An Exploratory Comparison of the Roles of Representations in Face-to-Face and Online Collab

2024年教师资格考试高中英语学科知识与教学能力自测试题及解答参考一、单项选择题（本大题有30小题，每小题2分，共60分）1、The main purpose of the Teaching Syllabus for Senior High School English is to_______.A. test students’ English proficiencyB. guide the curriculum and teaching processC. evaluate teachers’ teaching performanceD. assess students’ knowledge in literatureAnswer: B. guide the curriculum and teaching process解析: The Teaching Syllabus for Senior High School English serves as a guideline for educators on how to plan and implement their English courses, ensuring that the learning objectives are met and that the curriculum covers a comprehensive range of skills and knowledge necessary for students to succeed in English.2、What is the primary focus of the “Reading and Writing” s ection in the English curriculum for senior high school students?A. Developing listening skillsB. Building a rich vocabularyC. Improving reading and writing skillsD. Enhancing speaking skillsAnswer: C. Improving reading and writing skills解析: The “Reading and Writing” section of the English curriculum for senior high school students primarily focuses on developing students’ abilities to read various texts critically and to compose their own coherent and structured writing pieces.3、Which of the following vocabulary words is most suitable for use in a high school English lesson focusing on cultural comparison?A)ContemporaryB)ManifestC)ConspicuousD)AcquiesceAnswer: C) ConspicuousExplanation: C) Conspicuous fits best in the context of a high school English lesson that focuses on cultural comparison because it describes something that is easily noticed or observed, which can be relevant when discussing cultural differences and similarities. contemporary, manifest, and acquiesce are all good words but are not as closely related to the theme of cultural comparison.4、In a lesson on “Great Expectations” by Charles Dickens, which of the following literary devices would be most appropriate to analyze the character development of Pip?A)MetaphorB)ForeshadowingC)IronyD)AnecdotesAnswer: B) ForeshadowingExplanation: B) Foreshadowing would be the most appropriate literary device to analyze the character development of Pip in “Great Expectations.” Foreshadowing involves anticipating future actions or events through hints or clues and is often used to build suspense and depth in fiction. By analyzing foreshadowing, students can better understand how Pip’s character evolves throughout the novel. While metaphor, irony, and anecdotes are all pertinent literary devices, foreshadowing is specifically fruitful for character development analysis.5、The sentence “She has a knack for remembering faces.” is an example of which figure of speech?A)MetaphorB)SimileC)HyperboleD)OxymoronAnswer: D) OxymoronExplanation: An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines contradictory terms. In this sentence, “a knack” suggests a natural talent, which is usually seen as a positive trait, but when combined with “for remembering faces,” it implies an unusual ability to remember faces, creating a contradiction.6、In the following sentence, which word is the main verb?“The students are eager to learn new vocabulary.”A)EagerB)LearnC)NewD)VocabularyAnswer: B) LearnExplanation: The main verb in a sentence is the action word that carries the primary meaning. In this sentence, “learn” is the action being performed by the students, making it the main verb. “Eager” is an adjective describing the state of the students, “new” is an adjective modifying “vocabulary,” and “vocabulary” is the object of the verb “learn.”7、What is the main purpose of using a dictionary in the English language learning process?A. To improve pronunciationB. To enhance vocabularyC. To develop listening skillsD. To practice writingAnswer: B. To enhance vocabularyExplanation: The primary purpose of using a dictionary in the English language learning process is to enhance vocabulary by looking up the meanings, spellings, and usage of unfamiliar words. While dictionaries can also help with pronunciation and provide information about grammar and usage, their mainfunction is to aid in vocabulary expansion.8、In a high school English classroom, which of the following strategies is most appropriate for encouraging critical thinking among students?A. Providing answers to students’ questionsB. Leading students through a structured discussionC. Assigning extensive reading assignmentsD. Conducting repetitive grammar exercisesAnswer: B. Leading students through a structured discussionExplanation: Leading students through a structured discussion is an effective strategy for encouraging critical thinking as it allows students to engage in meaningful dialogue, analyze different perspectives, and formulate their own opinions. This approach fosters critical thinking skills, whereas the other options focus more on providing information or repetition without promoting active thinking.9、Which of the following best describes the main difference between dictionary definition and the usage examples provided?A、A dictionary definition provides the historical usage of a word, while usage examples show current usage.B、A dictionary definition gives the formal meaning of a word, while usage examples illustrate informal or context-specific usage.C、A dictionary definition is always correct, while usage examples may be outdated.D、A dictionary definition is for advanced learners, while usage examples are for beginners.Correct Answer: BExplanation: A dictionary definition typically provides the formal or base meaning of a word, which can be interpreted in a variety of contexts. Usage examples, on the other hand, illustrate how the word is used in different contexts or demonstrate its informal or specific meanings. Therefore, optionB accurately describes the main difference between the two.10、In teaching the subjunctive mood in English, which of the following is the best example to demonstrate the usage of ‘should + be’?A、It is suggested that the meeting should be rescheduled for next week.B、The council insists that everyone should be allowed to speak.C、The advice given is that the students should be more organized.D、The teacher recommends that the assignment should be handed in on time.Correct Answer: AExplanation: The subjunctive mood is often used to express a desire, a suggestion, or a recommendation in a formal or polite way. The correct usage of the subjunctive mood with “should + be” is typically in clauses introduced by words such as “suggested,” “demanded,” “insisted,” “recommended,” and “proposed.” In this context, option A is the best example because it uses “should be rescheduled” in a suggestion for a future action.11、In the following sentences, which one correctly uses the gerund as asubject?A. Waiting for the bus is sometimes boring.B. To wait for the bus is exciting.C. Waiting for the bus, I met an old friend.D. Waiting for the bus, I feel restless.Answer: AExplanation: The correct use of the gerund as a subject occurs in option A. “Waiting for the bus” is the gerund phrase serv ing as the subject of the sentence, while in options B, C, and D, the gerund is used incorrectly in different structures.12、Which of the following sentence structures is used to convey a purpose or reason for an action?A. Because he likes math, he studied all night.B. He studied all night; he dislikes math.C. He studied all night, because he wanted to pass the exam.D. To study all night, he used a book.Answer: CExplanation: The sentence structure that conveys a purpose or reason for an action is option C. The phrase “because he wanted to pass the exam” directly expresses the reason why he studied all night. Options A, B, and D do not correctly convey a purpose or reason for the action.13、The teacher’s role in the classroom is best described as:A) A facilitator of student learningB) A disseminator of informationC) A controller of student behaviorD) A subject matter expertAnswer: A) A facilitator of student learningExplanation: The role of a teacher in the classroom is increasingly viewed as that of a facilitator of learning, focusing on creating a supportive environment where students can explore and develop their understanding of the subject matter. This approach emphasizes student-centered learning rather thana one-way transmission of information.14、Which of the following is NOT an essential component of lesson planning for a high school English class?A)Objectives and goalsB)Assessment methodsC)Student engagement activitiesD)Teaching methodsAnswer: B) Assessment methodsExplanation: While assessment methods are an important part of the overall teaching and learning process, they are typically not the central focus of lesson planning. Lesson planning primarily involves outlining the objectives and goals, planning the activities (including student engagement), and selecting the appropriate teaching methods to achieve these goals. Assessment methods are often addressed separately in the broader context of curriculum design or unitplanning.15、Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of communicative language teaching (CLT)?A. Focus on fluencyB. Emphasis on grammar accuracyC. Use of authentic materialsD. Interaction and communicationAnswer: B. Emphasis on grammar accuracyExplanation: Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) emphasizes the use of language for communication and interaction. It focuses more on fluency than on grammatical accuracy, though accuracy is still important. Authentic materials are often used to provide real-life contexts for learning. Therefore, the emphasis on grammar accuracy does not align with the primary goals of CLT.16、In a high school English class, which activity would best promote higher-order thinking sk ills according to Bloom’s Taxonomy?A. Memorizing vocabulary listsB. Writing an essay comparing two literary textsC. Completing a fill-in-the-blank worksheetD. Listening to a dialogue and answering comprehension questionsAnswer: B. Writing an essay comparing two literary textsExplanation: According to Bloom’s Taxonomy, higher-order thinking skills include analyzing, evaluating, and creating. Writing an essay that requiresstudents to compare and contrast two literary texts involves these higher-order thinking skills because it necessitates analysis of the texts, synthesis of information, and the creation of a coherent argument. The other activities listed primarily involve lower-order thinking skills such as remembering and understanding.17、The following sentence is a question. Which of the following is the correct intonation pattern for it?A. /ˈwɔːt/ /ˈwɜːt/ /ˈwɔːt/B. /ˈwɔːt/ /ˈwɜːt/ /ˈwɔːt/C. /ˈwɔːt/ /ˈwɜːt/ /ˈwɔːt/D. /ˈwɔːt/ /ˈwɜːt/ /ˈwɔːt/Answer: AExplanation: The intonation pattern for a yes/no question is rising in the final syllable, which is why the correct pattern for the word “what” in a question is /ˈwɔːt/ /ˈwɜːt/ /ˈwɔːt/. The rising tone indicates that it is a question.18、Choose the appropriate verb form to complete the following sentence. The students_______(to study) hard for the upcoming exam.A. are studyingB. have studiedC. have been studyingD. will studyAnswer: AExplanation: The sentence is in the present continuous tense to describe an action t hat is currently happening. Therefore, “are studying” is the correct form to complete the sentence. The other options are incorrect because they suggest past or future actions.19、In the following options, which one is the most significant characteristic of the American educational system?A. Uniform curriculum for all studentsB. Emphasis on standardized testingC. Strong emphasis on teacher autonomyD. High teacher-to-student ratiosAnswer: C. Strong emphasis on teacher autonomy解析：The American education system places a strong emphasis on teacher autonomy, meaning teachers have considerable freedom in their instructional approaches and decision-making. In contrast, with options (A) and (B), they often provide more centralized control over curriculum and tests. Option (D) is generally not accurate for many public schools, as class sizes can vary widely.20、Which of the following strategies is most effective for teaching advanced English language learners in a high school setting?A. Using exclusively simplified EnglishB. Incorporating authentic texts and multimedia resourcesC. Avoiding complex grammatical explanationsD. Focusing solely on vocabulary buildingAnswer: B. Incorporating authentic texts and multimedia resources解析：Incorporating authentic texts and multimedia resources is a highly effective strategy for advanced English language learners as it helps them understand real-world English usage and enhances their cultural awareness. It also provides them with a variety of contexts to practice their language skills. Using exclusively simplified English (A) may not help in developing their proficiency, avoiding complex grammatical explanations (C) could prevent them from mastering more advanced language structures, and focusing solely on vocabulary building (D) might not adequately develop their communicative skills.21.What is NOT a characteristic of a well-structured lesson plan for a high school English class?A)Clear learning objectivesB)Detailed description of the teaching strategiesC)Inadequate time allocation for activitiesD)Accurate grammar and vocabulary focusAnswer: CExplanation: An effective lesson plan for a high school English class should include clear learning objectives, detailed description of teaching strategies, and accurate grammar and vocabulary focus. Adequate time allocation is also important; however, an inadequate time allocation can also be a characteristic of a poorly planned lesson. The question specifically asks for what is NOT acharacteristic, making “Inadequate time allocation for activities” the correct answer.22.Which of the following statements