The Infrared behaviour of the gluon propagator in SU(2) and SU(3) without lattice Gribov co

三亚“PEP”24年小学三年级下册英语第五单元期中试卷考试时间：90分钟（总分:110）A卷一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：The ice cream is ________ and cold.2、听力题：I have a _____ of stickers in my book. (collection)3、听力题：A _______ is a tool that helps to measure the distance between two points.4、Which fruit is red and typically round?A. AppleB. BananaC. OrangeD. Grapes答案:A5、听力题：My cousin is a great ____ (singer).6、How many players are there in a soccer team?A. 9B. 10C. 11D. 127、听力题：My dad works in an _____ (办公室).8、填空题：The chef is renowned for his _____ (创新菜肴).9、填空题：A flower can have many different ______ (结构).10、填空题：The __________ (历史的复杂故事) reveal truths.11、听力题：The __________ is a famous city known for its culture.12、Which animal is known for its ability to swim?A. CatB. DogC. FishD. Horse答案:C13、填空题：The __________ (历史的展现) showcases evolution.14、填空题：My __________ (玩具名) is made of __________ (材料).15、What do you call a person who makes furniture?A. CarpenterB. ElectricianC. PlumberD. Builder答案: A16、选择题：What do we call the measurement of how hot or cold something is?A. TemperatureB. PressureC. VolumeD. Density17、 to read ______ (书) before bed. 填空题：She love18、What do you call the person who teaches students?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. ChefD. Driver答案:B. Teacher19、What is the capital of Jamaica?A. KingstonB. Montego BayC. Ocho RiosD. Negril答案: A20、听力题：The ______ keeps planets in orbit.21、What color is the sky on a clear day?A. RedB. BlueC. GreenD. Yellow答案: B22、听力题：A _______ is a large area of flat land with few trees.23、填空题：My pet's name is ______.24、填空题：The monkey loves to eat ______.25、What is the color of grass?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. Purple26、What do you call the sound made by a cat?A. BarkB. MeowC. RoarD. Quack答案: B. Meow27、Which holiday is celebrated on July 4th in the United States?A. ThanksgivingB. New YearC. Independence DayD. Christmas答案:C28、What is the main ingredient in hummus?A. BeanB. ChickpeaC. LentilD. Pea答案: B29、选择题：What is the largest country in the world?A. CanadaB. ChinaC. RussiaD. India30、填空题：I like to _______ (看电影) with my family.31、填空题：My favorite animal is a _______ (马)。

小学下册英语第六单元全练全测(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The ________ (mountaineer) climbs high peaks.2.We are ______ (going) to the park.3.Which animal is known for its intelligence and ability to solve problems?A. GoldfishB. DogC. ElephantD. Cat答案: C4. A ______ (自然保护区) can protect vulnerable species.5.We visit the ______ (农场) during the summer.6.The __________ (南北战争) was fought between the North and South in the USA.7.I like to help my ______ in the kitchen. (我喜欢在厨房帮助我的______。

)8.The Earth's crust is divided into various geological ______.9.My favorite exercise is ______.10. A dolphin can swim at high ________________ (速度).11. A fish has fins to ______ (游).12.I saw a ________ in the tree branches.13.The ice is ______ in the glass. (cold)14.I enjoy writing poetry and expressing my ________ (情感) through words.15.My favorite type of ________ (运动) is tennis.16.She is a great ________.17.The _____ (草原) is home to many wildflowers.18.I saw a ________ chasing a squirrel.19.The dog likes to play in the ______.20.I enjoy building with my ________ (玩具名称).21. A mixture is made of two or more ______.22.I enjoy reading ______ (小说) because they transport me to different worlds.23.The _______ can be very colorful in the spring.24.The __________ was a time of great scientific discovery. (启蒙时代)25.Read and match.(看图连线。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-外交学院考试全真模拟全知识点汇编押题第五期（含答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Mom flipped her（）when she found out I was pregnant.问题1选项A.chartB.fingerC.sideD.lid【答案】D【解析】考查固定短语搭配。

Flip one’s lid是一句美国俚语，意为发怒，发火，失去控制，变得狂热，大发脾气。

句意：妈妈发现我怀孕后大发雷霆。

因此D选项正确。

2.单选题George is only a stalking（）, his mother is the real boss问题1选项A.horseB.catC.duckD.tiger 【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。

A选项horse“马，骑兵，脚架”；B选项cat“猫，猫科动物”；C选项duck“鸭子，鸭肉”；D选项tiger“老虎，凶暴的人”。

stalking horse“用以掩人耳目的人(或物)，用以掩蔽的事物，(为试探对手支持率而推出的)掩护性候选人”。

句意：乔治只是个幌子，他妈妈才是真正的老板。

因此A选项正确。

3.单选题When he won the prestigious Cultural Prize in Germany in 1994, “it was reported nowhere in Britain,” he says, sounding rather piqued.问题1选项A.annoyedB.satisfiedC.excitedD.humiliated【答案】A【解析】考查同义形容词辨析。

A选项annoyed“恼怒的，烦闷的”；B选项satisfied“感到满意的”；C选项excited“兴奋的，激动的，活跃的”；D选项humiliated“蒙羞的，感到自惭的”。

