Emergy evaluation ofthe performance and sustainability

performance evaluation 英语4A performance evaluation is a process used to measure an individual's or organization's performance against established standards or goals. It is typically used to identify areas of strength and weakness, and to provide feedback and guidance for improvement.Performance evaluations can be conducted in a variety of settings, including in the workplace, in education, and in sports. In the workplace, performance evaluations are often used to evaluate employees' job performance, to determine promotions and bonuses, and to identify areas where additional training or support may be needed.In education, performance evaluations are used to assess students' academic progress and to identify areas where they may need additional support or instruction. In sports, performance evaluations are used to evaluate athletes' performance and to identify areas where they may need to improve their skills or strategies.The process of conducting a performance evaluation typically involves setting clear performance standards or goals, collecting data or observations about the individual or organization's performance, and comparing that performance to the established standards or goals. The evaluator then provides feedback and guidance to the individual or organization, highlighting areas of strength and areas where improvement is needed.Overall, performance evaluations are an important tool for helping individuals and organizations to improve their performance and achieve their goals. By providing feedback and guidance, performance evaluations can help individuals and organizations to identify areas where they need to focus their efforts in order to achieve greater success.。

performance evaluation理工英语4 Performance EvaluationIntroductionPerformance evaluation is a crucial process in assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of individuals, teams, or organizations. It involves the systematic assessment and measurement of performance against predetermined goals, objectives, and standards. This article aims to explore the concept of performance evaluation, its significance in various contexts, and the different methods used for evaluation.Defining Performance EvaluationPerformance evaluation is defined as the systematic process of assessing and reviewing an individual's or organization's performance in relation to established goals and objectives. It involves analyzing the quality, quantity, and timeliness of work, as well as the overall contribution towards achieving desired outcomes.Significance of Performance EvaluationPerformance evaluation plays a critical role in various contexts, including:1. Employee Performance Evaluation: In organizations, performance evaluation helps assess employees' job performance, identify areas for improvement, and determine reward and promotion opportunities. It provides valuable feedback and helps create a performance-driven culture.2. Team Performance Evaluation: Evaluating team performance is essential for identifying strengths and weaknesses, enhancing collaboration, and optimizing resources. It enables organizations to allocate tasks effectively, promote teamwork, and achieve collective goals.3. Organizational Performance Evaluation: Assessing the overall performance of an organization is essential for strategic planning, decision-making, and performance improvement. It helps identify areas requiring attention and enables organizations to align their objectives with key performance indicators (KPIs).Methods of Performance EvaluationThere are several methods used for performance evaluation, depending on the nature and context of evaluation:1. Rating Scales: This method involves using predefined scales to rate employees' performance against specific criteria. It provides a structured approach and simplifies the evaluation process. However, it can be subjective and may not capture the full extent of performance.2. 360-Degree Feedback: This method involves obtaining feedback from multiple sources, including supervisors, subordinates, peers, and customers. It provides a holistic view of an individual's performance and promotes a comprehensive understanding of strengths and areas for improvement.3. Objective Measurements: Objective measurements involve quantifying performance based on quantifiable data, such as sales figures, production output, or customer satisfaction ratings. This method provides a precise assessment of performance but may not capture qualitative aspects.4. Self-Assessment: Self-assessment encourages individuals to reflect on their performance and identify areas for improvement. It promotes self-awareness, accountability, and personal development. However, it may be biased and influenced by individuals' perceptions.5. Behavioral Observation: This method involves directly observing individuals' behavior in specific work-related situations. It provides valuable insights into work habits, interpersonal skills, and adherence to organizational values. However, it can be time-consuming and may not capture performance in all areas.ConclusionPerformance evaluation is a vital process for assessing and improving individual, team, and organizational performance. It helps organizations align their objectives, motivate employees, and ensure efficient resource allocation. By using appropriate evaluation methods, organizations can drive continuous improvement and achieve long-term success. It is essential for organizations to establish clear evaluation criteria, provide constructive feedback, and support employee development to maximize the benefits of performance evaluation.。