about using multimedia in high school English classrooms is FALSE?A)Multimedia can increase engagement and motivation.B)It can provide a diverse range of learning opportunities.C)It can lead to a decrease in teacher’s role as the sole provider of content.D)Incorporating multimedia in teaching is always the most effective method.Answer: DExplanation: The use of multimedia in the classroom can indeed increase engagement, provide diverse learning opportunities, and may lead to a decrease in the teacher’s role as the sole provider of content. However, the false statement is that incorporating multimedia in teaching is always the most effective method. The effectiveness of multimedia resources can vary based on context, student needs, and the subjects being taught. Therefore, “Incorporating multimedia in teaching is always the most effective method” is not a universally true statement.23.The following sentence is an example of which tense?A. Simple PastB. Present PerfectC. Past PerfectD. Present ContinuousAnswer: D. Present ContinuousExplanation: The sentence “The students are playing soccer in the school field right now.” u ses the present continuous tense to describe an action that is happening at the moment of speaking.24.Which of the following words is the correct past participle form of the verb “begin”?A. BegunB. BeggingC. BegD. BeggedAnswer: A. BegunExplanation: The past participle form of the verb “begin” is “begun.” It is used in perfect tenses and passive voice. For example, “The task has been begun by the students.”25、Which of the following words has a different pronunciation for the underlined part?A. bookB. cookC. lookD. foodAnswer: D. foodExplanation: In options A, B, and C, the underlined letters (b, c, l) are all pronounced as /k/ when they are followed by ‘oo’ in British English,resulting in the sound /ʊk/. However, in option D, the word ‘food’ ha s a different pronunciation for the ‘oo’ combination, which sounds like /uːd/. Therefore, D is the correct choice as it does not follow the same phonetic rule as the other three options.26、Choose the sentence that correctly uses the passive voice.A. The book was read by John.B. The book read by John.C. The book reads by John.D. The book reading by John.Answer: A. The book was read by John.Explanation:The passive voice is formed with the auxiliary verb “be” plus the past participle of the main verb. In this case, the correct form is “was read,” which indicates that the action (reading) was done to the subject (the book) by the agent (John). Options B, C, and D do not use the correct structure for the passive voice, making A the only correct answer.27.The following sentence contains a misplaced modifier. Which sentence correctly fixes the error?A. Walking across the street, she accidentally stepped on a nail.B. Accidentally stepping on a nail, she was in a lot of pain.C. She accidentally stepped on a nail, which was on the street.D. She stepped on a nail, accidentally, and it hurt her foot.Answer: CExplanation: The correct placement of the misplaced modifier “accidentally” is after “stepped on a nail” to clarify that the action of stepping on the nail was accidental. Option C correctly fixes the error by placing the modifier in the correct position.28.Which of the following sentences is a fragment?A. Walking down the hallway, the bell rang.B. He was late because he had to take an extra class.C. She spoke with enthusiasm, her voice filled with excitement.D. The book, written by Jane Austen, is a classic.Answer: AExplanation: A fragment is a group of words that could be a complete sentence but lacks a main verb or is incomplete. Option A is a fragment because it is a participial phrase (“Walking down the hallway”) that acts as a dependent clause and cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. The rest of the options contain complete sentences with a main verb and convey a complete thought.29、The verb “inherit” means “to receive or acquire something that was owned by someone who has died” from your __(A) options are:A) ancestorB) ancestor’sC) ancestors’D) ancestorsAnswer: B) ancestor’sExplanation: The possessive form after a verb is often used with “oneself、” or “ones” to show that it refers back to the subject. In this case, “inherit” refers to receiving something from one’s ancestor. Therefore, “ancestor’s”is the correct choice to indicate possession.30、In the sentence “The teacher asked the students to analyze the theme of the novel,” the word “asked” is the past tense of “__” verb.A) askB) askingC) hearD) heardAnswer: A) askExplanation: The given sentence indicates a completed past action, which means the action of asking has already been done. “Ask” is the base form of the verb, while “asked” is the past tense form of “ask.” “Hear” does not properly continue the tense consis tency of the sentence, and “heard” would be the past particle form, not used in this context.二、简答题（20分）II.Short Answer QuestionsQuestion:Discuss the importance of integrating cultural elements into high school English language teaching. Provide at least three reasons why this approach is beneficial and explain how itcan be implemented in the classroom.Answer:Integrating cultural elements into high school English language teaching is crucial for several reasons:1.Enhances Understanding and Appreciation of Diversity: By incorporating materials that reflect the cultures of English-speaking countries as well as other global cultures, students can develop a deeper understanding and appreciation of diversity. This not only enriches their language learning experience but also prepares them to be more culturally sensitive and globally aware citizens.2.Improves Language Proficiency: Exposure to authentic texts and media from different cultures can provide learners with a richer context for language use. It helps students understand idiomatic expressions, colloquialisms, and cultural references that are often key to achieving higher levels of language proficiency. This exposure can make language learning more engaging and meaningful.3.Promotes Critical Thinking and Creativity: Cultural content can serve asa catalyst for critical thinking and creativity. When students analyze cultural practices or compare and contrast their own culture with others, they are encouraged to think beyond surface-level differences and consider the underlying values and beliefs. This process can enhance cognitive skills and foster a more open-minded and empathetic worldview.Implementation Strategies:•Use Authentic Materials: Incorporate authentic reading and listeningmaterials such as literature, films, music, and news articles thatrepresent various cultures. These materials should be age-appropriate and relevant to the students’ interests and backgrounds.•Cultural Activities and Projects: Design activities and projects that require students to explore and present on different aspects of culture.For example, students could create posters about festivals fromEnglish-speaking countries, conduct interviews with native speakers, or organize a multicultural day in the classroom.•Guest Speakers and Field Trips: Invite guest speakers who can share firsthand experiences of different cultures or arrange field trips to cultural institutions like museums, art galleries, or cultural festivals where students can engage directly with cultural artifacts and practices.By integrating cultural elements into the curriculum, teachers can create a dynamic and inclusive learning environment that not only promotes language acquisition but also fosters personal growth and social development.This question and answer format aligns with the standards expected in teacher qualification exams, aiming to assess candidates’ ability to apply theoretical knowledge to practical teaching scenarios.三、教学情境分析题（30分）Question: Teaching Scenario AnalysisScenario:Mr. Smith is a high school English teacher who is preparing a lesson on the theme of “Global Warming” for his eleventh-grade class. The class consists of 30 students with varying levels of English proficiency. Mr. Smith has a total of 45 minutes for the lesson. He has gathered the following materials:1.A powerpoint presentation on “Global Warming”2.A handout with relevant vocabulary words and their definitions3.A short video clip showing the effects of global warming4.A set of discussion questions5.A worksheet with comprehension questionsTask:Based on the given scenario, analyze Mr. Smith’s teaching approach and suggest improvements to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes.Answer:Teaching Approach Analysis:Mr. Smith’s teaching approach for the lesson on “Global Warming” shows a blend of traditional and interactive methods. He begins with a powerpoint presentation to introduce the topic and provide a structured overview. This approach helps to set the context and deliver key information. Additionally, the handout with vocabulary words and their definitions ensures that students are familiar with the necessary terms to understand the content.The inclusion of a video clip is a good strategy to engage students visually and provide real-life examples of global warming. This approach helps toreinforce the lesson and make it more relatable. Furthermore, the discussion questions encourage students to think critically and share their opinions, which promotes active learning.However, there are areas where Mr. Smith can improve his teaching approach:1.Interactive Activities: Instead of just presenting the information, Mr.Smith can incorporate more interactive activities. For instance, he can divide the class into small groups and assign each group a specific aspect of global warming to research. They can then present their findings to the class, fostering collaboration and active learning.2.Differentiated Instruction: Recognizing the varied proficiency levels among students, Mr. Smith should consider using varied teaching methods to cater to different learning styles. For example, he can provide visual aids or additional explanations for students who may struggle with the vocabulary and concepts.3.Assessment: Mr. Smith can incorporate formative assessments, such as quizzes or exit tickets, to gauge students’ understanding of the lesson and identify areas that require further clarification.Suggestions for Improvement:1.Interactive Group Activity: Assign students to research different aspects of global warming (e.g., causes, effects, and solutions) and present their findings to the class. This will encourage collaboration, critical thinking, and deeper understanding of the topic.2.Differentiated Instruction: Provide additional support for students with lower proficiency levels by offering visual aids, breaking down complex vocabulary, and offering simplified explanations.3.Formative Assessment: Implement short quizzes or exit tickets at the end of the lesson to assess students’ comprehension. Use the results to address any misconceptions or gaps in knowledge.Conclusion:Mr. Smith’s teaching approach for the “Global Warming” lesson is a good starting point. By incorporating more interactive activities, catering to varied learning styles, and implementing formative assessments, he can enhance student engagement and improve learning outcomes.四、教学设计题（40分）Question:You have been tasked with designing a lesson plan for a Grade 11 high school English class that focuses on t he theme of “Dreams and Aspirations.” The lesson is intended to help students think critically, enhance their vocabulary and writing skills, and encourage them to express their own dreams and aspirations. The specific objectives of the lesson are as follows:1.Students will be able to identify key vocabulary related to dreams and aspirations.2.Students will be able to analyze and discuss themes and messages in literary texts focusing on dreams and aspirations.3.Students will be able to write a short essay expressing their own dreams and aspirations.Design a detailed lesson plan with the following components:•Introduction (5-10 minutes)•Main Activity (25-30 minutes)•Conclusion (5-10 minutes)Resources:•Text excerpt from a literary work (e.g., Langston Hughes’ “A Dream Deferred”)•Writing prompts•Whiteboard and markers•Copies of the literary text•Computers or tablets with internet accessLesson Plan Outline:1.Introduction (5-10 minutes)•Greet students and introduce today’s topic: “Dreams and Aspirations.”•Pose a question to activate prior knowledge: “What are your dreams and aspirations for the future?” Allow 2-3 minutes for individualreflection.•Share a brief personal experience or anecdote to illustrate the significance of dreams and aspirations.•Explain the objectives of today’s lesson: to enhance vocabulary, analyze text, and express personal aspirations.2.Main Activity (25-30 minutes)•Vocabulary Activity:•Introduce key vocabulary related to dreams and aspirations (e.g.,aspiration, resolve, ambition, enlightenment).•Have students match definitions with each term or create a mind map on the board.•Provide examples of sentences using these words and elicit student participation.•Text Analysis:•Hand out copies of the literary text and give students 5-7 minutes to read it silently.•Conduct a close reading discussion (circling, underlining, or annotating relevant passages) to identify themes and messages related to dreams and aspirations.•Ask guiding questions to facilitate deeper understanding of the text (e.g., “What does the author mean by ‘a dream deferred’?”; “What are your thoughts on the theme of delayed dreams?”).•Essay Writing Activity:•After the text analysis, guide students through a brainstorming session to develop ideas for their essays.•Distribute writing prompts that encourage students to reflect on their own dreams and aspirations.•Spend about 10-15 minutes for students to draft their essays with the help of a mini-lecture on essay structure (introduction, body paragraphs, conclusion).。