句意：当他1994年在德国获得享有盛誉的文化奖时，“英国没有任何报道，”他说，听起来相当愤怒。

小学上册英语第三单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The library has many ______. (books)2.Renaissance artists like Leonardo da Vinci created famous works like the ______ (蒙娜丽莎).3.The elephant is very ___. (big)4.My brother likes to solve ____ (math problems).5.In an electrochemical cell, oxidation occurs at the ____ electrode.6.I can ______ (骑) a bike without training wheels.7.What is the name of the famous American national park known for its canyons?A. YellowstoneB. Grand CanyonC. YosemiteD. ZionB8.What do we call a large body of freshwater?A. OceanB. RiverC. LakeD. Sea9.The house is ___. (colorful)10.The chemical formula for magnesium oxide is __________.11.I call my pet bird “.”12.We are ______ (going) to the zoo this Saturday.13.The _____ (rose) symbolizes love.14.The _____ (cabbage) is fresh.15.The river is ___. (wide)16.He is reading a ______. (book)17.My cousin is studying to be a __________ (医生).18.My friend is a _____ (心理学家) who helps children.19.The book is ________ and interesting.20.The pH scale measures how _______ or basic a solution is.21.The chemical formula for sodium phosphate is ______.22.What do you call a bird that cannot fly?A. SparrowB. OstrichC. EagleD. Penguin23. A chemical change is often irreversible, while a physical change is ______.24.What do you call the season when leaves fall?A. WinterB. SummerC. SpringD. Fall25.What is the capital of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KazanD. Novosibirsk26.I can ______ (解决) problems creatively.27.I can play with my ________ (玩具类型) anywhere.28.Chemical changes can produce new ________.29.The __________ (历史的工具) enable better analysis.30.The ______ (海豹) loves to bask in the sun.31.I love taking care of my ______ (植物) and watching them grow.32.Chemical reactions can be affected by _____, concentration, and surface area.33.My family has a pet _______ (动物). Its name is _______ (名字). It loves to _______ (动词) around the house.34.We can _______ a picnic by the lake.35.The ______ is very charismatic.36.What is the opposite of big?A. LargeB. HugeC. SmallD. Tall37.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. WaterD. YeastB38.The mantis shrimp has powerful ________________ (爪).39.The study of how landforms are created is called ______.40.At home, I would create a cozy ______ for my pet. I would fill it with soft ______ and toys to keep it happy. Every day, I would make sure to feed it healthy ______ and give it plenty of water.41.I like to draw pictures of ______ (动物) and give them to my friends.42.What is the term for a baby seal?A. PupB. CalfC. KitD. KidA43.What do you call the art of folding paper?A. PaintingB. SculptingC. OrigamiD. DrawingC44.The capital of the Netherlands is __________.45.My uncle is a __________ (科研人员).46.What do we call the place where we watch movies?A. TheaterB. ParkC. MallD. Playground47.What do you call the story of someone's life?A. NovelB. BiographyC. FantasyD. PoemB48.The ______ (小鹿) grazes peacefully, unaware of the approaching ______ (危险).49.The ________ (交通安全) is a priority for everyone.50.What do you call the season when it snows?A. SpringB. SummerC. FallD. Winter51.When I grow up, I want to be a ________ (科学家) and discover new ________ (东西).52.The first successful polio vaccine was developed by ________.53.What do you call the bright light produced by a firefly?A. GlowB. ShineC. SparkleD. FlickerA54.What is the term for a baby kangaroo?A. JoeyB. CalfC. CubD. KitA Joey55.What color do you get by mixing blue and yellow?A. GreenB. PurpleC. OrangeD. RedA56.The __________ is an important region for agriculture. (平原)57.My sister's favorite animal is a ______ (海龟).58.Which of these animals is a marsupial?A. KangarooB. LionC. ElephantD. Giraffe59.The ______ (花粉) is vital for plant reproduction.60.We had ______ (fun) at the amusement park.61. A ________ (森林) can be home to many species.62. A solution can be made more concentrated by adding more ______.63.In _____ (澳大利亚), you can find the Outback.64.They are going to ______ (visit) their grandma.65.My brother bought a new _______ (我哥哥买了一个新的_______).66.The __________ (文化差异) foster understanding.67.I appreciate all the ______ (帮助) my parents give me. Their support means a lot to me.68.I like to help my mom ________ (种花) in the garden.69.I enjoy learning new ______ (单词) in English. It helps me communicate better with others.70.Gravity is stronger on planets with more ______.71.The __________ (种植者) planted seeds in rows.72.The chemical process of photosynthesis converts sunlight into _____.73.What is the capital of Costa Rica?A. San JoséB. AlajuelaC. CartagoD. HerediaA74.What is the capital of France?A. RomeB. ParisC. BerlinD. Madrid75.The _____ (小猫) loves to play with balls of yarn.76.The turtle is very _______ (耐心).77.What do we call the process of water turning into ice?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. EvaporatingD. Condensing78.How many days are in a week?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8C79.I like to share my toy ________ (玩具名称) with my cousins.80.The Earth's surface is shaped by both ______ and human activity.81.What do you call a collection of maps?A. AtlasB. BookC. EncyclopediaD. DictionaryA82.How many months have 28 days?A. OneB. TwoC. AllD. TwelveC83.I like to ________ in the morning.84.Did you see that _____ (老虎) at the zoo?85.In a reaction, the rate can be affected by the surface area of the _____.86.The playground is _______ with children.87.What is the value of 7 × 2 3?A. 11B. 12C. 13D. 14A88.The chemical formula for magnesium sulfate is _____.89.What do we call an animal that primarily eats meat?A. HerbivoreB. OmnivoreC. CarnivoreD. Insectivore90.The ________ (土著文化) is fascinating to learn about.91.The chemical structure of DNA contains ______ bases.92.What do we call the central part of an atom?A. ElectronB. ProtonC. NucleusD. NeutronC93.What is the name of the famous artist known for his sculptures?A. MichelangeloB. RembrandtC. Van GoghD. RenoirA94.What is the main source of light during the day?A. MoonB. StarsC. SunD. Lamp95.What is the opposite of light?A. BrightB. HeavyC. DarkD. ClearC96.What do we call a story that is told through dialogue and action?A. NovelB. PlayC. PoemD. Short Story97.The mountains are _____ (tall/short) and beautiful.98.The first country to adopt a national anthem was _______. (荷兰)99.Saturn has over known ______.100.I love to watch ________ (舞蹈表演) on TV.。

小学上册英语第四单元自测题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My grandma enjoys baking ____ (cakes) for birthdays.2. A _______ (马) can be very strong.3.What do we call a collection of stars?A. GalaxyB. UniverseC. PlanetariumD. Solar SystemA4.The chemical symbol for chromium is _____.5. A ______ is a group of stars that form a pattern.6.What do we call the study of human society and social behavior?A. SociologyB. AnthropologyC. PsychologyD. Political scienceA7. A goat can climb on ________________ (岩石).8.The Sun's light takes about minutes to reach ______.9.The chemical formula for ferric oxide is ______.10.What do we call a baby dog?A. KittenB. PuppyC. CubD. Calf11.The flowers are ___. (blooming)12.The ________ is soft and warm.13.What do we call the imaginary line dividing the Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres?A. Prime MeridianB. EquatorC. Tropic of CapricornD. Antarctic CircleA14.My sister enjoys __________ (参与社交活动).15. A compass shows _______.16.What do we call a young female cat?A. KittenB. PuppyC. CubD. ChickA17.The _____ (小鸭) follows its mother everywhere.18.She is very ___. (kind)19.My sister, ______ (我妹妹), is interested in fashion design.20.What is the main ingredient in mayonnaise?A. MustardB. OilC. VinegarD. Egg21.What is the name of the largest desert in the world?A. SaharaB. GobiC. KalahariD. ArcticA22.I like to _______ (尝试新餐厅) with my family.23.What is the name of the first living creature in space?A. LaikaB. ApolloC. GagarinD. SputnikA24.What do we call the main character in a play?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. LeadD. SupportingA25.I have a cute _____ (布娃娃).26.My friend has a lovely _______ (动物). 它的性格很 _______ (形容词).27.The flower is ___ (blooming) nicely.28.We are learning to ______ (dance) this week.29.The Nile River flows through __________.30.The boy likes ________.31.The _____ (game/toy) is fun.32.How many players are there in a baseball team?A. 9B. 10C. 11D. 12A33.The capital of Colombia is __________.34. A squirrel's front teeth are perfect for cracking ________________ (坚果).35.The __________ is the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas.36.What is the capital of Thailand?A. BangkokB. PhuketC. Chiang MaiD. PattayaA37. A _____ (温室) can protect plants from harsh weather.38.The ______ is the largest part of the brain.39.Which fruit is known for being very sour?A. BananaB. LemonC. PeachD. MelonB40.My dad is my superhero and _______ (我爸爸是我的超级英雄和_______).41.在历史上，________ (conflicts) 影响了国家的边界与发展。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-上海交通大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The doctor informed his patient that the drug was very （） and can have unpleasant side-effects.问题1选项A.potentB.efficientC.intricateD.fragile【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析题。

potent"（药等）有效力的,有说服力的";efficient "有能力的,效率高的", 一般指办事效率; intricate "错综复杂的";fragile "易碎的,脆弱的"。