关于绩效的英语小作文英文回答：Performance, a crucial aspect of human behavior, encompasses the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of one's actions. It evaluates the extent to which an individual or organization achieves their desired goals and objectives. Performance measurement is a critical tool for understanding, improving, and optimizing outcomes.Performance Management.A comprehensive performance management system involves setting clear goals and objectives, measuring progress regularly, and providing feedback and coaching to enhance performance. Effective performance management fosters a culture of accountability, transparency, and continuous improvement.Factors Influencing Performance.Numerous factors influence performance, including:Intrinsic Motivation: The internal drive that compels individuals to act without external rewards.Extrinsic Motivation: Rewards or punishments from external sources that encourage desired behavior.Cognitive Ability: The intellectual capacity to acquire knowledge, solve problems, and make decisions.Personality Traits: Stable patterns of behavior that influence how individuals respond to situations and perform tasks.Environment: The physical and social context in which performance occurs, including resources, support systems, and cultural norms.Improving Performance.Improving performance requires a multifaceted approach that addresses both individual and organizational factors. Strategies include:Goal Setting: Establishing specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound goals.Feedback and Coaching: Providing constructive criticism, guidance, and support to help individuals improve their performance.Training and Development: Investing in training programs and resources to enhance skills and knowledge.Performance Rewards: Recognizing and rewarding high levels of performance to incentivize desired behavior.Culture of Innovation and Learning: Fostering a workplace environment that encourages experimentation,risk-taking, and continuous growth.中文回答：绩效。

综合管理试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "management" is:A) manegmentB) manegmentC) managemnetD) management答案：D2. Which of the following is not a function of management?A) PlanningB) OrganizingC) LeadingD) Innovating答案：D3. The process of setting goals and deciding on actions to achieve these goals is known as:A) OrganizingB) LeadingC) ControllingD) Planning答案：D4. Who is considered the father of scientific management?A) Henry FordB) Frederick Winslow TaylorC) Peter DruckerD) Max Weber答案：B5. What is the term used to describe the process of making things happen in an organization?A) MotivationB) CoordinationC) ExecutionD) Delegation答案：C6. In management, "span of control" refers to:A) The number of employees a manager can effectively manageB) The number of products a company producesC) The number of departments in an organizationD) The number of years a manager has been in their position答案：A7. Which of the following is a characteristic of an effective team?A) Clear communicationB) Lack of trustC) Poor leadershipD) Conflict avoidance答案：A8. What is the process of making decisions in an organization?A) PlanningB) OrganizingC) LeadingD) Decision-making答案：D9. The management concept that emphasizes the importance of employee satisfaction and motivation is known as:A) Scientific managementB) Administrative managementC) Human relations movementD) Systems theory答案：C10. In the context of management, "feedback" is:A) Information about the results of a decision or actionB) The process of setting goalsC) The process of organizing resourcesD) The process of motivating employees答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The four main functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and ________.答案：controlling2. The management theory that focuses on the importance ofthe social and psychological aspects of work is known as the________ theory.答案：human relations3. A management style that involves providing employees with the freedom to make decisions is known as ________ leadership. 答案：autonomous4. The process of ensuring that activities are carried out as planned is called ________.答案：monitoring5. The management principle that states that managers should focus on the most important tasks is known as the ________ principle.答案：80/206. A management technique that involves breaking down a large task into smaller, more manageable parts is known as ________. 答案：task analysis7. The process of identifying the causes of a problem and determining the best course of action to solve it is called________.答案：problem-solving8. The management concept that suggests that organizations should be structured in a way that reflects their goals and objectives is known as ________.答案：organizational design9. The process of measuring the performance of anorganization against its goals is called ________.答案：performance evaluation10. The management theory that suggests that organizations should be viewed as a whole, with each part interacting with the others, is known as ________ theory.答案：systems三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between leadership and management.答案：Leadership is about inspiring and motivating a team to achieve a common goal, while management involves planning, organizing, and coordinating the efforts of a team to accomplish tasks efficiently.2. What is the significance of delegation in management?答案：Delegation is significant in management as it empowers employees, improves productivity, and allows managers tofocus on strategic tasks. It also helps in developing theskills of subordinates and fostering a sense ofresponsibility.3. Describe the role of communication in effective management. 答案：Effective communication is crucial in management as it ensures that information is accurately and timely conveyed, facilitates collaboration among team members, and helps in resolving conflicts. It also aids in setting clearexpectations and feedback mechanisms.4. How can a manager ensure ethical behavior in an organization?答案：A manager can ensure ethical behavior by setting a good example, establishing clear ethical guidelines, providing training on ethical practices, encouraging open communication, and implementing a system for reporting unethical behavior without fear of retaliation.。

