②神经模糊系统-Read

湖北省鄂州市鄂城区重点名校2024年中考英语最后冲刺浓缩精华卷含答案注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。

3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

Ⅰ. 单项选择1、Now , some robots are __________ to do the same things ____________ people.A．enough smart, as B．enough smart, forC．smart enough, as D．smart enough, with2、_____ Tom_____Maria loves this sport.A．Both, and B．Not only, but also C．But, and D．Both, or3、Mr. Wang recommended me a few foreign movies, but ____was to my taste.A．all B．neither C．nothing D．none4、-- What do you think of the film you saw yesterday?-- Oh, it's than the movies I have ever seen.A．interesting B．more interestingC．the most interesting D．most interesting5、---When will car race begin---I'm not sure. Maybe next week, or maybe week after nextA．a; the B．an; the C．the; a D．the; the6、—I'm sorry to keep you waiting for so long.—.A．Don't say so B．It doesn't matterC．Y ou're welcome D．Well done7、Thanksgiving Day is a day for Western families and their friends to have a big dinner together, giving their thanks to God for what they have got. It is a traditional festival in ________.A．China B．America C．Japan8、—Hi, Jacob! Do you go to the cinema a lot?—No, I to the cinema for ages.A．didn’t go B．haven’t gone C．have been D．haven’t been9、—I saw Susan in the library just now.—No, it _______ be her. She went to Shanghai this morning.A．mustn’t B．can’t C．shouldn’t10、—Do you like swimming in winter?—Of course. The water a bit cold at first，but then I am warm and full of energy.A．feels B．tastesC．smells D．looksⅡ. 完形填空11、White clouds filled the sky. The sun’s rays burst through them, spreading cheer and 1 . After the meal, Olivia lay back on the blanket, 2 the amazing sky and Dad was 3 the picnic food.＂Dad, that cloud over there looks like a rhinoceros（犀牛）!There’s a horn（角）,two ears and a long tail.＂ Olivia said 4 .＂Is there? I can’t see it.＂Dad sighed and shook his head. ＂Do you see any 5 in the clouds, Dad?＂＂I see a turkey.＂He rubbed his cheeks and 6 her closer with his warm hands.＂Dad, I see a fighting lion, a running giraffe and a 7 parrot.＂＂I’m sorry to stop our fun, 8 it looks like rain＂said Dad, 9 the picnic basket＂＂Clouds don’t get big 10 they’re going to drop rain on us.＂A raindrop fell on Olivia’s forehead. ＂You’re right, Dad. I’ll 11 the blanket.＂The two rushed for the car .On their way home Olivia 12 out of the window.＂Is the sky always that 13 before a storm, Dad?＂＂Beauty is in the 14 of the beholder（旁观者）, my little angel.＂It is a pity that there are some people who would never seen a rhinoceros or a turkey in clouds. 15 eyes of the child, the world is fresh and appealing each day.1．A．hotness B．cold C．warmth D．gas2．A．greeting B．touching C．admiring D．drawing3．A．cooking B．packing C．finishing D．preparing4．A．confusedly B．excitedly C．surprisingly D．frighteningly5．A．things B．animals C．figures D．characters6．A．pulled B．pushed C．carried D．took7．A．crawling B．playing C．flying D．hunting8．A．so B．but C．and D．or9．A．turning over B．looking after C．bringing in D．reaching for10．A．if B．while C．as D．unless11．A．throw B．spread C．get D．cover12．A．jumped B．glared C．stared D．walked13．A．beautiful B．clear C．bright D．blue14．A．hand B．mouth C．ear D．eye15．A．Beyond B．By C．Over D．ThrougⅢ. 语法填空12、A 17-year-old girl 1．(name) Wu Yishu won first prize in Chinese Poetry Competition (中国诗词大会). She has won fans over with her rich knowledge of the ancient culture and works.Wu, a high school student in Shanghai, beat the other 2．(contest) in the 3．(two) season of the Chinese Poetry Competition.“I get feelings from ancient poetry 4．modern people cannot give me. I pay little attention 5．the competition result, but I love poetry, and it is enough as long as I enjoy the happiness brought by the poetry,” Wu said.In the final of the competition, all the competitors 6．(ask) to recite poems by 7．(look) at sand paintings and recite as many poems as they could think of about the Chinese character Jiu (酒). Wu did 8．(good) among them. When Wu recited 9．ancient Chinese poem about the months of the year, the judges thought that she must have remembered at least more than 2,000 Chinese ancient works.Wu’s excellent performance in the Chinese ancient poetry has won her a lot of fans and encouraged others 10．(learn) ancient works.Ⅳ. 阅读理解A13、There are millions of people throughout the world who are either born blind or have become blind over the course of their lifetimes. It is unfair to take away the visual beauty of the world from these people. Doctor Humayun has created the world’s first bionic eye that could change the life of every blind people in the world.Doctor Mark Humayun is a well respected professor at the Doheny Eye Institute in California. He has been working for years on creating a bionic eye that would allow blind people to see images just like a normal person does. His idea of the bionic eye is actually an eye that has been built in a small video camera.The test results show the bionic eye has given blind patients the amazing ability to see the scientists doing the tests. But the images are still blurry(模糊的) and we need much work before the eye actually becomes a regular implant(植入物) into blind people. Humayun believes that he can go into production with the bionic eye over the next three to five years.A closer look at the bionic eye is amazing. The patient wears a special set of eyeglasses. All the signals(信号) are passed to the implanted eye. It’s done by wireless technology. Humayun has created an invention that could change the lives of millions of people. Imagine a world in which someone would no longer fear about being blind. This could be considered a technological achievement.1．Why is Doctor Mark Humayun well respected?A．Because he has been working on a small video camera.B．Because he is a professor of a famous university.C．Because he invented a video camera for the blind.D．Because he devoted himself to making the blind see again.2．How about the bionic eye created by Mark Humayun now?A．It can help the blind to see the man doing the test.B．It has achieved an excellent effect during the use.C．It can be implanted into the blind people’s eyes.D．It looks mu ch like the normal people’s eye.3．How long will it take Doctor Humayun to produce his bionic eye?A．For more than eight years.B．For more than five years.C．For three to five years.D．For less than three years.4．What does this passage mainly tell us?A．The life of blind people has changed.B．Mark Humayun becomes famous.C．There will be no blind in the future.D．A technological study for the blind.B14、From 2016, Children in Finland would not be taught cursive handwriting. Instead of learning this skill, schools would be given the choice to teach keyboard typing in its place. The change shows typing skills are now more related than handwriting, but experts say the move could do harm to a child’s brain development.“Most people would agree that everyone sho uld at least be able to pick up a pen or a pencil and write a message that others can read,”said Misty Adoniou, a lecturer.“But beyond legibility（易读性）, does it matter how you form your letters when you handwrite?”She continued there was research connecting fluent（流畅的）handwriting with better written articles,“but the key isn’t the quality, form or style of the handwriting, but rather the automaticity（自动性）of the handwriting.”Reports have also found that by the age of eight, children can already type faster than they can handwrite. But, as Misty Adoniou agreed, handwriting can play an important part in brain development.“Research shows that learning towrite in cursive further improves students’ motor and visual（视觉的）skills, eye-to-handco ordination, hand and finger skills, and brain development. The physical act of handwriting also helps the memory of information and the flow（流动）of ideas.”For example, in a recent study, researchers did brain scans on five-year-olds before and after receiving different letter-learning tasks. In children who practiced writing letters by hand, the neural（神经的）activity was more improved and“aduit-like”than in those who had simply looked at letters. “Technology can encourage and support plenty of child development and educational objectives, such as physical and health、”explained Dr.Leves, “And there is a body of research supporting the idea that children learn best when they’re having fun.”But as Ms Adoniou concluded:“With so many things to do in a school day, it is hard to see why handwriting lessons conti nue. No matter how standardized we try to make handwriting, we all end up with our own style. Perhaps we’d do just all well to let children find their own style.”1．Ms Adoniou probably agrees that you will write articles better when _____.A．you care less about your handwritingB．you have a special style of handwritingC．you improve the quality of handwritingD．you have different forms of handwriting2．According to Ms Adoniou, cursive handwriting _____.A．improves children’s eyesightB．makes children’s hand s strongC．makes children have fewer ideasD．helps children’s brains develop better3．What is the passage mainly about _____?A．How to teach keyboard typing.B．The reasons why students drop pens.C．Some opinions on cursive handwriting.D．