句意：医生告诉他的病人这种药的药效很强，而且可能有副作用。

选项A符合句意。

2.单选题Before many people buy a car, a television or a washing machine, they shop around for the best deal. Yet, when some of these people find themselves in a position in which a second medical opinion is a good idea ——when facing a difficult operation, for example,——they are unwilling to go further. Sometimes it doesn't matter. But sometimes it can lead to the wrong treatment, even death.A number of psychological roadblocks get in the way of second medical opinions, but one of the most common is the fear of hurting the feelings of the doctors, and the possible result of that. People may think that in bringing up that they want to get a second opinion they're questioning the doctor's ability, so in the interest of not hurting the feeling of him they don't suggest it.Another reason people avoid getting a second opinion is fear of the second doctor giving them worse news than the first. Says Balyk: "You fear that if you go for, say, an ingrown toenail, he'll tell you that the toe must come off. " The most important consideration is that it's in your self interest to get another opinion — and it may not be worse.Then, most people trust, even give great respect to their doctors, and regard them as with godlike qualities. So they trust their doctor is right, and don't ask for a second opinion. In fact, it doesn't even occur to them that they shoulD.But you should remember that the doctor is a human being — just like you.And sometimes, when people are sick, they become childlike. They put all types of good feelings onto the doctor and just let him take over. At other times, obtaining that second opinion just seems like too much work.But remember, sometimes getting that second medical opinion can mean the difference between life and death.1.From both the first and the last paragraphs we can infer that the author may want to suggest that （） .2.Why are some patients afraid of hurting the doctor's feelings?3.Another reason some patients don't want to get a second medical opinion is that （） .4.In Paragraph 5, by "sometimes when people are sick, they become childlike" the author means that（） .5.The last word "work" in Paragraph 5 may probably be closest in meaning to （） .问题1选项A.one should choose a hospital carefully when illB.one should think seriously before making a medical decisionC.one should never be afraid of questioning the doctor's opinionD.a second medical opinion is absolutely necessary问题2选项A.They fear that if so something unhappy will happen.B.They fear that the doctor may let them alone after that.C.They fear the doctor may intentionally give them wrong treatments.D.They have been taught to respect doctors in this way.问题3选项A.they are used to treating doctors as gods in every aspectB.other people will look on them as mad if they do soC.they think it is wrong to doubt the doctor's opinionD.doctors usually don't have a second opinion to offer问题4选项A.when people are sick, they behave in every way like a childB.when people are sick, they become unreasonableC.when people are sick, they are too lazy to take care of themselvesD.when people are sick, they rely too much on others问题5选项A.troubleB.energyC.timebor【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。

小学上册英语第四单元真题(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A _______ is a reaction that occurs in the ocean.2.I find ________ (工程学) very interesting.3.The ______ shares her experiences with others.4.My ________ (玩具名称) is a constant source of joy.5.The __________ (社会责任) is important for community well-being.6.The tree has __________ leaves.7.The Earth's interior is studied through ______ waves.8.How many days are in a week?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8答案:C9.What do we call the science of studying living things?A. BiologyB. ChemistryC. PhysicsD. Astronomy答案:A10.My ___ (小猫) purrs when I pet it.11.My favorite toy is a ______ (机器人). It can talk and ______ (跳舞).12.The fall of the Roman Empire led to the ________ (中世纪).13.I like to ________ new friends.14.What color is a ripe strawberry?A. BlueB. RedC. YellowD. Green15.The ______ is a symbol of wisdom.16.What is the term for the distance around a circle?A. AreaB. DiameterC. CircumferenceD. Radius答案:C17.The __________ (历史的启蒙) sparks change.18.The __________ (科学技术) improves our lives.19.The tortoise can pull its head into its _________ (壳).20.I have a collection of _______.21. A _______ can be used to measure the resistance of a circuit.22.The bear catches salmon in the ______.23.What is the opposite of sad?A. HappyB. JoyfulC. CheerfulD. All of the above答案:D24.What do you call a baby dog?A. KittenB. PuppyC. CalfD. Cub25.The _______ (The Great Migration) reshaped urban landscapes in America.26.What animal is famous for its black and white stripes?A. LionB. ZebraC. PandaD. Skunk答案:B27.I want to learn how to ________ (制作饮料).28.Every morning, I eat ________ (早餐) before school.29.I love to _______ (写)我的想法.30.What is the capital of Chile?A. SantiagoB. ValparaisoC. ConcepcionD. La Serena31.The best thing about fall is the ______ (丰收).32. A frog can change its color based on its ______ (环境).33.cultural exchange) enhances understanding among groups. The ____34.The chemical symbol for gold is _______.35.My dog has a fluffy _______ (尾巴).36.The __________ (历史的传承责任) ensures future continuity.37.What is the main gas that plants need to breathe?A. OxygenB. Carbon DioxideC. NitrogenD. Hydrogen答案:B38.The chemical formula for -hexanoic acid is ______.39.We will _______ (have) a bonfire tonight.40.I have a magical ________ (玩具名称).41.In a chemical equation, the products are shown on the _______.42.ers are cultivated for their ability to reduce ______ and promote healing. (某些花因其减压和促进愈合的能力而被种植。