员工合同到期部门领导评价英文回答:The evaluation of an employee's performance at the end of their contract by their department leader is anessential process in determining the employee's future prospects within the company. It provides an opportunityfor the department leader to assess the employee's contributions, skills, and overall suitability for continued employment.During the evaluation, the department leader should consider various factors such as the employee's job performance, punctuality, attendance, teamwork, and adherence to company policies and procedures. The evaluation should be fair, unbiased, and based on objective criteria to ensure an accurate assessment.If an employee has consistently met or exceeded expectations, demonstrated a strong work ethic, and madevaluable contributions to the department and company, it is likely that their contract will be renewed. The department leader should highlight the employee's achievements and positive attributes in the evaluation. This can include specific examples of successful projects, positive feedback from colleagues or clients, and any additional responsibilities the employee has taken on.On the other hand, if an employee has underperformed or failed to meet expectations, the evaluation should address these concerns. The department leader should provide constructive feedback, outlining areas for improvement and suggesting ways in which the employee can enhance their performance. If the employee's performance issues are severe and have been ongoing, it may be appropriate to not renew their contract.In conclusion, the evaluation of an employee's performance at the end of their contract is a crucial process that helps determine their future within the company. It should be conducted in a fair and objective manner, considering various factors and providingconstructive feedback.中文回答：员工合同到期后，部门领导对员工的评价是确定员工在公司未来前景的重要过程。

绩效评估的英文作文Performance evaluation is an essential part of any organization. It helps to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of employees, teams, and departments. In this essay, I will discuss various aspects of performance evaluation in a conversational manner, highlighting the importance and challenges associated with it.Picture this: you've been working hard all year,putting in extra hours, and going above and beyond to meet your targets. But how do you know if your efforts are being recognized? That's where performance evaluation comes in.It's like a report card for adults, giving you feedback on your performance and helping you identify areas for improvement.Now, let's talk about the different methods used for performance evaluation. Some companies use a traditional approach, where managers conduct annual performance reviews. They sit you down, go through a checklist of competencies,and rate you on a scale. It can be nerve-wracking, but it's an opportunity to showcase your achievements and discuss your career goals.Others prefer a more modern approach, using continuous feedback and performance management tools. This means that feedback is given in real-time, allowing for immediate course correction and improvement. It's like having a personal coach who guides you along the way, helping you stay on track and reach your full potential.However, performance evaluation is not without its challenges. One of the biggest hurdles is subjectivity. Evaluating someone's performance is a subjective process, influenced by personal biases and perceptions. What one manager considers excellent work, another might see as mediocre. It's important for organizations to have clear evaluation criteria and training for managers to minimize bias and ensure fairness.Another challenge is the fear of negative feedback. No one likes to hear that they're not meeting expectations orthat their work needs improvement. But constructive criticism is crucial for growth and development. It's important to create a culture where feedback is seen as an opportunity for growth rather than a personal attack.Moreover, performance evaluation should not be a one-way street. It's not just about managers evaluating employees; it should be a two-way conversation. Employees should also have the chance to provide feedback on their managers and the organization as a whole. This creates a sense of ownership and fosters a culture of continuous improvement.In conclusion, performance evaluation plays a vitalrole in assessing and improving individual and organizational performance. It provides valuable feedback, helps identify areas for improvement, and fosters a culture of continuous learning and growth. So, next time you receive your performance evaluation, embrace it as an opportunity to shine and take your career to new heights.。

Emergetic ternary diagrams:five examples for application inenvironmental accounting for decision-makingC.M.V.B.Almeida,F.A.Barrella,B.F.Giannetti *LaFTA e Laborato´rio de Fı´s ico-Quı´m ica Teo ´rica e Aplicada,Instituto de Cie ˆncias Exatas e Tecnologia da Universidade Paulista,R.Dr.Bacelar 1212,Cep 04026-002Sa ˜o Paulo,BrazilReceived 17February 2005;accepted 6July 2005Available online 19September 2005AbstractIn a recent paper,‘‘A combined tool for environmental scientists and decision makers:ternary diagrams and emergy accounting.’’[Giannetti BF,Barrella FA,Almeida CMVB.A combined tool for environmental scientists and decision makers:ternary diagrams and emergy accounting.J Clean Prod,in press /10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.09.002]Ternary diagrams were proposed as a graphical tool to assist emergy analysis.The graphical representation of the emergy accounting data makes it possible to compare processes and systems with and without ecosystem services,to evaluate improvements and to follow the system performance over time.The graphic tool is versatile and adaptable to represent products,processes,systems,countries,and different periods of time.The use and the versatility of ternary diagrams for assisting in performing emergy analyses are illustrated by means of five examples taken from the literature,which are presented and discussed.It is shown that emergetic ternary diagram’s properties assist the assessment of the system efficiency,its dependence upon renewable and non-renewable inputs and the environmental support for dilution and abatement of process emissions.With the aid of ternary diagrams,details such as the interaction between systems and between systems and the environment are recognized and evaluated.Such a tool for graphical analysis allows a transparent presentation of the results and can serve as an interface between emergy scientists and decision makers,provided the meaning of each line in the diagram is carefully explained and understood.