循证医学名词术语中英文对照

循证医学名词解释及简答完整版循证医学名词解释及简答HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】⼀、名词解释1．循征医学（EBM）?慎重、准确和明智地应⽤当前所能获得的最佳的研究依据。

同时结合临床医⽣的个⼈专业技能和多年临床经验、考虑患者的权利、价值和期望，将三者完美地结合以制定出患者的治疗措施。

分析对具有相同⽬的且相互独⽴的多个研究结果进⾏系统的综合评价和定量分析的⼀种研究⽅法。

⼴义上包括提出问题、检索相关研究⽂献、制定⽂献纳⼊和排除标准、描述基本信息、定量综合分析等⼀系列过程。

狭义上，meta分析则专指系统评价的定量分析。

⼜称荟萃分析⽀队具有相同研究题⽬的多个医学研究进⾏综合分析的⼀系列过程，包括提出研究问题，制定纳⼊和排除的标准，检索相关研究，汇总基本信息，综合分析并报告结果。

3.随机对照试验是采⽤随机分配⽅法将符合要求的研究对象分配到实验组或对照组，分别接受相应的试验和对照措施，在⼀致条件或环境⾥同步进⾏研究并观察试验效应，再⽤客观效应指标测量试验结果。

4.随机分配⽅案的隐藏指研究者按随机⽅法产⽣的分配序列分配患者，研究对象和参与分组的研究⼈员均不能预先知道分配⽅案，以防⽌研究⼈员在纳⼊患者时产⽣偏倚。

原则P（Population）特定的患病⼈群；I(intervention)⼲预；C(comparator)对照组或另⼀种可⽤于⽐较的⼲预措施； O(outcome)结局6.异质性⼴义上描述参与者、⼲预措施和⼀系列研究间测量结果的差异和多样性，或研究中内在真实性的变异；狭义上⽤于描述⼀系列研究中效应量的变异程度（指纳⼊同⼀个meta分析的所有研究间存在的差异）7.系统评价是⼀种综合⽂献的研究⽅法，即按照特定的问题，系统、全⾯地收集已有的相关和可靠的临床研究结果，采⽤临床流⾏病学严格评价⽂献的原则和⽅法，筛选出符合质量标准的⽂献并进⾏科学的定性或定量合并，最终得出综合可靠的结论。

• 734 •C JEBM© 2009 Editorial Board of Chin J Evid-based Med并列第一作者* 通讯作者， Email: yzmylab@循证医学术语介绍 V陈耀龙1,# 李 晓2,# 梅又文2 蔡羽嘉3 谭培勇2 黄 程2 王梦书2 王紫薇2 杜 亮3 李幼平1,*1. 四川大学华西医院循证医学与临床流行病学教研室（成都 610041）；2. 四川大学华西临床医学院（成都 610041）；3. 四川大学华西医院《中国循证医学杂志》编辑部（成都 610041）摘要 本文介绍了医学研究中的系统误差（偏倚）和随机误差，全面回顾了不同组织和个人对偏倚的定义与分类，重点分析了循证医学中最高级别证据——系统评价中偏倚产生的原因和类型，探索了减小和消除偏倚的方法，解释了MeSH 收录的6种与偏倚相关的名词，介绍了计量学中不确定度的概念、意义和作用。

关键词 循证医学；术语；误差；偏倚；不确定度An Introduction to Evidence-Based Medicine Glossary VCHEN Yao-long 1,#, LI Xiao 2,#, MEI You-wen 2, CAI Yu-jia 3, TAN Pei-yong 2, HUANG Cheng 2, WANG Meng-shu 2, Wang Zi-wei 2, DU Liang 3, LI You-ping 1,*1. Division of Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;2. West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;3. Editorial Board of the Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, ChinaAbstract This is the fifth paper in the evidence-based medicine glossary series. In this paper, we mainly introduce the systematic error（bias（and random error in medical research（review the definition and classification of bias made by different institutions and individuals. We also identify and categorize more than 10 types of bias in systematic review, which are considered the best evidence in evidence-based medicine. Additionally, we introduce some methods to reduce and eliminate bias, explaine six subject headings related to bias in MeSH, and introduce a new glossary — uncertainty in metrology.Key words Evidence-based medicine; Glossary; Error; Bias; Uncertainty不知道谬误，就不会懂得真理。