How to improve your own writing style.C15、We all dream about things that we would like to do and things we hope to achieve in the future. But are everybody's dreams the same? Here are some of the findings of a survey about hopes and dreams，and thousands of students across China took part in it.________________We received several different answers to the question：What would you like to do after finishing your education? It seems some students would like to start work as soon as possible, so that they can help provide better lives for their parents. Other students hope to continue studying after finishing school and to go to university. Although money is important, many teenagers said they want to do jobs they enjoy. According to the survey, the most popular choice of job is computer programming.________________Teenagers have all kinds of dreams. Some are more realistic(现实的) than others. For example, many students said they would like to be volunteers if Beijing could hold the World Cup, maybe working as translators or tour guides. And quite a few said they dream of going to the moon one day. According to the survey, less realistic dreams are also common, but many students reported that they were willing to work hard to achieve their dreams. Quite a few dream of becoming famous, perhaps famous sports people or sin gers. Some said they’d like to go on exciting trips; one student said she’d love to sail across the Pacific Ocean. And then there are dreams that are impossible; three students said they’d like to be able to fly!ConclusionIt was clear from the survey that teenagers have similar hopes. It seems that most students hope to have a good education and find a good job. Besides，students dream of very different things：good things, and even crazy things. It is very important to dream, so hold on your dreams；one day they may just come true.1．Some students would like to start work to ______ as soon as possible.A．find jobs they enjoyB．achieve their dreamsC．to help look after their familiesD．make money to go to university2．What is important to students about their work they do?A．If it is a good job.B．If they can enjoy the work.C．If it can help him become famous.D．If they can make more money.3．How many realistic dreams are mentioned in the passage?A．Three. B．Four. C．Five. D．Six.4．What example is given of an impossible dream?A．To be able to fly.B．To go to the moon.C．To sail across the Pacific Ocean.D．To become famous people.5．What’s the writer’s opinion of dreams?A．Give up impossible dreams.B．Common dreams are not so good.C．Teenagers should have realistic dreams.D．Dreams are important and try to make them come true.D16、One morning Fan Xing discovered that her classroom had changed. The 13-year-old saw that the desks were no longer in rows(排), but pushed together to make six bigger desks.The new arrangement(排列) was part of a reform(改革) at Fan's school, Changsha Daotian Middle School in Hunan. About five weeks ago, more than 2,000 junior students at the school began studying in this way, with six to eight students sitting in groups."This reform is designed to provide students with easier ways to study and more chances for discussion,"said Liu Xu,na school head teacher. "Our school hopes it can improve students' abilities(能力) for self-study as well as teamwork."The new arrangement took some time for students to get used to."I was too curious(好奇) about it for the first two days," said Fan. But soon she and her classmates got used to it." Now our class is quieter because we can stop loud students with some simple gestures(手势),"said Fan. "What's more,we can express our own ideas and learn others' through discussion. It's a better way to study."Feng Yu likes this new classroom arrangement very much and has made some progress studying. The 14-year-old said, "Group members first discuss,and then explain the solutions or answers to difficult questions in front of the whole class.""The discussion gives us more confidence to make speeches,"said Feng."We can also improve our friendships."The reform has asked for more from teachers.They have no more than 15 minutes to teach in class."It is a big challenge to teach in such short time the lessons which should be taught in 45 minutes,"English teacher Wang Jing said."We have to improve methods to teach better. We must prepare some interesting topics and exercises before class so that students can discuss them."Wang said that some students always talk. The teachers have to move continuously in the classroom to keep them quiet and get them to concentrate on class."It demands more, but I believe it will pay off,"Wang added.1．From the first paragraph of the passage, we know________.A．Fan Xing was a 13-year-old studentB．Fan Xing's classroom was changed in rowsC．Fan Xing's desk was no longer in her classroom2．The purpose of the new classroom arrangement is to________.A．make the students feel fresh and interestedB．provide students with more chances for teamworkC．divide big classes into small classes3．How did the new classroom arrangement help the students' study according to the passage?A．By stopping loud students using simple gestures.B．By giving students more chances to work in groups.C．By making students explain difficult questions after school.4．What is the big challenge for the teachers in classroom teaching in the reform?A．The teachers have to improve their studying methods.B．The teachers must prepare more interesting topics for exercises.C．The teachers are only given 15 minutes to teach in one period(节) of the class.5．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．The students in Changsha Daotian Middle School are sitting in groups when having classes.B．The reform in the school is aimed at improving the students' abilities for self-study.C．Studying in groups gives the students more confidence to concentrate on class.E17、ABOUT THE BLACK BEARDescription: Black body and head, brown nose, and large ears that stick out•Size: 150 to 600 pounds, 4.5 to 6.5 feet long•Living space: Heavily wooden area•Food: Plants and small animalsImagine this situation: You go out to your backyard, and you see a bear smelling your rubbish bin. Or you go into your garage(车库) to get your bike and find a bear there. What would you do? People in some parts of Florida think about these situations a lot. They have been running into black bears more and more often. This is frightening and dangerous for both bears and people.The number of cases of people and bears running into each other has gone up. In 1978, just one case was reported. In 2002, 1,340 cases were reported. These cases are called “conflicts”. Studies show that the number of conflicts in Floridais going up.Some people think that human-bear conflicts are going up in Florida because there are more bears. Actually, it’s just the opposite. The number of bears is going down. In the early 1900s, there were about 12,000 black bears in Florida. Today, no one is really sure how many black bears are left. People think the number is from 1,500 to 3,000. So why arehuman-bear conflicts increasing so rapidly? There aren’t more bears, but there ar e more people.There are many people who want to protect the Florida black bear. Here are some of the things that people in Florida are doing:Teaching school children about the Florida black bear with a special program that includes a slide-show, games, and activities.Choosing carefully where roads are built or widened so that wild animals will not be harmed by the traffic.Holding a yearly festival for families with arts, food, and information on the bear.1．What does the underlined word “conflicts” in t he second paragraph mean?A．Bears living in Florida in 2002.B．Studies of black bears in Florida.C．Fights between people and black bears.D．Cases of people and bears running into each other.2．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A．Black bears live in thick woods.B．People feel afraid when they run into a bear.C．There are about 3,000 black bears left in Florida now.D．The reason why human-bear conflicts are going up is that there’re more people.3．To protect black bears, people in Florida are .A．trying to learn more about black bearsB．teaching students how to take good care of bearsC．building and widening new roads for black bearsD．giving back black bears more food and living spaceF18、King’s College Summer School is a n annual(每年的) training program for high school students at all levels who want to improve their English. Courses are given by the teachers of King’s College and other colleges in New York. Trips to museums and culture centres are also organized. This year’s summer school will be from July 25 to August 15. More information is as follows:1．You can most probably read the passage in _______.A．a newspaper B．a travel guideC．a textbook D．a telephone book2．If you want to live with your relatives in New Y ork, you will have to pay the school _______. A．$200 B．$400 C．$500 D．$9003．Which of the following statements is TRUE?A．The program will last two months.B．Y ou can write to Thompson only in English.C．Chinese student can send applications only on July 10.D．Y ou can get in touch with the school by e-mail or by telephone.Ⅴ.书面表达19、请你根据以下内容提示,为学校广播站英语专栏写一篇短文,介绍发生在你好朋友王强Wang Qiang身上的一件事。