GGALVANIC DISTORTIONThe electrical conductivity of Earth materials affects two physical processes:electromagnetic induction which is utilized with magneto-tellurics(MT)(q.v.),and electrical conduction.If electromagnetic induction in media which are heterogeneous with respect to their elec-trical conductivity is considered,then both processes take place simul-taneously:Due to Faraday’s law,a variational electric field is induced in the Earth,and due to the conductivity of the subsoil an electric cur-rent flows as a consequence of the electric field.The current compo-nent normal to boundaries within the heterogeneous structure passes these boundaries continously according tos1E1¼s2E2where the subscripts1and2indicate the boundary values of conductiv-ity and electric field in regions1and2,respectively.Therefore the amplitude and the direction of the electric field are changed in the vicinity of the boundaries(Figure G1).In electromagnetic induction studies,the totality of these changes in comparison with the electric field distribution in homogeneous media is referred to as galvanic distortion. The electrical conductivity of Earth materials spans13orders of mag-nitude(e.g.,dry crystalline rocks can have conductivities of less than 10–6S mÀ1,while ores can have conductivities exceeding106S mÀ1). Therefore,MT has a potential for producing well constrained mod-els of the Earth’s electrical conductivity structure,but almost all field studies are affected by the phenomenon of galvanic distortion, and sophisticated techniques have been developed for dealing with it(Simpson and Bahr,2005).Electric field amplitude changes and static shiftA change in an electric field amplitude causes a frequency-indepen-dent offset in apparent resistivity curves so that they plot parallel to their true level,but are scaled by a real factor.Because this shift can be regarded as spatial undersampling or“aliasing,”the scaling factor or static shift factor cannot be determined directly from MT data recorded at a single site.If MT data are interpreted via one-dimensional modeling without correcting for static shift,the depth to a conductive body will be shifted by the square root of the factor by which the apparent resistivities are shifted.Static shift corrections may be classified into three broad groups: 1.Short period corrections relying on active near-surface measurementssuch as transient electromagnetic sounding(TEM)(e.g.,Meju,1996).2.Averaging(statistical)techniques.As an example,electromagneticarray profiling is an adaptation of the magnetotelluric technique that involves sampling lateral variations in the electric field con-tinuously,and spatial low pass filtering can be used to suppress sta-tic shift effects(Torres-Verdin and Bostick,1992).3.Long period corrections relying on assumed deep structure(e.g.,a resistivity drop at the mid-mantle transition zones)or long-periodmagnetic transfer functions(Schmucker,1973).An equivalence relationship exists between the magnetotelluric impedance Z and Schmucker’s C-response:C¼Zi om0;which can be determined from the magnetic fields alone,thereby providing an inductive scale length that is independent of the dis-torted electric field.Magnetic transfer functions can,for example, be derived from the magnetic daily variation.The appropriate method for correcting static shift often depends on the target depth,because there can be a continuum of distortion at all scales.As an example,in complex three-dimensional environments near-surface correction techniques may be inadequate if the conductiv-ity of the mantle is considered,because electrical heterogeneity in the deep crust creates additional galvanic distortion at a larger-scale, which is not resolved with near-surface measurements(e.g.,Simpson and Bahr,2005).Changes in the direction of electric fields and mixing of polarizationsIn some target areas of the MT method the conductivity distribution is two-dimensional(e.g.,in the case of electrical anisotropy(q.v.))and the induction process can be described by two decoupled polarizations of the electromagnetic field(e.g.,Simpson and Bahr,2005).Then,the changes in the direction of electric fields that are associated with galvanic distortion can result in mixing of these two polarizations. The recovery of the undistorted electromagnetic field is referred to as magnetotelluric tensor decomposition(e.g.,Bahr,1988,Groom and Bailey,1989).Current channeling and the“magnetic”distortionIn the case of extreme conductivity contrasts the electrical current can be channeled in such way that it is surrounded by a magneticvariational field that has,opposite to the assumptions made in the geo-magnetic deep sounding(q.v.)method,no phase lag with respect to the electric field.The occurrence of such magnetic fields in field data has been shown by Zhang et al.(1993)and Ritter and Banks(1998).An example of a magnetotelluric tensor decomposition that includes mag-netic distortion has been presented by Chave and Smith(1994).Karsten BahrBibliographyBahr,K.,1988.Interpretation of the magnetotelluric impedance tensor: regional induction and local telluric distortion.Journal of Geophy-sics,62:119–127.Chave,A.D.,and Smith,J.T.,1994.On electric and magnetic galvanic distortion tensor decompositions.Journal of Geophysical Research,99:4669–4682.Groom,R.W.,and Bailey,R.C.,1989.Decomposition of the magneto-telluric impedance tensor in the presence of local three-dimensional galvanic distortion.Journal of Geophysical Research,94: 1913–1925.Meju,M.A.,1996.Joint inversion of TEM and distorted MT sound-ings:some effective practical considerations.Geophysics,61: 56–65.Ritter,P.,and Banks,R.J.,1998.Separation of local and regional information in distorted GDS response functions by hypothetical event analysis.Geophysical Journal International,135:923–942. Schmucker,U.,1973.Regional induction studies:a review of methods and results.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,7: 365–378.Simpson,F.,and Bahr,K.,2005.Practical Magnetotellurics.Cam-bridge:Cambridge University Press.Torres-Verdin,C.,and Bostick,F.X.,1992.Principles of special sur-face electric field filtering in magnetotellurics:electromagnetic array profiling(EMAP).Geophysics,57:603–622.Zhang,P.,Pedersen,L.B.,Mareschal,M.,and Chouteau,M.,1993.Channelling contribution to tipper vectors:a magnetic equivalent to electrical distortion.Geophysical Journal International,113: 693–700.Cross-referencesAnisotropy,ElectricalGeomagnetic Deep SoundingMagnetotelluricsMantle,Electrical Conductivity,Mineralogy GAUSS’DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE INTENSITYThe concept of magnetic intensity was known as early as1600in De Magnete(see Gilbert,William).The relative intensity of the geomag-netic field in different locations could be measured with some preci-sion from the rate of oscillation of a dip needle—a method used by Humboldt,Alexander von(q.v.)in South America in1798.But it was not until Gauss became interested in a universal system of units that the idea of measuring absolute intensity,in terms of units of mass, length,and time,was considered.It is now difficult to imagine how revolutionary was the idea that something as subtle as magnetism could be measured in such mundane units.On18February1832,Gauss,Carl Friedrich(q.v.)wrote to the German astronomer Olbers:“I occupy myself now with the Earth’s magnetism,particularly with an absolute determination of its intensity.Friend Weber”(Wilhelm Weber,Professor of Physics at the University of Göttingen)“conducts the experiments on my instructions.As, for example,a clear concept of velocity can be given only through statements on time and space,so in my opinion,the complete determination of the intensity of the Earth’s magnetism requires to specify(1)a weight¼p,(2)a length¼r,and then the Earth’s magnetism can be expressed byffiffiffiffiffiffiffip=rp.”After minor adjustment to the units,the experiment was completed in May1832,when the horizontal intensity(H)at Göttingen was found to be1.7820mg1/2mm–1/2s–1(17820nT).The experimentThe experiment was in two parts.In the vibration experiment(Figure G2) magnet A was set oscillating in a horizontal plane by deflecting it from magnetic north.The period of oscillations was determined at different small amplitudes,and from these the period t0of infinite-simal oscillations was deduced.This gave a measure of MH,where M denotes the magnetic moment of magnet A:MH¼4p2I=t20The moment of inertia,I,of the oscillating part is difficult to deter-mine directly,so Gauss used the ingenious idea of conductingtheFigure G2The vibration experiment.Magnet A is suspended from a silk fiber F It is set swinging horizontally and the period of an oscillation is obtained by timing an integral number of swings with clock C,using telescope T to observe the scale S reflected in mirror M.The moment of inertia of the oscillating part can be changed by a known amount by hanging weights W from the rodR. 278GAUSS’DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE INTENSITYexperiment for I and then I þD I ,where D I is a known increment obtained by hanging weights at a known distance from the suspension.From several measures of t 0with different values of D I ,I was deter-mined by the method of least squares (another of Gauss ’s original methods).In the deflection experiment,magnet A was removed from the suspension and replaced with magnet B.The ratio M /H was measured by the deflection of magnet B from magnetic north,y ,produced by magnet A when placed in the same horizontal plane as B at distance d magnetic east (or west)of the suspension (Figure G3).This required knowledge of the magnetic intensity due to a bar magnet.Gauss deduced that the intensity at distance d on the axis of a dipole is inversely proportional to d 3,but that just one additional term is required to allow for the finite length of the magnet,giving 2M (1þk/d 2)/d 3,where k denotes a small constant.ThenM =H ¼1=2d 3ð1Àk =d 2Þtan y :The value of k was determined,again by the method of least squares,from the results of a number of measures of y at different d .From MH and M /H both M and,as required by Gauss,H could readily be deduced.Present methodsWith remarkably little modification,Gauss ’s experiment was devel-oped into the Kew magnetometer,which remained the standard means of