常见医学术语（中英文对照）welcome[]vt、& n、欢迎；a、受欢迎得offer[]vt、& n、提供；贡献be about to[](不久)就要，即将training[]n、训练；培养program[]n、规划；(教学)大纲general[]a、一般得，普遍得basic[]a、基本得，基础得course[]n、课程；过程；疗程biology[]n、生物学devote[]vt、贡献medical[]a、医学得，医药得anatomy[]n、解剖学；解剖physiology[]n、生理学biochemistry[]n、生物化学term[]n、学期；期限；术语internal[]a、内服得；内部得surgery[]n、外科学，外科and so on[]等等，诸如此类clinical[]a、临床得have to[]不得不，只好in addition[]另外follow-up[]a、& n、接着得，后续得advanced[]a、高级得；先进得besides[]ad、此外；prep、除…之外qualified[]a、合格得campus[]n、校园storey[]n、层(楼)collection[]n、收集，收藏central[]a、中心得，中央得laboratory[]n、实验室，研究室dormitory[]n、宿舍altogether[]ad、总共treat[]vt、治疗；处理；对待divide[]vt、分；隔开speciality[]n、专业；特征department[]n、科室；系；学部traditional[]a、传统得affiliate[]vt、使…加入；使附于out-patient[]n、门珍病人in-patient[]n、住院病人emergency[]n、紧急情况emergency room[]急诊室timely[]a、及时得；合时得available[]a、可取得得；可用得round the clock[]全天二十四小时consult[]vt、请教；瞧病；查阅consulting room[]诊室complaint[]n、疾病；主诉；抱怨ward[]n、病房surgical[]a、外科得pediatric[]a、儿科得intensive[]a、加强得；集中得intensive care unit[]监护抢救小组(室) 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as[]conj、又；以及periodical[]n、期刊；a、周期得classify[]vt、分类，分等ownership[]n、所有制，所有权private[]a、私有得；私立得content[]n、内容；容量；目录engineering[]n、工程，工程学frequently[]ad、时常，屡次contain[]vt、包含，容纳；装有nowadays[]ad、现今，现在fiction[]n、小说non-fiction[]n、非小说类文学作品encyclopedia[]n、百科全书refer to[]v、查阅；参考；提及deal with[]v、论述；处理；对待subject[]n、科目；主题subject-matter[]n、主题；素材author[]n、作者title[]n、标题；书目catalog[]n、目录alphabetical[]a、按字母顺序得locate[]vt、查出；设置be located in[]座落于，位于information[]n、资料；消息；情报well-informed[]a、消息灵通得regular[]a、定期得；经常得resource[]n、资源；富源amount[]n、数量，总数a large amount of[]大量creation[]n、创造；创造物object[]n、物体；目得；宾语centimetre[]n、厘米width[]n、宽度，宽大organism[]n、机体，有机体range[]n、& vt、范围；排列range from、、、to、、、[]从…到…particle[]n、颗粒；虚词(语法) bacterium[]n、细菌greek[]a、希腊得；n、希腊人invent[]vt、发明，创造dutch[]a、荷兰得；n、荷兰人merchant[]n、商人homemade[]a、国产得；家庭制得grind[]vt、磨；碾lens[]n、透镜，镜头magnify[]vt、放大；扩大identify[]vt、辨认；视为同一unit[]n、单位；单元；部队compound[]a、复合得；n、化合物eyeglass[]n、眼镜go by[]v、过去(时间)；依照degree[]n、度，度数；程度precision[]n、精确，精确度principle[]n、原理，原则optical[]a、光学得；视觉得on the 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cord[]脊髓coordinate[]vt、使协调；使同等nervous[]a、神经得；神经紧张得nervous tissue[]神经组织circulation[]n、循环(血液)；流通circular[]a、循环得；环形得circulate[]vt、循环(血液)；流通define[]vt、解释；给…下定义be defined as、、、[]下定义为…accomplish[]vt、完成vascular[]a、血管得，脉管得compose[]vt、组成，构成be composed of、、、[]由…组成component[]n、成分；部分a series of、、、[]一系列得…collectively[]ad、集体地，共同artery[]n、动脉capillary[]n、毛细血管vein[]n、静脉connect[]vt、连接；联系connect、、、with、、、[]把…与…连接bring about[]v、引起；发生；带来pump[]n、唧筒；抽机hollow[]n、腔；穴；凹；a、空得all the time[]每时每刻briefly[]ad、简短地；简单地oxygen[]n、氧气oxygen-laden[]n、带氧得；携氧得deoxygenate[]vt、除去氧气aorta[]n、主动脉give off[]v、放出，排出absorb[]vt、吸收；吸引intestine[]n、肠liver[]n、肝脏carbon[]n、碳dioxide[]n、二氧化物carbon dioxide[]二氧化碳by way of、、、[]经由…；通过…方法pulmonary[]a、肺得；肺状得discharge[]vt、排出(气体)；解除cycle[]n、循环；周期major[]a、主要得；较大得systemic[]a、全身得；系统得transport[]vt、输送；运输lesser[]a、较小得；更少得minor[]a、较小得，较少得hepatic[]a、肝得cerebral[]a、脑得；大脑得pollution[]n、污染pollute[]vt、污染；弄脏polluter[]n、污染者；污染物质community[]n、社团；社会；团体bothersome[]a、令人厌恶得；麻烦得in、、、way[]以…方式partly[]ad、部分地；不完全地exhaust[]n、排气，排出；vt、用尽pipe[]n、管子exhaust pipe[]排气管trash[]n、废物，垃圾；断枝invisible[]a、瞧不见得detect[]vt、检测；探测current[]n、气流；电流；趋势trap[]vt、止住blanket[]n、毛毯；毡a blanket of、、、[]一片或一页得smog[]n、烟雾irritate[]vt、刺激，使兴奋keep、、、from、、、[]v、阻止；避开like[]prep、像；跟…一样emphysema[]n、肺气肿bronchitis[]n、支气管炎affect[]vt、侵袭(疾病)；影响uncomfortable[]a、不舒服得；不自在得lack[]n、& vt、缺乏，不足lack of[]缺乏soil[]vt、弄脏；n、污点；土壤rust[]vt、生锈，使…生锈discolor[]vt、使…变色(或褪色) tremendous[]a、巨大得；惊人得sum[]n、总数；总与a sum of money[]一笔钱research[]n、调查；研究；科研conduct[]vt、实施；进行；传导effective[]a、有效得；有力得combat[]vt、与…斗争；反对diagnosis[]n、诊断；诊断书determine[]vt、确定；决定nature[]n、性质；种类；自然symptom[]n、症状；症候sign[]n、体征；征兆；迹象objective[]a、客观得；n、目得observe[]vt、观察；遵守characteristic[]a、表明特性得；特有得characteristic of、、、[]表明…特性得accompany[]vt、与…同时发生syndrome[]n、综合症evaluate[]vt、估计；评价extremely[]ad、极其，非常valuable[]a、很有价值得，贵重得disorder[]n、失调；轻病；混乱prescribe[]vt、开(药方)；规定therapy[]n、治疗；疗法chemotherapy[]n、化学疗法(化疗) physiotherapy[]n、物理疗法(理疗) measure[]n、措施；办法；量度carry out[]v、进行；执行；实施recent[]a、最近得，近来得recently[]ad、近来relate[]vt、叙述；涉及；有关professional[]a、职业得；业务得take on[]v、承担；接受responsibility[]n、责任；负责aim[]n、目得；目标；vi、瞄准aim at[]目得在于exist[]vt、存在；生存existing[]a、现存得；现有得concept[]n、概念seek[]vt、试图；寻找；请求actually[]ad、实际上promotion[]n、促进；增长；晋级vast[]a、巨大得；广阔得organization[]n、组织；机构international[]a、国际得individual[]a、个别得；n、个体local[]a、地方得，当地得maintenance[]n、维持；保养mental[]a、精神得，脑力得antibiotic[]n、抗生素；a、抗生得resistant[]a、反抗，抵抗resistant to、、、[]对…有抵抗力antibiotic-resistant[]a、耐抗生素得arrest[]vt、阻止；抑止；逮捕pathogenic[]a、致病得upset[]vt、扰乱；n、紊乱vital[]a、生命得，极其重要得derive[]vt、取得，得到be derived from、、、[]由…而来；起源于mold[]n、霉penicillin[]n、盘尼西林，青霉素penicillium[](拉)青霉素be made from[]由…制成streptomyces[]n、链霉菌素streptomycin[]n、链霉素incalculable[]a、不可胜数得；无数得benefit[]n、利益，好处of benefit to、、、[]对…有好处mankind[]n、人类give rise to[]v、引起，使发生，招致complication[]n、并发症；复杂得情况secondary[]a、继发得，第二次得infection[]n、感染；传染病specific[]a、特殊得；特定得coexist[]vi、同时存在，共存fungus[]n、真菌，霉菌up to[]直到；该由；胜任administration[]n、给药；用药；管理eliminate[]vt、消灭，除去unaffected[]a、不受影响得prevent、、、from、、、[]v、使…不能，阻止unrestrainedly[]ad、无限制地set up[]v、引起；设立，建立allergy[]n、过敏性反应，过敏症abnormal[]a、不正常得，反常得reaction[]n、反应；反作用consequence[]n、后果，结果widespread[]a、分布广得；普及得result in、、、[]v、产生…得结果，导致evolution[]n、发展；发育，进化strain[]n、株(细菌等)；品系medication[]n、药疗法；药剂prevalence[]n、流行；普遍fast[]a、抗拒得drug-fast[]抗药得，耐药得staphylococci[]葡萄球菌quinine[]n、奎宁free from、、、[]a、无…得，免去…得malaria[]n、疟疾value[]n、价值；重要得spaniard[]n、西班牙人count[]n、伯爵(贵族得头衔)lima[]n、利马(秘鲁首都)peru[]n、秘鲁peruvian[]a、秘鲁得；秘鲁人得america[]n、美洲；美国amerindian[]n、美洲印第安人indian[]n、印第安人；印度人mosquito[]n、蚊breed[]vt、& vi、繁殖；饲养drain[]v、排去；排水；引流drain away[]排去…得水bark[]n、树皮powder[]n、粉末；粉剂mix[]vt、混合mix with、、、[]与…混在一起fall ill[]生病intimate[]a、亲密得；密切得worry about、、、[]为…担心，为…着急secretly[]ad、秘密地；隐蔽地secret[]n、秘密；秘诀；奥妙murder[]vt、& n、杀害；谋杀disclose[]vt、揭开；泄露utter[]vt、说出；表达absent[]a、制度；缺乏得inquire[]vt、询问；打听servant[]n、仆人；雇工get to[]v、到达square[]n、广场；街区in time[]及时；迟早at the last moment[]在最后得时刻wonder[]n、奇迹，惊奇reveal[]vt、揭示；揭露；启示europe[]n、欧洲swedish[]a、瑞典得；瑞典人name、、、after、、、[]v、以…命名countess[]n、伯爵夫人；女伯爵as to[]prep、至于…；关于…kidney[]n、肾，腰子transplant[]vt、& n、移植(物)fail[]vi、不能；失败remedy[]n、治疗法；药物paw-paw[]n、番木瓜grocery[]n、食品杂货店exotic[]a、外来得，异国得strip[]n、一片，一条infect[]vt、感染；传染surprise[]n、惊奇；意外之事to one's surprise[]使…感到惊奇marvellous[]a、奇异得；惊人得remark[]vt、& n、说；谈论，评论impress[]vt、给予深刻印象in one's opinion[]据某人瞧来efficacious[]a、有效得(不指人) otherwise[]ad、在其她方面detrimental[]a、有害得，有损得anyhow[]ad、无论如何explanation[]n、解释，说明decay[]vt、& n、腐烂，衷败lay[]vt、放置；产卵beetroot[]n、甜菜根onion[]n、洋葱herbal[]a、草本植物得herb[]n、药草；草本植物digitalis[]n、洋地黄，毛地黄originate[]vi、发生；发起originate from、、、[]起源于…despite[]prep、不管，不顾criticism[]n、批评意见hold[]vt、认为；相信；握heal[]vt、& n、治愈normal[]a、正常得，正规得routine[]n、常规；例行手续expensive[]a、昂贵得import[]'vt、输入，进口britain[]n、英国idea[]n、主意；思想medicinal[]a、有药性得；医药得defence[]n、保护，保卫，防御by far[]大量；最；非常droplet[]n、飞沫；小滴droplet infection[]飞沫感染swarm[]vi、密集；涌往；充满inside[]prep、在…里面positively[]ad、绝对地；肯定地helpful[]a、有益得；有帮助得gain entrance to、、、[]进入…ensue[]vi、随着发生；结果就是disease-producing[]a、致病得overcome[]vt、战胜，克服；压倒fairly[]ad、相当地，适度地terminate[]vt、& vi、终止；结束fortunately[]ad、幸运地，幸好manage[]vt、设法；控制；管理penetrate[]vt、进入；穿透；渗透invader[]n、侵略者，侵犯者invasion[]n、发病；侵袭；侵略barrier[]n、障碍物，屏障guard[]vt、保护，保卫；防止break[]n、破口；天亮；暂停beneath[]prep、在…下面parasite[]n、寄生物expense[]n、代价；花费；费用at the expense of、、、[]以…作代价，牺牲…host[]n、宿主；主人a host of、、、[]许多fluid[]n、液体；流体release[]vt、释放；解放responsible[]a、有责任得，负责得normally[]ad、正常地；平常地swallow[]vt、吞；吞没；n、吞，咽secrete[]vt、分泌；藏匿acid[]n、酸；a、味酸得digest[]vt、消化；领会counteract[]vt、抵抗；抵消leucocyte[]n、白细胞site[]n、部位，位置；场所eat up[]吃光engulf[]vt、吞没phagocytosis[]n、噬菌作用；吞噬作用phagocyte[]n、(吞)噬细胞antibody[]n、抗体manufacture[]vt、& n、制造，生产bloodstream[]n、血流protection[]n、保护，防护物cross[]vt、横过；n、十字(形)cross infection[]交叉感染other than[]不同于，非；除了admit[]vt、许可进入；可容纳occur[]vi、发生；存在occur to sb、[]想起，想到fatal[]a、致命得；命中注定得be aware of[]意识到；明白；觉察到take place[]发生；举行secretion[]n、分泌物；隐藏faeces[]n、粪；排泄物，渣滓urine[]n、尿indirectly[]ad、间接地lesion[]n、创伤(身体上得)access[]n、通路；接触gain access to、、、[]进入…inhalation[]n、吸入；吸入药剂ingestion[]n、咽下；吸收significant[]a、有意义得；重要得significance[]n、重要性，重大；意义strict[]a、严格得；精确得preventive[]a、预防得；n、预防法attend[]vt、出席；参加attend to、、、[]护理，照顾；专心considerable[]a、重要得，值得重视得consequently[]ad、因而，所以equipment[]n、装备，设备article[]n、物件，物品；文章employ[]vt、& n、使用，雇用linen[]n、亚麻织物(指台布等)bed-sheet[]n、床单disinfect[]vt、给…消毒；清除thoroughly[]ad、彻底地，全面地free of[]无…得；免除得route[]n、路，路线；航线transmission[]n、传染；传送；发射essential[]a、必不可少得；实质得hand-washing[]n、洗手above-mentioned[]a、以上提到得，上述得undertake[]vt、进行，从事；承担be sure to inf、[]必定，一定reduce[]vt、减少，缩减；复位pharmacologist[]n、药物学家pharmacology[]n、药物学noted[]a、著名得province[]n、省；领域；范围childhood[]n、幼年；童年期keen[]a、强烈得；锐利得go into、、、[]从事…；加入…concern[]vt、涉及；对…有关render[]vt、提供；翻译；使得commence[]vt、开始carry on、、、[]继续；经营tradition[]n、传统，习俗delay[]n、& vt、耽误；延迟constant[]a、经常得；恒定得recipe[]n、处方；秘诀integrate[]vt、使成为整体integrate、、、with、、、[]使…与…结合in particular[]特别地；尤其grave[]a、严重得；严肃得error[]n、错误decade[]n、十年，十年期work at、、、[]忙于…，从事于…eventually[]ad、最后，终于""ben cao gang mu""[]n、《本草纲目》pharmacopoeia[]n、药典present[]vt、提出，给予；介绍explicit[]a、明确得；详述得direction[]n、说明；指导；方向prescription[]n、处方；吩咐；指示illustration[]n、插图；例证description[]n、描述；图说describe[]vt、描绘；叙述described as[]说成就是moreover[]ad、此外；而且；再者seemingly[]ad、表面上；外观上distillation[]n、蒸溜mercury[]n、汞；水银ephedrine[]n、麻黄碱；麻黄素iodine[]n、碘，碘酒masterpiece[]n、名著；杰作universally[]ad、普遍地world-wide[]a、遍及全球得fame[]n、名声；声誉universe[]n、宇宙atmosphere[]n、大气；空气；气氛pure[]a、纯净得，单纯得salt[]n、盐chalk[]n、粉笔；白垩protein[]n、蛋白质concerned with、、、[]有关…aspect[]n、方面；外貌；外观break down[]v、分解；捣毁；瓦解silver[]n、银non-metal[]n、非金属物质sulphur[]n、硫(磺)monoxide[]n、一氧化物fume[]n、汽，烟exhaust fume[]废气yield[]vt、产生；出产yield to、、、[]屈服于；投降exhale[]vt、呼出；发出neutron[]n、中子composition[]n、成分；构成；作文transformation[]n、转变；变质；变形undergo[]vt、经历；遭受hardness[]n、硬；硬度heaviness[]n、重；重量dissolve[]vt、溶解；消散naturally[]ad、自然地；必然地consistent[]a、一致得；经常得fall into[]v、分成…；陷入…division[]n、部分；分开；划分subdivision[]n、细分；再分得部分organic[]a、有机得；器质性得inorganic[]a、无机得analytical[]a、分析得；用分析法得radiochemistry[]n、放射化学associate[]vt、使发生联系associated with、、、[]a、与…有关；由于fundamental[]a、基本得，基础得atomic[]a、原子得radioactive[]a、放射性得，辐射性得involve[]vt、包括；牵涉foodstuff[]n、食料，食品utilization[]n、利用biological[]a、生物学得nutrition[]n、营养；营养学nutrient[]n、营养物a、营养得nourishment[]n、营养品；食物whatever[]pron、不论什么require[]vt、要求；需要enable[]vt、使能够，使可以replace[]vt、取代；代替；放回replace by[]用…来代替nail[]n、指甲；铁钉category[]n、种类；范畴carbohydrate[]n、糖类；碳水化合物vitamin[]n、维生素mineral[]n、矿物，无机物figure[]n、数字；插图；vt、想象figure out[]想出；理解figure into[]列入；包括进diet[]n、饮食；食物quantity[]n、量；数量compare[]vt、比较compare with、、、[]与…比较compare to、、、[]比作…builder[]n、建设者，建造者hemoglobin[]n、血红蛋白carrier[]n、载体；媒介物calcium[]n、钙phosphorus[]n、磷indispensable[]a、不可缺少得indispensable to、、、[]为…所不可缺少得thyroid[]n、甲状腺；a、盾状得gland[]n、腺thyroid gland[]甲状腺emphasize[]vt、强调detail[]n、详情；细节in detail[]详细地regulation[]n、调节；管理；规则metabolism[]n、新陈代谢，代谢作用distinguish[]vt、区别，辨别；分类distinguish from、、、[]把…区别于…soluble[]a、可溶解得respectively[]ad、个别地；分别地b-complex[]复合维生素babsence[]n、缺乏；缺席；离开deficiency[]n、缺乏；缺席；离开blindness[]n、瞎，盲night blindness[]夜盲rickets[]n、佝偻病，软骨病scurvy[]n、坏血病characterize[]vt、以…为特征hemorrhage[]n、出血，溢血fragility[]n、易碎，脆性loosen[]vt、使放松，松驰none[]pron、毫无varied[]a、不同得；各种各样得well-balanced[]a、均衡得well-balanced diet[]均衡饮食motto[]n、箴言，座右铭exercise[]vi、运动，锻炼；n、运动depend[]vt、依赖，依靠；信赖depend on[]依…而定；依靠…primarily[]ad、主要地；根本上地base[]n、基地；底部based on、、、[]建立在…基础上out of、、、[]prep、没有；缺乏intensity[]n、强度duration[]n、持续；持久fitness[]n、适应能力；恰当physical fitness[]体质适应力ease[]n、容易；舒适；vt、减轻with ease[]不费力地tax[]vt、增添…负担；n、税to some extent[]在某种程度上built-in[]a、嵌入得，内装得valve[]n、瓣膜；阀reasonable[]a、适当得，有道理得fatigue[]n、疲劳，劳累recuperate[]vt、复原；恢复健康guide[]vt、引导；带领；n、指南strenuously[]ad、奋发地；使劲地breathlessness[]n、屏息；气喘吁吁pound[]vt、跳动；敲打；猛击pulse[]n、脉搏；有节奏得跳动rate[]n、速率；比率；等级appropriate[]a、适当得；恰如其分得interfere[]vi、打扰；干涉interfere in、、、[]妨碍interfere with、、、[]打扰unduly[]ad、过度地；过分地stiff[]a、僵直；一动就痛except for[]prep、除…之外；若无sore[]a、痛得；使人痛苦得pick[]vt、选择；摘；挖regularly[]ad、有规律地；定期地variety[]n、多样化；变化；种类a variety of[]种种spice[]n、趣味；香料add spice to、、、[]调味；使…增添兴趣schedule[]n、计划表；课程表in a position to inf、[]能够(做某事) indulge[]vt、纵情享受；使沉迷indulge in、、、[]沉溺于…vigorous[]a、强有力得look forward to[]v、盼望brisk[]n、活跃得；轻快得supplement[]vt、增补；补充；n、增补convenient[]a、方便得；合适得interrupt[]vt、打扰；打断；阻断mind[]vt、注意；介意；n、头脑manner[]n、礼貌；方式；态度ill-mannered[]'a、无礼貌得；粗野得well-mannered[]a、有礼貌得behave[]vi、行动；举止；运转politely[]ad、客气地；有礼貌地race[]n、种族；种类；比赛asian[]a、& n、亚洲得；亚洲人take off[]v、脱掉；起飞european[]a、& n、欧洲得；欧洲人muddy[]a、多泥得；泥色得guest[]n、客人；宾客malay[]a、马来西亚得；n、马来人find out[]v、找出；发现；查明custom[]n、风俗；习惯customs[]关税wrong[]ad、错误地；不正当地go wrong[]犯错误；出毛病trouble[]n、毛病；苦恼；麻烦in trouble[]处于困境(不幸)之中gentle[]a、有礼貌得；温柔得post office[]n、邮局take one's turn[]依次；轮流queue[]n、长队；辫子accidentally[]ad、偶然地；意外地bump[]v、撞击bump into[]碰…；撞…get in one's way[]挡住…得路excuse[]vt、原谅excuse me、[]请原谅request[]vt、& n、要求；请求seat[]vt、使…坐下；n、座位be seated[]坐着；坐下full of[]a、充满…handkerchief[]n、手帕；手绢sneeze[]vi、打喷嚏；n、喷嚏campaign[]n、运动；战役cultivate[]vt、培养；修养；耕种civic[]a、公民得；市民得virtue[]n、美德；功效；善as a matter of fact[]事实上morality[]n、道德；道义provided[]conj、假如；以…为条件observer[]n、观察者；奉行者conception[]n开始怀孕；概念check-up[]n、检查；体检interval[]n、间隔，空隙；休息at regular intervals[]定期地restore[]vt、使恢复正常；归还restore、、、to health[]使…恢复健康on hand[]在场；拥有；在手头labor[]n、分娩；劳动；vi、工作encounter[]n、& vt、遇见；遭遇safeguard[]vt、保护；维护shot[]n、注射；拍摄；发射diphtheria[]n、白喉tetanus[]n、破伤风whoop[]vi、& n、哮喘声；高喊whooping cough[]百日咳discomfort[]n、不舒适；不安visible[]a、瞧得见得stethoscope[]n、听诊器bell-shaped[]a、铃状得chest piece[]n、听胸器，胸件ear piece[]n、接耳管；耳件plastic[]a、塑料得heartbeat[]n、心脏跳动decision[]n、决定；决断exact[]a、精确得；正确得ailment[]n、失调，小毛病establish[]vt、建立，设立；确立predict[]vt、预测；预言prediction[]n、预言；预示prognosis[]n、预后judgement[]n、判断；见识stomach-ache[]n、胃痛；腹痛indigestion[]n、消化不良症malady[]n、疾病region[]n、部位；地区；区域in fact[]其实，实际上relatively[]ad、相对地；比较地condition[]n、情况；状态；条件concentration[]n、集中；专心；浓度ensure[]vt、保证；担保disastrous[]a、灾难性得therapeutic[]a、治疗得；治疗学得administer[]vt、供给；管理，实施pain-killer[]n、止痛药aspirin[]n、阿司匹林self-limited[]a、自限得relief[]n、减轻(病，痛苦)vanish[]vi、消失；消灭warrant[]vt、使有理由，保证sample[]n、样本；标本analyse[]vt、分析，分解lab-technician[]n、化验员；技术员indicate[]vt、表明(症状)；指示perceive[]vt、察觉；瞧出；理解scrutinize[]vt、细瞧；仔细检查dislocate[]vt、使脱臼；脱位(骨头) shatter[]vt、使粉碎；毁灭reset[]vt、使复位；重接(断骨) align[]vt、排列；使成直线somewhat[]ad、稍微；有点diminish[]vt、减轻；减少severity[]n、严重；严格；严肃keep up with[]v、跟上…go through[]v、经受；经历lengthy[]a、漫长得，冗长得apart from[]prep、除去…；撇去…well-being[]n、健康；福利beyond[]prep、超出(范围)lay-person[]n、外行；俗人prolong[]vt、延长prolonged[]a、持续很久得candidate[]n、候选人；参加考试者background[]n、经历；背景；幕后patient[]a、有耐心得；n、病人sympathetic[]a、同情得；与谐得model[]n、典型；模型；样式ideal[]n、思想；理想；典型self-sacrificing[]a、自我牺牲得bethune[]n、白求恩norman bethune[]诺尔曼·白求恩amputate[]vt、切除；截肢anger[]n、怒；忿怒hesitantly[]ad、犹豫地bandage[]n、绷带；vt、用绷带包扎pus[]n、脓stick[]vt、粘贴；插入stick to[]粘住；坚持；坚守tear[]vt、撕；撕掉；n、泪coldly[]ad、冷淡地splint[]n、夹板director[]n、指导者；主任，董事blame[]vt、责备；n、过失；责难be to blame[]该受责备negligence[]n、粗心；疏忽negligent[]a、粗心得；不注意得in use[]在使用spare[]a、多余得；备用得whatsoever[]a、& pron、无论什么choke[]vi、& vt、窒息；噎住choke with anger[]气得说不出话来rage[]n、& vi、盛怒；发怒genuine[]a、真实得；真正得callous[]a、无情得；冷淡得proceed[]vt、前进；着手proceed with、、、[]继续进行patiently[]ad、耐心地lifetime[]n、终身；一生buffalo[]n、水牛；野牛detachment[]n、分队，支队；分开sheer[]a、纯粹得；近乎透明得self-disciplined[]a、自我训练得；自律得endeavor[]n、努力；企图come to、、、[]逐渐…assign[]vt、分配；指派assign、、、to[]把…分配给all-round[]a、全面得；综合性得instruction[]n、指导；教导；指示skilled[]a、熟练得；有经验得founder[]n、创立者，奠基者bacteriology[]n、细菌学louis pasteur[]n、路易·巴斯德(姓名) acknowledge[]vt、供认；承认career[]n、生涯；经历；职业achievement[]n、成就；功绩prominent[]a、卓越得；显著得talent[]n、才能；才智mark[]n、分数；标记；特征be marked by、、、[]特征就是…insp ire[]vt、鼓舞；使感悟wine[]n、酒；葡萄酒dreadful[]a、可怕得sour[]a、酸得；酸腐得ruin[]n、毁灭；破产；vt、破坏sound[]a、完好得；健全得unsound[]a、腐烂变质得；谬误得beer[]n、啤酒yeast[]n、酵母；发酵物ball-shaped[]a、球形得alcohol[]n、醇，酒精fermentation[]n、发酵rod-shaped[]a、杆状得latter[]a、后者得；后面得the latter[]后者lactic[]a、乳得lactic acid[]乳酸pasteurization[]n、巴氏消毒法in honor of、、、[]为纪念…；为庆祝…contaminate[]vt、污染；弄脏；传染alter[]vt、改变；改做(衣服)quality[]n、质，质量；特性immense[]a、巨大得，广大得demonstrate[]vt、显示；表明；未范raw[]a、生得；未煮过得silkworm[]n、蚕eradicate[]vt、根除；连根拔掉suspect[]'vt、猜想；怀疑confirm[]vt、证实；使更坚定formulate[]vt、系统地阐述revolutionize[]vt、使革命化disinfectant[]n、消毒剂；a、消毒得elimination[]n、消除；消灭brilliant[]a、杰出得；卓越得foundation[]n、基础；创办；基金at war[]处于战争状态，交战russia[]n、俄国；俄罗斯russian[]n、俄国人；俄语disturb[]vt、扰乱；打扰；妨碍disturbing[]a、令人担心得the times[]《泰晤士报》(英国)regarding[]prep、关于at the time[]那时候florence nightingale[]n、弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔in charge of[]负责…london[]n、伦敦as soon as[]conj、一…就…appalling[]a、骇人听闻得minister[]n、部长；大臣personally[]ad、亲自地；私人地service[]n、服务；职位；公务make one's way[]前进，行进；成功imagine[]vt、想象；认为furniture[]n、家具towel[]n、毛巾，手巾fork[]n、叉scarcely[]ad、几乎不，几乎没有worship[]vt、尊敬，崇拜；n、崇拜comfort[]n、安慰，舒服；安逸pass by[]v、走过by the hundreds[]大批地；数以百计shadow[]n、影子；树萌scrub[]vt、擦洗carelessly[]ad、疏忽地，粗心地confusion[]n、混乱；慌乱；混淆accomplishment[]n、成就；完成；造诣at home[]在家；在国内opposition[]n、反对；相反；对立british[]a、英国得；英国人得at one's back[]支持renovate[]vt、更新；修复award[]vt、授予；n、奖品；判定merit[]n、功绩；荣誉；优点order of merit[]一等功pass away[]v、逝世acupuncture[]n、针刺；针刺疗法apply[]vt、使用；适用；申请puncture[]n、& vt、刺；穿刺hand down[]v、把…传下来insert[]vt、插入analgesia[]n、止痛法；无痛procedure[]n、程序；手续；方法typically[]ad、有代表性地in position[]在适当得位置；在原位manipulate[]vt、熟练地使用；操作twirl[]vi、迅速转动；捻针activate[]vt、使活化；激活pulsate[]vi、跳动；颤动；脉冲stimulation[]n、刺激(作用)；兴奋so-called[]a、所谓得acupressure[]n、针压法approach[]n、探讨；研究；处理ultrasound[]n、超声laser[]n、激光；激光器moxibustion[]n、艾炙；艾灼represent[]vt、代表；描绘；阐述moxa[]n、艾；灼烙剂pathophysiology[]n、病理生理学inherent[]a、固有得；生来得pervade[]vt、遍及；充满；渗透qi[]n、气(中医)channel[]n、海峡；航道；路线meridian[]n、经络(中医)lobe[]n、耳垂；叶(脑、肺) combination[]n、联合，结合in combination with[]与…结合(联合) adhere[]vi、粘附adhere to[]坚持；依附strictly[]ad、严格地；明确地empirically[]ad、经验主义地in accordance with[]prep、根据…；依照…institution[]n、机构；学校；协会mechanism[]n、机理；结构investigate[]vt、调查，调查研究investigation[]n、调查，调查研究contribute[]vt、贡献出；捐(款) contribute to、、、[]起一份作用；出一份力correlate[]vt、使相互关联correlate with[]与…相关联efficacy[]n、功效；效验claim[]vt、声称；主张；要求effectiveness[]n、效力；生效abuse[]n、滥用；vt、滥用diagnostic[]a、诊断得；特征得aid[]n、帮助，辅助物diagnostic aid[]辅助诊断手段conjunction[]n、关联；联合fluoroscopy[]n、荧光检查；荧光学gastrointestinal[]a、胃肠得panacea[]n、万应药weight[]n、重要性；影响；重量evidence[]n、根据；证据；迹象accumulation[]n、收集；累积countless[]a、无数得treasure-house[]n、宝库unrivalled[]a、无匹得；无对手得richness[]n、丰富；繁茂adopt[]vt、采纳；采取；选定satisfactory[]a、令人满意得；良好得incurable[]a、不能治疗得unique[]a、独特得；无与伦比得feature[]n、特色；特征；容貌outstanding[]a、杰出得；凸出得management[]n、管理；处理；手段abdominal[]a、腹部得abdomen[]n、腹部consist[]v、出…组成entity[]n、实体；实在物；存在pathologic[]a、病理得manifestation[]n、表现；表示appearance[]n、出现；出场；外观tongue[]n、舌；语言classification[]n、分类；归类obstruction[]n、阻碍；堵塞interference[]n、干涉；防碍functional[]a、功能得；官能得disturbance[]n、扰乱；紊乱；失调evaluation[]n、估价；评价biliary[]a、胆得；胆汁得tract[]n、管；道biliary tract[]胆管regulate[]vt、调节；管理；控制antibacterial[]a、抗菌得；n、抗菌剂toxin[]n、毒素；毒质tranquilize[]vt、使平静；使镇定adrenal[]a、肾上腺得；n、肾上腺cortex[]n、皮质；外皮enhance[]vt、提高；增加；增强enhancement[]n、提高；增加on the one hand[]在一方面causative[]a、引起…得causative agent[]病原体，致病物resultant[]a、作为结果得；合成得physiological[]a、生理得；生理学得perforation[]n、穿孔；打眼peptic[]a、消化性得；消化液得ulcer[]n、溃疡peptic ulcer[]胃溃疡peritonitis[]n、腹膜炎scope[]n、范围；余地；视界extend[]vt、伸出；扩展；延长extremity[]n、肢(身体得)；手，足spine[]n、脊骨additional[]a、另外得；附加得amenable[]a、可改正得amenable to、、、[]可以治好得。