初一各科考试题目及答案初一的同学们，以下是你们即将面对的各科考试题目及答案。

请认真复习，做好充分的准备。

语文：1. 请解释“春眠不觉晓”中“春眠”的含义。

答案：春眠指的是春天的睡眠，这里形容春天的气候温暖，使人感到困倦，容易入睡。

2. 请写出《出师表》中“先帝创业未半而中道崩殂”的下一句。

答案：今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。

数学：1. 如果一个数的平方等于36，那么这个数是多少？答案：这个数可以是6或者-6，因为6的平方是36，-6的平方也是36。

2. 计算下列表达式的值：(2x + 3)(2x - 3)。

答案：4x^2 - 9。

英语：1. 请用英语写出“今天天气真好”的翻译。

答案：The weather is really nice today.2. 请用过去时态写出“我昨天读了一本书”的英文句子。

答案：I read a book yesterday.历史：1. 请简述秦始皇统一六国的历史意义。

答案：秦始皇统一六国，结束了春秋战国时期的分裂局面，建立了中国历史上第一个统一的中央集权的封建国家，对中国历史产生了深远的影响。

2. 请列举唐朝的三位著名诗人。

答案：李白、杜甫、白居易。

地理：1. 请描述地球的自转和公转。

答案：地球自转是指地球围绕自己的轴线旋转，方向是从西向东，周期为一天。

地球公转是指地球围绕太阳旋转，方向也是从西向东，周期为一年。

2. 请解释什么是经线和纬线。

答案：经线是连接南北两极并垂直于纬线的弧线，指示南北方向。

纬线是环绕地球一周并与赤道平行的圆圈，指示东西方向。

生物：1. 请解释什么是细胞。

答案：细胞是生物体的基本结构和功能单位，由细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核等部分组成，能够进行物质代谢和能量转换。

2. 请列举人体的主要器官系统。

答案：消化系统、呼吸系统、循环系统、泌尿系统、神经系统、内分泌系统、运动系统、生殖系统。

以上就是初一各科考试的部分题目及答案，希望对你们的复习有所帮助。

神经认知功能障碍的概念神经认知功能障碍（Neurocognitive Disorders，NCDs），也被称为脑功能衰退症（Dementia），是一组以脑功能受损导致认知能力显著下降为特征的疾病。

它会对患者的注意力、记忆、思维、语言、判断力和执行功能等认知能力产生负面影响，并严重干扰日常生活和社交功能。

正常老年人会随着年龄的增长而出现一定的认知变化，但脑功能衰退症超出了正常范围。

该疾病通常发展缓慢，起初可能只表现为轻微的认知下降，而逐渐恶化到严重的退化状态。

常见的神经认知功能障碍疾病包括阿尔茨海默病、脑血管性痴呆和帕金森病相关痴呆等。

神经认知功能障碍的主要特征是记忆力丧失，而与健忘不同的是，患者通常会忘记自己的身份、亲人的名字和日常常识等。

此外，患者可能出现注意力不集中、语言障碍、判断能力下降、空间定向力丧失和执行功能下降等问题。

在疾病的晚期，患者甚至无法自理，需要全面的照顾和护理。

神经认知功能障碍的病因复杂多样。

阿尔茨海默病是最常见的神经认知功能障碍疾病，其病因尚不完全清楚，可能与β淀粉样蛋白的沉积和神经元损伤有关。

脑血管痴呆是由于脑血管病变导致脑部供血不足，造成脑组织损伤而引起的。

帕金森病相关痴呆是帕金森病的并发症，是由于多巴胺神经元的损失和α-突触核蛋白的沉积导致的脑功能衰退。

神经认知功能障碍的诊断需要通过详细的医学史、家族史、认知评估和影像学检查等多种手段进行。

认知评估通常包括对记忆、注意力、语言和执行功能等方面进行系统的评估。

神经心理学测试和脑影像学检查如磁共振成像（MRI）和正电子发射计算机断层扫描（PET）可帮助排除其他可能的病因，如脑肿瘤或脑血管病变。

对于神经认知功能障碍的治疗，目前尚无根治方法。

早期干预和药物治疗可以延缓疾病进展和减轻症状。

常用的药物治疗包括乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂和抗氧化剂等，它们可以改善神经递质的代谢和抑制神经元的损伤。