determining absolute H until electrical methods were introduced in the 1920s.At some observatories,Kew magnetometers were still in use in the 1980s.Nowadays absolute intensity can be measured in sec-onds with a proton magnetometer and without the considerable time and experimental skill required by Gauss ’s method.Stuart R.C.MalinBibliographyGauss,C.F.,1833.Intensitas vis magneticae terrestris ad mensuram absolutam revocata.Göttingen,Germany.Malin,S.R.C.,1982.Sesquicentenary of Gauss ’s first measurement of the absolute value of magnetic intensity.Philosophical Transac-tions of the Royal Society of London ,A 306:5–8.Malin,S.R.C.,and Barraclough,D.R.,1982.150th anniversary of Gauss ’s first absolute magnetic measurement.Nature ,297:285.Cross-referencesGauss,Carl Friedrich (1777–1855)Geomagnetism,History of Gilbert,William (1544–1603)Humboldt,Alexander von (1759–1859)Instrumentation,History ofGAUSS,CARL FRIEDRICH (1777–1855)Amongst the 19th century scientists working in the field of geomag-netism,Carl Friedrich Gauss was certainly one of the most outstanding contributors,who also made very fundamental contributions to the fields of mathematics,astronomy,and geodetics.Born in April 30,1777in Braunschweig (Germany)as the son of a gardener,street butcher,and mason Johann Friderich Carl,as he was named in the certificate of baptism,already in primary school at the age of nine perplexed his teacher J.G.Büttner by his innovative way to sum up the numbers from 1to ter Gauss used to claim that he learned manipulating numbers earlier than being able to speak.In 1788,Gauss became a pupil at the Catharineum in Braunschweig,where M.C.Bartels (1769–1836)recognized his outstanding mathematical abilities and introduced Gauss to more advanced problems of mathe-matics.Gauss proved to be an exceptional pupil catching the attention of Duke Carl Wilhelm Ferdinand of Braunschweig who provided Gauss with the necessary financial support to attend the Collegium Carolinum (now the Technical University of Braunschweig)from 1792to 1795.From 1795to 1798Gauss studied at the University of Göttingen,where his number theoretical studies allowed him to prove in 1796,that the regular 17-gon can be constructed using a pair of compasses and a ruler only.In 1799,he received his doctors degree from the University of Helmstedt (close to Braunschweig;closed 1809by Napoleon)without any oral examination and in absentia .His mentor in Helmstedt was J.F.Pfaff (1765–1825).The thesis submitted was a complete proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra.His studies on number theory published in Latin language as Disquitiones arithi-meticae in 1801made Carl Friedrich Gauss immediately one of the leading mathematicians in Europe.Gauss also made further pioneering contributions to complex number theory,elliptical functions,function theory,and noneuclidian geometry.Many of his thoughts have not been published in regular books but can be read in his more than 7000letters to friends and colleagues.But Gauss was not only interested in mathematics.On January 1,1801the Italian astronomer G.Piazzi (1746–1820)for the first time detected the asteroid Ceres,but lost him again a couple of weeks later.Based on completely new numerical methods,Gauss determined the orbit of Ceres in November 1801,which allowed F.X.von Zach (1754–1832)to redetect Ceres on December 7,1801.This prediction made Gauss famous next to his mathematical findings.In 1805,Gauss got married to Johanna Osthoff (1780–1809),who gave birth to two sons,Joseph and Louis,and a daughter,Wilhelmina.In 1810,Gauss married his second wife,Minna Waldeck (1788–1815).They had three more children together,Eugen,Wilhelm,and Therese.Eugen Gauss later became the founder and first president of the First National Bank of St.Charles,Missouri.Carl Friedrich Gauss ’interest in the Earth magnetic field is evident in a letter to his friend Wilhelm Olbers (1781–1862)as early as 1803,when he told Olbers that geomagnetism is a field where still many mathematical studies can be done.He became more engaged in geo-magnetism after a meeting with A.von Humboldt (1769–1859)and W.E.Weber (1804–1891)in Berlin in 1828where von Humboldt pointed out to Gauss the large number of unsolved problems in geo-magnetism.When Weber became a professor of physics at the Univer-sity of Göttingen in 1831,one of the most productive periods intheFigure G3The deflection experiment.Suspended magnet B is deflected from magnetic north by placing magnet A east or west (magnetic)of it at a known distance d .The angle of deflection y is measured by using telescope T to observe the scale S reflected in mirror M.GAUSS,CARL FRIEDRICH (1777–1855)279field of geomagnetism started.In1832,Gauss and Weber introduced the well-known Gauss system according to which the magnetic field unit was based on the centimeter,the gram,and the second.The Mag-netic Observatory of Göttingen was finished in1833and its construc-tion became the prototype for many other observatories all over Europe.Gauss and Weber furthermore developed and improved instru-ments to measure the magnetic field,such as the unifilar and bifilar magnetometer.Inspired by A.von Humboldt,Gauss and Weber realized that mag-netic field measurements need to be done globally with standardized instruments and at agreed times.This led to the foundation of the Göttinger Magnetische Verein in1836,an organization without any for-mal structure,only devoted to organize magnetic field measurements all over the world.The results of this organization have been published in six volumes as the Resultate aus den Beobachtungen des Magnetischen Vereins.The issue of1838contains the pioneering work Allgemeine Theorie des Erdmagnetismus where Gauss introduced the concept of the spherical harmonic analysis and applied this new tool to magnetic field measurements.His general theory of geomagnetism also allowed to separate the magnetic field into its externally and its internally caused parts.As the external contributions are nowadays interpreted as current systems in the ionosphere and magnetosphere Gauss can also be named the founder of magnetospheric research.Publication of the Resultate ceased in1843.W.E.Weber together with such eminent professors of the University of Göttingen as Jacob Grimm(1785–1863)and Wilhelm Grimm(1786–1859)had formed the political group Göttingen Seven protesting against constitutional violations of King Ernst August of Hannover.As a consequence of these political activities,Weber and his colleagues were dismissed. Though Gauss tried everything to bring back Weber in his position he did not succeed and Weber finally decided to accept a chair at the University of Leipzig in1843.This finished a most fruitful and remarkable cooperation between two of the most outstanding contribu-tors to geomagnetism in the19th century.Their heritage was not only the invention of the first telegraph station in1833,but especially the network of36globally operating magnetic observatories.In his later years Gauss considered to either enter the field of bota-nics or to learn another language.He decided for the language and started to study Russian,already being in his seventies.At that time he was the only person in Göttingen speaking that language fluently. Furthermore,he was asked by the Senate of the University of Göttingen to reorganize their widow’s pension system.This work made him one of the founders of insurance mathematics.In his final years Gauss became fascinated by the newly built railway lines and supported their development using the telegraph idea invented by Weber and himself.Carl Friedrich Gauss died on February23,1855as a most respected citizen of his town Göttingen.He was a real genius who was named Princeps mathematicorum already during his life time,but was also praised for his practical abilities.Karl-Heinz GlaßmeierBibliographyBiegel,G.,and K.Reich,Carl Friedrich Gauss,Braunschweig,2005. Bühler,W.,Gauss:A Biographical study,Berlin,1981.Hall,T.,Carl Friedrich Gauss:A Biography,Cambridge,MA,1970. Lamont,J.,Astronomie und Erdmagnetismus,Stuttgart,1851. Cross-referencesHumboldt,Alexander von(1759–1859)Magnetosphere of the Earth GELLIBRAND,HENRY(1597–1636)Henry Gellibrand was the eldest son of a physician,also Henry,and was born on17November1597in the parish of St.Botolph,Aldersgate,London.In1615,he became a commoner at Trinity Col-lege,Oxford,and obtained a BA in1619and an MA in1621.Aftertaking Holy Orders he became curate at Chiddingstone,Kent,butthe lectures of Sir Henry Savile inspired him to become a full-timemathematician.He settled in Oxford,where he became friends withHenry Briggs,famed for introducing logarithms to the base10.Itwas on Briggs’recommendation that,on the death of Edmund Gunter,Gellibrand succeeded him as Gresham Professor of Astronomy in1627—a post he held until his death from a fever on16February1636.He was buried at St.Peter the Poor,Broad Street,London(now demolished).Gellibrand’s principal publications were concerned with mathe-matics(notably the completion of Briggs’Trigonometrica Britannicaafter Briggs died in1630)and navigation.But he is included herebecause he is credited with the discovery of geomagnetic secular var-iation.The events leading to this discovery are as follows(for furtherdetails see Malin and Bullard,1981).The sequence starts with an observation of magnetic declinationmade by William Borough,a merchant seaman who rose to“captaingeneral”on the Russian trade route before becoming comptroller ofthe Queen’s Navy.The magnetic observation(Borough,1581,1596)was made on16October1580at Limehouse,London,where heobserved the magnetic azimuth of the sun as it rose through sevenfixed altitudes in the morning and as it descended through the samealtitudes in the afternoon.The mean of the two azimuths for each alti-tude gives a measure of magnetic declination,D,the mean of which is11 190EÆ50rms.Despite the small scatter,the value could have beenbiased by site or compass errors.Some40years later,Edmund Gunter,distinguished mathematician,Gresham Professor of Astronomy and inventor of the slide rule,foundD to be“only6gr15m”(6 150E)“as I have sometimes found it oflate”(Gunter,1624,66).The exact date(ca.1622)and location(prob-ably Deptford)of the observation are not stated,but it alerted Gunterto the discrepancy with Borough’s measurement.To investigatefurther,Gunter“enquired after the place where Mr.Borough observed,and went to Limehouse with...a quadrant of three foot Semidiameter,and two Needles,the one above6inches,and the other10inches long ...towards the night the13of June1622,I made observation in sev-eral parts of the ground”(Gunter,1624,66).These observations,witha mean of5 560EÆ120rms,confirmed that D in1622was signifi-cantly less than had been measured by Borough in1580.But was thisan error in the earlier measure,or,unlikely as it then seemed,was Dchanging?Unfortunately Gunter died in1626,before making anyfurther measurements.When Gellibrand succeeded Gunter as Gresham Professor,allhe required to do to confirm a major scientific discovery was towait a few years and then repeat the Limehouse observation.Buthe chose instead to go to the site of Gunter’s earlier observationin Deptford,where,in June1633,Gellibrand found D to be“muchless than5 ”(Gellibrand,1635,16).He made a further measurement of D on the same site on June12,1634and“found it not much to exceed4 ”(Gellibrand,1635,7),the published data giving4 50 EÆ40rms.His observation of D at Paul’s Cray on July4,1634adds little,because it is a new site.On the strength of these observations,he announced his discovery of secular variation(Gellibrand,1635,7and 19),but the reader may decide how much of the credit should go to Gunter.Stuart R.C.Malin280GELLIBRAND,HENRY(1597–1636)BibliographyBorough,W.,1581.A Discourse of the Variation of the Compass,or Magnetical Needle.