务的职业军人通常只拥有一小块封地。
在欧洲中古时代纷乱的局势中，国王和贵族都需要一些在战争上具有压倒性优势的兵种，为此他们会悉心培育一些年轻人，使之成为骑士。
出生于贵族家庭的子弟想成为骑士，他必须7、8岁后即按照自己出生的等级依次到高一级的封建主及其夫人身边当侍童，14岁后为随从，即见习骑士，接受专门武士骑士训练，21岁时通过严格的考试和隆重的，仪式，宣誓及其他宗教礼仪后，才正式取得骑士封号。
Knights originated from professional soldiers in ancient Rome. In the middle ages, knights belonged to the lowest level of the aristocracy, which refers to those who were born in a family with titles and land and were awarded the title of knights after a certain ceremony. Professional soldiers who serve kings and great noblesusually own only a small fief. In the chaotic situation of medieval Europe, kings and nobles needed some arms with overwhelming advantages in war. Therefore, they would carefully cultivate some young people to become knights. If a child born in an aristocratic family wants to become a knight, he must go to the next higher feudal lord and his wife as a servant after the age of 7 or 8 according to the level of his birth. After the age of 14, he will be an attendant, that is, a trainee knight, who will receive special Knight training. At the age of 21, he will formally obtain the knighthood title after passing strict examinations and grand ceremonies, oaths and other religious rituals.盛行于11-14世纪的骑士制度，在当时的社会具有社会的政治的军事的宗教的和文化的意义。