Ó2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Emergy analysis;Emergetic ternary diagram;Graphical tool;Sustainability;Environmental indicators;Environmental accounting1.IntroductionDealing with anthropogenic systems within the environment involves consideration of many complex aspects,ranging from economic concerns,energy pro-duction/consumption and environmental benefits/dam-ages.Different methods have been developed to analyze each cited aspect,but there is no agreement on the possibility of an evaluation procedure that can unify these aspects.For these reasons,there is also a hugedifficulty to represent graphically,the results of such analyses.The analyses of most systems,especially those concerning environmental issues,require an understand-ing of the relationship between multiple dependent and independent variables.Indeed,if numerical simulation is required,one faces the problem of gaining understand-ing over a potentially large number of variables and their ranges.The use of graphical representation is a powerful technique in gaining understanding,because it permits the visualization of the relationships between and among variables.The most commonly used graphic is 2-D plotting of data.However,for most systems there are many more variables than two that must be*Corresponding author.E-mail address:biafgian@unip.br (B.F.Giannetti).0959-6526/$-see front matter Ó2005Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.07.002Journal of Cleaner Production 15(2007)63e74compared and many more possible graphical represen-tations that can be employed.Several authors proposed graphical representations for environmental issues[1e9].As the relationships between the environment and the anthropogenic systems depend upon several variables,the most commonly used plot is the multi-objective representation,which can have as many axes as needed or desired.The axes may represent a variety of parameters,which are not necessarily accounted with the same unit.Most param-eters related to environmental topics are derived from different theoretical approaches depending on different scales of time and space.For this reason,most multi-objective plots show a normalized comparison between different systems or between a given system and an ideal one(Fig.1).Emergy accounting is a methodology that analyses the relationships among components of anthropogenic systems and the resources needed to maintain these systems,while permitting the calculation of environ-mental indices[10,11].These indices are subjected to three main variables:the fractions of renewable(R), non-renewable(N)and purchased inputs(F).The accounting of these three fractions permits one to credit the carrying capacity of the environment,and provides valuable information about the development and func-tioning of economic systems within the environment. Hence,the graphical representation for emergy account-ing requires three axes.Few works that have accom-plished this are present in the literature.Bastianoni[12] considers emergy and exergy as complementary aspects of a system,the ratio of exergy to the emergyflow being indicative of the efficiency of an ecosystem in producing or maintaining its organization.Pollution is defined as an emergyflow,the increase of which corresponds to a loss in the exergy content of the system.The results are shown in a two dimensional diagram where the variation in exergy is plotted as a function of the emergy changes. Ulgiati and Brown[13]have plotted the ratios N/F Z y and R/F Z h to the economic investment F.Three-dimensional plots representing the indices ELR(envi-ronmental loading ratio),EYR(environmental yield ratio)and SI(sustainability index,or EIS environ-mental index of sustainability)against y and h,called exploit functions,were used to evaluate the amount of investment required to exploit a local renewable or non-renewable resource.The resulting surfaces allow simu-lations where the amount of inputs can be changed.Tonon et al.[14]used multi-objective representations to compare the results of energetic,exergetic,economic and emergetic evaluations.Twelve variables were nor-malized and represented in order to compare economic and environmental viewpoints(represented by the sustainability index),the thermodynamic viewpoint at the processes scale(represented by energy and exergy) and the sink side,corresponding to the emissions of the systems studied.The results are compared with those of a hypothetical process with‘‘average performance’’.Giannantoni et al.[15]proposed a four-sector diagram of benefits including emergy accounting in the sector,‘‘Benefits for the environment as a source.’’In this sector the indicators adopted include the ELR (environmental loading ratio),the EIS(or SI)and the emergy density(seJ/m2),among others.The resulting graphic representation of each sector contains9squares, which show the combination between low,medium or high environmental sustainability with low,medium or high output from the environment.The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of ternary diagrams as graphic tools to assist environmen-tal accounting and environmental decision-making based on emergy analysis,which is based on threemainvariables.Ternary diagrams are called tools instead of graphic representations because they offer not only possibilities for data interpretation,but also permit data treatment[16].The use of the properties of triangular diagrams brings additional information about the dependence of the system upon renewable and non-renewable inputs,the system efficiency and the environ-mental support for dilution and abatement of process emissions.The graphic representation of the emergy accounting data makes it possible to compare processes and systems with and without ecosystem services,to evaluate improvements and to follow the system performance over time.With the aid of ternary diagrams,aspects such as the interaction between systems and the interactions between systems and the environment can be recognized and evaluated.To illustrate the use and theflexibility of this graphical tool,five examples taken from the literature are presented and discussed.2.Methodology2.1.Emergy indicesA complete inventory of emergy analysis and emergy-based indices cannot be provided here,but complete information can be found in Refs.