北京航空航天大学博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题一PART 1 Listening Comprehension (20 points) (略)PART II Reading Comprehension(30 points)Directions:There are four passages in the part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids(小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids(流星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don't threaten us. But there are also thousands whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.Buy $ 40 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend $ 10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we'll have a way to change its course.Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn't be cheap.Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk are: 1) How likely the event is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 400, 000 years. Sounds pretty rare-but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world. "If we don't take care of these big asteroids, they'll take care of us," says one scientist. "It's that simple."The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? "The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的) rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them," said a New Y ork Times article.21. What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids?A. They are heavenly bodies different in composition.B. They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.C. There are more asteroids than meteoroids.D. Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.22. What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth?A. It is very unlikely but the danger exists.B. Such a collision might occur once every 25 years.C. Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.D. It's still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.23. What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to alter the course of asteroids?A. It sounds practical but it may not solve the problem.B. It may create more problems than it might solve.C. It is a waste of money because a collision of asteroids with Earth is very unlikely.D. Further research should be done before it is proved applicable.24. We can conclude from the passage that _.A. while pushing asteroids off course nuclear weapons would destroy the worldB. asteroids racing across the night sky are likely to hit Earth in the near futureC. the worry about asteroids can be left to future generations since it is unlikely to happen in our lifetimeD. workable solutions still have to be found to prevent a collision of asteroids with Earth.25. Which of the following best describes the author's tone in this pass age?A. Optimistic.B. Critical.C. Objective.D. Arbitrary.Passage 2Believe it or not,optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway crashes.Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent stripes, called chevrons (人字形)painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down.Now the American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D. C. is planning to repeat Japan's success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest-curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges. Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bar.Chevrons, scientists say，not only give drivers the impress ion that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.26. The passage mainly discusses .A. a new way of highway speed controlB. a new pattern for painting highwaysC. a new approach to training driversD. a new type of optical illusion27. On roads painted with chevrons drivers tend to feel that .A. they should avoid speed-related hazardsB. they are driving in the wrong laneC. they should slow down their speedD. they are approaching the speed limit28. The advantage of chevrons over straight, horizontal bars is that the former .A. can keep drivers awakeB. can cut road accidents in halfC. will have a longer effect on driversD. will look more attractive29. The American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to .A. try out the Japanese method in certain areasB. change the road signs across the countryC. replace straight horizontal bars with chevronsD. repeat the Japanese road patterns30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?A. They are falling out of use in the United States.B. They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.C. They are applicable only on broad roads.D. They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.Passage 3There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them.The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature ( often referred to as "background" ), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results ( often referred to as discussion).The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data. It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not.The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. Thisdetailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student's ability to carry out research.The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research 'article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting .and whether they are researchers or practitioners.31. The best title for this passage could beA. Types of Research ReportsB. Types of Journal ArticlesC. Writing of research ReportsD. Writing of Different Artic les32. The common aspect for the journal articles, theses and conference papers lies in thatA. they are all for the practitionersB. they are all to be read by researchersC. they are all for being publishedD. they are all forms of reporting research33. We can distinguish those research reports from each other mainly throughA. their writing style and lengthB. their aims and possible audiencesC. their presented places and timeD. their content and purposes34. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in this passage?A. Both journal articles and conference papers are reported in a brief and informative way.B. All the theses or dissertations and conference papers are reported in spoken languages.C. Both the journal articles and conference papers are influenced greatly by the intended receivers.D. The various formats of research reports may be presented in different ways.35. How can a professor evaluate a student's capability of implementing the research?A. By concentrating on the main factors like the purpose, background, procedures and discussion.B. By emphasizing the practical implications and recommendations of the research.C. By focusing on the detailed description of the process of the research such as the tools, procedures, the process of data analysis, the results, conclusions, etc.D. By noticing the detailed method used to collect the data, the construction of the data collection procedures, the techniques for analyzing the date and results, etc.Passage 4In recent years, many Americans of both sexes and various ages have become interested in improving their bodies. They have become devoted to physical fitness. The need to exercise has almost become compulsive with many persons who have a strong desire to be more physically fit.By nature, Americans are enthusiastic and energetic about their hobbies and pastimes. They apply this enthusiasm, and energy to jogging/running. As a result, there are running clubs to join andmany books and magazines to read about running.The desire to be physically fit is explained by a "passion" for good health. The high rate of heart attacks in the 1960s caused an increase on the part of the public in improving the human body.Middle-aged men especially suffer from heart attacks. Thus, they are one group strongly interested in more physical exercise. In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs. It is interesting to note that the rate of heart attacks began to decrease in the 1970s and it is still decreasing.Physical fitness currently enjoys a favored role in the United States. It is a new "love" that many Americans have cherished. Will it last long? Only time will tell or until another "new passion" comes along.36. In recent years, many Americans have become interested in improving their bodies becauseA. they are enthusiastic about their hobbies and pastimesB. they have a strong desire to be more physically fitC. there are many running clubs to joinD. there are many books and magazines to read about running37. The passage implies that is a great favorite of many Americans, men and women, old and young.A. jogging/runningB. joining running clubsC. reading books and magazines about runningD. going in for all kinds of sports38. Middle-aged men suffering from heart attacksA. are compulsive joggersB. are encouraged by their doctors to go in for jogging/runningC. are interested in taking more physical exerciseD. are enthusiastic and energetic about hobbies and pastimes39. In the sentence "In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs", the word "sedentary" meansA. involving physical workB. needing much sittingC. energy-consumingD. sleep-producing40. According to the passage, will the love for physical exercise last long for Americans?A. Y es.B. No.C. Somebody can tell.D. It is hard to tell.PART III Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter oil the ANSWER SHEET witha single line through the center.41. Not until the game had begun __ at the sports ground.A. should he have arrivedB. had he arrivedC. did he arriveD. would he had arrived42. Neither at this meeting nor at the previous one _ the proposal.A. they did not discussB. did they discussC. do they discussD. would they discuss43. The molecules of gases move more freely than __A. do liquids and solidsB. liquids and solids doC. do those of liquids and solidsD. those do of liquids and solids44. The taller the container, _________ at the bottom.A. the greater will the water pressure beB. the water pressure will be greaterC. the greater will be the water pressureD. greater the water pressure will be45. from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.A. Jumped down the burglarB. Down the burglar jumpedC. The burglar jumped downD. Down jumped the burglar46. To the north of the city __ a small island.A. lainB. liesC. was thereD. there lays47. she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.A. That was from StephenB. It was Stephen whomC. It was from Stephen thatD. It was Stephen that48. Was it __ the professor regarded with such contempt?A. them whoB. them whomC. he whoD. those49. __ the Europeans began to learn how to use the compass on their ships.A. It was not until the 12th century whenB. Hardly it was the 12th century thanC. No sooner it was the 12th century whenD. It was not until the 12th century that50. When I try to understand _ _ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A. why it doesB. what it doesC. what it isD. why it is51. More often it is the President, and not the members of his cabinet, __ the populace.A. who appeal toB. to whom appeal toC. whom appeals toD. who appeals to52. On the large board in the main hall of the airport .you can easily find the different Destinations __which airlines can take you.A. inB. ofC. toD. by53. Not until actually faced with water scarcity __ appreciate the value of water to a region.A. one canB. one can notC. can oneD. can not one54. Most people don't think of a stamp as a receipt, but that is __ it really is a proof of just how much money you have paid in advance for mail delivery.A. whatB. whyC. howD. who55. Without water from the Nile River, Egypt __ a farming country and become a desert.A. will cease to beB. would cease to beC. will cease beingD. would cease being56. Although he refused to act on my suggestion, he had to admit that what I said.A. it was something inB. there was something asC. it was something asD. there was something in57. There is little, __, farming in that area and all you can see is miles of wild countryside.A. if soB. if suchC. if notD. if any58. In his lecture, the education expert emphasized the fact that nowadays children are exposed to many influences that of their families.A. rather thanB. other thanC. except forD. but for59. The singer on the stage has a young __ face and a voice of an __A. boy...angelB. boy's…angelC. boy…ang el'sD. boy's…angel's60. A new material __, we have good reason to be optimistic.A. developedB. being developedC. was being developedD. was developed PART IV Cloze (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are incomplete sentences in the following passage. For each sentence there arefour choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.What attracts customers? Obviously the quality of a product does, but visual images 61a great deal. It is not only the image provided by the packaging that 62 but the whole corporate63 of the company. There are now many products and services on the market which are similar in content 64 produced by different companies. It is vital, therefore, for a company to 65 itself from its competitors by having a strong company image which is immediately 66 Logos are part of this image. They are 67 which often include a name or initials to identify a company. The logo establishes a 68 identity for the company, just as different groups of young people express their identity through hairstyles and clothes. All groups from all cultures and 69 the ages have used colors and symbols to show their identity. In different cultures, different colors 70 different meanings. Some colors may be connected with coldness in one culture and with 71 in another:some colors represent 72 in one culture but death in another. International companies have, 73 , to make sure that their logos will not be misunderstood or misinterpreted in different countries.Many companies have, over the years, 74 their logos to fit in with contemporary design and to present more powerful images. Company logos can be emotive and can 75 loyalty by 76 the instinct. Some logos 77 an idea of the product, and a case in point is the steering wheel in the Mercedes logo. Logos are used on letterheads, packaging and 78 as well as on the product itself. They may also appear in newspapers or on television as part of an advertising 79 .Companies need to have a strong corporate identity. The logo helps to promote this image andto fix it in the minds of the 80 . Logos, therefore, need to be original and to have impact and style.61. A. attribute B. contribute C. devote D. attract62. A. concerns B. involves C. counts D. means63. A. features B. quality C. identity D. status64. A. instead B. and C. though D. as65. A. exist B. isolate C. hold D. distinguish66. A. observable B. differentiable C. recognizable D. accountable67. A. symbols B. signs C. signals D. indications68. A. visible B. visual C. brief D. explicit69. A. in B. throughout C. for D. between70. A. contain B. carry C. predominate D. convey71. A. mildness B. consolation C. affection D. warmth72. A. life B. love C. live D. alive73. A. otherwise B. still C. therefore D. additionally74. A. continued B. kept C. changed D. refreshed75. A. promote B. inspire C. prompt D. stir76. A. regarding B. impressing C. influencing D. effecting77. A. combine B. collaborate C. incorporate D. blend78. A. covers B. brochures C. contents D. volumes79. A. movement B. plan C. campaign D. function80. A. consumers B. employers C. reporters D. manufacturersPART V T ranslation (15 points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET (2).The fact known to us is that war, different from what many people believe it to be, is not completely an outcome of" humanity". Otherwise，war and violence among people would exist in all the human history or ahnost all societies. However, this is not the truth. Archaeologists' investigation results seem to suggest that men lived quite a peaceful life long ago. For example, among ancient French cave drawings which were earlier than 10, 000 B. C., there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other. This indicates that, in that early period of mankind, fight among people was comparatively rare.In a certain way, this discovery is not surprising at all:in the world of animals, it's rare for one to prey on another of its own species. They do kill other kinds of animals, but not their own. Like most animals, the proportion of inner violence among early human beings was relatively small. Therefore, war is not the inherent outcome of humanity but that of certain social and cultural conditions.PART VI Writing(15 points)Directions:A. Study the following graph carefully and write an essay in 200 words.B. Your essay should meet the requirements below.Outline:1. Interpret the graph.2. Suggest counter-measures.3. Give advice for jobseekers.参考答案及解析21．B 依据文章第二段第1行可以判断出两者性质相似只是体积不同，排除A项；文中并无两者数量上的比较，排除C项；也没有涉及D项的内容。