循证医学名词术语中英文对照循证医学名词术语中英文对照安全性Safety半随机对照试验quasi- randomized control trial，qRCT背景问题background questions比值比odds ratio，OR标准化均数差standardized mean difference, SMD病例报告case report病例分析case analysis病人价值观patient value病人预期事件发生率patient’s expected event rate, PEER补充替代医学complementary and alternative medicine, CAM 不良事件adverse event不确定性uncertaintyCochrane图书馆Cochrane Library, CLCochrane系统评价Cochrane systematic review, CSR Cochrane协作网Cochrane Collaboration, CCCox比例风险模型Cox’ proportional hazard model参考试验偏倚References test bias肠激惹综合征irritable bowel syndrome，IRB测量变异measurement variation成本-效果cost-effectiveness成本-效果分析cost-effectiveness analysis成本-效益分析cost-benefit analysis成本-效用分析cost-utility analysis成本最小化分析（最小成本分析）cost-minimization analysis重复发表偏倚Multiple publication bias传统医学Traditional Medicine，TMD—L法DerSimonian & Laird methodthe number needed to harm one more patients from the therapy，NNH 对抗疗法allopathic medicine，AM对照组中某事件的发生率control event rate，CER多重发表偏倚multiple publication bias二次研究secondary studies二次研究证据secondary research evidence发表偏倚publication biasnumber needed to treat，NNT非随机同期对照试验non-randomized concurrent control trial 分层随机化stratified randomization分类变量categorical variable风险（危险度）risk干扰co-intervention工作偏倚Workup bias固定效应模型fixed effect model国际临床流行病学网International Clinical Epidemiology Network, INCLEN灰色文献grey literature后效评价reevaluation获益benefit机会结chance node疾病谱偏倚Spectrum bias技术特性Technical properties加权均数差weighted mean difference, WMD 假阳性率（误诊率）false positive rate假阴性率（漏诊率）false negative rate简单随机化simple randomization检索策略search strategy交叉对照研究（交叉设计）crossover design 经济学分析economic analysis经济学特性Economic attributes or impacts经验医学empirical medicine精确性precision决策结decision node决策树分析decision tree analysis绝对获益增加率absolute benefit increase, ABI 绝对危险度降低率absolute risk reduction, ARR 绝对危险度增加率absolute risk increase, ARI 可重复性repeatability，reproducibility可靠性（信度）reliability可信区间confidence interval ，CI可信限confidence limit ，CLLogistic回归模型Logistic regression model历史性对照研究historical control trial利弊比likelihood of being helped vs harmed, LHH连续性变量continuous variable临床对照试验controlled clinical trial, CCT临床结局clinical outcome临床经济学clinical economics临床决策分析clinical decision analysis临床流行病学clinical epidemiology, CE临床实践指南clinical practice guidelines, CPG临床试验clinical trial临床研究证据clinical research evidence临床证据clinical evidence临床证据手册handbook of clinical evidence零点Zero time灵活性flexibility临界点Cut off points漏斗图funnel plots率差（或危险差）rate difference，risk difference，RDMeta-分析Meta-analysis敏感度sensitivity敏感性分析sensitivity analysis墨克手册Merck manual脑卒中病房Stroke Unit内在真实性internal validity偏倚bias起始队列inception cohort前-后对照研究before-after study前景问题foreground questions区组随机化block randomization散点图scatter plots森林图forest plots伤残调整寿命年disability adjusted life year，DALY 生存曲线survival curves生存时间survival time生存质量（生活质量）quality of life世界卫生组织World Health Organization, WHO失安全数fail-Safe Number试验组某事件发生率experimental event rate，EER 似然比likelihood Ratio, LR适用性applicability受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）receiver operator characteristic curve 随机对照临床试验randomized clinical trials, RCT随机对照试验randomized control trial, RCT随机化隐藏randomization concealment随机效应模型random effect model特异度specificity同行评价colleague evaluation统计效能（把握度）power同质性检验tests for homogeneity外在真实性external validity完成治疗分析per protocol，PP腕管综合征carpal tunnel syndrome, CTS卫生技术health technology卫生技术评估health technology assessment, HTA系统评价systematic review, SR相对获益增加率relative benefit increase, RBI相对危险度relative risk，RR相对危险度降低率relative risk reduction, RRR相对危险度增加率relative risk increase, RRI效果effectiveness效力efficacy效应尺度effect magnitude效应量effect size序贯试验sequential trial选择性偏倚selection bias循证儿科学evidence-based pediatrics循证妇产科学evidence-based gynecology & obstetrics 循证购买evidence-based purchasing循证护理evidence-based nursing循证决策evidence-based decision-making循证内科学evidence-based internal medicine循证筛选evidence-based selection循证外科学evidence-based surgery循证卫生保健evidence-based health care循证诊断evidence-based diagnosis循证医学evidence-based medicine, EBM亚组分析subgroup analysis严格评价critical appraisal验后比post-test odds验后概率post-test probability验前比pre-test odds验前概率pre-test probability阳性预测值positive predictive value原始研究primary studies异质性检验tests for heterogeneity意向治疗分析intention-to-treat, ITT阴性预测值negative predictive value引用偏倚citation bias尤登指数Youden’s index语言偏倚language bias预后prognosis预后因素prognostic factor预后指数prognostic index原始研究证据primary research evidence原始研究证据来源primary resources沾染contamination真实性（效度）validity诊断参照标准reference standard of diagnosis。

医学名词解释1、抗人球蛋白试验AGT【antiglobulin test】又称Coombs 试验。

是诊断自免溶贫的重要依据。

2、自身免疫溶血性贫血AIHA【autoimmune hemolytican aemia】3、直接抗球蛋白实验DAT【direct antiglobulin test】检查被检红细胞上有无不完全抗体。

是用于诊断胎儿有核红细胞增多症、新生儿溶血病和自身免疫性溶血性贫血症的试验。

4、间接抗球蛋白实验IAT【indirect antiglobulin test】检查血清中游离的不完全抗体。

5、心肺复苏CPR 【Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation】6、胸部挤压C【Compression】7、气道畅通A【Airway】8、人工呼吸B【Breathing】9、Gy是放射剂量单位，汉语读作“格瑞”。

10、RP表示请取药;11、P.O表示此药口服;12、INJ.表示注射剂;13、MIXT.表示合剂;14、TAD.表示片剂;15、SOL.表示溶液;16、CO.表示复方;17、PR.表示灌肠;18、I.D表示皮内注射;19、I.V表示静脉注射;20、I.V.GTT.表示静脉点滴;21、IH表示皮下注射;22、IM表示肌肉注射;23、O.M表示每晨;24、O.N表示每晚;25、HS.表示睡时用;26、AM.表示上午;27、PM.表示下午;28、A.C.表示饭前;29、P.C.表示饭后;30、SOS.表示需要时用一次;31、ST.表示立即;32、QD表示每日一次;33、BID表示每日两次;34、TID表示每日三次;35、QID表示隔日一次;36、QH表示每小时一次; Q2H表示每两小时一次; Q3H表示每三小时一次;依次类推;37、sig表示用法;38、千克(kg)=103克(g) =106毫克(mg) =109微克(μg) =1012纳克(ng) =1015皮克(pg) =1018飞克（fg) =1021阿克（ag)，分析化学中经常用到的质量计量单位，之间的关系是×1000。

1981 年～），硕士研究生，以循证医学及医学期刊编辑为主要研究方向。

Email: chenyaolong21@ * 通讯作者，Email: yzmylab@循证医学术语介绍II陈耀龙1 蔡羽嘉2 王梦书3 李幼平1* 杜 亮2 李 晓3 谭培勇3 黄 程3 董 理31. 四川大学华西医院循证医学与临床流行病学教研室（成都 610041）；2. 四川大学华西医院《中国循证医学杂志》编辑部（成都 610041）；3. 四川大学华西临床医学院（成都 610041）摘要 作为循证医学术语系列的第2篇文章，我们主要向读者详细介绍循证医学术语定名、定义原则，纳入与筛选标准，规范流程，报告格式及数据库的建设。

关键词 循证医学；术语；方法学An Introduction to Evidence-Based Medicine Glossary IICHEN Yao-long 1, CAI Yu-jia 2, WANG Meng-shu 3, LI You-ping 1*, DU Liang 2, LI Xiao 3, TAN Pei-yong 3, HUANG Cheng 3, DONG Li 31. Division of Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;2. Editorial Board of the Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;3. West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, ChinaAbstract This is the second paper in the evidence-based medicine glossary series. It provides information on the principles for evidence-based medicine through definitions, criteria for inclusion and screening, regular flow-sheet, reporting format and the establishment of databases.Key word Evidence-based medicine; Glossary; Methodology当前已有不同国家和组织对循证医学术语做了专门介绍[1-6]，也有文献定义了新近出现的部分循证医学术语[7]。

循证医学历年名解汇总L循证医学(EVidenCe-BaSedMediCille, EBM)：是最好的临床研究证据与临床实践(临床经验、临床决策)以及患者价值观(关注，期望，需求) 的结合。

2.动物实验(animal experiment)：指在实验室内，为了获得有关生物学、医学等方面的新知识或解决具体问题而使用动物进行的科学研究。

动物实验必须由经过培训的、具备研究学位或专业技术能力的人员进行或在其指导下进行。

3.临床研究(CliniCaleXPeriment)：是以疾病的诊断、治疗、预后、病因和预防为主要研究内容，以患者为主要研究对象，以医疗服务机构为主要研究基地，由多学科人员共同参与组织实施的科学研究活动。

4.证据(evidence)：是最接近事实本身的一种信息，其形式取决于具体情况，高质量、方法恰当的研究结果是最佳证据。

由于研究常常不充分、自相矛盾或不可用，其他种类的信息就成为研究的必要补充或替代。

5.严格评价(CritiCal appraisal)：指的是对一个研究证据的质量作科学的鉴别，分析它的真实性的程度，即看是否真实可靠。

如果是真实可靠的话，要进一步评价临床医疗是否有重要价值；如果既真实又有重要的临床价值，最后要看这种(些)证据是否能适用于具体的临床实践，即是否能应用于自己的病人的诊治实践以解决疾病实际问题。

6. ( 1)系统评价(SyStenIatiC review)：针对某一具体的临床问题系统全面地收集全世界所有已发表或末发表的相关的临床研究文章；统一的科学评价标准，筛选出符合标准、质量好的文献，定性或定量的方法进行综合，去粗取精，去伪存真，得出可靠的结论；随着新的临床研究结果的出现及时更新。

7. ( 1) Meta分析(Meta-analysis)：广义：针对某个主题，全面收集所有相关研究并逐个严格评价和分析后，再用定量合成的方法对资料进行统计学处理得出综合结论的全过程。

狭义：指一种单纯定量合成的统计学方法。

循证医学名词解释循证医学概念循证医学概念随着循证医学[循证医疗(保健、诊疗)、求证(证据)医学，evidence based medicine (health care,practice)的普及和发展，其正在逐渐和不断地融入整个医学(疗)体系，丰富和完善医学知识、方法、理论和观念，影响、促进和推动着医学的进步和发展。

近年来，国内外循证医学的文献不断增加。

通过《中国生物医学文献数据库》(光盘)可以检索到数白篇有关中文文献，国内已经出版了至少3本中文的循证医学书籍、创办了2本证医学专业期刊和创建了至少2个中文的循证医学网站;通过Medline可以检索到近万篇有关文献，国外已经出版了数十种英文循证医学书籍(这其中有循证药学)，创建了不计其数的网站或网页。

面对浩瀚的信息资源，有必要从宏观角度，遵照循证思路，采用系统性综述与叙述性(传统)综述相结合的方法，联系国内情况，了解和探索其1基本概念或含义。

1资料与方法 1.1资料1.1.1中文资料 3本循证医学专著中循证医学的定义;用循证医学、循证医疗和循证诊疗，分别检索《中国生物医学文献数据库》(光盘)中直接描述循证医学属性的文题(2002-01-21检索)。

剔除明显译自外文者。

1. 1. 2英文资料加拿大Health Network大学、Albtera大学、美国医学图书馆科学院(NYAM L)、英国Sheffield大学和牛津大学的5个知识性循证医学网站中。

Evidente based medicine,evidence based health care和evidence based practice的定义(2002-10读阅);3本英文版循证医学专著中evidence basedmedicine的定义。

用“evidence based”检索Medline所得文献的题目中，直接描述循证医学属性的标题(2002-10检索)，及标题中紧随“evidence based”后面的单词或词组(2002-10检索)。