[10]and[11].The emergyflows represent three categories of resources:R as renewable resources,N as non-renewable resources and the inputs from the economy,F.All the three categories are fundamental for the emergy accounting and for the understanding of the system interactions with the environment.The R and Nflows are provided by the environment and are economically free,while the renewable resources can be replaced at least at the same rate as they are consumed,the non-renewable resources are depleted faster than their ability of recuperation. The economic inputs,F,are provided by the market and are related tofluxes that are accounted for by the economy.The outputs,Y,may include products, services and also emissions that are released to the environment.In this paper four indicators are employed to assist the discussion:the environmental loading ratio (ELR),the emergy yield ratio(EYR),the emergy investment ratio(EIR)and the emergy index of sustainability(EIS or SI)(Table1).2.2.Emergetic ternary diagramsThe graphic tool produces a triangular plot of three variables with constant sum[16].Most commonly,three percentages add to100or three fractions or proportions add to1.The constant sum constraint means that there are just two independent pieces of information.Hence,it is possible to plot observations in two dimensions within a triangle.Emergetic triangular plots may be named with various names,including emergetic triaxials, emergy three-element maps,emergy percentage triangles and emergy mixing triangles.The emergetic ternary diagram has three compo-nents,R,N and F.Thesefluxes are represented by an equilateral triangle;each corner represents aflux,and each side a binary system;ternary combinations are represented by points within the triangle,the relative proportions of the elements are represented by the lengths of the perpendiculars from the given point to the side of the triangle opposite the appropriate element. Hence,the‘‘composition’’of any point plotted on a ternary diagram can be determined by reading from zero along the basal line(axis)at the bottom of the diagram to100%at the vertex of the triangle.Ternary diagrams show important properties that are summarized in Table2.A complete description of the graphic tool is published in Ref.[16].Before presenting the applications of ternary dia-grams,it is important to emphasize that the discussions that support the chosen examples use the sustainability index and sustainability lines to compare and/or to classify systems.The sustainability concept is centered in human society where industrial and agricultural systems operate.On the other hand,humans tend to adjust the attention to different scales,as it is easy to manage and understand small parts of the global system defining boundaries and limits.However,this anthropocentric view sometimes hinders the understanding that the concept of a sustainable subsystem in an un-sustainable global system is fundamentally bels such as sustainable communities or sustainable products must Table1Emergy-based indicesSymbol Description Equation aEYR The emergy yield ratio(EYR)isthe ratio of the emergy of theoutput(Y),divided by the emergyof those inputs(F)to the processesthat are fed back from outsidethe systemEYR ZYZR C N C FEIR The investment ratio is the ratioof purchased inputs(F)to allemergies derived from local sourcesEIR ZFELR This index of environmental loadingis the ratio of non-renewable emergyto renewable emergyELR ZN C FSI orEISThis index aggregates the measureof yield and environmental loading.The objective function for sustainabilityis to obtain highest yield ratio at thelowest environmental loadingSI ZEYRELRZYFN C Fa The equations presented are a particular case of Eqs.(1)e(4), shown in the text,in the specific case where R2Z0,being R2the emergy corresponding to the contribution of environment to dilute and abate process emissions.65C.M.V.B.Almeida et al./Journal of Cleaner Production15(2007)63e74be seen as indications of benefit contributions to the global system.By definition the SI index indicates a high environmental yield combined with a low environmental load.This index graphically represented by the sustain-ability lines indicates the contribution of each system, product or sector to the global sustainability and may, therefore,be used as an important guide to conceptual progress.3.Examples of applications of the emergetic ternary diagramThe following examples were taken from the litera-ture and were selected in order to provide an overview of the graphical tool applications.With the use of emergy analyses assisted by emergetic ternary diagrams,differ-ent types of investigations can be easily assessed.The choices were performed considering several aspects such as economic/environment interfaces(from agriculture to electricity production),different space and time scales and different approaches(comparative or tendency analysis)(Table3).3.1.Example#1:emergy evaluation of electricity production systemsThefirst example selected to illustrate the use of ternary diagrams applied to emergy accounting is based upon a case study,which evaluates six electricity production systems in Italy[17,18].The authors divided this case study into two papers.Thefirst compares six different production systems using renewable energy sources(geothermal,hydroelectric,and wind plants) and non-renewable energy sources(natural gas,oil,and Table3Criteria for the selection of the examplesExample SectorstudiedLocation Time/years Type ofanalysisRef.