Exercise 6此文甚难Some modern anthropologists hold that biologicalevolution has shaped not only human morphology butalso human behavior. The role those anthropologists Line ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of5human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, think ing, and acting that ―comenaturally in archetypal situations in any culture.Our ―frailties –emotions and motives such as rage,fear,greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love—may be a very mixed 10assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are, as we say, ―in the grip of them.And thus they give us our sense of constraints.Unhappily, some of those frailties—our need for ever-increasing security among them—are presently15maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, andtherefore as natural to us as are our appendixes. Wewould need to comprehend thoroughly theiradaptive origins in order to understand how badly they 20guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.maladaptive 不适应的overlay 覆盖物1.It can be inferred that in his discussion of maladaptivefrailties the author assumes thatYet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, aresaid to be biological in direction, and therefore asnatural to us as are our appendixes. 此题甚难,题目做错了算了.(A)evolution does not favor the emergence of adaptivecharacteristics over the emergence of maladaptiveones(B)any structure or behavior not positivelyadaptive is regarded as transitory inevolutionary theory(C)maladaptive characteristics, once fixed, make theemergence of other maladaptive characteristicsmore likely(D)the designation of a characteristic as beingmaladaptive must always remain highly tentative (E)changes in the total human environment can outpaceevolutionary change 整个人类环境的改变能够超过进化改变时间: 24’40” 正确率: 5/132.Which of the following most probably providesan appropriate analogy from humanmorphology for the ―detailsversus ―constraints distinction made in thepassage in relation to human behavior?类比题抓住题干中关键词的限制本题是human morphology方面的details. Vsconstraints. 意思就是与身体形态相关的特征和限制.(A)The ability of most people to see all thecolors of the visible spectrum asagainst most people‘s inability to nameany but the primary colors 与humanmorphology无关(B)The ability of even the least fortunatepeople to show compassion as againstpeople‘s inability to mask theirfeelings completely 与humanmorphology无关(C)The ability of some people to dive togreat depths as against most people‘sinability to swim long distances与human morphology无关(D)The psychological profile of those peoplewho are able to delay gratification asagainst people‘s inability to controltheir lives completely与humanmorphology无关(E)The greater lung capacity of mountainpeoples that helps them live inoxygen-poor air as against people‘sinability to fly without special apparatus出现人体器官Unhappily, some of those frailties—our need for ever-increasing security among them—are presently maladaptive.Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes.此句话没有读懂是由于beneath…结构没有分析清楚.they是这句话主语,指代frailties.即Yet maladaptive frailties which is beneath the overlay of cultural detail are said to be biological in direction too, and therefore are as natural to us as our appendixes.29The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth‘satmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth byacting as a one-way screen.Although these moleculesLine allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of5the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infraredemissions radiated from the Earth‘s surface, radiationthat would otherwise be transmitted backinto space.//前半部分是描述CO2层For the Earth to maintain a constant average10temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no car-bon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from theEarth much more easily. The surface temperature wouldbe so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass15of ice.后半部分是关于maintain.(120 words)3. According to the passage, the greatest partof the solar energy that reaches the Earth is直接定位最高级reaches→pass though(A)concentrated in the infrared spectrum(B)concentrated at visible wavelengths(C)absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules(D)absorbed by atmospheric water vapor(E)reflected back to space by snow and iceFor the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply4. According to the passage, atmospheric carbon dioxideperforms which of the following functions□A absorbing radiation at visible wavelengths□B absorbing outgoing radiation from the EarthL7 outgoing→emission□C helping to retain heat near the Earth‘s surfaceL9 取反是八部独立作品.→现在认为是一本书Initially the Vinaver theory that Malory‘s eight romances, once thought to be fundamentally unifiedwere in fact eight independent works produced both a Line sense of relief and an unpleasant shock. Vinaver‘s5theory comfortably explained away the apparentcontradictions of chronology and made each romanceindependently satisfying. It was, however, disagreeable tofind that what had been thought of as one book was noweight books. Part of this response was the natural10reaction to the disturbance of set ideas.//前半部分均为老观点//nevertheless重大转折,now新观点,支持Nevertheless, even now, after lengthy consideration ofthe theory‘s refined but legitimate observations, onecannot avoidthe conclusion that the eight romances are only onework. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the15theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particularorder, that they have no cumulative effect, and that theyare as separate as the works of a modern novelist.(154 words) For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply5. It can be inferred from the passage that the authorbelieves which of the following about Malory‘sworks?□A There are meaningful links betweenand among the romances.□B The subtleties of the romances are obscuredwhen they are taken as one work.该选项反驳作者观点□C Any contradictions in chronology among theromances are less important than theirover-all unity.6.The author of the passage concedes which of thefollowing about the Vinaver theory? V人理论属于老观点范畴,在文章前半部分找答案.(A)It gives a clearer understanding of the unityof Malory‘s romances. 反(B)It demonstrates the irrationality of consideringMalory‘s romances to be u nified. 实际上V人的理论不正确.此选项不符合.(C)It establishes acceptable links betweenMalory‘s romances and modern novels. 无中生有(D)It unifies earlier and later theories concerningthe chronology of Malory‘s romances. 无中生有(E)It makes valid and subtle comments aboutMalory‘s ro mances. legitimate&refined7.It can be inferred from the passage that, in evaluating the Vinaver theory, some critics were (A)frequently misled by the inconsistencies inMalory‘s work 无(B)initially biased by previous interpretations ofMalory‘s work(C)conceptually displeased by the generalinterpretation that Vinaver rejectedV人没有reject什么(D)generally in agreement with Vinaver‘scomparisons between Malory and modernnovelists(E) originally skeptical about Vinaver‘s earlyconclusions with respect to modern novels搭配不合理串段文章没有读懂,所以”无中生有”都不知道选项里面的内容到底是有还是没有- -|||The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890‘s that the agrarian discontent that had been developingsteadily in the United States since about 1870 had been Line precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier--that is, 5the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. Actually,however, new lands were taken up for farming in theUnited States throughout and beyond the nineteenthcentury. The emphasis of the presumed disappearance of10the American frontier obscured the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half ofthe nineteenth century. Huge tracts of land were beingsettled and farmed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and in 15the American West, and these areas were joined with one another and with the countries of Europe into aninterdependent market system. Consequently, agrariandepressions no longer were local or national in scope, andthey struck several nations whose internal frontiers had20not vanished or were not about to vanish. Between the early 1870‘s and the 1890‘s, the mounting agrariandiscontent in America paralleled the almostuninterrupted decline in the prices of Americanagricultural products on foreign markets.vanish 销声匿迹(198 words)8.The author is primarily concerned with主要是读懂选项的能力(A)showing that a certain interpretation isbetter supported by the evidence than isan alternative explanation 通过evidence展示一个更好的解释(B)developing an alternative interpretation byusing sources of evidence that formerlyhad been unavailable 通过对之前解释不好的evidence来支持另一个解释(C)questioning the accuracy of the evidencethat most scholars have used tocounter the author‘s own interpretation看选项的时候虽然长,但是要注意主谓宾的对应是否合适!!(D)reviewing the evidence that formerly hadbeen thought to obscure a validinterpretation(E)presenting evidence in support of acontroversial version 无of anearlier interpretation. 9.According to the author, changes in the conditionsof international trade resulted in an此题定位词有两个.需要注意.由changes…定位是找不到答案的. 所以做题很重要的是看题干,要从题干里面抽关键词来找.(A)underestimation of the amount of new land thatwas being famed in the United States 提都没有提depression(B)underutilization of relatively small but richplots of land提都没有提depression(C)overexpansion of the world transportationnetwork for shipping agricultural products无depression(D)extension of agrarian depressions beyondnational boundaries(E)emphasis on the importance of marketforces in determining the prices ofagricultural products无depression. 如果只是根据changes定位,同时没有读懂文章,很容易根据选项关键词误选.实际上是无关选项10.The author implies that, after certain territories andcountries had been joined into an interdependentmarket system in the nineteenth century, agrariandepressions within that system 逻辑notvanish/not about to vanish=不消失=open=available 原文改写(A)spread to several nations,excluding those inwhich the internal frontier remained open(B)manifested themselves in several nations,including those in which new landremained available for farming(C)slowed down the pace of new technologicaldevelopments in internationalcommunications and transportation(D)affected the local and national prices of thenonagricultural products of several nations(E)encouraged several nations to sell more oftheir agricultural products on foreignmarkets 后面选项均非原文改写11.The author‘s argument implies that, compared to theyearly price changes that actually occurred onforeign agricultural markets during the 1880‘s,American farmers would have most preferred yearly price changes that were 逻辑(A)much smaller and in the same direction(B)much smaller but in the opposite direction(C)slightly smaller and in the same direction(D)similar in size but in the opposite direction(E)slightly greater and in the same direction paralleled平行.之前是discontent,表示对于price decline 也是一样的态度,所以选opposite direction. uninterrupted,连续的,表示很大的. 所以farmers希望同样大小的增长When the same parameters and quantitative theoryare used to analyze both termite colonies and troopsof rhesus macaques, we will have a unified science of sociobiology. I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them. Consider termites and macaques. Both form cooperative groups that occupy territories. In both kinds of society there is a well-marked division of labor. Members of both groups communicate to each other hunger, alarm, hostility, caste status or rank, and reproductive status. From the specialist‘s point of view, this comparison may at first seem facile—or worse. But it is out of such deliberate oversimplification that the beginnings of a general theory are made. (134 words)观点:有保留地赞同12.Which of the following best summarizes theauthor‘s main point?作者态度(A)Oversimplified comparisons of animalsocieties could diminish the likelihood ofdeveloping a unified scienceof sociobiology. 过负(B)Understanding the ways in which animalsas different as termites and rhesusmacaques resemble each other requirestrain in both biology and sociology. 无(C)Most animals organize themselves intosocieties that exhibit patterns ofgroup behavior similar to those ofhuman societies. 对象有误(D)Animals as different as termites andrhesus macaques follow certain similarand predictable patterns of behavior.(E)A study of the similarities between insect andvertebrate societies could provide the basisfor a unified science of sociobiology.13.Select the sentence in the passage in which the authorsuggests that there are significant structuraldifferences between insect and vertebrate societies.