同时，社会支持和心理疏导也十分重要，可以帮助患者和家属适应并应对疾病带来的心理压力和生活变化。

自适应神经模糊系统及其应用研究人工智能技术的发展，为科学家们开辟了一片全新的研究领域。

神经网络、模糊控制等技术的不断发展带来了自适应神经模糊系统的出现。

自适应神经模糊系统，又称为ANFIS（Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System），是一种基于神经网络与模糊逻辑综合的自适应智能系统。

本文将从它的概念、结构及应用等几个方面进行探讨。

一、概念自适应神经模糊系统是一种结合神经网络和模糊控制的新型智能系统。

它能够利用神经网络来自动完成输入与输出间的映射，同时利用模糊控制来实现自适应和推理功能，从而实现对系统的智能化控制。

ANFIS的核心部分是模糊推理机，它通过“如果……那么”的形式进行推理，将输入的模糊信号通过规则的运算，转化为输出信号。

在推理的过程中，ANFIS通过神经网络进行学习，并根据学习的结果来优化推理机的结构和参数，从而提高其推理的精度与效率。

二、结构ANFIS的结构是由输入层、隐含层、输出层和反向传播算法组成。

其中，输入层是将系统的输入变量进行接受和处理的部分；隐含层是神经网络部分，它利用了Takagi-Sugeno-Kang（TSK）模型作为模糊推理的核心，并通过反向传播算法对其进行训练；输出层则是将隐含层的结果进行处理并转化为系统输出的部分。

此外，ANFIS还包括规则库、模糊化和去模糊化等部分，用来处理系统中的模糊数据，使系统具有推理、记忆和自适应等能力。

三、应用自适应神经模糊系统在工业控制、模式识别、信号处理等多个领域拥有广泛的应用。

其中，应用最为广泛的是控制领域。

ANFIS通过有效的模糊推理机制和自适应能力，可以实现对复杂系统的精准控制。

例如，在工业生产过程中，ANFIS可以通过学习数据的变化趋势，自动调节系统中各部分的运行状态，达到节省能源、提高产量等效果。

在车辆控制方面，ANFIS可以通过对车辆行驶数据分析，对车辆的驾驶状态进行自适应控制，从而达到提高驾驶安全性和车辆性能的效果。

nuke deepread使用方法【原创实用版3篇】《nuke deepread使用方法》篇1uke DeepRead 是一个基于深度学习的图像处理插件，可以用于Nuke 软件中。

它提供了一系列的图像处理工具，例如图像增强、风格转换、颜色调整等。

下面是使用Nuke DeepRead 的基本步骤：1. 安装Nuke DeepRead在Nuke 的插件管理器中，选择"Manage Plugins"，然后搜索"DeepRead" 并安装。

2. 添加DeepRead 节点在Nuke 中，右键单击"Node Tree" 并选择"Create Node"，然后搜索"DeepRead" 并添加。

3. 配置DeepRead 节点打开DeepRead 节点后，可以配置以下几个参数：- "Input": 设置输入图像的节点。

- "Output": 设置输出图像的节点。

- "Mode": 选择处理模式，包括"Enhance"（增强）、"Transform"（风格转换）、"Adjust"（颜色调整）等。

- "Style": 选择风格转换的样式，例如"Glow"（发光）、"Vintage"（复古）等。

- "Adjustments": 设置颜色调整的参数，例如"Brightness"（亮度）、"Contrast"（对比度）等。

- "Blend Modes": 设置混合模式，例如"Normal"（正常）、"Overlay"（叠加）等。

人工智能基础(试卷编号2331)1.[单选题]最初的大数据概念还比较模糊，只是隐约的知道像个性化推荐、搜索引擎之类的处理需要大量数据，那么在搜索引擎方面，谁是世界上最大的厂商A)谷歌B)百度C)360答案:A解析:2.[单选题]在pandas中以下哪个方法用于向csv文件中实现写入工作？A)to_csv()B)read_csv()C)to_excel()答案:A解析:3.[单选题]（）是python数据分析的首选库。

它含有各种各样的数据结构如DataFrame、Series等，使数据分析工作变得简单而高效。

A)ipythonB)numpyC)pandasD)matplotlib答案:C解析:4.[单选题]贝叶斯学习是一种以贝叶斯法则为基础的，并通过()手段进行学习的方法。

A)逻辑B)概率C)推理D)假定答案:B解析:5.[单选题]对前馈神经网络这种深度学习方法描述不正确的是（）A)是一种端到端学习的方法B)是一种监督学习的方法C)实现了非线性映射D)隐藏层数目大小对学习性能影响不大。

6.[单选题]下列哪项不是知识图谱构建的主要技术（）A)命名实体识别B)实体链接C)关系抽取D)词性标注答案:D解析:知识图谱构建的不太利用词性标注7.[单选题]估价函数指的是从初始结点经过多个结点到达目的结点的路径的 ( )A)最大代价估计值B)最小代价估计值C)最短路径长度D)关键路径答案:B解析:8.[单选题]VGG模型于2014年被提出，是最流行的（）模型之一，在ImageNet比赛中，达到了Top5错误率7.3%。

A)CNNB)KNNC)RNND)DNN答案:A解析:VGG模型于2014年被提出，是最流行的CNN模型之一，在ImageNet比赛中，达到了Top5错误率7.3%。

9.[单选题]规则生成本质上是一个贪心搜索的过程，须有一定的机制来缓解过拟合的风险，最常见的做法是（）A)序列化B)剪枝C)去重D)重组答案:B解析:10.[单选题]一个特征的权重越高，说明该特征比其他特征（）。