#1ElectricityproductionItaly1Comparative[17,18]#2Agriculture U.S.A10Tendency[13]#3Agriculture Italy1Tendency[20]#4EconomicdevelopmentTaiwan4Tendency[23]#5Agriculture Australia1Comparative[25]Table2Properties of emergetic ternary diagrams functioning as auxiliary tools for emergy analysesProperties Description Illustration Resourceflow lines Ternary combinations are represented by points within thetriangle,the relative proportions of the elements being given bythe lengths of the perpendiculars from the given point to theside of the triangle opposite the appropriate element.Theselines are parallel to the triangle sides and are very useful forcomparing the use of resources by-products or processes.Sensitivity lines Any point along the straight line joining an apex to a pointrepresents a change in the quantity of theflux associated to theapex.Any point along the line represents a condition in whichthe other twofluxes maintain in the same initial proportion.For example,the system illustrated on the right is progressivelypoorer in N,as it passes from A to B,but R and F maintain atthe same initial proportion.Symergy point When two different ternary compositions,represented by pointsA andB within the triangle,are mixed,the resultingcomposition will be represented by a point S called here‘‘symergy’’point,which lies at some point on the segment AB.Sustainability lines The graphic tool permits one to draw lines indicating constantvalues of the sustainability index.The sustainability lines departfrom the N apex in the direction of the RF side allowing thedivision of the triangle intosustainability areas,which are veryuseful to identify and compare the sustainability of productsand processes.N F 66 C.M.V.B.Almeida et al./Journal of Cleaner Production15(2007)63e74coal thermal plants).The output/input energy ratio as well as the emergy-based emergy yield ratio (EYR)and environmental loading ratio (ELR)were used to explore and compare system performances.Generation of CO 2was accounted in order to evaluate a ratio of CO 2released to CO 2avoided,according to the fact that renewable power plants do not require a direct com-bustion and therefore,release a lower amount of CO 2than a thermal plant for the same electricity output.The second paper quantifies the environmental support for dilution and abatement of process emissions,accounting for the environmental services required to dilute CO 2emissions of each process.In this paper the role of environmental services in disposing of chemicals that are released after electricity has been produced is explored and a method of quantitatively determining the carrying capacity is presented.Under this approach,emergy-based yield indicators may decrease drastically coupled to a parallel increase in a loading indicator,when the environmental services required for the dilution of pollutants are accounted for.As a consequence of including environmental services,a lower sustainability is calculated for each investigated process when com-pared to evaluations that do not include them.Accounting for environmental services also provides a way to evaluate the carrying capacity of the envi-ronment in relation to human dominated processes.Tables 4and 5summarize the results of both papers.Fig.2a presents the ternary diagram for six electricity production systems.It is easy to note that two distinct groups are shown in the diagram.The first group,at the top of the diagram,is composed of systems using renewable energy sources (geothermal,hydroelectric,and eolic plants).The second,at the bottom of the diagram,includes the systems using non-renewable energy sources (natural gas,oil,and coal thermal plants).The diagram also shows resource use lines.It can be observed that systems 4,5and 6(natural gas,coal and oil)are practically located on the line R Z 0.08,which indicates the use of 8%of renewable resources.As ELR may be estimated by the quantity of renewable resources employed,it can be inferred that these three systems have similar characteristics concerning the environmental impacts that they produce.The diagram also shows that all six systems are located close to the line F Z 0.16.In this way,it is useful to note that for both types of energy generation,using either renewable (geothermal,hydroelectric,and eolic plants)or non-renewable resources (thermoelectric plants),the eco-nomic investment is similar.In fact,the value of EYR is strongly tied to the quantity of purchased inputs,and all energy production systems have these indices between 4.21and 7.47[17].In the same way,it can also be readily observed that hydroelectric and geothermal plants have similar environmental loading,despite the difference in their EYR values.The use of non-renewable resources by the plants that use natural gas,coal and oil is higher than 70%of the total emergy to produce energy.Fig.2b shows the sustainability lines for the values 1and 5,along with the representation of the energy production systems.The systems using non-renewableTable 4Summary of the results from [17],the study of six electricity production systems a without considering environmental servicesEolicGeothermal Hydroelectric Thermoelectric MethaneOil Coal Emergy inputs (1018seJ)Renewable 0.72833.616.927.2312368Non-renewable 0.000 4.61 4.4526833203050Purchased 0.11310 3.2152.81130763Total emergy 0.84148.224.634847604180Emergy indices EYR 7.44 4.827.65 6.59 4.21 5.48EIR 0.160.260.150.180.310.22ELR 0.160.430.4511.7914.2610.36SI47.9511.0916.880.560.300.53aThe production scale of each plant is shown in Table 6.Table 5Summary of the results from [18],the study of four energy production systems a considering environmental servicesGeothermalThermoelectric Methane Oil Coal Emergy inputs (1018seJ)Renewable 33.627.2312368Non-renewable 4.6126833203050Purchased inputs 25.785.721601920Total emergy 63.938157905340Emergy indices EYR 2.49 4.44 2.68 2.78EIR 0.670.290.590.59ELR 0.9013.0017.5613.50SI2.760.340.150.20aThe production scale of each plant is shown in Table 6.67C.M.V.B.Almeida et al./Journal of Cleaner Production 15(2007)63e 74resources are located below the line SI Z 1,while the systems using renewable resources are located above the line SI Z 5.As pointed out by Brown and Ulgiati [17],SI indices of less than 1appear to be indicative of processes that are un-sustainable,in the long run,while processes with long range sustainability have SI indices greater than 5.As the eolic plant,located closer to the R apex,offers very high SI value (SI y 48),the diagram makes clear that even in comparison with the hydro-electric and geothermal plants,the eolic plant has longer term sustainability.When the requirement for environmental services to effectively recycle emissions is considered,a careful analysis of the environmental area that is required to absorb,dilute and process the undesired by-products is needed [18].This area contains environmental systems and the storage of chemical and heat by-products from the production system.Environmental services required (R 2)for the dilution and abatement of emissions are assumed as the interaction of environmental systems and these emissions.The environmental services re-quired were quantified as the renewable emergy neces-sary to drive the dilution process and environmental services were accounted for the amount of air that is required to dilute the emissions.The emergy value of required environmental services,R 2,was determined and included in the index calculations,as shown in Eqs.