很明显定位33Exercise 7Hydrogeology is a science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on the surface of theland, in the soil and underlying rocks, andLine in the atmosphere.The term ―geohydrology is5sometimes erroneously used as a synonym for―hydrogeology.Geohydrology is concerned withunderground water. There are many formations thatcontain water but are not part of the hydrologic cyclebecause of geologic changes that have isolated them10underground. These systems are properly termedgeohydrologic but not hydrogeologic. Only when a systempossesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate thewater within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entiresystem properly be termed hydrogeologic.(107 words)时间: 21’ 正确率: 9/131. It can be inferred that which of the followingis most likely to be the subject of study bya geohydrologist? underground(A)Soft, porous rock being worn away by awaterfall(B)Water depositing minerals on the banks ofa gorge through which the water runs (C)The trapping of water in a sealed undergroundrock cavern through the action of anearthquake(D)Water becoming unfit to drink throughthe release of pollutants into it from amanufacturing plant(E)The changing course of a river channel asthe action of the water wears away therocks past which the river flows2. The author refers to ―many formations‖ primarilyin order to(A)clarify a distinction(B)introduce a subject(C)draw an analogy(D)emphasize a similarity(E)resolve a conflictIn the 1750‘s, when salons were firmly establishedin France, some English women, who calledthemselves ―Bluestocking, followed the example of Line the salonnieres (French salon hostesses) and formed5their own salons. Most Bluestockings did not wish to mirror the salonnieres; they simply desired to adapt aproven formula to their own purpose—the elevationof women‘s status through moral and intellectualtraining. Differences in social orientation and back-10ground can account perhaps for differences in the nature of French and English salons. The Frenchsalon incorporated aristocratic attitudes that exaltedcourtly pleasure and emphasized artistic accomplish-ments. The English Bluestockings, originating from a 15more modest background, emphasized learning and work over pleasure. Accustomed to the regimented life ofcourt circles, salonnieres tended toward formality in theirsalons. The English women, though somewhatpuritanical, were more casual in their approach.(139 words) regimented 受管制的3.According to the passage, a significant distinctionbetween the salonniere s and Bluestockings was in theway each group regarded which of the following?(A)The value of acquiring knowledge(B)The role of pleasure in the activities of theliterary salon(C)The desirability of a complete breakwith societal traditions(D)The inclusion of women of differentback-grounds in the salons 迷惑选项因为题干说有regarded决定此选项不正确.regard是表示主动的动词.沙龙女对待…的区别.而不同背景的人只是作为一个”背景”交待一下.(E)The attainment of full social and politicalequality with men 4. The author refers to differences in socialback-ground between salonnieres andBluestockings in order to do which of thefollowing?(A)Criticize the view that their choices ofactivities were significantly influencedby male salon members新G阅读唯一一个好处是短文章限制篇幅少,容易找.同时这也表明此选项放在老G中错处是串段.(B)Discuss the reasons why literary salons inFrance were established before those inEngland 无(C)Question the importance of theBluestockings in shaping publicattitudes toward educated women(D)Refute the argument that the French salonshad little influence over the direction theEnglish salons took(E)Explain the differences in atmosphere(→casual) and style in their salonsFor the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply5. Which of the following statements is mostcompatible with the principles of the salonnieres as described in the passage? salonnier→French□A Devotion to pleasure and art is justifiedin itself.□B Men should be excluded from groupsof women‘s rights supporters.□C Women should aspire to be not onlyeducated but independent as well.The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers‘ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation 能量守恒原理. (43 words)6.If the author‘s assessment of the use of heat pumpsis correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?(A)Do not make exaggerated claims about theproducts you are trying to promote.(B)Focus your advertising campaign on vagueanalogies and veiled implications insteadof on facts.(C)Do not use facts in your advertising that willstrain the prospective client‘s ability tobelieve.(D)Do not assume in your advertising thatthe prospective clients know even themost elementary scientific principles.(E)Concentrate your advertising firmly on financiallyrelevant issues such as price discounts andefficiency of operation.All of Francoise Duparc‘s surviving paintings blendportraiture and genre. Her subjects appear to beacquain-tances whom she has asked to pose; she hascapturedLine both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their 5everyday activities, the depiction of which characterizes genre painting. But genre painting, especially when itportrayed members of the humblest classes, was neverpopular in eighteenth-century France. The Le Nainbrothers and Georges de La Tour, who also chose such10themes, were largely ignored. Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and todifferent aesthetic values: we no longer requireartists to provide ideal images of humanity for our moral edification but rather regard such idealization as a falsifi-15cation of the truth. Duparc gives no improving message and discreetly refrains from judging her subjects. In brief,her works neither elevate nor instruct. This restraintlargely explains her lack of popular success during herlifetime, even if her talent did not go completely unrecog- 20nized by her eighteenth-century French contemporaries.blend 混合7.According to the passage, modern viewers are notlikely to value which of the following qualities in a painting?(A)The technical elements of the painting(B)The spontaneity of the painting(C)The moral lesson imparted by the painting(D)The degree to which the painting realisticallydepicts its subject(E)The degree to which the artist‘s personalityis revealed in the painting8.If the history of Duparc‘s artistic reputation wereto follow that of the Le Nain brothers and Georgesde La Tour, present-day assessments of her workwould be likely to contain which of the following?(A)An evaluation that accords high status toher work 两种解法:D人直接取反;由LN和G人定位取其正向特征(B)Acknowledgement of her technical expertise butdismissal of her subject matter as trivial(C)Agreement with assessments made in her owntime but acknowledgements of theexcep-tional quality of a few of her paintings(D)Placement of her among the foremost artists ofher century(E)A reclassification of her work asportraiture rather than genre painting9.Select the sentence in the passage in which the authorindicates that aesthetic judgments can be influenced by the political beliefs of those making the judgment.由political beliefs定位. political beliefs=politicalclimate.正确答案给得更直接一些.我选的那句含有自己的推断认为humblest就是代表political.定位!!!Flatfish, such as the flounder, are among the few vertebrates that lack approximate bilateral symmetry(symmetry in which structures to the left and right of theLine body‘s midline are mirror images). Most striking among5the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so that in anadult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of thehead. While in most species with asymmetries virtuallyall adults share the same asymmetry, members of the10starry flounder species can be either left-eyed (both eyes on the left side of head) or right-eyed. In the watersbetween the United States and Japan, the starry flounderpopulations vary from about 50 percent left-eyed off theUnited States West Coast, throug h about 70 percent15left-eyed halfway between the United States and Japan, to nearly 100 percent left-eyed off the Japanese coast.Biologists call this kind of gradual variation over ac ertain geographic rang a ―cline and interpret clinesas strong indications that the variation is adaptive, a20response to environmental differences. For the starry flounder this interpretation implies that a geometricdifference (between fish that are mirror images of oneanother) is adaptive, that left-eyedness in the Japanesestarry flounder has been selected for, which provokes a25perplexing questions: what is the selective advantage in having both eyes on one side rather than on the other?The ease with which a fish can reverse the effect of the sidedness of its eye asymmetry simply by turningaround has caused biologists to study internal anatomy,30especially the optic nerves, for the answer. In all flatfish the optic nerves cross, so that the right optic nerve isjoined to the brain‘s left side and vice versa. Thiscrossing introduces an asymmetry, as one optic nervemust cross above or below the other. G. H. Parker35reasoned that if, for example, a flatfish‘s left eye migrated when the right optic nerve was on top, therewould be a twisting of nerves, which might bemechanically disadvantageous. For starry flounders, then,the left-eyed variety would be selected against, since in a 40 starry flounder the left optic nerve is uppermost.The problem with the above explanation is that the Japanese starry flounder population is almost exclusivelyleft-eyed, and natural selection never promotes a purelyless advantageous variation. As other explanations45proved equally untenable, biologists concluded that there is no important adaptive difference betweenleft-eyedness and right-eyedness, and that the twocharacteristics are genetically associated with some38other adaptively significant characteristic. This50situation is one commonly encountered byevolutionary biologists, who must often decidewhether a characteristic is adaptive or selectivelyneutral. As for the left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish,their difference, however striking, appears to be an55 evolutionary red herring.(456 words) red herring 转移注意力的话题10.According to the passage, starry flounder differfrom most other species of flatfish in thatstarry flounder(A)are not basically bilaterally symmetric(B)do not become asymmetric until adulthood(C)do not all share the same asymmetry(D)have both eyes on the same side of the head(E)tend to cluster in only certain geographic regions For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply11.The author would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statementsabout left-eyedness and right-eyednessin the starry flounder?□A They are adaptive variations by the starryflounder to environmental differences.□B They do not seem to give obvious selectiveadvantages to the starry flounder.□C They occur in different proportions indifferent locations.这题主要是没有理解其实selective和adaptive 是一样的意思,由L23-L24可知.知道这一点再结合最后一段就可以判断B了.12.According to the passage, a possible disadvantageassociated with eye migration in flatfish is that theoptic nerves can这种题还是仔细定位一下比较好(A)adhere to one another(B)detach from the eyes(C)cross(D)stretch(E)twist13.Which of the following best describes theorganization of the passage as a whole?(A)A phenomenon is described and aninterpretation presented and rejected.(B)A generalization is made and supportingevidence is supplied and weighed.(C)A contradiction is noted and a resolutionis suggested and then modified.(D)A series of observations is presentedand explained in terms of the dominanttheory.(E) A hypothesis is introduced and corroboratedin the light of new evidence.39Exercise 8Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-Line temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor5driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through aheat exchanger called the condenser, which transfersheat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now therefrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts 10 a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. Asthe pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partiallyvaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through asecond heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfersheat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the15temperature of this second body of air.(126 words)时间: 22’50” 正确率: 11/131.According to the passage, the role of theflow restriction in a heat pump is to还是在原文定位上出现问题.每次找到定位词,答案不是那么明显的时候,关注于定位词前后文!!(A)measure accurately the flow rate of therefrigerant mass at that point(B)compress and heat the refrigerant vapor(C)bring about the evaporation and coolingof refrigerant(D)exchange heat between the refrigerant and theair at that point(E)reverse the direction of refrigerant flow whenneeded40。