FDA临床试验常见词汇中译文对照Aaction letter 决定通知active comparator 活性药物对照组active control = AC 阳性对照，活性对照active ingredient 有效成分Active Substance Master File (ASMF) 欧洲药物主文件acute myocardial infarction 急性心肌梗死acute tibial fractures 急性胫骨骨折adalimumab (Humira) 阿达木单抗adaptive design 自适应设计adaptive randomization 自适应随机ADE = adverse drug event 药物不良事件Adenoviral Vectors 腺病毒载体adequate and well-controlled studies 充分严格的对照研究ADHD = Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder注意力缺陷多动障碍; 注意力不足过动症; 多动症adhesion barrier product 防黏著产品adjuvant 助剂; 佐剂auxiliary;adjuvant therapy 佐药疗法，辅助疗法ADL = activities of daily living 日常生活活动能力ADME = absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion(药物)吸收、分配、代谢和排除ADR = adverse drug reaction 药物不良反应adrenal cortex 肾上腺皮质adrenal cortical hormone 肾上腺皮质激素adrenal gland 肾上腺adrenaline 肾上腺素adulterated devices 掺假器械adverse drug reaction = ADR药物不良反应adverse effect 副作用adverse event = AE 不良事件adverse medical events 不良医学事件adverse reaction (adverse event) 药物不良反应advisory 提醒advocacy and support groups 倡导和支持团体AE = adverse event 不良事件AERS = Adverse Event Reporting System 不良事件报告系统BBIMO Bioresearch Monitoring Program 生物研究监测bioavailability (F) 生物利用度biochemical drugs 生化药品biocides 生物杀灭剂; 杀生物剂biocompatibility 生物相容性biodegradable 生物分解bio-engineered, transgenic food 转基因食物bioequivalence; bioequivalent 生物等效应biofilm 细菌薄膜, 生物膜biologic 生物制品biological response modifiers BRM 生物应答调节剂biological therapeutic agents 生物治疗药剂biomarker 生物标志物biometrics 生物统计; 生物识别技术bion stimulator 生物体刺激器bionic knee 仿生膝关节biopharma: biopharmaceutical products 生物药物产品bipolar 双相燥郁症birth defect 出生缺陷, 新生儿缺陷, 先天缺陷BLA = biologic license application 生物制品许可申请blank control 空白对照blend uniformity analysis 混合均匀度分析blind 盲法blind codes 编制盲底blind review 盲态审核blinding method 盲法blinding/ masking 盲法，设盲blister packaging 泡罩包装; 水泡眼block 分段;层block size 每段的长度blocked randomization 区组随机Ccase history 病历case record form = CRF病例报告表/病例记录表case report form 病例报告表cash curve 现金曲线cash trap 现金陷阱; 现金套牢categorical variable 分类变量CLIA Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments临床实验室改进修订案clinical (human) data 临床数据clinical endpoint临床终点clinical equivalence 临床等效应clinical hold 临床试验暂停通知clinical investigator 临床研究者Clinical Pharmacists 临床药师Clinical Research Coordinator = CRC临床研究协调者clinical study 临床研究Clinical Study Application = CSA临床研究申请clinical study report 临床试验的总结报告clinical trial 临床试验clinical trial application = CTA 临床试验申请clinical trial exemption = CTX 临床试验免责clinical trial protocol = CTP 临床试验方案Clinical Trial Report = CTR临床试验报告clinically significant results 有临床意义cohort 队列cohort studies 队列研究co-investigator = CI合作研究者comparison 对照Compassionate Use 体恤使用competitive labeling 优越标签Complementary And Alternative Therapy 补充性和非传统治疗Complete response 完全有效compliance 遵守；对遵守法规情况的监管composite variable 复合变量Compression Test 压缩试验computer-assisted trial design= CATD计算机辅助试验设计Con Meds = concomitant medications 联合用药confidence interval 可信区间confidence level 置信水平Confidentiality Regarding Trial Participants 为试验参与者保密control对照control group 对照组controlled clinical trials 临床对照实验Controlled Trials 对照试验Critical Path 关键路径CRM = continual reassessment method 连续重新评估方法crossover design 交叉设计cross-over study 交叉研究crossover therapy 交叉治疗CRF = case report form 病例报告表dosage form 剂型dosage regimen 给药方案dose-ranging study 剂量范围研究dose-reaction relation 剂量－反应关系dose-related adverse reactions 剂量相关的不良反应double blinding 双盲double dummy 双模拟double dummy 双模拟double dummy technique 双盲双模拟技术double-blind study 双盲研究Double-Masked Study 双盲研究DRGs = Diagnosis Related Group System 疾病诊断相关分组drop out 脱落drop test 落震试验;跌落试验drug eluting coronary stents 药物洗脱支架drug product 药物产品drug substance 原料药drug-drug interaction56 药物-药物相互作用drug-food interaction 药物-食物的相互作用EEPS = Electronic Entry Processing System 电子录入处理系统effectiveness 疗效efficacy 有效性测定efficacy (Of a drug or treatment) 药效；药品疗效EEMEA = European Medical Evaluation Agency; European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products; European Medicines Agency 药物评价机构; 欧洲医药品管理局emergency envelope 应急信件Empiric Bayesian Multiple Gamma-Poisson Shrinker经验性贝氏法（伽玛泊松分布缩检法）empirical 经验性endpoint 终点endpoint criteria 终点指标factorial design 析因设计factorial trial 析因试验failure 无效，失败Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (1966) 公平包装和标签法False Claims Act 防制不实请求法false therapeutic claims 错误的疗效声明full analysis set 全分析集full factorial design 全因子试验法Iinclusion criteria 入选标准inclusion/exclusion criteria 入选/排除标准incremental exposure 食品中递增摄入量incubation period/latency period 潜伏期IND = Investigational New Drug 临床研究新药INDA = investigational new drug application NDA前申报阶段indemnity insurance 赔偿保险Independent Data Monitoring = IDM独立数据监察Independent Data Monitoring Committee = IDMC独立数据监察委员会independent ethics committee = IEC 独立伦理委员会indications 适应症investigational new drug = IND 临床研究新药investigational product 试验药物investigator 调研人员investigator's brochure = IB 研究者手册Mmasked 设盲mean absorption time = MAT(药物在体内的)平均吸收时间mean disintegration time = MDIT(药物在体内的)平均崩解时间Mean Dissolution Time = MDT (药物在体内的)平均释放时间Mean Residence Time = MRT(药物在体内的)平均滞留时间medical governance 医药治理Medicare 老年医疗保险制度；联邦老年医保medication guides (for patients) 用药指南Medicines Control Agency = MCA英国药品监督局Misbranding 错误标签; 冒牌Miscoding 编码错误missing value 缺失值mixed effect model 混合效应模式MLD = minimal lethal dose 最小致死剂量MoA = Mechanism of Action 作用机制;作用机理monitor 监查员monitoring plan监查计划monitoring report 监查报告MR = moderate response 好转MRA = Agreement on Mutual Recognition 相互承认协定MTD = maximal tolerance dose 最大耐受剂量multicenter trial 多中心试验multi-drug resistance 多药物抗药性multiple arm trials 多治疗组的试验mutual recognition procedure (EU) 相互承认程序OOS = Overall survival 总生存率Pparallel group design 平行组设计parameter estimation 参数估计parametric release 参数放行parametric statistics 参数统计方法patient file 病人档案patient global; pt global 病人总体评价patient history 病历per protocol ( PP) analysis 符合方案分析PFS = progression-free survival 无疾病进展存活率PGE = patient global evaluation 病人总体评价PHA = preliminary hazards analysis 预先危险分析pharmaceutical equivalence 药剂等效性pharmaceutics药剂学pharmacodynamics=PD 药物效应动力学; 简称药效学pharmacoepidemiology 药物流行病学pharmacokinetics = PK 药代动力学; 简称药动学pharmacology 药理学Pharmacovigilance105 药物警戒pharmacy 配药学PharMetrics claims database 索赔数据库PhRMA = Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America美国药物研究与生产商协会PIC=Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention 药品检查协定PIC/S Pharmaceutical Inspection Cooperation Scheme 药物检查合作计划pipeline assets 开发中产品PK = pharmacokinetics 药物代谢动力学; 药动学，药代动力学placebo 安慰剂placebo control 安慰剂对照placebo controlled study 安慰剂对照研究placebo effect 安慰剂效应PMA = premarket approval 上市前许可; 销售前批准PMCs = post marketing commitments 承诺药品上市后的继续研究PMDRA = Post Marketing Drug Risk Assessment 上市后药品风险评估(办公室) PMHx = Past Medical History 既往病史PMN = Premarket Notification 销售前通知PMS = Premenstrual syndrome 经前综合症POC (Proof-of-concept) Clinical Trials 概念证明POC = point-of-care testing 床旁分析polytomies 多分类pooled analysis = PA 荟萃分析postmarket surveillance 上市后监督post-marketing surveillance; postmarket safety surveillance 销售（上市）后监督power 把握度; 检验效能Pp = Process Performance 工序绩效Ppk = Process Performance Index 工序绩效指数precautions 慎用；注意事项precision 精密度preclinical (animal) data 临床前(动物实验)数据preclinical study 临床前研究predicate device = legally marketed device that is not subject to Premarket Approval (PMA)和已合法在市场上销售的且不需要做PMA“销售前批准”的Pre-market Approval (Application) = PMA上市前许可（申请）premarket notification 上市前通知pre-marketing surveillance 销售（上市）前监督preparing and submitting 起草和申报prescription drug 处方药preservation 保藏prevalence 患病率prevention trials预防试验primary (coronary) event 原位病变primary endpoint 主要终点primary mode of action = PMOA 首要作用模式primary variable 主要变量principal investigator = PI主要研究者Principles of Qualification 确认（验证）原则process controls 工艺控制process validation 工艺验证product codes 产品的号码product differentiation 产品差异化，产品特色化product license = PL 产品许可证product life cycle (PLC) 产品生命周期prognosis 预后progression-free survival = PFS 无进展生存progressive Disease PD 病情进展proof of principle study 原理循证研究propensity score 倾向性评分protocol 试验方案; 方案protocol amendment 方案补正prototype design 原型设计protozoa 原生动物门proven acceptable Range = PAR 确定可接受范围PTC = Product Technical Complaints 药品技术投诉Qqualification system for licensed pharmacist 执业药师资格准入制度qualified health claims 有保留的健康宣称Qualified Person = QP 受权人quality assurance = QA质量保证quality assurance unit = QAU质量保证部门quality control = QC 质量控制quality management systems 质量管理体系quality of life trials or supportive care trials 生存质量试验quality risk management = QRM 质量风险管理quantitative risk assessment 量化风险评估Rrandomization 随机化randomized trial 随机化试验randomized, double blinded clinical trial 随机双盲对照研究range check 范围检查rating scale 量表RCT = randomized clinical trials 随机临床试验RCT = randomized controlled trial 随机对照试验RDE: remote data entry 远距数据输入ready-to-eat foods 即食食品reagents 试剂recall 召回; 强制回收RECIST = Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 实体瘤的疗效评价标准reconditioning 整改; 货物重整理；货物重包装recycled plastics 可循环利用塑料制品reference product 参比制剂reference samples 标准样品regulatory methodology 质量管理方法regulatory methods validation 管理用分析方法的验证（FDA对NDA提供的方法进行验证）regulatory specification 质量管理规格标准（NDA提供）rejection 排异remote monitoring system 远程监测系统; 远程监控REMS = Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies 风险评估和减缓战略risk 受害risk assessment (risk analysis + risk evaluation) 风险评估，论证risk classification 风险分类;Risk Communications Advisory Committee 风险交流咨询委员会risk evaluation (part of risk assessment) 风险评价risk/ benefit analysis 风险-获益分析risk-benefit ratio 效益/风险比route of administration 给药途径royalties 专利使用费RPN = Risk Priority Number 风险优先指数RR = Response rate 缓解率RSD = (intra-day and inter-day) relative standard deviations (日内和日间) 相对标准差Ssafety advisory 安全建议safety evaluation 安全性评价safety evaluators 安全性评估人员safety set 安全性评价的数据集screening trials 筛选性试验SD = standard deviation 标准(偏)差SE = substantial equivalence 实质上的等同Seal Strength Test 密封强度试验sequence 试验次序SFDA 129= State Food And Drug Administration 国家食品药品监督管理局SG & A= Sales, General and Administration 销售、管理和一般费用shaft 传动轴SHEA = Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 美国医院流行病学学会sheaths 护套shelf life 保存期限; 保质期SIC codes = Standard Industrial Classification codes 标准产业分类代码side effects 副作用significance level 显著性水平Significant Risk (SR) 显著的危险性simple randomization 简单随机simulation model 仿真模型single blinding单盲single-blind study 单盲研究single-masked study 单盲研究site assessment = SA现场评估site audit 试验机构稽查SMDA = Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990 1990年安全医疗器械法SMF = Site Master File 生产场所主文件sNDA = supplemental NDA 疗效补充新药上市申请sponsor-investigator = SI 申办研究者spontaneous reports; voluntary reports 药品不良反应自愿报告SPS = Agreement on the Application Of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures卫生与植物卫生措施实施协议;简称SPS协议SSI = surgical site infection 手术部位感染SSOPs = Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures 卫生标准操作程序standard curve 标准曲线standard deviation 标准偏差standard drug 标准药物standard operating procedure = SOP 标准操作规程standard treatment 标准治疗Standards Of Care131 医护标准State Food and Drug Administration = SFDA国家食品药品监督管理局statistic 统计量statistical analysis plan = SAP 统计分析计划statistical model 统计模型statistical significance 统计学意义statistical tables 统计分析表Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry = PSI制药业统计学家协会steady-state Area Under the Curve = AUCss稳态药时曲线下面积/稳态血药浓度－时间曲线下面积stratified 分层study audit 研究稽查study endpoint 研究终点Study Personnel List = SPL研究人员名单study site研究中心study type 研究类型subchronic toxicity studies 亚慢性毒性研究subgroup 亚组sub-investigator 助理研究者subject 受试者subject diary = SD 受试者日记subject enrollment 受试者入选subject enrollment log = SEL受试者入选表Subject Identification Code List = SIC受试者识别代码表subject recruitment 受试者招募subject screening log = SSL受试者筛选表submission 申报；递交subspecialties, internal medicine 亚专科,内科substantial equivalence to legally marketed (predicate) device 和已合法在市场上销售的且不需要做PMA“销售前批准”的相似产品有实质上的等同Ttrain-the-trainer program 培训者培训计划treatment group 试验组treatment IND 治疗性试验性新药申请treatment trials 治疗性试验trial error 试验误差trial initial meeting 试验启动会议trial master file 试验总档案trial objective 试验目的trial site 试验场所TRICARE 军队医疗系统triple blinding 三盲two one-side test 双单侧检验UAE = unexpected adverse event 预料外不良事件unblinding 破盲;揭盲under reporting bias 少报偏差unexplained syncope 不明原因晕厥unresectable 不能手术切除variability 变异variable 变量WHO International Collaborating Center for Drug Monitoring(世界卫生组织)国际药物监测合作中心WHO International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities= WHO-ICDRAWHO国际药品管理当局会议WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring = PIDMWHO 国际药物监测合作计划。

Absolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Effect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 通用线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点HILOGLINEAR, ***列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, ***列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), ***尺度/***标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable, 变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test, W检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z-transformation, Z变换安全性, Safety半随机对照试验, quasi- randomized control trial，qRCT背景问题, background questions比值比, odds ratio，OR标准化均数差, standardized mean difference, SMD病例报告, case report病例分析, case analysis病人价值观, patient value （此词删除）病人预期事件发生率, patient’s expected event rate, PEER补充替代医学, complementary and alternative medicine, CAM 不良事件, adverse event不确定性, uncertaintyCochrane图书馆, Cochrane Library, CLCochrane系统评价, Cochrane systematic review, CSR Cochrane协作网, Cochrane Collaboration, CCCox比例风险模型, Cox’ proportional hazard model参考试验偏倚, References test bias肠激惹综合征, irritable bowel syndrome，IRB测量变异, measurement variation成本-效果, cost-effectiveness成本-效果分析, cost-effectiveness analysis成本-效益分析, cost-benefit analysis成本-效用分析, cost-utility analysis成本最小化分析（最小成本分析）,cost-minimization analysis重复发表偏倚, Multiple publication bias传统医学, Traditional Medicine，TMD—L法, DerSimonian & Laird method发生一例不良反应所需治疗的病例数, the number needed to harm one more patients from the therapy，NNH对抗疗法, allopathic medicine，AM对照组中某事件的发生率, control event rate，CER多重发表偏倚, multiple publication bias (删除此词)二次研究, secondary studies二次研究证据, secondary research evidence发表偏倚, publication bias防止1例不良事件发生或得到1例有利结果需要治疗的病例数, number needed to treat，NNT非随机同期对照试验, non-randomized concurrent control trial分层随机化, stratified randomization分类变量, categorical variable风险（危险度）, risk干扰, co-intervention工作偏倚, Workup bias固定效应模型, fixed effect model国际临床流行病学网, International Clinical Epidemiology Network, INCLEN灰色文献, grey literature后效评价, reevaluation获益, benefit机会结, chance node疾病谱偏倚, Spectrum bias技术特性, Technical properties加权均数差, weighted mean difference, WMD假阳性率（误诊率）, false positive rate假阴性率（漏诊率）, false negative rate简单随机化, simple randomization检索策略, search strategy交叉对照研究（交叉设计）, crossover design经济学分析, economic analysis经济学特性, Economic attributes or impacts经验医学, empirical medicine精确性, precision决策结, decision node决策树分析, decision tree analysis绝对获益增加率, absolute benefit increase, ABI绝对危险度降低率, absolute risk reduction, ARR绝对危险度增加率, absolute risk increase, ARI可重复性, repeatability，reproducibility可靠性（信度）, reliability可信区间, confidence interval ，CI可信限, confidence limit ，CLLogistic回归模型, Logistic regression model历史性对照研究, historical control trial利弊比, likelihood of being helped vs harmed, LHH连续性变量, continuous variable临床对照试验, controlled clinical trial, CCT临床结局, clinical outcome临床经济学, clinical economics临床决策分析, clinical decision analysis临床流行病学, clinical epidemiology, CE临床实践指南, clinical practice guidelines, CPG临床试验, clinical trial临床研究证据, clinical research evidence临床证据, clinical evidence临床证据手册, handbook of clinical evidence零点, Zero time灵活性, flexibility临界点, Cut off points漏斗图, funnel plots率差（或危险差）, rate difference，risk difference，RD Meta-分析, Meta-analysis敏感度, sensitivity敏感性分析, sensitivity analysis墨克手册, Merck manual脑卒中病房, Stroke Unit内在真实性, internal validity偏倚, bias起始队列, inception cohort前-后对照研究, before-after study前景问题, foreground questions区组随机化, block randomization散点图, scatter plots森林图, forest plots伤残调整寿命年, disability adjusted life year，DALY生存曲线, survival curves生存时间, survival time生存质量（生活质量）, quality of life世界卫生组织, World Health Organization, WHO失安全数, fail-Safe Number试验组某事件发生率, experimental event rate，EER似然比, likelihood Ratio, LR适用性, applicability受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）, receiver operator characteristic curve 随机对照临床试验, randomized clinical trials, RCT随机对照试验, randomized control trial, RCT随机化隐藏, randomization concealment随机效应模型, random effect model特异度, specificity同行评价, colleague evaluation统计效能（把握度）, power同质性检验, tests for homogeneity外在真实性, external validity完成治疗分析, per protocol，PP腕管综合征, carpal tunnel syndrome, CTS卫生技术, health technology卫生技术评估, health technology assessment, HTA系统评价, systematic review, SR相对获益增加率, relative benefit increase, RBI相对危险度, relative risk，RR相对危险度降低率, relative risk reduction, RRR相对危险度增加率, relative risk increase, RRI效果, effectiveness效力, efficacy效应尺度, effect magnitude效应量, effect size序贯试验, sequential trial选择性偏倚, selection bias循证儿科学, evidence-based pediatrics循证妇产科学, evidence-based gynecology & obstetrics循证购买, evidence-based purchasing循证护理, evidence-based nursing循证决策, evidence-based decision-making循证内科学, evidence-based internal medicine循证筛选, evidence-based selection循证外科学, evidence-based surgery循证卫生保健, evidence-based health care循证诊断, evidence-based diagnosis循证医学, evidence-based medicine, EBM亚组分析, subgroup analysis严格评价, critical appraisal验后比, post-test odds验后概率, post-test probability验前比, pre-test odds验前概率, pre-test probability阳性预测值, positive predictive value原始研究, primary studies异质性检验, tests for heterogeneity意向治疗分析, intention-to-treat, ITT阴性预测值, negative predictive value引用偏倚, citation bias尤登指数, Youden’s index语言偏倚, language bias预后, prognosis预后因素, prognostic factor预后指数, prognostic index原始研究证据, primary research evidence原始研究证据来源, primary resources沾染, contamination真实性（效度）, validity诊断参照标准, reference standard of diagnosis诊断阈值, testing threshold诊断﹣治疗阈值, test-treatment threshold质量调整寿命年, quality adjusted life year，QALY治疗阈值, Treatment threshold准确度, accuracy自我评价, self-evaluation最佳证据, best evidenceA安全性 SafetyB半随机对照试验 quasi- randomized control trial，qRCT背景问题 background questions比值比 odds ratio，OR标准化均数差 standardized mean difference, SMD病例报告 case report病例分析 case analysis病人价值观 patient value （此词删除）病人预期事件发生率patient’s expected event rate, PEER补充替代医学 complementary and alternative medicine, CAM 不良事件 adverse event不确定性 uncertaintyCCochrane图书馆 Cochrane Library, CLCochrane系统评价 Cochrane systematic review, CSR Cochrane协作网 Cochrane Collaboration, CCCox比例风险模型Cox’ proportional hazard model。