(1)e (4),EYR ZR 1C R 2C N C FF C R 2ð1ÞEIR ZF C R 2N C R 1ð2ÞELR Z N C F C R 2R 1ð3ÞSI ZY F C R 2N C F C R 21ð4Þwhere R 1represents renewable resources and R 2,gives a measure of the environmental services for the dilution and abatement of emissions,in units of emergy.Ternary diagrams representing the systems under this approach are shown in Fig.3,for the geothermal and the thermoelectric plants.All diagrams illustrate that,as a consequence of including environmental services,a lower sustainability is obtained for each investigated process when compared to evaluations that do not include them.The requirement for environmental services to effectively recycle emissions translates into the need forNFbFig.2.Representation of six electricity production systems with the goal of presenting emergetic ternary diagrams.(a)The use of resource flow lines and (b)the use of sustainability lines.Plants:(1)eolic,(2)geothermal,(3)hydroelectric,and thermoelectric supplied by (4)methane,(5)oil and (6)coal.c a2)2)Fig.3.Representation of four electricity production systems with the goal of producing ternary diagrams,and the use of sensitivity lines,where (a)represents the geothermal plant and (b),(c)and (d)represent the thermoelectric plants,supplied by methane,oil and coal,re-spectively.Points (2),(4),(5),and (6)do not include R 2.Points (7e 10)include the environmental services to dilute and abate process emissions.68 C.M.V.B.Almeida et al./Journal of Cleaner Production 15(2007)63e 74a suitable support area for each process.The shift of the points that represent each system on the sensitivity lines is in agreement with the equations proposed by the authors [18].Accordingly,the shift towards the bottom of the diagrams clearly indicates an increase in the environmental loading of all four systems.Ternary diagrams offer an additional possibility for emergy analysis (Figs.4and 5).Fig.4shows the symergy point,which represents the composition of all six electricity production systems,as they are presented in the papers studied [17,18].The ternary diagram shown in Fig.5includes a weighting factor considering the Italian electricity production matrix;each system was associated to a weighting factor equivalent to the production of electricity by each type of electricity production system in Italy in 2003[19].The production capacity of each plant and the percentage of each type of production in Italy are shown in Table 6.As it can be observed with the use of the ternary diagram (Fig.4),the resulting system,based upon the six electricity production systems,presents an SI Z 1.5,indicating that this set of systems is characterized with medium run sustainability,but makes sustainable contributions to the economy [17].The location of this point in the diagram also supplies information about the environmental loading of the sector (ELR Z 2.9)and of the fractions invested from renewable (%R Z 25),non-renewable (%N Z 20)and economic sources (%F Z 55).As it can be observed,the resulting system (Fig.5),associated to the six energy production systems,presents an SI Z 0.5,indicating that this set of systems is not sustainable in the long run [11].The location of this point in the diagram also supplies information about the environmental loading of the sector (ELR Z 11.3)andof the fractions invested from renewable (%R Z 8.0),non-renewable (%N Z 71.0)and economic sources (%F Z 21.0).3.2.Example #2:monitoring patterns ofsustainability in natural and man-made ecosystems The chosen paper [13]emphasizes that emergy-based indices can be usefully applied to monitor the system’s oscillations,to forecast the system’s behavior and to adopt suitable policy measures to drive it onto a more sustainable path,since monitoring past trends should help to plan future development.For this,the authors [13]introduce exploit functions,y Z N /F and h Z R /F plotted against the indices ELR,EYR and SI in order to monitor or simulate conditions where the amount of inputs is changed.The resulting three-dimensional plots were used to evaluate the amount of investment required to exploit a local renewable or non-renewable resource,providing additional information about theindices.FFig.4.Representation of the symergic point weighted by megawatt of electricity produced:(1)eolic,(2)geothermal,(3)hydroelectric and thermoelectric,(4)methane,(5)oil,and (6)coal.FFig. 5.Representation of the symergic point weighted by Italian electricity production matrix:(1)eolic,(2)geothermal,(3)hydroelec-tric and thermoelectric plants supplied by (4)methane,(5)oil,and (6)coal.Table 6Electricity production of each plant and their contribution to the Italian productionElectricity production (MW)[17]Italian production matrix (%)[19]Eolic2.50.3Geothermic 20.00.8Hydroelectric 85.027.7Thermoelectric Methane 171.0 4.5Oil 1280.033.4Coal1280.033.469C.M.V.B.Almeida et al./Journal of Cleaner Production 15(2007)63e 74Among the examples presented in the paper,the trend of emergy indices in U.S.A corn production since 1945e1994was selected.The exploit function h as well as the SI followed over this period reveal that corn production had a very steep decrease until the end of the 1980s,then it slowed to a nearly stable level,with SI at about0.37e0.34.The N/F ratio increased until the end of the1980s and stabilized at about0.3.To introduce the data on the ternary diagram,the values of N,R and F,were calculated from the values of y,h and%R,defined as the fraction of renewable to total emergy use(Table7).The ternary diagram that represents the U.S.A corn production between1945and1994is shown in Fig.6.The decrease in the SI index can be readily noticed,as well as its stabilization after1980.The observation of the diagram brings also additional information.The resource line F Z0.6evidences that the economic investment did not change substantially over the