名人对比作文200字英文回答：In the annals of history, countless individuals have risen to prominence, leaving an indelible mark on the world. Whether through their intellect, artistry, leadership, or unwavering determination, these luminaries have inspired generations and sparked countless conversations about their lives and contributions. Comparing the journeys and achievements of two such icons can provide invaluable insights into the nature of success, the challenges of fame, and the enduring legacy of human endeavor.One such comparison that has captivated the public imagination is that of Albert Einstein and Marie Curie.Both born in the 19th century, these two brilliant minds revolutionized their respective fields of physics and chemistry. Einstein, the renowned physicist, developed the theory of relativity, forever altering our understanding of space, time, and the universe. Curie, the pioneeringchemist, conducted groundbreaking research on radioactivity, earning her the distinction of being the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the only person to have won Nobel Prizesin two different scientific fields.Beyond their shared brilliance, Einstein and Curiefaced numerous obstacles in their pursuit of knowledge. Einstein, a German Jew, faced prejudice and anti-Semitism throughout his life, which ultimately forced him to flee Nazi Germany. Curie, a woman in a male-dominated field, encountered countless barriers and biases, but persevered through sheer determination and an unyielding passion for science.Despite the challenges they faced, both Einstein and Curie achieved unparalleled success and left behind alasting legacy. Einstein's theories continue to shape our understanding of the universe, while Curie's discoveries in radioactivity have led to advancements in medicine, nuclear energy, and other fields. Their lives and work serve as a testament to the transformative power of the human mind and the importance of resilience in the face of adversity.中文回答：在历史的长河中，无数名人脱颖而出，在世界上留下了难以磨灭的印记。