(Appendix to R.Norman The newe Attractive).London:Jhon Kyngston for Richard Ballard.Borough,W.,1596.A Discourse of the Variation of the Compass,or Magnetical Needle.(Appendix to R.Norman The newe Attractive).London:E Allde for Hugh Astley.Gellibrand,H.,1635.A Discourse Mathematical on the Variation of the Magneticall Needle.Together with its admirable Diminution lately discovered.London:William Jones.Gunter,E.,1624.The description and use of the sector,the crosse-staffe and other Instruments.First booke of the crosse-staffe.London:William Jones.Malin,S.R.C.,and Bullard,Sir Edward,1981.The direction of the Earth’s magnetic field at London,1570–1975.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,A299:357–423. Smith,G.,Stephen,L.,and Lee,S.,1967.The Dictionary of National Biography.Oxford:University Press.Cross-referencesCompassGeomagnetic Secular VariationGeomagnetism,History ofGEOCENTRIC AXIAL DIPOLE HYPOTHESISThe time-averaged paleomagnetic fieldPaleomagnetic studies provide measurements of the direction of the ancient geomagnetic field on the geological timescale.Samples are generally collected at a number of sites,where each site is defined as a single point in time.In most cases the time relationship between the sites is not known,moreover when samples are collected from a stratigraphic sequence the time interval between the levels is also not known.In order to deal with such data,the concept of the time-averaged paleomagnetic field is used.Hospers(1954)first introduced the geocentric axial dipole hypothesis(GAD)as a means of defining this time-averaged field and as a method for the analysis of paleomag-netic results.The hypothesis states that the paleomagnetic field,when averaged over a sufficient time interval,will conform with the field expected from a geocentric axial dipole.Hospers presumed that a time interval of several thousand years would be sufficient for the purpose of averaging,but many studies now suggest that tens or hundreds of thousand years are generally required to produce a good time-average. The GAD model is a simple one(Figure G4)in which the geomag-netic and geographic axes and equators coincide.Thus at any point on the surface of the Earth,the time-averaged paleomagnetic latitude l is equal to the geographic latitude.If m is the magnetic moment of this time-averaged geocentric axial dipole and a is the radius of the Earth, the horizontal(H)and vertical(Z)components of the magnetic field at latitude l are given byH¼m0m cos l;Z¼2m0m sin l;(Eq.1)and the total field F is given byF¼ðH2þZ2Þ1=2¼m0m4p a2ð1þ3sin2lÞ1=2:(Eq.2)Since the tangent of the magnetic inclination I is Z/H,thentan I¼2tan l;(Eq.3)and by definition,the declination D is given byD¼0 :(Eq.4)The colatitude p(90 minus the latitude)can be obtained fromtan I¼2cot pð0p180 Þ:(Eq.5)The relationship given in Eq. (3) is fundamental to paleomagnetismand is a direct consequence of the GAD hypothesis.When applied toresults from different geologic periods,it enables the paleomagneticlatitude to be derived from the mean inclination.This relationshipbetween latitude and inclination is shown in Figure G5.Figure G5Variation of inclination with latitude for a geocentricdipole.GEOCENTRIC AXIAL DIPOLE HYPOTHESIS281Paleom a gnetic polesThe positio n where the time-averaged dipole axis cuts the surface of the Earth is called the paleomagnetic pole and is defined on the present latitude-longitude grid. Paleomagnetic poles make it possible to com-pare results from different observing localities, since such poles should represent the best estimate of the position of the geographic pole.These poles are the most useful parameter derived from the GAD hypothesis. If the paleomagnetic mean direction (D m , I m ) is known at some sampling locality S, with latitude and longitude (l s , f s ), the coordinates of the paleomagnetic pole P (l p , f p ) can be calculated from the following equations by reference to Figure G6.sin l p ¼ sin l s cos p þ cos l s sin p cos D m ðÀ90 l p þ90 Þ(Eq. 6)f p ¼ f s þ b ; when cos p sin l s sin l porf p ¼ f s þ 180 À b ; when cos p sin l s sin l p (Eq. 7)wheresin b ¼ sin p sin D m = cos l p : (Eq. 8)The paleocolatitude p is determined from Eq. (5). The paleomagnetic pole ( l p , f p ) calculated in this way implies that “sufficient ” time aver-aging has been carried out. What “sufficient ” time is defined as is a subject of much debate and it is always difficult to estimate the time covered by the rocks being sampled. Any instantaneous paleofield direction (representing only a single point in time) may also be con-verted to a pole position using Eqs. (7) and (8). In this case the pole is termed a virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP). A VGP can be regarded as the paleomagnetic analog of the geomagnetic poles of the present field. The paleomagnetic pole may then also be calculated by finding the average of many VGPs, corresponding to many paleodirections.Of course, given a paleomagnetic pole position with coordinates (l p , f p ), the expected mean direction of magnetization (D m , I m )at any site location (l s , f s ) may be also calculated (Figure G6). The paleocolatitude p is given bycos p ¼ sin l s sin l p þ cos l s cos l p cos ðf p À f s Þ; (Eq. 9)and the inclination I m may then be calculated from Eq. (5). The corre-sponding declination D m is given bycos D m ¼sin l p À sin l s cos pcos l s sin p; (Eq. 10)where0 D m 180 for 0 (f p – f s ) 180and180 < D m <360for 180 < (f p –f s ) < 360 .The declination is indeterminate (that is any value may be chosen)if the site and the pole position coincide. If l s ¼Æ90then D m is defined as being equal to f p , the longitude of the paleomagnetic pole.Te s ting the GAD hy p othesis Tim e scale 0– 5 MaOn the timescale 0 –5 Ma, little or no continental drift will have occurred, so it was originally thought that the observation that world-wide paleomagnetic poles for this time span plotted around the present geographic indicated support for the GAD hypothesis (Cox and Doell,1960; Irving, 1964; McElhinny, 1973). However, any set of axial mul-tipoles (g 01; g 02 ; g 03 , etc.) will also produce paleomagnetic poles that cen-ter around the geographic pole. Indeed, careful analysis of the paleomagnetic data in this time interval has enabled the determination of any second-order multipole terms in the time-averaged field (see below for more detailed discussion of these departures from the GAD hypothesis).The first important test of the GAD hypothesis for the interval 0 –5Ma was carried out by Opdyke and Henry (1969),who plotted the mean inclinations observed in deep-sea sediment cores as a function of latitude,showing that these observations conformed with the GAD hypothesis as predicted by Eq. (3) and plotted in Figure G5.Testing the axial nature of the time-averaged fieldOn the geological timescale it is observed that paleomagnetic poles for any geological period from a single continent or block are closely grouped indicating the dipole hypothesis is true at least to first-order.However,this observation by itself does not prove the axial nature of the dipole field.This can be tested through the use of paleoclimatic indicators (see McElhinny and McFadden,2000for a general discus-sion).Paleoclimatologists use a simple model based on the fact that the net solar flux reaching the surface of the Earth has a maximum at the equator and a minimum at the poles.The global temperature may thus be expected to have the same variation.The density distribu-tion of many climatic indicators (climatically sensitive sediments)at the present time shows a maximum at the equator and either a mini-mum at the poles or a high-latitude zone from which the indicator is absent (e.g.,coral reefs,evaporates,and carbonates).A less common distribution is that of glacial deposits and some deciduous trees,which have a maximum in polar and intermediate latitudes.It has been shown that the distributions of paleoclimatic indicators can be related to the present-day climatic zones that are roughly parallel with latitude.Irving (1956)first suggested that comparisons between paleomag-netic results and geological evidence of past climates could provide a test for the GAD hypothesis over geological time.The essential point regarding such a test is that both paleomagnetic and paleoclimatic data provide independent evidence of past latitudes,since the factors con-trolling climate are quite independent of the Earth ’s magnetic field.The most useful approach is to compile the paleolatitude values for a particular occurrence in the form of equal angle or equalareaFigure G6Calculation of the position P (l p ,f p )of thepaleomagnetic pole relative to the sampling site S (l s ,f s )with mean magnetic direction (D m ,I m ).282GEOCENTRIC AXIAL DIPOLE HYPOTHESIS。