习题练习与思考一、名词解释1．疾病（disease）2．病理生理学（pathophysiology）3．药物靶标（drug target）4．病理过程（pathologic process）5．病因（etiology agents）6．先天因素（congenital factors）7．疾病发生的条件（predisposing factors）8．诱发因素（precipitating factor）9．危险因素（dangerous factor）10．发病学（pathogenesis）11．完全康复（complete recovery）12．不完全康复（incomplete recovery）13．死亡（death）14．脑死亡（brain death）15．昏迷16．脱水（dehydration）17．低渗性脱水（hypotonic dehydration）18．“三凹”体征19．高渗性脱水（hypertonic dehydration）20．等渗性脱水（isotonic dehydration）21．水中毒（water intoxication）22．低钠血症（hyponatremia）23．高钠血症（hypernatremia）24．低钾血症（hypokalemia）25．高钾血症（hyperkalemia）26．酸碱平衡紊乱（acid-base disturbance）27．固定酸（fixed acid）28．动脉血二氧化碳分压（Pa CO2）29．标准碳酸氢盐（standard bicarbonate, SB）30．实际碳酸氢盐（actual bicarbonate, AB）31．缓冲碱（buffer base，BB）32．碱剩余（base excess, BE）33．阴离子间隙（anion gap, AG）34．代谢性酸中毒（metabolic acidosis）35．乳酸酸中毒（lactic acidosis）36．酮症酸中毒（ketoacidosis）37．代偿性代谢性酸中毒（compensated metabolic acidosis）38．失代偿性代谢性酸中毒（decompensated metabolic acidosis）39．呼吸性酸中毒（respiratory acidosis）40．代谢性碱中毒（metabolic alkalosis）41．呼吸性碱中毒（respiratory alkalosis）42．混合型酸碱平衡紊乱（mixed acid-base disorders）43．水肿（edema）44．积水（hydrops）45．滤过分数（filtration fraction,FF）46．心房利钠肽（atrial natriuretic polypeptide, ANP）47．“隐性水肿”（recessive edema）48．心性水肿（cardial edema）49．肾性水肿（renal edema）50．肺水肿（pulmonary edema）51．间质性肺水肿（intestitial pulmonary edema）52．肺泡水肿（alveolar edema）53．高压力性肺水肿（high-pressure pulmonary edema）54．高通透性肺水肿（high permeability pulmonary edema）。

临床试验常用中英文词汇SFDA Glossary：GCP, GLP, TRIAL Accuracy准确度Active control, AC阳性对照，活性对照Adverse drug reaction, ADR 药物不良反应Adverse event，AE 不良事件Adverse medical events 不良医学事件Adverse reaction药物不良反应Alb白蛋白ALD(Approximate Lethal Dose) 近似致死剂量ALP碱性磷酸酶Alpha spending function 消耗函数ALT丙氨酸氨基转换酶Analysis sets统计分析的数据集Approval 批准Assistant investigator 助理研究者AST天门冬酸氨基转换酶ATR衰减全反射法AUCss稳态血药浓度一时间曲线下面积Audit稽查Audit or inspection 稽查/视察Audit report稽查报告Auditor稽查员1 / 13临床试验常用中英文词汇Bias偏性，偏倚Bioequivalence生物等效应Blank control空白对照Blind codes编制盲底Blind review盲态审核Blind review盲态检查Blinding method 盲法Blinding/ masking 盲法，设盲Block分段Block 层Block size每段的长度BUN尿素氮Carryover effect 延滞效应Case history 病历Case report form病例报告表Case report form/ case record form，CRF 病例报告表，病例记录表Categorical variable 分类变量Cav平均浓度CD圆二色谱CL清除率Clinical equivalence 临床等效应2 / 13临床试验常用中英文词汇Clinical study 临床研究Clinical study report临床试验的总结报告Clinical trial 临床试验Clinical trial application, CTA 临床试验申请Clinical trial exemption, CTX 临床试验免责Clinical trial protocol，CTP 临床试验方案Clinical trial/ study report 临床试验报告Cmax峰浓度Co-investigator合作研究者Comparison 对照Compliance 依从性Composite variable 复合变量Computer-assisted trial design，CATD 计算机辅助试验设计Confidence interval 可信区间Confidence level 置信水平Consistency test 一致性检验Contract research organization，CRO 合同研究组织Contract/ agreement 协议/ 合同Control group 对照组Coordinating committee 协调委员会Crea肌酐CRF (case report form)病例报告表3 / 13临床试验常用中英文词汇Crossover design 交叉设计Cross-over study 交叉研究Css稳浓度Cure痊愈Data management 数据管理Database建立数据库Descriptive statistical analysis 描述性统计分析DF波动系统Dichotomies 二分类Diviation 偏差Documentation 记录 /文件Dose-reaction relation 剂量一反应关系Double blinding 双盲Double dummy 双模拟Double dummy technique 双盲双模拟技术Double-blinding 双盲Drop out 脱落DSC差示扫描热量计Effectiveness 疗效Electronic data capture, EDC 电子数据采集系统Electronic data processing, EDP 电子数据处理系统Emergency envelope 应急信件4 / 13临床试验常用中英文词汇End point 终点Endpoint criteria/ measurement 终点指标Equivalence 等效性Essential documentation 必须文件日hics committee伦理委员会Excellent 显效Exclusion criteria 排除标准Factorial design 析因设计Failure无效，失败Final point 终点Fixed-dose procedure 固定剂量法Forced titration 强制滴定Full analysis set 全分析集GC-FTIR气相色谱一傅利叶红外联用GC-MS气相色谱一质谱联用Generic drug通用名药Global assessment variable 全局评价变量GLU血糖Good clinical practice, GCP药物临床试验质量管理规范Good manufacture practice, GMP药品生产质量管理规范Good non-clinical laboratory practice, GLP 药物非临床研究质量管理规范5 / 13临床试验常用中英文词汇Group sequential design 成组序贯设计Health economic evaluation, HEV 健康经济学评价Hypothesis test 假设检验Hypothesis testing 假设检验International Conference of Harmonization，ICH 人用药品注册技术要求国际技术协调会，国际协调会议Improvement 好转Inclusion criteria 入选标准Independent ethics committee，IEC 独立伦理委员会Information consent form，ICF 知情同意书Information gathering 信息收集Informed consent，IC 知情同意Initial meeting 启动会议Inspection视察/检查Institution inspection 机构检查Institution review board, IBR 机构审查委员会Intention to treat意向治疗（--- 临床领域）Intention-to -treat, ITT 意向性分析（一统计学）Interactive voice response system, IVRS 互动式语音应答系统Interim analysis 期中分析Investigator 研究者Investigator's brochure, IB 研究者手册6 / 13临床试验常用中英文词汇IR红外吸收光谱Ka吸收速率常Last observation carry forward, LOCF 最接近一次观察的结转LC-MS液相色谱一质谱联用LD50板数致死剂量Logic check逻辑检查LOQ (Limit of Quantitation)定量限LOCF, Last observation carry forward 最近一次观察的结转Lost of follow up 失访Marketing approval/ authorization 上市许可证Matched pair匹配配对Missing value 缺失值Mixed effect model混合效应模式Monitor监查员Monitoring 监查Monitoring report 监查报告MRT平均滞留时间MS质谱MS-MS质谱一质谱联用MTD (Maximum Tolerated Dose)最大耐受剂量Multicenter trial 多中心试验Multi-center trial 多中心试验7 / 13临床试验常用中英文词汇New chemical entity, NCE 新化学实体New drug application, NDA 新药申请NMR核磁共振谱Non-clinical study 非临床研究Non-inferiority 非劣效性Non-parametric statistics 非参数统计方法Obedience依从性ODR旋光光谱Open-blinding 非盲Open-label 非盲Optional titration 随意滴定Original medical record 原始医疗记录Outcome 结果Outcome assessment结果指标评价Outcome measurement 结果指标Outlier离群值Parallel group design 平行组设计Parameter estimation 参数估计Parametric statistics 参数统计方法Patient file病人档案Patient history 病历Per protocol，PP符合方案集8 / 13临床试验常用中英文词汇Placebo安慰剂Placebo control安慰剂对照Polytomies 多分类Power检验效能Precision 精密度Preclinical study 临床前研究Primary endpoint 主要终点Primary variable 主要变量Principal investigator 主要研究者Principle investigator，PI 主要研究者Product license，PL 产品许可证Protocol试验方案Protocol试验方案Protocol amendment 方案补正Quality assurance unit，QAU 质量保证部门Quality assurance，QA 质量保证Quality control，QC 质量控制Query list，query form 应用疑问表Randomization 随机化Randomization 随机Range check范围检查Rating scale 量表9 / 13临床试验常用中英文词汇Regulatory authorities, RA 监督管理部门Replication 可重复RSD日内和日间相对标准差Run in准备期Safety evaluation 安全性评价Safety set安全性评价的数据集Sample size样本含量Sample size样本量，样本大小Scale of ordered categorical ratings 有序分类指标Secondary variable 次要变量Sequence试验次序Serious adverse event，SAE 严重不良事件Serious adverse reaction，SAR 严重不良反应Seriousness 严重性Severity严重程度Significant level 检验水准Simple randomization 简单随机Single blinding 单盲Single-blinding 单盲Site audit试验机构稽查SOP试验室的标准操作规程Source data verification，SDV 原始数据核准10 / 13临床试验常用中英文词汇Source data, SD 原始数据Source document, SD 原始文件Specificity 特异性Sponsor申办者Sponsor-investigator 申办研究者Standard curve 标准曲线Standard operating procedure，SOP 标准操作规程Statistic统计量Statistical analysis plan 统计分析计划Statistical analysis plan 统计参数计划书Statistical analysis plan，SAP 统计分析计划Statistical model 统计模型Statistical tables 统计分析表Stratified 分层Study audit研究稽查Subgroup 亚组Sub-investigator 助理研究者Subject受试者Subject diary受试者日记Subject enrollment 受试者入选Subject enrollment log 受试者入选表Subject identification code，SIC 受试者识别代码11 / 13临床试验常用中英文词汇Subject recruitment 受试者招募Subject screening log 受试者筛选表Superiority 检验Survival analysis 生存分析SXRD单晶X一射线衍射System audit系统稽查T1/2消除半衰期Target variable 目标变量T-BIL总胆红素T-CHO总胆固醇TG热重分析TLC、HPLC制备色谱Tmax峰时间TP总蛋白Transformation 变量变换Treatment group 试验组Trial error试验误差Trial master file试验总档案Trial objective 试验目的Trial site试验场所Triple blinding 三盲Two one-side test双单侧检验12 / 13临床试验常用中英文词汇Unblinding 揭盲Unblinding 破盲Unexpected adverse event, UAE 预料外不良事件UV-VIS紫外一可见吸收光谱Variability 变异Variable 变量Visual analogy scale直观类比打分法Visual check人工检查Vulnerable subject 弱势受试者Wash-out清洗期Washout period 洗脱期Well-being福利，健康13 / 13。