八年级英语议论文论证方法单选题40题1. In the essay, the author mentions a story about a famous scientist to support his idea. This is an example of _____.A.analogyB.exampleparisonD.metaphor答案：B。

本题主要考查论证方法的辨析。

选项A“analogy”是类比；选项B“example”是举例；选项C“comparison”是比较；选项D“metaphor”是隐喻。

文中提到一个关于著名科学家的故事来支持观点，这是举例论证。

2. The writer uses the experience of his own life to prove his point. This kind of method is called _____.A.personal storyB.example givingC.case studyD.reference答案：B。

选项A“personal story”个人故事范围较窄；选项B“example giving”举例；选项C“case study”案例分析；选项D“reference”参考。

作者用自己的生活经历来证明观点，这是举例论证。

3. The author cites several historical events to strengthen his argument. What is this method?A.citing factsB.giving examplesC.making comparisonsing analogies答案：B。

选项A“citing facts”引用事实，历史事件可以作为例子，所以是举例论证；选项B“giving examples”举例；选项C“making comparisons”比较；选项D“using analogies”使用类比。

选择性必修第三册UNIT 8LITERATURE(限时：20分钟)Ⅰ.单词拼写一、阅读单词——知其意1.fiction n.小说；虚构的事2.romance n.爱情故事；罗曼史；爱情3.detective n.侦探，警探4.subjective adj.主观的；主语的5.riddle n.谜，谜语；谜团6.literary adj.文学的7.setting n.(书、影片等中情节发生的)背景；环境8.era n.时代，年代9.shelf n.搁板，架子10.scan v t.(用电磁波等)扫描11.backwards ad v.往回，往前面；向后，朝后12.curtain n.窗帘；门帘；帘子13.bay n.湾，海湾14.sparkling adj.闪亮的，闪光的15.glee n.高兴，兴奋；幸灾乐祸16.couch n.长沙发17.inward adj.内心的，精神的18.whale n.鲸19.weapon n.武器，兵器；凶器20.solid adj.固体的；坚硬的21.daybreak n.黎明，破晓22.utter v t.(尤指吃力地)发出(声音)23.seaman n.水手，海员；水兵二、核心单词——写其形1.folk adj.民间的，民俗的2.recite v i. & v t.背诵；朗诵3.structure n.结构，构造；建筑物，结构体4.submit v t.呈送，提交，呈递5.blanket n.毯子，毛毯6.aside ad v.到旁边，在旁边7.sail v i. & v t.飘；(乘船)航行8.breeze n.微风，和风9.sink v i. & v t.下沉，沉没10.chest n.胸部，胸膛11.steel n.钢，钢铁12.aboard prep. & ad v.在(船，飞机，火车)上；上(船，飞机，火车)13.fence n.栅栏，围栏，篱笆v i.击剑14.noble adj.高尚的，崇高的；贵族的■结合语境运用单词15.The teacher didn’t say a word，but stared(盯着) at the two boys who were chatting.16.Wandering(徘徊) aimlessly in the street，she didn’t know where to stay for the night.17.The instant we arrived，we were appealed to by the grassland that stretched (延伸)itself as far as the eye could see.18.John went back home and fetched(拿来) some water for the homeless.19.He glanced(瞥一眼) at the envelope and recognized his uncle’s handwriting.20.Now young people like grabbing (攫取)lucky money on WeChat instead of being given money in red paper.21.If the young soldier hadn’t saved the woman in the lake at the risk of his life，she would have got drowned(溺水).三、拓展单词——通其变1.logic n.逻辑；道理，合理的想法→logical adj.符合逻辑的→logically ad v.逻辑上，符合逻辑地2.drama n.戏剧；戏剧表演；戏剧性事件→dramatic adj.激动人心的；给人深刻印象的；巨大的；戏剧的→dramatically ad v.戏剧地；显著地3.history n.历史→historical adj.历史的→historic adj.历史上著名(或重要)的；有历史意义→historian n.历史学家4.register v t. & v i.登记；注册→registration n.登记，注册5.ice n.冰→icy adj.极冷的；被冰覆盖的6.freeze v t. & v i.结冰→frozen adj.(河、湖等)结冰的；冷冻的，冷藏的→freezing adj.极冷的；冰冻的7.ease n.轻易，毫不费劲→easy adj.容易的；舒适的→easily ad v.容易地；不费力地8.preserve v t.维护；保护→preservation n.维护；保护；保持，维持；保存9.emotion n.情绪→emotional adj.情绪的，情感的；敏感的；情绪激动的10.scholar n.有学问的人；学者→scholarship n.奖学金11.poison n.毒药，毒素，毒物v t.毒害，毒杀→poisonous adj.有毒的■利用语境串记单词12.With so many different forms of poetry to choose from，students may eventually want to write poems of their own.(poem)13.Lucy，a young girl from America，is fond of adventures.Her adventurous experience is unbelievable.(adventure)14.Although I am absorbed in all the materials，I still have difficulty absorbing them all at once.(absorb)15.There are many mysterious stories about the Egyptian pyramids，and how they were made remains a mystery.(mystery)16.Hearing that I held a strong belief that I could marry that handsome actor，but my brother shook his head in disbelief.(believe)17.There is too much violence in the film，so we must cut the violent scenes when it is shown on TV.(violent)18.The continuous rain has lasted for about a week，and the weather forecast says that it will continue for another 3 days.(continue)19.He asked for his teacher’s forgiveness，and the teacher finally forgave him.(forgive)20.In desperation，the soldiers took up their weapons to fight the enemy desperately.(desperate)Ⅱ.短语填空1.stare at 盯着2.in an attempt to do sth 试着做某事3.make up one’s mind 下定决心4.be tired of 厌倦5.with disbelief不相信地6.hold on 坚持；等一等7.in desperation 绝望地8.struggle against 为反对……而斗争9.wake up 醒来10.search...for... 搜查……为了寻找……11.shake with cold 冷得发抖12.take...for granted 视……为理所当然(而对其不重视)■根据语境选词填空13.Once she has made up her mind, under no circumstances will she change her mind.14.She stared at the painting for a long time, wondering where she had seen it.15.What is known to us all is that Hawking struggled against illness in his life.16.He usually wakes up at 5 o’clock every morning and then he brushes his teeth.17.Once, a king loved music so much that he searched the world for the best instrument.Ⅲ.句式仿写1.句型公式：long to do...我很高兴听到你渴望提高你的汉语并了解更多的中国文化。