小学下册英语第2单元测验卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 What do we call the middle of the day?A. MorningB. NoonC. EveningD. Night2 The capital of El Salvador is __________.3 What do you call it when water falls from the sky?A. RainB. SnowC. HailD. Sleet答案:A4 What is the capital of Somalia?A. MogadishuB. HargeisaC. KismayoD. Baidoa答案:A5 What is the opposite of 'hot'?A. ColdB. WarmC. CoolD. Boiling6 What do we call a sweetened drink made with fruit?A. SodaB. JuiceC. SmoothieD. All of the above7 What is the opposite of ‘hot’?A. ColdB. WarmC. BoilingD. Cool8 _____ (pruning) helps plants grow better.9 I like to organize my ________ (玩具名称) by size.10 What is the capital of Thailand?A. BangkokB. PhuketC. Chiang MaiD. Pattaya答案: A11 What do we call the process of breathing?A. InhalingB. ExhalingC. RespirationD. All of the above12 I like learning about different cultures. It’s fascinating to discover how people in __________ celebrate and live their lives. I hope to travel and experience it firsthand.13 The tortoise can live for many _________ (年).14 The _____ (kiwi) is fuzzy.15 Which animal is known for its ability to climb trees?A. FishB. MonkeyC. SharkD. Turtle16 What do bees make?A. MilkB. HoneyC. BreadD. Butter答案:B17 The country known for its festivals is ________ (印度).18 The __________ is a region known for its mountains.19 The book is ______ (exciting) to read.20 A tortoise can retract its head into its ______ (壳).21 What do you call the place where you go to borrow books?A. BankB. LibraryC. SchoolD. Park答案: B22 The ______ (植物的生理特征) can reveal much about their needs.23 Planting _____ (树木) can enhance a community’s green space.24 I like to ________ cartoons.25 The _____ (book/magazine) is interesting.26 A _____ (leaf) changes color in autumn.27 The cake is _______ and delicious.28 The Earth's crust is essential for supporting ______.29 My ______ loves to participate in competitions.30 My uncle is a skilled ____ (potter).31 The ________ (公共艺术) beautifies spaces.32 I want to plant ________ (树) in my backyard.33 ts can produce ______ (种子) without flowers. Some pla34 The _______ can grow in sandy soil.35 Which animal is known for its ability to change colors?A. ChameleonB. SnakeC. FrogD. Lizard答案:A36 The ______ (金鱼) swims around happily in its tank.37 She likes to _____ (cook/bake) cookies.38 I want to _______ (去旅行) abroad.39 What is the first month of the year?A. JanuaryB. FebruaryC. MarchD. April40 What do you call the place where you keep books?A. LibraryB. GymC. OfficeD. Kitchen答案:A41 What do you wear when it rains?A. SunglassesB. BootsC. UmbrellaD. Hat答案: C42 The __________ (历史研究) can influence current events.43 Which gas is most abundant in the Earth's atmosphere?A. OxygenB. NitrogenC. Carbon DioxideD. Hydrogen答案:B44 What do you call a book of maps?A. EncyclopediaB. AtlasC. DictionaryD. Novel答案:B45 How do you say "book" in Spanish?A. LibroB. LibriC. BookeD. Libros46 The stars are ___ (twinkling/shining).47 I saw a ________ walking along the path.48 What is the capital of the USA?A. New YorkB. Washington D.C.C. Los AngelesD. Chicago49 What sound does a cow make?A. MooB. QuackC. BarkD. Neigh50 There are seven __________ in the world.51 What is the primary language spoken in China?A. HindiB. MandarinC. EnglishD. Spanish52 Which planet do we live on?A. VenusB. MarsC. EarthD. Jupiter答案: C53 I have a _____ book bag. (red)54 The mantle is primarily composed of ______.55 The chemical formula for lactic acid is _______.56 What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. RiceD. Meat57 What is the largest organ in the human body?a. Heartb. Skinc. Liverd. Brain答案:B58 Metals are usually _______ conductors of electricity.59 We have a ______ (快乐的) family outing every month.60 What is the name of the fairy tale character who left a glass slipper?A. Snow WhiteB. CinderellaC. Sleeping BeautyD. Little Red Riding Hood答案: B61 I can ______ (帮助) my little brother with homework.62 A ferret is playful and _______ (好奇).63 I saw a ________ making a nest in the bushes.64 Rocks are classified into three types: igneous, sedimentary, and ______.65 My _____ (外婆) makes the best pie.66 What instrument measures temperature?A. BarometerB. ThermometerC. AltimeterD. Anemometer答案：B67 What is the opposite of "fast"?A. QuickB. SlowC. SpeedyD. Rapid68 The formula for table salt is _______.69 I enjoy ______ (swimming) in the pool.70 The concept of ecological restoration focuses on revitalizing damaged ______.71 What is the capital of Malaysia?A. Kuala LumpurB. JakartaC. BangkokD. Manila答案:A72 I enjoy playing ________ (棋类) with my family.73 What do you call the process of putting food in the refrigerator?A. ChillingB. CoolingC. FreezingD. Storing74 I see a deer in the ___. (forest)75 What do we call the king of the jungle?A. TigerB. LionC. BearD. Elephant76 My friend enjoys playing ____ (rugby) with his team.77 Which food is made from wheat?A. RiceB. BreadC. CornD. Oats78 The __________ (历史的结果) depend on the decisions made.79 In _____ (80), you can see the Northern Lights.80 The Sun's energy is produced through nuclear ______.81 landscape) can greatly differ from one place to another. The ____82 I like to watch the __________ change colors in the fall. (树叶)83 The owl's feathers are very _________. (安静)84 My sister is younger than me. She is only ________ (五岁). We play together and share our ________ (玩具).85 My sister enjoys __________ (参与文化活动).86 What do you call a story about a hero?A. AdventureB. MythC. LegendD. All of the above答案:D87 What do you call a place where you can see animals?A. ZooB. FarmC. AquariumD. Circus答案:A88 Geologists study the Earth’s structu re, materials, and ______ processes.89 What do we call the solid form of water?A. LiquidB. GasC. IceD. Vapor答案:C90 We will go ______ to watch the parade. (out)91 This ________ (玩具) is very ________ (形容词).92 The first successful lunar landing occurred in ________.93 I like ________ (ice cream) in summer.94 The _______ (Lousiana Purchase) doubled the size of the United States in 1803.95 What do we call the act of connecting with another person?A. Relationship-buildingB. NetworkingC. BondingD. All of the Above答案：D96 The _______ plays a vital role in the ecosystem.97 The __________ is a famous area known for its wildlife.98 What do you call a person who repairs computers?A. TechnicianB. EngineerC. ProgrammerD. Developer答案:A99 The _______ can flourish even in challenging conditions.100 I can draw a blueprint for my dream _________ (玩具).。