神经系统查体详解之马矢奏春创作神经系统检查（一）一般检查一般检查主假如检查病人的意识状态.经由过程与病人交谈并检查病人对外界刺激的反应而进行评价.意识状态可分为以下几类：1.清醒状态(clear-headed state) 被检查者对自身及周围情况的熟习才能优胜,应包含准确的时间定向、地点定向和人物定向.当问诊者问及姓名、年事、地点、时刻等问题时,被检查者能做出准确答复.2.嗜睡状态(somnolence state) 意识清晰度下降为主的意识障碍的一种形式.指病人意识清醒程度下降较稍微,呼叫或推动病人肢体,病人可连忙清醒,并能进行一些简短而准确的交谈或做一些简单的动作,但刺激一消掉落又入睡.此时,病人吞咽、瞳孔、角膜等反射均消掉.3.意识模糊(confusion) 指病人意识障碍的程度较嗜睡深,对外界刺激不克不及清晰地熟习；空间和时间定向力障碍；理解力、判断力迟钝,或产生错误；记忆模糊、近记忆力更差；对现实情况的印象模糊不清、常有思维不连贯,思维运动迟钝等.一般来说,病人有时间和地点定向障碍时,即称为意识模糊.4.昏睡状态(stupor state) 意识清晰度下降较意识模糊状态为深.呼叫召唤或推动肢体不克不及引起反应.用手指榨取病人眶上缘内侧时,病人面部肌肉(或针刺病人手足)可引起进攻反射.此时,深反射亢进、震颤及不自立运动,角膜、睫毛等反射减弱,但对光反射仍消掉.5.浅晕厥(superficial coma) 指病人随意运动损掉落,呼之不该,对一般刺激全无反应,对强痛楚愉快刺激如压眶、压甲根等有反应,浅反射消掉落,腱反射、舌咽反射、角膜反射、瞳孔对光反射消掉,呼吸、脉搏无明显变更.见于重症脑血管病、脑炎、脑脓肿、脑肿瘤、中毒、休克早期、肝性脑病等.6.深晕厥(deep coma) 指病人对各类刺激均无反应,完全处于不动的姿态,角膜反射和瞳孔对光反射均消掉落,大小便掉落禁,呼吸不规则,血压下降,此时可有去大脑强直现象.后期病人肌肉松弛,眼球固定,瞳孔散大,濒临去世亡.见于肝性脑病,肺性脑病,脑血管病,脑肿瘤,脑外伤,稍微中毒,休克晚期等.去脑强直去皮层强直7.谵妄(delirium) 一种急性意识障碍,表示为定向障碍、错觉、幻觉、情绪不稳、行为混乱等,有时可有片断的妄想.症状常表示日轻夜重的动摇.患者有时白日嗜睡、夜间吵闹.因为受到错觉或幻觉的影响,患者可产生自伤或伤人的行为.可由多种原因引起,罕有的有中毒、传染、外伤、稍微代谢或营养障碍等.神经系统检查（二）脑神经检查脑神经检查对颅脑损害的定位诊断极有意义.脑神经共有12对,检查脑神经应按先后次序进行,以免一再和漏掉落.一.嗅神经检查(olfactory nerve examination)嗅觉的灵敏度可通干涉干与诊理解.1.检查方法：嘱病人闭目,并用手指压住一侧鼻孔,然后用醋、酒、茶叶、牙膏等带有气味的物品辨别放于鼻孔前,让病人说出所嗅到的气味.同法检查对侧.嗅觉正常时可明确辩白出测试物品的气味.嗅神经检查2.临床意义：如一侧嗅觉减退或损掉落,则为同侧的嗅球、嗅束、嗅丝的损害.见于创伤、前颅凹占位病变、颅底脑膜结核等.鼻粘膜炎症或萎缩亦可消掉嗅觉障碍.二.视神经检查(optic nerve examination)包含视力、视野和眼底检查.1.视力检查(vision examination)2.视野检查(visual field examination)视野是指患者正视前方,眼球不动时所能看到的范围.(1)检查方法一般可先用手试法,辨别检查两侧视野.嘱病人背光与医师对坐,相距约为60～100cm,各自用手遮住相对眼睛(病人遮左眼,医师遮右眼),对视少焉,保持眼球不动,医师用手指辨别自上、下、左、右由周边向中间慢慢移动,留心手指地位应在检查者与病人之间,如医师视野正常,病人应与检查者同时看到手指,如病人视野变小或平凡时应进一步作视野计检查.视野测定-比较法(2)临床意义视野的平凡修改提示视神经通路的损害,对定位诊断有主要意义.视通路及对光反射途径3.眼底检查(ocular fundus examination)三．动眼神经检查oculomotor nerve examination)动眼神经安排提睑肌、上直肌、下直肌、内直肌及下斜肌的运动,检查时如创造上睑下垂,眼球向内、上、下标的目的运动受限,均提示有动眼神经麻痹.左动眼神经麻痹四.滑车神经检查(trochlear nerve examination)滑车神经安排眼球的上斜肌,如眼球向下及外展运动减弱,提示滑车神经有损害.滑车神经检查五.三叉神经检查(trigeminal examination)三叉神经具有运动与感应两种成效.检查内容包含面部感应检查、运动成效检查、角膜反射检查及下颌反射检查.1.面部感应检查医师用针、棉签及盛有冷、热水的试管辨别检查面部三叉神经分布区域(前额、鼻部两侧及下颌)内皮肤的痛觉、触觉及温度觉,两侧比较.不雅察有无减退、消掉落或过敏.面部感应检查2.运动成效检查医师将双手置于病人两侧下颌角上面嚼肌隆起处,嘱病人作咀嚼动作,即可比较两侧嚼肌力量强弱的差别.也可将一手置于病人的颊下向上用力,然后嘱病人作张口动作,以感应张口动作时的肌力.正常人两侧翼内、外肌肌力相等,张口时下颌位于中间而无偏斜.当一侧三叉神经运动支损害时,张口时下颌偏向病侧.检查时可嘱病人张口,以凹凸门齿的中缝为标记,不雅察下颌有无偏斜.