高二英语科学发现单选题50题1. The ______ of the light bulb by Thomas Edison had a great impact on the world.A. inventionB. discoveryC. explorationD. creation答案：A。

解析：“invention”强调创造出以前不存在的东西，灯泡是爱迪生创造发明出来的，所以选A。

“discovery”侧重于发现原本就存在但不为人知的事物；“exploration”主要指探索、探究；“creation”更侧重于创造抽象的事物或艺术作品等，在表示发明具体物品时不如“invention”合适。

2. Alexander Fleming is famous for his ______ of penicillin.A. inventionB. discoveryC. findD. creation答案：B。

解析：“discovery”指发现原本存在但未被发现的事物，青霉素原本就存在，弗莱明是发现了它，所以选B。

“invention”强调发明新的东西；“find”作名词时没有这种科学发现的含义；“creation”侧重于创造抽象或艺术等方面的东西。

3. Which of the following is the correct English term for “万有引力”that was discovered by Isaac Newton?A. Universal GravityB. General GravityC. Total GravityD. Whole Gravity答案：A。

解析：“Universal Gravity”是“万有引力”的正确英文表达。

“General”通常表示一般的、总体的；“Total”表示总数的、总计的；“Whole”表示整个的，都不能准确表达“万有引力”这个科学概念。

谁将是探索者英语作文Explorer is someone who is curious and adventurous.They have a thirst for knowledge and a desire to discover new things. They are not afraid to step out of theircomfort zone and explore the unknown. Explorers are often driven by a sense of curiosity and a desire to understand the world around them.Explorers come from all walks of life. They can be scientists, researchers, adventurers, or even ordinary people with a passion for discovery. They may travel to remote and exotic locations, or they may explore the depths of the ocean or the vastness of outer space. Explorers are not limited by boundaries or borders, and they are always seeking new experiences and knowledge.Explorers face many challenges in their quest for discovery. They may encounter physical obstacles such as harsh climates, treacherous terrains, or dangerous wildlife. They may also face mental and emotional challenges, such asfear, loneliness, or homesickness. Despite these challenges, explorers are driven by their passion and determination to overcome obstacles and continue their exploration.Explorers often make important contributions to society. Their discoveries and findings can lead to advancements in science, technology, and medicine. They may uncover new species, find solutions to environmental problems, or make groundbreaking discoveries that change our understanding of the world. Explorers also inspire others to follow in their footsteps and pursue their own passions for exploration.Being an explorer is not just about physical exploration, but also about exploring ideas and pushing the boundaries of knowledge. Explorers are often curious about the world around them and are constantly seeking new experiences and perspectives. They are open-minded andwilling to challenge conventional wisdom in order to gain a deeper understanding of the world.In conclusion, explorers are curious, adventurous individuals who are driven by a desire to discover andunderstand the world around them. They face challenges, make important contributions to society, and inspire others to follow in their footsteps. Whether they are exploring remote locations, conducting scientific research, or pushing the boundaries of knowledge, explorers are always seeking new experiences and knowledge.。

中国卫生产业·第八卷·第三期·上 27经椎弓根螺钉具有固定可靠及固定节段少等力学优势,已被广泛地运用于胸椎及腰椎的内固定中。

但由于中上胸椎椎弓根细小,植入时容易损伤周围重要组织。

经肋椎关节固定作为胸椎固定的必要补充方法成了近期研究的热点,本研究针对国人中上胸椎不同节段经肋椎关节和椎弓根固定通路进行测量及对比研究,旨在为经肋椎关节固定技术在临床的应用提供参考数据。

1 资料与方法1.1 一般资料选择16具(男11具、女5具)正常成人防腐尸体胸椎骨,检查各标本无明显脊柱损伤性疾病及结构异常。

1.2 方法对T1～T8共128个椎体256个肋椎关节及相应椎弓根进行以下测量:(1)肋椎关节和椎弓根后缘骨皮质到椎体前缘骨皮质的距离;(2)肋椎关节、椎弓根轴线与椎体矢状轴的夹角(e角);(3)肋椎关节轴线与椎体水平面的夹角(f角)。

采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计学分析。

2 结果T1～T8相同节段经肋椎关节与经椎弓根固定的钉道长度及e角的测量数据比较均有统计学意义(P <0.05),见表1、2。

经肋椎关节固定的钉道长度＞经椎弓根固定。

T1的钉道长度最短,T1～T8逐渐增大。

肋椎关节的e角＞椎弓根。

T1的内倾角度最大,向下逐渐减小。

不同肋椎关节f角的变化不大,总体在-3～3°之间,见表3。

3 讨论胸椎椎弓根窄细,形态上横径短于上下径,以T4～T6节段最窄,平均横径<5mm。

Vaccaro等报道,因上胸椎椎弓根较细,临床上有41%的椎弓根钉误置率,其中23%偏内侧,18%偏外侧,所以医源性胸椎椎弓根骨折及出现血管、脊髓损伤等并发症时有发生。

虽然减少椎弓根螺钉的直径可以降低并发症,但螺钉的固定强度也会受到影响。

Willett K等用完整的人椎体进行常用的椎弓根螺钉的拔出试验表明,直径越大的螺钉拔出力学强度越强。

而经肋椎关节固定作为一种新的固定方法穿钉时不必要求椎弓根钉在椎弓根内,椎弓根和肋骨可为螺钉提供足够的安全路径,因此可以使用直径更大的螺钉来增加固定强度。

高一英语阅读理解推理判断题专项训练单选题20题1. The author of the passage is most likely a _____.A.studentB.teacherC.writerD.scientist答案：B。

解析：文章中多次提到了教学场景和对学生的指导，所以可以推断出作者最有可能是一位老师。

选项A 学生不太可能有文中那样的权威性和指导能力；选项C 作家通常不会有这么多关于教学的内容；选项D 科学家与文章主题不相关。

推理方法是根据文章中的关键信息进行推断。

阅读技巧是注意文章中的细节描述和语气。

2. What can we infer from the passage?A.The main character is brave.B.The main character is shy.C.The main character is kind.D.The main character is lazy.答案：C。

解析：文章中描述了主人公帮助他人的行为，所以可以推断出主人公是善良的。

选项A 勇敢在文章中没有体现；选项B 害羞也与文章内容不符；选项D 懒惰更是与文章中的主人公形象相反。

推理方法是根据主人公的行为进行推断。

阅读技巧是抓住文章中的关键事件。

3. The passage is probably taken from _____.A.a novelB.a newspaperC.a textbookD.a magazine答案：C。

解析：文章的语言和内容具有教育性，更像是来自教科书。

选项A 小说通常有更复杂的情节和文学性的语言；选项B 报纸的文章通常更注重时效性；选项D 杂志的内容比较广泛，但不一定有这么强的教育性。

推理方法是根据文章的风格和内容进行推断。

阅读技巧是分析文章的特点。

4. What is the main idea of the passage?A.A trip to a beautiful place.B.A story about friendship.C.A lesson about life.D.An introduction to a famous person.答案：B。