小学下册英语第5单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.I love to _____ (explore) the woods for plants.2.I love to watch the _____ in the sky.3.I want to _______ my dreams and goals.4.Which of these is a popular sport?A. ReadingB. SoccerC. PaintingD. Gardening5.The _____ (蜜蜂) buzzes around flowers collecting pollen.6.What do you call a person who studies rocks and minerals?A. ScientistB. GeologistC. BiologistD. ChemistB7.Chemical changes often produce _______ or gas.8.She is ___ to music. (listening)9.Carbon dioxide is produced during the process of _______. (呼吸)10.What is the color of grass?A. BlueB. GreenC. YellowD. BrownB11.The chemical symbol for rhodium is _____.12.The ________ (形态) of leaves varies widely.13.The capital of Tanzania is __________.14.I can _____ (dance/sing) very well.15.The _______ (Tiananmen Square protests) called for democratic reforms in China.16.I like to feed the _______ in the park (我喜欢在公园里喂_______).17.The ____ hops quickly and loves to nibble on carrots.18.The dog likes to ________ (玩耍) in the yard.19.Many _______ are great for improving your mood.20.What is the name of the famous river that runs through Egypt?A. NileB. AmazonC. YangtzeD. MississippiA21.What is the opposite of "hot"?A. WarmB. CoolC. ColdD. SpicyC22. A light year is a measure of ______, not time.23.The _____ (跳棋) game is fun.24. A ____(collaborative research) combines efforts for greater results.25.We go _____ (swimming) in the pool.26. A lion is a majestic _______ that rules the savanna.27.What is the name of the currency used in the United Kingdom?A. DollarB. EuroC. PoundD. YenC28.The process of ______ can lead to the formation of sedimentary rock.29.The _______ (Cold War) shaped international relations in the second half of the 20th century.30.My friend is a _____ (心理学家) who helps children.31.What is the primary function of the heart?A. To digest foodB. To pump bloodC. To filter wasteD. To regulate temperatureB32.What do we call a place where you can see many butterflies?A. GardenB. ConservatoryC. Butterfly houseD. All of the above33._____ (小草) can grow in cracks in the pavement.34.This toy is _______ (破了).35. A __________ (聚合反应) creates large molecules from smaller units.36.I enjoy ___ (cooking) with my parents.37.I have learned a lot about __________ in school this year.38.I can ______ (计划) my goals for the future.39.The chemical formula for potassium sulfate is _______.40.An interesting place I have visited is __________, and I liked it because__________.41.My sister loves to play with her _____.42. A __________ can often be seen flying around flowers.43.On weekends, I visit my ________.44. A _____ (植物产业) is vital for food production.45.What is the capital of Switzerland?A. GenevaB. ZurichC. BernD. Lucerne46.I found a ______ on the ground. (coin)47.The atomic number tells you the number of ______.48.I think that creativity can thrive in a supportive __________.49.What is the name of the fruit that is green on the outside and red on the inside?A. BananaB. WatermelonC. OrangeD. PeachB50.What is the currency used in the USA?A. EuroB. YenC. DollarD. PoundC51.The chemical formula for ethylene glycol is ______.52.The teacher is very ________.53. A ________ (园艺产业) boosts local economies.54.What is the sound of a dog?A. MeowB. WoofC. RoarD. QuackB55.What is the term for a person who studies ancient artifacts?A. ArchaeologistB. HistorianC. AnthropologistD. GeologistA56.The ________ (兔子) hops around quickly and loves to eat carrots.57.The process of oxidation involves the ______ of electrons.58.What do you call a long piece of material used for sewing?A. ThreadB. FabricC. YarnD. WireA59.The bear hibernates during the ______ (冬天).60.The rain is _______ (falling) outside.61.The chemical formula for sodium ascorbate is _______.62.Which animal is known for its long neck?A. LionB. GiraffeC. KangarooD. ElephantB63.Many plants have unique survival strategies that help them thrive in ______ environments. (许多植物有独特的生存策略，帮助它们在极端环境中生存。