循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引（以首字的汉语拼音为序）A安全性SafetyB半随机对照试验quasi- ran domized control trial ，qRCT背景问题backgro und questi ons 比值比odds ratio ，OR 标准化均数差sta ndardized mea n differe nee, SMD病例报告case report病例分析case analysis病人价值观patie nt value （此词删除）病人预期事件发生率patient ' s expected eve nt rate, PEER补充替代医学compleme ntary and alter native medici ne, CAM不良事件adverse eve nt不确定性un certa intyCCochrane 图书馆Cochrane Library, CL Cochrane 系统评价Cochrane systematic review, CSRCochrane 协作网Cochrane Collaboratio n, CC Cox比例风险模型Cox 'proporti onal hazard model参考试验偏倚Refere nces test bias肠激惹综合征irritable bowelsyndrome ，IRB测量变异measureme nt variati on成本-效果cost-effectiveness成本-效果分析cost-effectivenessan alysis成本-效益分析cost-benefitan alysis成本-效用分析cost-utility analysis成本最小化分析（最小成本分析）cost-mi ni mizatio n an alysis 重复发表偏倚Multiple publicati on bias传统医学Traditional Medicine ，TMDD —L 法DerSimonian & Lairdmethod发生一例不良反应所需治疗的病例数the nu mber n eeded to harm onemore patie nts from the therapy ，NNH对抗疗法allopathic medicine ，AM 对照组中某事件的发生率con troleve nt rate ，CER多重发表偏倚multiple publicati onbias （删除此词）E二次研究sec on dary studies二次研究证据sec ondary research evide neeF发表偏倚publication bias防止1例不良事件发生或得到1例有利结果需要治疗的病例数number needed to treat ，NNT非随机同期对照试验non-ran domized con curre ntcon trol trial分层随机化stratifiedran domizati on分类变量categorical variable风险（危险度）riskG干扰co-intervention工作偏倚Workup bias固定效应模型fixed effect model 国际临床流行病学网In ter natio nalCli ni cal Epidemiology Network, INCLENH灰色文献grey literature后效评价reevaluation获益ben efitJ机会结chanee node疾病谱偏倚Spectrum bias 技术特性Technical properties 加权均数差weighted mean differe nee, WMD 假阳性率（误诊率）false positive rate假阴性率（漏诊率）false negativerate简单随机化simple ran domizati on检索策略search strategy交叉对照研究（交叉设计）crossover desig n 经济学分析econo mic an alysis 经济学特性Econo mic attributes or impacts经验医学empirical medicine精确性precision决策结decision node决策树分析decisi on tree an alysis 绝对获益增加率absolute benefit in crease, ABI绝对危险度降低率absolute riskreductio n, ARR绝对危险度增加率absolute riskin crease, ARIK可重复性repeatability ，reproducibility可靠性（信度）reliability可信区间con fide nee in terval ，CI 可信限confidence limit ，CLLLogistic 回归模型Logisticregressi on model历史性对照研究historical co ntrol trial禾弊比likelihood of being helpedvs harmed, LHH连续性变量con ti nu ous variable临床对照试验con trolled cli nicaltrial, CCT临床结局clinical outcome临床经济学cli ni cal econo mics临床决策分析clinical decisionan alysis临床流行病学cli ni cal epidemiology,CE临床实践指南cli nical practiceguidel in es, CPG临床试验clinical trial临床研究证据cli nical researchevide nee临床证据clinical evidenee临床证据手册han dbook of cli ni calevide nee零点Zero time灵活性flexibility临界点Cut off points漏斗图funnel plots率差（或危险差）rate differe nee , risk differenee , RDMMeta-分析Meta-analysis敏感度sensitivity敏感性分析sen sitivity an alysis墨克手册Merck manualN脑卒中病房Stroke Unit内在真实性internal validityP偏倚biasQ起始队歹V in cepti on cohort前-后对照研究before-after study前景问题foreground questions 区组随机化block ran domizati onS散点图scatter plots 森林图forest plots 伤残调整寿命年disability adjustedlife year ，DALY生存曲线survival curves生存时间survival time生存质量（生活质量）quality of life 世界卫生组织World HealthOrga ni zatio n, WHO失安全数fail-Safe Number 试验组某事件发生率experime ntaleve nt rate ，EER似然比likelihood Ratio, LR适用性applicability受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）receiver operator characteristic curve随机对照临床试验ran domizedclinical trials, RCT 随机对照试验ran domized controltrial, RCT随机化隐藏ran domizati oncon cealme nt随机效应模型random effect modelT特异度specificity同行评价colleague evaluation统计效能（把握度）power同质性检验tests for homoge neityW外在真实性external validity 完成治疗分析per protocol ，PP 腕管综合征carpal tunnel syn drome, CTS卫生技术health tech no logy 卫生技术评估health tech nologyassessme nt, HTAX系统评价systematic review, SR 相对获益增加率relative ben efit in crease, RBI相对危险度relative risk ，RR 相对危险度降低率relative risk reductio n, RRR相对危险度增加率relative riskin crease, RRI效果effectiveness效力efficacy效应尺度effect magnitude效应量effect size序贯试验sequential trial选择性偏倚selectio n bias循证儿科学evide nce-based pediatrics循证妇产科学evide nce-basedgyn ecology & obstetrics循证购买evidence-based purchas ing循证护理evidence-based nursing 循证决策evidence-based decisi on-mak ing循证内科学evide nce-based internal medici ne 循证筛选evide nce-based select ion 循证外科学evide nce-based surgery循证卫生保健evide nce-based health care 循证诊断evidence-based diag no sis 循证医学EBMY亚组分析subgroupanalysis 严格评价criticalappraisal 验后比post-test odds 验后概率post-test probability 验前比pre-test odds 验前概率pre-test probability 阳性预测值positive predictive value 原始研究primary studies 异质性检验tests for heterogeneity 意向治疗分析in te ntio n-to-treat,ITT 阴性预测值negative predictive value 引用偏倚citation bias 尤登指数Youden ' s index 语言偏倚Ian guage bias 预后prog no sis 预后因素prog no stic factor 预后指数prog nostic index 原始研究证据primary research evide nee原始研究证据来源primaryresourcesZ沾染contamination 真实性（效度）validity 诊断参照标准reference sta ndard ofdiag no sis 诊断阈值testing threshold 诊断-治疗阈值test-treatme ntthreshold质量调整寿命年quality adjusted life year , QALY治疗阈值Treatment thresholdAccelerati on array, 加速度立体阵Accelerati on in an arbitrarydirectio n, 任意方向上的加速度Accelerati on no rmal, 法向加速度Accelerati on space dime nsion, 力口速度空间的维数Accelerati on tangen tial, 切向加速度Accelerati on vector, 力口速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulati on, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual freque ncy, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Additio n,相加Additi on theorem, 力口法定理Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregati on, 聚集性Alter native hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amoun ts, 总量An alysis of correlati on, 相关分析An alysis of covaria nee, 协方差分析An alysis of regressi on, 回归分析准确度accuracy evide nce-based medicine,自我评价self-evaluation 最佳证据best evideneeAbsolute deviatio n, 绝对离差Absolute nu mber, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差An alysis of time series, 时间序列分析|An alysis of varia nee, 方差分析An gular tran sformati on, 角转换ANOVA (analysis of varianee ),方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型Arcing, 弧/弧旋Aresi ne tra nsformatio n, 反正弦变换Area un der the curve, 曲线面积AREG ,评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA,季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mea n, 算术平均数Arrhe nius relati on, 艾恩尼斯关系Assess ing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distributi on, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficie ncy, 渐近效率Asymptotic varia nee, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attributio n, 属性Autocorrelati on, 自相关Autocorrelati on of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average con fide nee in tervallen gth,平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes 定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distributio n, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计Bias,偏性Bi nary logistic regressi on, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Bino mial distributi on, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate n ormal distributi on, 双变_________量正态分布Bivariate n ormal populati on, 双变量正态总体Biweight in terval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M 估计量Block,区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP 统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canoni cal correlati on, 典型相关Captio n, 纵标目Case-co ntrol study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Cate nary, 悬链线Cauchy distributio n, 柯西分布I Cause-a nd-effect relati on ship, 因果关系Cell,单元Cen sori ng, 终检Cen ter of symmetry, 对称中心Cen teri ng and scali ng, 中心化和定标Cen tral tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID - X Automatic InteractionDetector, 卡方自动交互检测Chan ce,机遇Chance error, 随机误差Cha nee variable, 随机变量Characteristic equati on, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/ X检验Choleskey decompositi on, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class in terval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster an alysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampli ng, 整群抽样Code,代码Coded data, 编码数据Codi ng,编码Coefficie nt of con ti ngency, 列联系数Coefficie nt of determ in ati on, 决定系数Coefficie nt of multiple correlati on,多重相关系数Coefficie nt of partial correlati on,偏相关系数Coefficie nt of product ion-m ome nt correlatio n,积差相关系数Coefficie nt of rank correlati on, 等级相关系数Coefficie nt of regressi on, 回归系数Coefficie nt of skew ness, 偏度系数Coefficie nt of variati on, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Colum n,列Colum n effect, 列效应Colum n factor, 列因素Comb in ati on pool, 合并Combi native table, 组合表Com mon factor, 共性因子Common regressi on coefficie nt,公共回归系数Com mon value, 共同值Common varia nee, 公共方差Common variati on, 公共变异Commun ality varia nee, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparis on of bathes, 扌批比较Comparis on value, 比较值Compartme nt model, 分部模型Compassi on, 伸缩Compleme nt of an eve nt, 补事件Complete associati on, 完全正相关Complete dissociati on, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely ran domized desig n, 完全随机化设计Composite eve nt, 联合事件Composite eve nts, 复合事件Con cavity,凹性Con diti onal expectati on, 条件期望Con ditio nal likelihood, 条件似然Con ditio nal probability, 条件概率Con ditio nally lin ear, 依条件线性Con fide nee in terval, 置信区间Con fide nee limit, 置信限Con fide nee lower limit, 置信下限Con fide nee upper limit, 置信上限Con firmatory Factor An alysis , 验证性因子分析Con firmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoi nt, 联合分析Con siste ncy, 相合性Con siste ncy check, 一致性检验Con siste nt asymptotically no rmal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Con siste nt estimate, 相合估计Con stra ined non li near regressi on,受约束非线性回归Con strai nt, 约束Con tam in ated distributi on, 污染分布Con tam in ated Gausssia n, 污染高斯分布Con tam in ated no rmal distributi on,污染正态分布Con tam in ati on, 污染Con tam in ati on model, 污染模型Contingency table, 歹V联表Con tour, 边界线Con tributi on rate, 贡献率Con trol,对照Con trolled experime nts, 对照实验Conven tio nal depth, 常规深度Con voluti on, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correctio n coefficie nt, 校正系数Correct ness, 正确性Correlati on coefficie nt, 相关系数Correlati on in dex, 相关指数Corresp ondence, 对应Coun ti ng, 计数Cou nts, 计数/频数Covaria nee, 协方差Covaria nt,共变Cox Regressi on, Cox 回归Criteria for fitti ng, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 扌拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over desig n, 交叉设计Cross-sectio n an alysis, 横断面分析Cross-sectio n survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Cross-tabulati on table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distributi on function,分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitt ing, 曲线拟合Curvili near regressi on, 曲线回归Curvili near relatio n, 曲线关系Cut-a nd-try method, 尝试法Cycle,周期Cyclist,周期性D test, D 检验Data acquisiti on, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficie ncies, 数据缺乏Data han dli ng, 数据处理Data mani pulatio n, 数据处理Data process ing, 数据处理Data reductio n, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data tran sformati on, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-i n, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precisi on, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degressi on, 递减Den sity fun ctio n, 密度函数Den sity of data poi nts, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/ 依变量/因变量Depe ndent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Desig n, 设计Determ in acy, 确定性Determi nant, 行列式Determi nant, 决定因素Deviatio n,离差Deviati on from average, 离均差Diag no stic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differe ntial equatio n, 微分方程Direct sta ndardizati on, 直接标准化法Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discrim inant an alysis, 判别分析Discrim inant coefficie nt, 判别系数Discrim inant fun cti on, 判别值Dispersio n, 散布/分散度Disproportio nal, 不成比例的Disproporti on ate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distributi on shape, 分布形状Distributio n-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturba nee, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double bli nd method, 双盲法Double bli nd trial, 双盲试验Double exp onen tial distributi on,双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Dow nward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD,无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan 新法Effect,实验效应Eige nvalue, 特征值Eige nvector, 特征向量Ellipse,椭圆Empirical distributi on, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enu merati on data, 计数资料Equal sun-class nu mber, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivaria nee, 同变性Error,误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estima nd, 被估量Estimated error mea n squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares,估计误差平方和Euclidea n dista nee, 欧式距离Eve nt, 事件Eve nt, 事件Excepti onal data point, 异常数据点Expectati on pla ne, 期望平面Expectati on surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experime nt, 实验Experime ntal sampli ng, 试验抽样Experime ntal un it, 试验单位Expla natory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data an alysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exp onen tial curve, 指数曲线Expo nen tial growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH,指数平滑方法Exte nded fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolati on, 夕卜推法Extreme observati on,末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值 F distributio n, F 分布F test, F 检验Factor,因素/因子Factor an alysis, 因子分析Factor An alysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial desig n, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False n egative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributi ons, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field in vestigati on, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Fin ite populati on, 有限总体Fi ni te-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First prin cipal comp onent, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher in formati on, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitti ng a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuatio n, 随机起伏Forecast,预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fractio n blow, 左侧比率Fracti onal error, 相对误差Freque ncy, 频率Freque ncy polyg on, 频数多边图Fron tier point, 界限点Fun cti on relati on ship, 泛函关系Gamma distributi on, 伽玛分布Gauss in creme nt, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/ 正态分布Gauss-Newt on in creme nt, 高斯-牛顿增量Gen eral ce nsus, 全面普查GENLOG (Ge neralized linermodels), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gi ni's mea n differe nee, 基尼均差GLM (Gen eral li ner models), 通用线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradie nt of determ inant, 行歹V式的梯度Graeeo-Lat in square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mea n, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sen sitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mea n, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M 估计量Happe nsta nee, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard fun etio n, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Headi ng, 标目Heavy-tailed distributi on, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heteroge neity, 不同质Heteroge neity of varia nee, 方差不齐Hierarehieal elassifieati on, 组内分组Hierarehieal elusteri ng method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点HILOGLINEAR, *** 列联表的层次对数线性模型Hin ge,折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historieal eohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes,空洞HOMALS,多重响应分析Homoge neity of varia nee, 方差齐性Homoge neity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M 估计量Hyperbola,双曲线Hypothesis testi ng, 假设检验Hypothetieal uni verse, 假设总体Impossible eve nt, 不可能事件In depe ndence, 独立性In depe ndent variable, 自变量Index,指标/指数In direet sta ndardizati on, 间接标准化法In dividual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infin ite populati on, 无限总体Infin itely great, 无穷大Infini tely small, 无穷小In flue nee curve, 影响曲线In formati on capacity, 信息容量In itial con ditio n, 初始条件Ini tial estimate, 初始估计值In itial level, 最初水平In teraetio n, 交互作用In teraetio n terms, 交互作用项In tereept, 截距In terpolatio n, 内插法In terquartile ran ge, 四分位距In terval estimati on, 区间估计In tervals of equal probability,概率区间Intrin sic curvature,In varia nee, 不变性固有曲率In verse matrix, 逆矩阵In verse probability, 逆概率In verse sine tra nsformati on, 反正Least favorable distributi on.利分布Least sig nifica nt differe nee,显著差法最不最小弦变换Iterati on, 迭代Jacobia n determ inant, 雅可比行列Joint distributi on function, 分布函Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distributi on,概率分布联合K means method, 逐步聚类法Kapla n-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kapla n-Merier chart,Kapla n-Merier 图Ken dall's rank correlati on, Ken dall等级相关Kin etic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smir nove test,哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验柯尔莫Kruskal and Wallis test, KruskalWallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis,峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Lati n square, 拉丁方Lat in square desig n,Leakage,泄漏拉丁方设计Least favorable con figurati on,不利构形Least square method, 最小二乘法Least-absolute-residualsestimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit,绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line,小绝对残差线Lege nd,图例L-estimator, L 估计量L-estimator of locati on,L-estimator of scale,Level, 水平最小位置L估计尺度L估计量Life expecta nee, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method,Light-tailed distributi on,生命表法轻尾分布Likelihood function, Likelihoodratio, 似然比line graph, 线图似然函数Lin ear correlati on,Lin ear equati on,Lin ear program ming,Lin ear regressi on,直线相关线性方程线性规划直线回归Lin ear Regressi on,Lin ear tren d, 线性趋势线性回归Loadi ng, 载荷Locati on and scale equivaria nee,位置尺度同变性Locati on equivaria nee,Locati on in varia nee,位置同变性位置不变性Locati on scale family,Log rank test, 时序检验位置尺度族Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic no rmal distributi on,对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic tran sformatio n, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distributi on, 逻辑斯特分布Logit tran sformati on, Logit 转换LOGLINEAR, †‡列联表通用模型Log normal distributi on, 对数正态分布Lost fun ctio n, 损失函数Low correlati on, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-atta ined varia nee, 最小可达方差LSD,最小显著差法的简称Lurk ing variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major headi ng, 主辞标目Margi nal den sity fun ctio n, 边缘密度函数Margi nal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution,边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distributio n, 匹配过分布Matchi ng of distributio n, 分布的匹配Matchi ng of tran sformatio n, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectati on, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Multidime nsio nal Scali ng (ASCAL),‡尺度/*** 标度Mult ino mial Logistic Regressi on , Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L估计量最大Maximum likelihood method,似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares betwee n groups, 组间均方Mean squares withi n group, 组内均方Means (Compare mean s), 均值-均值比较Media n, 中位数Media n effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Media n polish, 中位数平滑Media n test, 中位数检验Mi ni mal sufficie nt statistic, 最小充分统计量Mi nimum dista nee estimati on, 最小距离估计Mi nimum effective dose, 最小有效量Mi nimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Mi nimum varia nee estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor headi ng, 宾词标目Missi ng data, 缺失值Model specificatio n, 模型的确定Modeli ng Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifyi ng the model, 模型的修正Modulus of contin uity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable con figurati on, 最有利构形多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple lin ear regressi on,性回归Multiplicati on theorem, Multirespo nse,多元响应Multivariate T distributi on,分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Natural boun dary, Natural dead, 自然死亡 Natural zero,自然零Negative lin ear correlati on,相关Newma n-Keuls method, q NK method, q 检验No statistical sig nifica nee,意义Noncon sta ncy of variability,的非定常性Non parametric statistics,计Non parametric tests, Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal equati on,正规方程组 Normal ran ges,正常范围Normal value, 正常值 Nuisanee parameter,多余参数 / 讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量 Objective fun ctio n, 目标函数 Observation un it, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test,单侧检验On e-way an alysis of varia nee,单因素方差分析On eway ANOVA ,单因素方差分析Open seque ntial trial,开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficie ncy, 优切尾效率 Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories,有序分类Ordi nal logistic regressi on ,序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordi nal variable,有序变量Orthog onal basis, 正交基 Orthog onal desig n,正交试验设计Orthog on ality con diti ons, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS ,多组变量的非线性正规相 关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired desig n,配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本 Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Multiple comparis on. 多重比较 Multiple correlati on , 复相关 Multiple covaria nee, 多元协方差Multiple resp onse , 多重选项 Multiple soluti ons, 多解乘法定理Multi-stage sampli ng,多阶段抽样Mutual in depe ndence, 互相独立自然边界Negative correlati on, 负相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Nominal variable, 名义变量 Non li near regressi on, 非线性相关多元线多元T负线性检验无统计变异非参数统Non parametric test, 非参数检验 非参数检验Normal distributi on,正态分布Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Partial correlati on, 偏相关Partial regressi on, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern,模式Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeli ng,退层Perce nt bar graph, 百分条形图Perce ntage, 百分比Percen tile, 百分位数Percen tile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutati on, 排歹VP-estimator, P 估计量Pie graph,饼图Pitma n estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Pla nar,平坦Pla nar assumptio n, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡Point estimati on, 点估计Poiss on distributi on, 泊松分布Polishi ng,平滑Polled sta ndard deviati on, 合并标准差Polled varia nee, 合并方差Polygo n, 多边图Poly no mial, 多项式Poly no mial curve, 多项式曲线Populatio n, 总体Populati on attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlati on, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distributi on, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precisi on,精密度Predicted value, 预测值Prin cipal comp onent an alysis,成分分析Probabilistic model,probability, 概率Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified ran dom sampli ng, 按比例分层随机抽样Proporti on ate, 成比例Proporti on ate sub-class nu mbers,成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Quadratic approximati on,似Qualitative classificati on,Quan tile-qua ntile plot,Prelim inary an alysis, 预备性分析Prior distributi on,Prior probability,先验分布先验概率概率模型Probability den sity, 概率密度Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampli ng, 有目的抽样QR decompositio n, QR 分解Qualitative method, 定性方法Profile trace, 截面迹图位数图/Q-Q图二次近属性分类分位数-分Quan titative an alysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Ran dom allocatio n, 随机化分组Ran dom blocks desig n, 随机区组设计Ran dom eve nt, 随机事件Ran domizati on, 随机化Ran ge, 极差/全距Rank correlati on, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate,比率Ratio,比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验方和Rejectio n point, 拒绝点Relative dispersio n, 相对离散度Relative nu mber, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrizati on, 重新设置参数Replicati on, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和Resista nee, 耐抗性Resista nt line, 耐抗线Resista nt tech niq ue, 而寸抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R 估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R 估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit an alysis, Ridit分析Rotati on,Rounding,Row,行旋转舍入Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC 表Sample,样本Sample regressi on coefficie nt, 样本回归系数Sample size,样本量Sample sta ndard deviati on, 样本标Sampli ng error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical an alysis system ),SAS统计软件包Scale,尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Scree ning, 筛检SEASON,季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second prin cipal comp onent, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equati onmodeli ng), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sen sitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Seque ntial an alysis, 贯序分析Seque ntial data set, 顺序数据集Seque ntial desig n, 贯序设计Seque ntial method, 贯序法Seque ntial test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S 形曲线Sign fun ctio n, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Sig ned ran k, 符号秩Sig nifica nee test, 显著性检验Sign ifica nt figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampli ng, 简单整群抽样Simple correlati on, 简单相关Simple random sampli ng, 简单随机抽样Simple regressi on, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Si ne estimator, 正弦估计量Sin gle-valued estimate, 单值估计Sin gular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distributio n, 偏斜分布Skew ness, 偏度Slash distributio n, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variati on, 变异来源Spearma n rank correlati on, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor varia nee, 特殊因子方差Spectra ,频谱Spherical distributio n, 球型正态分布Spread,展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS 统计软件包Spurious correlati on, 假性相关Square root tran sformatio n, 平方根变换Stabilizi ng varia nee, 无稳定方差Stan dard deviati on, 标准差Stan dard error, 标准误Stan dard error of differe nee, 差另 S 的标准误Stan dard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Sta ndard error of rate, 率的标准误Stan dard no rmal distributi on, 标准正态分布Stan dardizati on, 标准化Starti ng value, 起始值Statistic,统计量Statistical c on trol, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest desce nt,最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regressi on, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层(复数)Stratified sampli ng, 分层抽样Stratified sampli ng, 分层抽样Stre ngth,强度Stri ngen cy, 严密性Structural relati on ship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class nu mbers, 次级组含量Subdividi ng, 分割Sufficie nt statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积禾口Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regressi on,回归平方和Sum of squares betwee n groups,组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regressi on, 偏回归平方和Sure eve nt, 必然事件Survey,调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspe nded root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampli ng, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail le ngth, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distributi on, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Tendency of dispersi on, 离散趋势Testi ng of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical freque ncy, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolera nee in terval, 容忍区间Tolera nee lower limit, 容忍下限Tolera nee upper limit, 容忍上限Torsio n,扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variati on, 总变异Tran sformatio n, 转换Treatme nt, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of perce ntage, 百分比趋势Trial,试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning con sta nt, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampli ng, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way an alysis of varia nee, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/ a错误Type II error, 二类错误/卩错误UMVU,方差一致最小无偏估计简称Un biased estimate, 无偏估计Uncon stra ined non li near regression , 无约束非线性回归_Un equal subclass nu mber, 不等次级组含量Un grouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coord in ate, 均匀坐标Uniform distributi on, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance un biased estimate,方差一致最小无偏估计Un it,单元Unordered categories, 无序分类。