years. The emergy yield ratio and the emergy investment were maintained at about1.6and1.5,respectively.Despite economic investments of approximately60%during the whole period,the environmental loading increased more than20%and the fraction of the renewable resources decreased from0.40to0.18,reducing the SI value approximately three times.The use of ternary diagrams allows monitoring systems over time.Unfortunately,a decreasing trend was observed in the present example,which clearly shows that the technological changes to increase pro-ductivity not always lead to the sustainability of the process.However,assessing sustainability with the use of ternary diagrams permits one to anticipate or simulate the system’s behavior according to changes in its driving forces.3.3.Example#3:importance of the Bradhyrizobium japonicum symbiosis for the sustainability ofsoybean cultivationThis paper evaluates how sustainability of a soybean crop in south Tuscany(Italy)is increased using the specific bacterial inoculation to satisfy,throughfixation, the nitrogen requirements of the crop used[20].The study of this agricultural activity and its interaction with the environment requires emergy indicators to assess not only productive and economic factors,but also envi-ronmental impact and ecological effects.Soybean cultivation was studied with two options:(1)utilization of chemical fertilizers to supply nitrogen needs as was often done in the past,and as a viable present alternative and(2)the symbiotic activity of Bradyrhizobium bacteria,given as inocula,to cover all nitrogen needs. The results of this work are compared with literature data[21,22].The values of EYR,EIR and SI shown in Table8were taken from Ref.[20]and the values of%R, %N,and%F were then calculated.Fig.7a shows the representation of the soybean cultivation with chemical fertilizers(1),which presents an SI Z1.6and with bacteria inoculation(2),SI Z2.5. The SI index for both soybean management scenarios is greater than1and is higher than those of all the other crops,except that of forage(Tuscany)(Fig.7b).The sensitivity line(S F)that passes through points1 and2shows that the main difference between both the types of soybean cultivation is due to the contribution of purchased inputs.Approximately5%of renewable and 3%of non-renewable resources composes the resources used to cultivate soybean,for both production pro-cesses.The increase in the sustainability index is due to the economic investment or the substitution of chemical fertilizer by the inoculums.Both the types of soybean cultivation have a quite low environmental impact in comparison with other Tuscan and Italian crops,which is readily noted by the location of points(1)and(2)in relation to the R apex. Table7Exploit functions,SI index,%R and relative values of N and F for U.S.A corn production(1945e1994)[13]N/F R/F SI%R%N%F 19450.040.68 1.120.400.0240.588 19500.140.65 1.020.360.0780.554 19540.180.560.830.320.1030.571 19590.240.500.700.290.1390.580 19640.280.450.610.260.1620.578 19700.290.370.480.220.1720.595 19750.370.390.500.220.2090.564 19800.320.290.350.180.1990.621 19890.300.280.340.180.1930.643 19940.230.280.340.190.1560.679N FFig.6.Ternary diagram representing U.S.A corn production(1945e 1995),where(1)1945,(2)1950,(3)1954,(4)1959,(5)1964,(6)1970, (7)1975,(8)1980,(9)1989,and(10)1994.70 C.M.V.B.Almeida et al./Journal of Cleaner Production15(2007)63e74。

效能评估英语Performance evaluation is an important process for any organization as it allows for the measurement and improvement of employee effectiveness and productivity. This evaluation often includes various methods such as feedback, goal setting, and performance appraisals. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of performance evaluation and some effective methods for conducting it.Firstly, performance evaluation provides feedback to employees, which is crucial for their growth and development. By providing constructive criticism and highlighting areas for improvement, employees can learn from their mistakes and strive to enhance their performance. Feedback also serves as a means of recognition and reward for a job well done, boosting employee morale and motivation.Secondly, performance evaluation helps in setting clear and measurable goals for employees. By defining their objectives and expectations, employees can prioritize their tasks and work towards achieving them. Setting goals also allows managers to monitor progress and provide necessary support and guidance, ensuring that employees are on track.Thirdly, performance evaluation facilitates the identification of training and development needs. By assessing employee performance, managers can identify areas where additional training or skill development is required. This can help in creating targeted training programs and workshops to bridge the skill gap and improve overall employee performance.There are several effective methods for conducting performance evaluation. One method is the 360-degree feedback, where feedback is gathered from multiple sources including peers, subordinates, and customers. This comprehensive feedback provides a holistic view of an employee's performance and helps in identifying areas for improvement. Another method is the Management by Objectives (MBO), where employees and managers jointly set goals and objectives that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). This method ensures that employees are aligned with the organization's objectives and allows for regular monitoring of progress.Performance appraisals are also commonly used to evaluate employees' performance. This method involves reviewing an employee's performance over a specific period and assessing their strengths and weaknesses. It provides an opportunity for managers to discuss career aspirations, provide feedback, and set development plans for the future.In conclusion, performance evaluation is crucial for organizational success as it helps in measuring and improving employee effectiveness and productivity. It provides feedback, sets clear goals, and identifies training needs. By using effective methods such as 360-degree feedback, MBO, and performance appraisals, organizations can ensure a fair and comprehensive evaluation of employee performance.。