咀嚼肌肌力检查方法翼肌肌力检查3.角膜反射检查角膜反射检查法4.下颌反射检查下颌反射检查法六.展神经检查(abduct nerve examination)右外展神经麻痹检查法展神经安排眼球的外直肌,检查时将目的物辨别向旁边两侧移动,不雅察眼球向外迁徙改变情况.展神经受损时眼球外展障碍.七.面神经检查(facial nerve examination)包含运动和味觉检查两部分.1.运动首先不雅察病人在安静、措辞和做神情动作时有无双正面肌的不合错误称,例如睑裂、鼻唇沟及吵嘴两侧是否对称.其次可嘱病人作皱眉、闭眼、露齿、鼓腮或吹口哨等动作,不雅察旁边两则差别.受损时患侧动作有障碍,罕有于面神经瘫痪及脑血管病变.面部神情肌检查周围性面瘫面神经瘫示意图2.味觉味觉检查准备不合的试液(如糖水、盐水、醋酸溶液等),嘱患者伸舌,检查者以棉签辨别依次蘸取上述试液,轻涂于患者舌面上,让其辩味.每试一侧后即需漱口,两侧辨别试之.面神经损害时舌前2/3味觉损掉落.八.位听神经检查(auditory nerve examination)1.听力检查粗略的检查可用密语、表音或音叉,准确的检查需借助电测听计.听力的音叉试验检查表声试验韦伯试验检查法任内试验2.前庭成效检查询问病人有否眩晕,夜行艰难；不雅察病人有否眼球震颤等,若有以上症状需推敲耳蜗及前庭精力病变.闭目行走试验行走试验变位性眼震检查法闭目难立征眼震检查指指试验扭转试验原地踏步试验九.舌咽神经检查(glossopharyngeal nerve examination)舌咽神经检查检查时嘱病人张口,先不雅察腭垂是否居中,两侧软腭高度是否一致,然后嘱病人发“ā”音,不雅察两侧软腭上抬是否有力、腭垂是否偏斜等,若病人有吞咽艰难,饮水呛咳等,见于Guillain-Barre 分化征、脑干病变或鼻咽癌脑转移等.十.迷走神经检查(vagus nerve examination)迷走神经有许多成效与舌咽神经密切联合,检查时嘱病人张口发“ā”音,若一侧软腭不克不及随之上拾及腭垂偏向健侧,则为迷走神经麻痹的表示.十一.副神经检查(accessory nerve examination)副神经主要安排胸锁乳突肌和斜方肌,前者主要传染感动是向对侧转颈,后者传染感动为耸肩.检查时,需留心不雅察有无萎缩,有无斜颈及垂肩等.检测肌力的方法是：医师将一手置于病人腮部,嘱病人向该侧回头以测试胸锁乳突肌的紧缩力,然后将两手放在病人双肩凹凸压,嘱病人作抵挡性抬肩动作.若力量减弱见于副神经损伤、肌萎缩、脊髓侧索硬化、后颅凹肿瘤等.十二.舌下神经检查(hypoglossal nerve examination)舌下神经检查安排同侧舌肌,其传染感动是伸舌向前,并推向对侧.检查时嘱病人伸舌,不雅察有无舌偏斜,舌缘两侧厚薄不相等及颤抖等.消掉以上现象提示舌下神经核病变,舌向一侧偏斜罕有于脑血管病变.舌下神经舌下神经检查舌下神经瘫示意图神经系统检查（三）运动成效检查运动成效大体可分随意和不随意运动两种.随意运动由锥体束司理,不随意运动(不自立运动)由锥体外系和小脑系司理.本部分检查包含随意运动与肌力、肌张力、不随意运动、共济运动等.一、随意运动与肌力(一)随意运动是指意识安排下的动作,随意运动成效的损掉落称为瘫痪.因为表示不合,在程度上可分为完全性及不完全性(轻)瘫,在形式上又可分为单瘫、偏瘫、截瘫及交叉瘫痪.1.偏瘫(hemiplegia)为一侧肢体随意运动损掉落,并伴伴随侧中枢性面瘫及舌瘫.见于脑出血、脑动脉血栓形成、脑栓塞、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑肿瘤等.2.单瘫(monoplegia)为单一肢体的随意运动损掉落,多见于脊髓灰质炎.3.截瘫(paraplegia)多为双侧下肢随意运动损掉落,是脊髓横贯性损伤的成果,见于脊髓外伤、脊髓炎、脊椎结核等.内囊病变引起偏瘫4.交叉瘫(crossed paralysis)为一侧脑神经损害所致的同侧周围性脑神经麻痹及对侧肢体的中枢性偏瘫.5.四肢瘫见于高位(颈段)脊髓横断.(二)肌力(myodynamia)指肢体作某种主动运动时肌肉最大的紧缩力.除肌肉的紧缩力量外,还可以动作的幅度与速度衡量.1.肌力分级肌力大小程度分六级.０级：肌肉完全麻痹,经由过程不雅察及触诊肌肉完全无紧缩力；Ⅰ级：病人主动紧缩肌肉时,当然有紧缩,但不克不及带动关节运动；Ⅱ级：肌肉运动可以带动程度标的目的的关节运动,但不克不及抵挡地心引力；Ⅲ级：抵挡地心引力时关节仍能主动运动,但不克不及抵挡阻力；Ⅳ级：能抗较大的阻力,但比正常者为弱；Ⅴ级：正常肌力.2.肌力测定方法肌肉肌力检查方法是嘱被检查者依次作凹凸肢各关节屈伸运动,同时检查者赐与适当阻力,以创造肌力是否正常、减退或瘫痪.下面列举脊髓各节段安排的主要肌肉肌力测定方法：(1)颈丛安排的主要肌肉肌力检查1)菱形肌患者两手叉腰使肘关节向后用力,肩胛内收,检查者赐与阻抗并沿脊柱缘触摸肌肉.菱形肌肌力试验2)冈上肌患者肩外展15°时,检查者赐与阻抗,并在冈上窝处触摸紧缩的肌肉.冈上肌肌力检查法3)冈下肌患者肘关节愚蠢后再使前臂外旋,并在冈下窝处触摸此肌.冈下肌肌力检查法4)胸大肌上臂平举状态下强力内收,检查者赐与阻抗.