循证医学evidence-based medicine：(EBP) aims to apply the best available evidence gained from the scientific method to clinical decision making. It seeks to assess the strength of evidence of the risks and benefits of treatments (including lack of treatment) and diagnostic tests. Evidence quality can range from meta-analyses and systematic reviews of double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials at the top end, down to conventional wisdom at the bottom.Meta-分析：Data synthesis, quantitative overview Data analysis A systematic method that uses statistical techniques for combining results from different studies to obtain a quantitative estimate of the overall effect of a particular intervention or variable on a defined outcome; MA produces a stronger conclusion than can be provided by any individual study.系统评价systematic review: is a literature review focused on a research question that tries to identify, appraise, select and synthesize all high quality research evidence relevant to that question. Systematic reviews of high-quality randomized controlled trials are crucial to evidence-based medicine.沾染contamination：a condition of being soiled, stained, touched, or otherwise exposed to harmful agents, making an object potentially unsafe for use as intended or without barrier techniques. An example is entry of infectious or toxic materials into a previously clean or sterile environment.干扰comtervention：Test group and a control group of study subjects underwent the test measures other than treatment, thereby artificially affect the efficacy of the test measures.意向性治疗分析intention to treatment，ITT：is an analysis based on the initial treatment intent, not on the treatment eventually administered. ITT analysis is intended to avoid various misleading artifacts that can arise in intervention research.系统分析：analysis of Specific clinical problems, the use of the system, explicitly retrieve the program, screening-related research, rigorous evaluation of the quality of research and the collection and analysis of the data included in the study for qualitative or quantitative synthesis, to draw reliable conclusions.截尾值censored value：Refers to the follow-up process, for some reason failed to clear outcomes observed in patients (i.e. the endpoint events), do not know the exact survival time of the patient, obtained survival time information is not completely临床决策分析clinical decision analysis: the application of clinical, epidemiological and other data to influence outome probability and alternative decisions in such areas as surgery and pharmaceutical treatment.发表偏倚Publication bias: arises from the tendency for researchers, editors, and pharmaceutical companies to handle the reporting of experimental results that are positive differently from results that are negative or inconclusive.随机对照试验randomized controlled trial:An experimental design used for testing the effectiveness of a new medication or a new therapeutic procedure. Individuals are assigned randomly to a treatment group (experimental therapy) and a control group (placebo or standard therapy) and the outcomes are compared. The trial is strengthened by 'blinding' or masking and cross-over design.卫生技术评估Health Technology Assessment:is a multi-disciplinary field of policy analysis that examines the medical, economic, social and ethical implications of the incremental value, diffusion and use of a medical technology in health care.内在真实性internal validity: the extent to which the effects detected in a study are truly caused by the treatment or exposure in the study sample, rather than being due to other biasing effects of extraneous variables.伤害需要病例数number needed to harm (NNH)is an epidemiological measure that indicates how many patients need to be exposed to a risk-factor over a specific period to cause harm in one patient that would not otherwise have been harmed. It is defined as the inverse of the attributable risk.前景问题Foreground questions: ask specific clinical questions that try to find relationships between a patient and their condition, an exposure (therapeutic, diagnostic), and an outcome. They are generally very detailed questions that can best be answered with the information contained in published research studies.背景问题Background questions:ask about fundamentals and facts. They are more general in nature. Background questions can be answered in any collection of factual information (databank), such as a book, practice guideline, or Web site.PICO:acronym for diagnostic questions based on these four areas of knowledge and action: Patient or problem; Intervention, cause, or prognosis; Comparison or control; and Outcome. This evidence-based method is designed tomake a valid, successful decision based on the skills and knowledge of the clinician, the values of the patient, and the best available evidence.决策树decision tree:a systematic method of managing a problem by graphically organizing the probabilities of outcomes of alternative treatments. At each decision node or branch a possible alternative is matched with its relative worth, quality of life, freedom from disability, and other factors on which a prognosis may be based.循证临床实践指南evidence-based CPGs:are a series of recommendations on clinical care, supported by the best available evidence in the clinical literature. a very structured manner by the Institute of Medicine as a “systematically developed statement to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances.”敏感性分析sensitivity analysis: The systematic evaluation of of the same type (test) (containing the Meta-analysis) using two or more different methods, to compare two or more of whether the result of the same process, referred to as a sensitivity analysis. Its purpose is to understand the system evaluation results are stable and reliable.。

(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引（以首字的汉语拼音为序)A安全性 SafetyB半随机对照试验 quasi— randomized control trial，qRCT背景问题 background questions比值比 odds ratio，OR标准化均数差 standardized mean difference, SMD病例报告 case report病例分析 case analysis病人价值观 patient value (此词删除)病人预期事件发生率 patient’s expected event rate, PEER补充替代医学 complementary and alternative medicine, CAM不良事件 adverse event不确定性 uncertaintyCCochrane图书馆 Cochrane Library, CL Cochrane系统评价 Cochrane systematic review, CSRCochrane协作网 Cochrane Collaboration， CC Cox比例风险模型 Cox’ proportional hazard model参考试验偏倚 References test bias肠激惹综合征 irritable bowel syndrome，IRB测量变异 measurement variation成本—效果 cost-effectiveness成本—效果分析 cost—effectiveness analysis成本—效益分析 cost-benefit analysis成本—效用分析 cost—utility analysis成本最小化分析（最小成本分析）cost-minimization analysis重复发表偏倚 Multiple publication bias 传统医学 Traditional Medicine，TMDD—L法 DerSimonian & Laird method发生一例不良反应所需治疗的病例数the number needed to harm one more patients from the therapy，NNH对抗疗法 allopathic medicine，AM对照组中某事件的发生率 control event rate，CER多重发表偏倚 multiple publication bias （删除此词）E二次研究 secondary studies二次研究证据 secondary research evidenceF发表偏倚 publication bias防止1例不良事件发生或得到1例有利结果需要治疗的病例数number needed to treat，NNT非随机同期对照试验 non—randomized concurrent control trial分层随机化 stratified randomization分类变量 categorical variable风险（危险度） riskG干扰 co-intervention工作偏倚 Workup bias固定效应模型 fixed effect model国际临床流行病学网 International Clinical Epidemiology Network, INCLENH灰色文献 grey literature后效评价 reevaluation获益 benefitJ(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引机会结 chance node疾病谱偏倚 Spectrum bias技术特性 Technical properties加权均数差 weighted mean difference, WMD 假阳性率（误诊率） false positive rate假阴性率（漏诊率） false negative rate简单随机化 simple randomization检索策略 search strategy交叉对照研究（交叉设计） crossover design 经济学分析 economic analysis经济学特性 Economic attributes or impacts经验医学 empirical medicine精确性 precision决策结 decision node决策树分析 decision tree analysis绝对获益增加率 absolute benefit increase, ABI 绝对危险度降低率 absolute risk reduction, ARR 绝对危险度增加率 absolute risk increase， ARIK可重复性 repeatability，reproducibility可靠性（信度) reliability可信区间 confidence interval ,CI可信限 confidence limit ，CLLLogistic回归模型 Logistic regression model历史性对照研究 historical control trial利弊比 likelihood of being helped vs harmed，LHH连续性变量 continuous variable临床对照试验 controlled clinical trial， CCT临床结局 clinical outcome临床经济学 clinical economics临床决策分析 clinical decision analysis临床流行病学 clinical epidemiology, CE临床实践指南 clinical practice guidelines, CPG 临床试验 clinical trial 临床研究证据 clinical research evidence临床证据 clinical evidence临床证据手册 handbook of clinical evidence零点 Zero time灵活性 flexibility临界点 Cut off points漏斗图 funnel plots率差(或危险差） rate difference，risk difference,RDMMeta—分析 Meta-analysis敏感度 sensitivity敏感性分析 sensitivity analysis墨克手册 Merck manualN脑卒中病房 Stroke Unit内在真实性 internal validityP偏倚 biasQ起始队列 inception cohort前—后对照研究 before-after study前景问题 foreground questions区组随机化 block randomizationS散点图 scatter plots森林图 forest plots伤残调整寿命年 disability adjusted life year，DALY生存曲线 survival curves生存时间 survival time生存质量（生活质量） quality of life世界卫生组织 World Health Organization, WHO 失安全数 fail—Safe Number试验组某事件发生率 experimental event rate，(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引EER似然比 likelihood Ratio, LR适用性 applicability受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线）receiver operator characteristic curve随机对照临床试验 randomized clinical trials, RCT随机对照试验 randomized control trial, RCT 随机化隐藏 randomization concealment随机效应模型 random effect modelT特异度 specificity同行评价 colleague evaluation统计效能（把握度） power同质性检验 tests for homogeneityW外在真实性 external validity完成治疗分析 per protocol，PP腕管综合征 carpal tunnel syndrome, CTS卫生技术 health technology卫生技术评估 health technology assessment，HTAX系统评价 systematic review, SR相对获益增加率 relative benefit increase, RBI 相对危险度 relative risk,RR相对危险度降低率 relative risk reduction, RRR 相对危险度增加率 relative risk increase, RRI 效果 effectiveness效力 efficacy效应尺度 effect magnitude效应量 effect size序贯试验 sequential trial选择性偏倚 selection bias循证儿科学 evidence-based pediatrics循证妇产科学 evidence—based gynecology & obstetrics循证购买 evidence-based purchasing循证护理 evidence-based nursing循证决策 evidence—based decision—making 循证内科学 evidence-based internal medicine 循证筛选 evidence—based selection循证外科学 evidence-based surgery循证卫生保健 evidence-based health care循证诊断 evidence-based diagnosis循证医学 evidence—based medicine, EBMY亚组分析 subgroup analysis严格评价 critical appraisal验后比 post—test odds验后概率 post-test probability验前比 pre-test odds验前概率 pre—test probability阳性预测值 positive predictive value原始研究 primary studies异质性检验 tests for heterogeneity意向治疗分析 intention-to—treat, ITT阴性预测值 negative predictive value引用偏倚 citation bias尤登指数 Youden’s index语言偏倚 language bias预后 prognosis预后因素 prognostic factor预后指数 prognostic index原始研究证据 primary research evidence原始研究证据来源 primary resourcesZ沾染 contamination真实性(效度） validity诊断参照标准 reference standard of diagnosis 诊断阈值 testing threshold诊断﹣治疗阈值 test—treatment threshold(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引质量调整寿命年 quality adjusted life year，QALY治疗阈值 Treatment threshold准确度 accuracy自我评价 self-evaluation最佳证据 best evidenceAbsolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals，绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension，加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential，切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis，可接受假设Accumulation，累积Accuracy，准确度Actual frequency，实际频数Adaptive estimator，自适应估计量Addition，相加Addition theorem，加法定理Additivity，可加性Adjusted rate，调整率Adjusted value，校正值Admissible error，容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series，时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation，反正弦变换Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG ，评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA，季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper，算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit，拟合的评估Associative laws，结合律Asymmetric distribution，非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance，渐近方差Attributable risk，归因危险度Attribute data，属性资料Attribution，属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length，平均置信区间长度Average growth rate，平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph，条形图Base period, 基期Bayes’ theorem , Bayes定理Bell—shaped curve，钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution，伯努力分布Best—trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval，双权区间Biweight M-estimator，双权M估计量Block，区组/配伍组BMDP（Biomedical computer programs）, BMDP统计软件包Boxplots，箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound，崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation，典型相关Caption，纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable，分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and—effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring，终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency，集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance，机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable，随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root，特征根Characteristic vector，特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces，切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test，卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition，乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid—value，组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable，分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding，编码Coefficient of contingency，列联系数Coefficient of determination，决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production—moment correlation，积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness，偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Column, 列Column effect，列效应Column factor，列因素Combination pool，合并Combinative table，组合表Common factor，共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance，共性方差(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Comparability，可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value，比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion，伸缩Complement of an event，补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics，完备统计量Completely randomized design，完全随机化设计Composite event，联合事件Composite events，复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation，条件期望Conditional likelihood，条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit，置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis ，验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor，混杂因素Conjoint，联合分析Consistency，相合性Consistency check，一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint，约束Contaminated distribution，污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution，污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control，对照Controlled experiments，对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean，校正均值Correction coefficient，校正系数Correctness，正确性Correlation coefficient，相关系数Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence，对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant，共变Cox Regression， Cox回归Criteria for fitting，拟合准则Criteria of least squares，最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design，交叉设计Cross-section analysis，横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs ，交叉表Cross—tabulation table，复合表Cube root，立方根Cumulative distribution function，分布函数(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature，曲率/弯曲Curvature，曲率Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression，曲线回归Curvilinear relation，曲线关系Cut-and—try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank，数据库Data capacity，数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation，数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set，数据集Data sources，数据来源Data transformation，数据变换Data validity，数据有效性Data-in，数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time，停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision，精密度Degree of reliability，可靠性程度Degression，递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points，数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix，导数矩阵Derivative—free methods，无导数方法Design，设计Determinacy，确定性Determinant，行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation，离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization，直接标准化法Discrete variable，离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function，判别值Dispersion，散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub—class numbers，不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape，分布形状Distribution—free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve，剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution，双指数分布Double logarithmic，双对数Downward rank，降秩Dual-space plot，对偶空间图DUD，无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Effect, 实验效应(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Eigenvalue，特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse，椭圆Empirical distribution，经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun—class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error，误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I，第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand，被估量Estimated error mean squares，估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance，欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point，异常数据点Expectation plane，期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling，试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis，探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth，指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit，扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes，极端值/极值F distribution， F分布F test, F检验Factor，因素/因子Factor analysis，因子分析Factor Analysis，因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design，析因试验设计False negative，假阴性False negative error，假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate，病死率Field investigation，现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite—sample，有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component，第一主成分First quartile，第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve，曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table，四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon，频数多边图Frontier point，界限点(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment，高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查GENLOG （Generalized liner models），广义线性模型Geometric mean，几何平均数Gini's mean difference，基尼均差GLM (General liner models），通用线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant，行列式的梯度Graeco—Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean，总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross—error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half—life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators，汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance，偶然事件Harmonic mean，调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy—tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity，不同质Heterogeneity of variance，方差不齐Hierarchical classification，组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point，高杠杆率点HILOGLINEAR，＊*＊列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge，折叶点Histogram，直方图Historical cohort study，历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M—estimators，休伯M估计量Hyperbola，双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence，独立性Independent variable，自变量Index，指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve，影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level，最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms，交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation，内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature，固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix，逆矩阵(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation，反正弦变换Iteration，迭代Jacobian determinant，雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution，联合概率分布K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan—Merier chart， Kaplan—Merier图Kendall’s rank correlation， Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫—斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit，失拟Ladder of powers，幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage，泄漏Least favorable configuration，最不利构形Least favorable distribution，最不利分布Least significant difference，最小显著差法Least square method，最小二乘法Least-absolute—residuals estimates，最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least—absolute—residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend，图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location，位置L估计量L-estimator of scale，尺度L估计量Level, 水平Life expectance，预期期望寿命Life table，寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function，似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading，载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance，位置不变性Location scale family，位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve，对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution，对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation，对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution，逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, ＊＊*列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation，低度相关Lower limit, 下限(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Lowest—attained variance，最小可达方差LSD，最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable，潜在变量Main effect，主效应Major heading，主辞标目Marginal density function，边缘密度函数Marginal probability，边缘概率Marginal probability distribution，边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution，分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation，数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L—estimator，极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method，最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means （Compare means），均值—均值比较Median，中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish，中位数平滑Median test，中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator，最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers，离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity，连续性模Morbidity，发病率Most favorable configuration，最有利构形Multidimensional Scaling （ASCAL）, *＊*尺度/**＊标度Multinomial Logistic Regression ，多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions，多解Multiplication theorem，乘法定理Multiresponse，多元响应Multi—stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive，互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary，自然边界Natural dead，自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method， q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable，名义变量Nonconstancy of variability，变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression，非线性相关Nonparametric statistics，非参数统计Nonparametric test，非参数检验Nonparametric tests，非参数检验(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation，正规方程组Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis，无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test，单侧检验One-way analysis of variance，单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA ，单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim，优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable，有序变量Orthogonal basis，正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN，正交设计Outlier cutoffs，离群值截断点Outliers，极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot，迭代过度Paired design，配对设计Paired sample，配对样本Pairwise slopes，成对斜率Parabola，抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics，参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Partial correlation，偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting，偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling，退层Percent bar graph，百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation，排列P—estimator, P估计量Pie graph，饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot，枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution，泊松分布Polishing，平滑Polled standard deviation，合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial，多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population，总体Population attributable risk，人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed，正偏Posterior distribution，后验分布Power of a test，检验效能(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Precision，精密度Predicted value，预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal component analysis，主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model，概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling，按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate，成比例Proportionate sub—class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities，亲近性Pseudo F test，近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma，伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition， QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification，属性分类Qualitative method，定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q—Q 图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile，四分位数Quick Cluster，快速聚类Radix sort，基数排序Random allocation，随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event，随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data，等级资料Rate，比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test，雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z，雷氏Z值Reciprocal，倒数Reciprocal transformation，倒数变换Recording，记录Redescending estimators，回降估计量Reducing dimensions，降维Re-expression，重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square，回归平方和Rejection point，拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization，重新设置参数Replication，重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和Resistance，耐抗性Resistant line，耐抗线Resistant technique，耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R—estimator of scale，尺度R估计量Retrospective study，回顾性调查(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding，舍入Row，行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient，样本回归系数Sample size，样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error，抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram，散点图Schematic plot，示意图/简图Score test，计分检验Screening，筛检SEASON，季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM （Structural equation modeling）, 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper，半对数格纸Sensitivity curve，敏感度曲线Sequential analysis，贯序分析Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method，贯序法Sequential test，贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short—cut method，简捷法Sigmoid curve， S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test，符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling，简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression，简单回归simple table，简单表Sine estimator，正弦估计量Single—valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness，偏度Slash distribution，斜线分布Slope，斜率Smirnov test，斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation，变异来源Spearman rank correlation，斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor，特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread，展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science）, SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation，假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation，标准差Standard error，标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate，标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table，统计表Steepest descent，最速下降法Stem and leaf display，茎叶图Step factor，步长因子Stepwise regression，逐步回归Storage，存Strata, 层（复数）Stratified sampling，分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship，结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub—class numbers，次级组含量Subdividing，分割Sufficient statistic，充分统计量Sum of products，积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression，偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey，调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error，系统误差Systematic sampling，系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line，切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses，假设检验Theoretical frequency，理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval，容忍区间Tolerance lower limit，容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion，扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation，转换Treatment，处理Trend，趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial，试验Trial and error method，试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test，双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling，二阶段抽样Two—tailed test，双侧检验Two—way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two—way table，双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error，二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate，无偏估计(完整)循证医学名词术语中英文对照索引Unconstrained nonlinear regression ，无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number，不等次级组含量Ungrouped data，不分组资料Uniform coordinate，均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate，方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories，无序分类Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept，模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation)，方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable，变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation，方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution，容积W test， W检验Weibull distribution，威布尔分布Weight，权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method，加权直线回归Weighted mean，加权平均数Weighted mean square，加权平均方差Weighted sum of square，加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location，位置W估计量Width，宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean，缩尾均值Withdraw，失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation，零相关Z—transformation， Z变换安全性， Safety半随机对照试验, quasi— randomized control trial,qRCT背景问题, background questions比值比， odds ratio，OR标准化均数差, standardized mean difference，SMD病例报告， case report病例分析, case analysis病人价值观, patient value （此词删除）病人预期事件发生率, patient’s expected event rate, PEER补充替代医学, complementary and alternative medicine， CAM不良事件， adverse event不确定性， uncertaintyCochrane图书馆, Cochrane Library， CL Cochrane系统评价, Cochrane systematic review， CSRCochrane协作网， Cochrane Collaboration，CCCox比例风险模型, Cox’ proportional hazard model参考试验偏倚， References test bias肠激惹综合征, irritable bowel syndrome,IRB 测量变异， measurement variation。