胸大肌肌力试验5)背阔肌使上举之臂放至程度位,检查者赐与阻抗,或使臂下垂向后伸并赐与阻抗,触摸在肩胛下角处紧缩的肌肉.背阔肌肌力检查6)三角肌抬臂至程度位(由15°至90°)并赐与阻抗.三角肌的三个部分及其传染感动三角肌肌力试验7)肱二头肌屈前臂并使之外旋,检查者赐与阻抗.肱二头肌肌力检查8)肱三头肌屈前臂后再伸直,检查者赐与阻抗.肱三头肌肌力试验9)拇长伸肌患者拇指末节伸直,检查者赐与阻抗.拇长伸肌肌力试验10)拇长展肌患者拇指外展并稍伸直,检查者从第一掌骨外侧赐与阻抗.拇长展肌肌力试验11)拇长屈肌患者拇指末节愚蠢,检查者赐与阻抗.拇长屈肌肌力试验12)指浅屈肌患者愚蠢第2-5指的中节,检查者赐与阻抗.指浅屈肌肌力试验13)桡侧腕屈肌患者屈腕及外展,检查者赐与阻抗,并于桡腕关节处触摸主要的肌腱.桡侧腕屈肌肌力试验14)尺侧腕屈肌患者愚蠢并内收腕部,检查者赐与阻抗,并触摸紧缩的肌肉及肌腱.尺侧腕屈肌肌力试验15)小指展肌患者小指外展,检查者赐与阻抗.小指展肌肌力试验(2)腰丛安排的主要肌肉肌力检查1)髂腰肌患者仰卧位,使髋关节愚蠢,检查者赐与阻抗.髂腰肌肌力试验2)股四头肌患者仰卧位,膝关节与髋关节愚蠢,然后伸直小腿.股四头肌肌力试验(3)骶丛安排的主要肌肉肌力检查1)臀大肌患者俯卧,小腿愚蠢后抬大腿使膝关节离床面,检查者赐与阻抗.臀大肌肌力试验2)股二头肌患者仰卧,先将膝关节与髋关节愚蠢抬起,然后再强力屈膝,检查者赐与阻抗.股二头肌肌力试验3)胫骨前肌患者足伸直,内收并提举足内缘,检查者赐与阻抗,并触摸紧缩的肌肉胫骨前肌肌力试验4)拇长伸肌患者拇指伸直,检查者赐与阻抗,并触摸主要的肌腱.拇长伸肌肌力试验5)趾长伸肌患者伸直第2-5趾的近端趾节,检查者赐与阻抗,并触摸主要的肌腱.趾长伸肌肌力试验6)腓肠肌患者仰卧位,使足跖屈,检查者赐与阻抗.腓肠肌肌力试验3.肌力测定的临床意义经由过程检查肢体肌力,可以估计神经系统或肌肉损害的程度、范围及其分布情况.神经系统疾患(如大脑半球、脊髓或周围神经损害)罕有到某个肌肉或肌群消掉不合程度的肌力减弱或瘫痪.外科病中如骨折或其他骨关节病亦可引起响应肌肉群的废用性萎缩.各类肌病如重症肌无力、进行性肌营养不良症等也可消掉肌力修改.此外肌无力或瘫痪亦可见于低钾血症.二、肌张力(muscular tone)指肌肉静止松弛状态下的主要度. (一)检查方法在病人肌肉松弛时,大夫的双手握住病人肢体,用不合的速度和幅度,一再作主动的伸屈和扭转运动,感应的轻度阻力就是这一肢体有关肌肉的张力.以同样方法进行各个肢体及关节的主动运动,并作两侧比较.其次用手触摸肌肉,从其硬度中亦可测知其肌张力.(二)肌张力修改及其临床意义1.肌张力增高肌肉坚硬,主动运动阻力增大,关节运动范围缩小.可表示为痉挛性或强直性.肌张力增高时的下肢外展角(1)痉挛性肌张力增高在主动运动开始时阻力较大,终末时突感减弱,称为折刀(clasp knife)现象,见于锥体束损害.(2)强直性肌张力增高指一组拮抗肌群的张力均增加,作主动运动时,伸肌与屈肌的肌张力一致增强,如同弯曲铅管,故称铅管样强直,见于锥体外系损害.如在强直性肌张力增强的根本上又伴随震颤,当做主动运动时可消掉齿轮顿挫样感应,称齿轮强直(cogwheel rigidity).2.肌张力减弱肌肉弛缓松软,主动运动时阻力减退或消掉落,关节运动范围扩大,有时呈过度屈伸现象.见于周围神经、脊髓前角灰质及小脑病变等.肌张力下降时关节过度屈伸现象三、不随意运动(involuntary movement) 亦称不自立运动.指病人不克不及随意控制的无目的的平凡动作.(一)检查方法及内容不自立运动的检查主要依靠视诊.应侧重留心其部位、时间、幅度及节律、运动形式是平均一致照样变更多端等.并直接不雅察或询问随意运动、情绪主要、姿态、睡眠、转移留心力、安静安歇、疲乏等对不自立运动的影响,进而确定其不自立运动的类型.(二)罕有类型不自立运动的表示类型见有肌束颤抖、震颤、手足搐搦、手足徐动症、跳舞样运动、摸空症、扭转痉挛、肌阵挛等.1.肌束颤抖(fasciculation)指病人身体某处肌肉消掉微小快速的或蠕动样的颤抖.可用叩诊槌轻度叩打肌肉诱发.它是下运动神经元损害的主要体征,常作为神经原性肌萎缩与肌原性肌萎缩的辨别按照.可见于下运动神经元变性所致的继发肌萎缩,如肌萎缩性侧束硬化症、进行性脊肌萎缩症,进行性延髓麻痹等.亦可见于其它各类下运动神经元疾患,如脊髓空洞症、脊髓灰质炎、髓内或髓外肿瘤.2.震颤(tremor)一种不自立而有节律、交替的微小颤抖.按照震颤与随意运动的关系分为(1)静止性震颤指病人在清醒安静状态下,身体某部分有一系列不随意的较有规律的颤抖,睡眠时震颤消掉落.静止性震颤时手可呈搓丸样震颤抖作,此种震颤可与其它类型的震颤合并消掉.范例的静止性震颤见于帕金森病及分化征,肝豆状核变性、特发性震颤等.(2)动作性震颤可为姿态性震颤或意向性震颤,前者病人在保持某个姿态时消掉震颤,静止时则消掉落；后者在动作时消掉,在动作终末,愈近目的物时愈明显.见于小脑疾患、扑翼样震颤及酒精、汞、烟酸等药物中毒.亦可见于慢性肝病、早期肝晕厥.(3)老年性震颤常表示为点头或摇头动作,一般不伴随肌张力的修改.与震颤麻痹相似,但多见于老年动脉硬化患者.别的,手指的细微震颤,罕有于甲状腺成效亢进.3.手足搐搦(tetany)爆发时手足肌肉呈主要性痉挛,在上肢表示为腕部愚蠢、手指伸展、指掌关节愚蠢、拇指内收接近掌心并与小指相对,形成“助产士手(obstetrician hand)”.鄙人肢时表示为踝关节与趾关节皆呈愚蠢状.在爆发间隙时可作激发试验,即在患者前臂缠以血压计袖带,然后充气使水银柱达舒张压以上,中止4分钟消掉搐搦时称为Trousseau征阳性.见于低钙血症和碱中毒.手抽搐4.手足徐动(athetosis)又称“指划动作(point at movements)”.检查时,令患者肢体作随意运动,肢体远端消掉有规律的、一再的、迟缓而中止的扭曲动作,表示为各类程度的愚蠢、伸直、外展、内收相混淆的蠕虫样运动及各类奇特姿态,可一再消掉且较有规则,睡眠时消掉落.此症是纹状体病变引起的分化征,可出见于：(1)先本性及婴儿期疾病,如先本性双侧手足徐动症、婴儿大脑性瘫痪.(2)症状性手足徐动症,如脑炎、肝豆状核变性、脑动脉硬化伴脑软化、核黄疸、麻痹性痴呆症、脑穿通畸形等.5.跳舞样运动(chorea)为肢体的一种快速、不规则、无目的、不合错误称的运动,中止时间不长,在静止时可以产生,也可因外界刺激、精力主要而引起爆发.睡眠时爆发较轻或消掉落.面部可表示为噘嘴、刹时、举眉、伸舌等,四肢表示为不定向地大幅度运动,如上肢快速伸屈和上举,与个中止握手过程中,可感应时松时紧.多见于儿童的脑风湿病变.6.摸空症(carphology)表示为上肢以肘、腕、手关节为主的一种无意识摸索动作.见于脑膜炎、伤寒及败血症的高热期有意识障碍者和肝晕厥病人.7.扭转痉挛(torsion dystonia)又称“扭转性肌张力障碍”.指肢体或躯干顺纵轴呈畸形扭转的不随意动作.临床上以肌张力障碍和四肢、躯干甚至全身的剧烈而不随意的扭转为特点.扭转时肌张力增高,扭转停止时肌力正常.原发性扭转痉挛原因不明,部分为遗传性.症状性扭转痉挛,可见于流脑,一氧化碳中毒,肝豆状核变性.痉挛性斜颈可为扭转痉挛的一种症状.8.肌阵挛(myoclonus)指病人消掉个别肌肉或多组肌肉群突发的、短促而快速、不规则不自立的紧缩.阵挛可消掉某一局部、或分布弥散、或面颌、舌及咽喉部.其机制可能与大脑皮质、齿状核、联合臂、纹状体、中间顶盖束等病变有关.见于急慢性脑炎、脑膜炎、脑血管疾病、脑瘤及肌阵挛性癫痫.正常人入睡过程中亦可偶发,但无病理性意义.四、共济运动：任何一个简单的动作,需有主动肌、抵挡肌、协同肌及固定肌等四组肌肉的准确合营才干完成,其所以能够准确折衷,主要依靠小脑、前庭系统、深感应、锥体外系统的合营调节,当上述机关产生病变,动作折衷产生障碍,称为共济掉落调(ataxia).(一)共济掉落调的分类按照病变部位不合可分为：1.小脑性共济掉落调由小脑及其传入、传出纤维损害引起,病变位于小脑蚓部、见于肿瘤、酒精中毒等.主要表示为躯干性共济掉落调,位于小脑者表示为肢体运动性共济掉落调.常伴随小脑损害的其它症状.闭眼时明显.2.前庭共济掉落调由前庭系统损害引起,主要表示为行走时向一侧倾倒、前庭性眼球震颤等前庭刺激症状.睁眼减轻、闭眼加重.3.脊髓性共济掉落调脊髓后根、后索、脑干内侧等部位损害时,因为深感应传导障碍,病人不克不及准确理解肢体的确切地位和运动标的目的而导致共济掉落调.表示走路抬脚高,落脚重,同时有深感应减弱.睁眼较轻,闭眼时明显加重.4.大脑性共济掉落调为额叶及颞叶损伤,因为额叶脑桥小脑束及颞叶小脑脑桥束受损产生对侧小脑半球成效障碍,常致对侧肢体运动性共济掉落调,同时对侧肢体肌张力增高,病理反射阳性.(二)共济掉落调的检查方法检查共济运动,首先可不雅察病人的日常动作如穿衣、进食、系扣、取物、站、行走等是否准确折衷,不折衷时其运动的速度、范围、标的目的、及力度均产生障碍.经常运用的检查方法有：1.指鼻试验(finger nose test)检查者先给病人做示范动作,手臂外展并完全伸直,然后用示指指端点触本身的鼻尖,手臂伸出的地位不竭变更,速度先慢后快.然后让病人做同样的动作,先睁眼后闭眼,并进行双侧比较.正常人动作准确,共济掉落调患者指鼻动作蠢笨、不准确、不折衷、不服稳.小脑半球的病变以病侧上肢的共济掉落调为明显,睁眼和闭眼时变更不大,称为小脑性共济掉落调.感应性共济掉落调的特点是睁眼时仅见稍微障碍,闭目时因为掉落去了视觉的抵偿,与睁眼时有很大不同,甚至找不到本身的鼻尖.指鼻试验2.指指试验(finger- finger test)嘱被检查者伸直示指,曲肘,然后伸直前臂以示指触碰对面医师的示指,先睁眼作,后闭眼作,正常人可准确完成.若老是偏向一侧,则提示该侧小脑或迷路有病损.指指试验3.轮替动作(alternate motion)嘱被检查者用一侧手掌和手背一再交替、快速地拍击另侧手背,或在床面或桌面上中止、快速地做拍击动作.共济掉落调患者动作蠢笨、迟缓、节律不均.一侧快速动作障碍则提示该侧小脑半球有病变.快复轮替动作4.跟-膝-胫试验(heel-knee-tibia test)嘱被检查者仰卧,一侧下肢伸直,另一侧下肢依次做如下动作：第一,伸直抬高；第二,将足跟置于另侧膝盖上；第三,足跟沿对侧胫骨逐渐滑下.共济掉落调患者消掉动作不稳或掉落误.跟-膝-胫试验5.闭目难立(Romberg)征：嘱病人双足并拢竖立,两臂向前伸平,不雅察有无站立不稳,并留心闭目后的修改.感应性共济掉落调的病人睁眼时能保持站立平衡,而闭眼时则有斜的表示(闭目难立征阳。