医学英语翻译一、常用医学词汇翻译1. Symptom（症状）2. Disease（疾病）3. Diagnosis（诊断）4. Treatment（治疗）5. Medication（药物治疗）6. Surgery（手术）7. Recovery（康复）8. Prevention（预防）9. Vaccine（疫苗）10. Infection（感染）二、人体部位与系统词汇翻译1. Brain（大脑）2. Heart（心脏）3. Lung（肺）4. Liver（肝脏）5. Kidney（肾脏）6. Skeleton（骨骼）7. Muscular System（肌肉系统）8. Nervous System（神经系统）9. Immune System（免疫系统）10. Circulatory System（循环系统）三、医学检查与测试词汇翻译1. Blood Test（血液检查）2. Xray（X光检查）3. CT Scan（计算机断层扫描）4. MRI（磁共振成像）5. Ultrasound（超声波检查）6. Biopsy（活组织检查）7. ECG/EKG（心电图）8. Endoscopy（内窥镜检查）9. Lumbar Puncture（腰椎穿刺）10. Colonoscopy（结肠镜检查）四、临床医学专业术语翻译1. Acute（急性的）2. Chronic（慢性的）3. Terminal（晚期的）4. Remission（缓解）5. Complication（并发症）6. Side Effect（副作用）7. Allergy（过敏）8. Intensive Care Unit（重症监护室）9. Ambulance（救护车）10. Organ Donation（器官捐赠）五、药物治疗相关词汇翻译1. Prescription（处方）2. Pharmacy（药房）3. Dosage（剂量）4. Pill（药片）5. Injection（注射）6. Intravenous（静脉注射）7. Topical（局部应用的）8. Analgesic（镇痛药）9. Antibiotic（抗生素）10. Antiviral（抗病毒药物）（文档将持续更新，敬请期待后续内容）六、医疗程序与手术术语翻译1. Appendectomy（阑尾切除术）2. Cesarean Section（剖宫产）3. Lithotripsy（碎石术）4. Transplantation（移植手术）5. Bypass Surgery（旁路手术）6. Hip Replacement（髋关节置换术）7. Lasik Surgery（激光矫正视力手术）8. Radiation Therapy（放射治疗）9. Chemotherapy（化学治疗）10. Dialysis（透析）七、医疗设备与器械词汇翻译1. Stethoscope（听诊器）2. Scalpel（手术刀）3. Syringe（注射器）4. Defibrillator（除颤器）5. Ventilator（呼吸机）6. Monitor（监护仪）7. Catheter（导管）8. Gurney（轮床）9. Incubator（孵化器）10. Endoscope（内窥镜）八、健康与营养相关词汇翻译1. Nutrition（营养）2. Diet（饮食）3. Vitamin（维生素）4. Mineral（矿物质）5. Calorie（卡路里）6. Obesity（肥胖）7. Malnutrition（营养不良）8. Fitness（健康）9. Exercise（锻炼）10. Hydration（水分补充）九、心理健康与精神病学词汇翻译1. Psychology（心理学）2. Psychiatrist（精神科医生）3. Therapist（治疗师）4. Anxiety（焦虑）5. Depression（抑郁）6. Schizophrenia（精神分裂症）7. Bipolar Disorder（双相情感障碍）8. PTSD（创伤后应激障碍）9. Psychotherapy（心理治疗）10. Cognitive Behavior Therapy（认知行为疗法）十、公共卫生与流行病学词汇翻译1. Public Health（公共卫生）2. Epidemiology（流行病学）3. Outbreak（爆发）4. Pandemic（大流行）5. Quarantine（隔离）6. Influenza（流感）7. HIV/DS（人类免疫缺陷病毒/艾滋病）8. Tuberculosis（结核病）9. Sanitation（卫生）10. Vaccine Preventable Diseases（可通过疫苗预防的疾病）（文档将持续更新，敬请期待后续内容）十一、医疗伦理与法律词汇翻译1. Medical Ethics（医疗伦理）2. Informed Consent（知情同意）3. Confidentiality（保密性）4. Malpractice（医疗过失）5. Patient's Rights（患者权利）6. HIPAA（健康保险便携与责任法案）7. Do No Harm（不伤害原则）8. EndofLife Care（临终关怀）9. Euthanasia（安乐死）10. Bioethics（生物伦理学）十二、医学术语与缩写翻译1. BMI (Body Mass Index)（身体质量指数）2. CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)（心肺复苏）3. ECG (Electrocardiogram)（心电图）4. EEG (Electroencephalogram)（脑电图）5. IV (Intravenous)（静脉注射）6. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)（磁共振成像）7. NGO (NonGovernmental Organization)（非政府组织）8. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)（核糖核酸）9. STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease)（性传播疾病）10. WHO (World Health Organization)（世界卫生组织）十三、医学研究与学术词汇翻译1. Clinical Trial（临床试验）2. Research Protocol（研究方案）3. Randomized Control Trial（随机对照试验）4. Placebo（安慰剂）5. Peer Review（同行评审）6. Grant Funding（资助基金）7. Hypothesis（假设）8. Data Analysis（数据分析）9. Publish（发表）10. Citation（引用）十四、中医与替代医学词汇翻译1. Traditional Chinese Medicine（中医）2. Acupuncture（针灸）3. Herbal Medicine（草药医学）4. Qi（气）5. Meridian（经络）6. Homeopathy（顺势疗法）7. Naturopathy（自然疗法）8. Ayurveda（阿育吠陀医学）9. Chiropractic（脊椎按摩疗法）10. Reiki（灵气疗法）十五、医疗管理与政策词汇翻译1. Health Insurance（健康保险）2. Health Policy（健康政策）3. Healthcare System（医疗体系）4. Primary Care（初级护理）5. Specialist（专家）6. Telemedicine（远程医疗）7. Health Economics（卫生经济学）8. Health Education（健康教育）9. Hospital Administration（医院管理）10. Medical Tourism（医疗旅游）（文档将持续更新，敬请期待后续内容）。

词语｜病例翻译常见术语1、抗生素医嘱[Antibiotic order]Prophylaxis [预防性用药]Duration of order[用药时间] 24hrProcedure[操作，手术]Empiric therapy [经验性治疗]Suspected site and organism[怀疑感染的部位和致病菌] Cultures ordered[是否做培养]Documented infection[明确感染]Site and organism[部位和致病菌]Other[其它]Explanation required [解释理由]Antibiotic allergies[何种抗生素过敏]No known allergy [无已知的过敏]Drug+ dose+ Route+ frequency[药名+剂量+途径+次数] 2、医嘱首页[Admission / transfer]Admit / transfer to [收入或转入]Resident [住院医师] Attending[主治医师]Condition [病情]Diagnosis[诊断]Diet [饮食]Activity [活动]Vital signs[测生命体征]I / O [记进出量]Allergies[过敏]3、住院病历[case history]Identification [病人一般情况]Name[性名]Sex[性别]Age [年龄]Marriage[婚姻]Person to notify and phone No.[联系人及电话]Race[民族]I.D. No.[身份证]Admission date[入院日期]Source of history[病史提供者]Reliability of history[可靠程度]Medical record No[病历号]Business phone No.[工作单位电话]Home address and phone No.[家庭住地及电话]Chief complaint[主诉]History of present illness[现病史]Past History[过去史]Surgical[外科]Medical[内科]Medications[用药]Allergies[过敏史]Social History[社会史]Habits[个人习惯]Smoking[吸烟]Family History[家族史]Ob/Gyn History[ 婚姻/生育史]Alcohol use[喝酒]Review of Aystems[系统回顾]General[概况]Eyes, Ears, Nose and throat[五官] Pulmonary[呼吸]Cardiovascular[心血管]GI[消化]GU[生殖、泌尿系统]Musculoskeletal[肌肉骨骼]Neurology[神经系统]Endocrinology[内分泌系统]Lymphatic/Hematologic[淋巴系统/血液系统] Physical Exam[体检]Vital Signs[生命体征]lP[脉博]Bp[血压]R[呼吸]T[温度]Height[身高]Weight[体重]General[概况]lHEENT[五官]Neck[颈部]Back/Chest[背部/胸部]Breast[乳房]Heart[心脏]lHeart rate[心率]Heart rhythm[心律]Heart Border[心界]Murmur[杂音]Abdomen[腹部]lLiver[肝]Spleen[脾]Rectal[直肠]Genitalia[生殖系统]Extremities[四肢]lNeurology[神经系统]cranial nerves[颅神经]sensation[感觉]Motor[运动]Special P.E. on diseased organ system[专科情况] Radiographic Findings[放射]Laboratory Findings[化验]Assessment[初步诊断与诊断依据]Summary[病史小结]Treatment Plan[治疗计划]4、输血申请单[Blood bank requisition form] (1)reason for infusion[输血原因]红细胞[packed red cells, wshed RBCs]:*Hb<8.5>8.5><>*>20% blood volume lost [>20%血容量丢失]*cardio-pulmonary bypass with anticipated Hb [心肺分流术伴预计血色素 ]*chemotherapy or surgery with Hb <><>全血[whole blood]:massive on-going blood loss[大量出血]血小板[platelets]:*massive blood transfusion >10 units[输血10单位以上者]*platelet cou nt <50×103 l="" with="" active="" bleeding="" or="">50×103><>*Cardio-pulmonary bypass uith pl<100×103 lwith="" octive="">100×103><>*Platelet count <20×103>20×103><>新鲜冰冻血浆[fresh frozen plasma]:*documented abnormal PT or PTT with bleeding orSurgery[PT、PTT异常的出血或手术病人]*specific clotting factor deficiencies with bleeding/surgerg[特殊凝血因子缺乏的出血/手术者]*blood transfusion >15units[输血>15个单位]*warfarin or antifibrinolytic therapy withbleeding[华法令或溶栓治疗后出血]*DIC[血管内弥漫性凝血]*Antithrombin III dficiency[凝血酶III 缺乏](2)输血要求[request for blood components]*patient blood group[血型]*Has the patient had transfusion or pregnancy in the past 3 months? [近3个月，病人是否输过血或怀孕过？]*Type and crossmatch [血型和血交叉]*Units or ml[单位或毫升]5、出院小结[discharge summary]Patient Name[病人姓名]lMedical Record No.[病历号]lAttending Physician[主治医生]lDate of Admission[入院日期]lDate of Discharge[出院日期]lPrincipal Diagnosis[主要诊断]lSecondary Diagnosis[次要诊断]lComplications[并发症]lOperation[手术名称]lReason for Admission[入院理由]lPhysical Findings[阳性体征]lLab/X-ray Findings[化验及放射报告]lHospital Course[住院诊治经过]lCondition[出院状况]lDisposition[出院去向]lMedications[出院用药]lPrognosis[预后]lSpecial Instruction to the Patient(diet,physical activity)[出院指导（饮食，活动量）]lFollow-up Care[随随访]l6、住院/出院病历首页[Admission/discharge record]Patient name[病人姓名]race[种族]address[地址]religion[宗教]medical service[科别]admit (discharge) date[入院（出院）日期]Length of stay [住院天数]guarantor name [担保人姓名]next of kin or person to notify[需通知的亲属姓名]relation to the patient[与病人关系]previous admit date[上次住院日期]admitting physician [入院医生]attending physician [主治医生]admitting diagnosis[入院诊断]final (principal) diagnosis[最终（主要）诊断]secondary diagnosis[次要诊断]adverse reactions (complications)[副作用（合并症）]incision type[切口类型]healing course[愈合等级]operative (non-operative) procedures[手术（非手术）操作] nosocomial infection[院内感染]consultants [会诊]Critical-No. of times[抢救次数]recovered-No. of times[成功次数]Diagnosis qualitative analysis[诊断质量]OP.adm.and discharge Dx concur [门诊入院与出院诊断符合率] Clinical and pathological Dx concur[临床与病理诊断符合率]Pre- and post-operative Dx concur [术前术后诊断符合率]Dx determined with in 24 hours (3 days) afteradmission[入院后24小时（3 天）内确诊]Discharge status[出院状况]recovered[治愈]improved[好转]not improved[未愈]died [死亡]Dispositon[去向]home[家]against medical ad[自动出院]autosy[尸检]transferred to[转院到]本文转自：华译翻译。