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Culture, Communication and Intercultural Communication

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Culture, Communication and Intercultural CommunicationA brief introduction to the history of the study of ICC:1. In 1946: The US government passed the Foreign Service Act and established the Foreign Service Institute.2. In 1959: The publication of the Silent Language by the American cultural anthropologist, Edward T. Hall marked the emergence of ICC.3. In 1966: ICC was regarded as curriculum in the US.4. In 1970: ICC was recognized as an independent area of study by the International Communication Association (国际传播学会).5. In 1972: The first international conference on intercultural communication was held in Japan.6. In 1983: Gudykunst, American well known scholar in ICC, edited the first text on intercultural communication theory, Intercultural Communication Theories.Keywords:1. Culture (from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”. 从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其它表现。

2. Culture (from anthropologic perspective):Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values. 从人类学角度定义文化：文化由明确的或含蓄的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号来获取和传播。

这些符号由人类群体的独特成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。

文化的核心由传统（即历史上获得的并经选择传下来的）思想和与其相关的价值观构成。

3. Culture (from psychological perspective): Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. 从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个文化群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。

4. Culture (from sociological perspective): Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perception --- including both verbal and nonverbal language, attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief system, and behavior. 从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的、基于群体的认知模式---包括言语与非言语符号、态度、价值观、信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。

5. Culture (from intercultural communication perspective): Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 从跨文化交际角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信念、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观念的积淀，以及他们获得的物质的东西和所有物。

6. Culture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。

7. Subculture: refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture, and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region. 亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、8. Co-culture:refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perception, values, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communications, and the dominant culture. 共文化：指具有独特的交际特征、感知特点、价值观、信仰和行为，区别于其他群体、社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。

9. Subgroup: usually does not involved the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. 亚群体：相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传累积的价值观念和行为模式。

10. Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message. 信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人。

11. Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver. 信息：指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。

12. Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. 编码：指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。

13. Channel/Medium: It is the method used to deliver a message. 渠道/媒介：指发送信息的方法。

14. Receiver:A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. 信息接受者：指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。

15. Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received. 解码：指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。

16. Feedback:The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback. 反馈：指信息接受者对信息源信息所作出的反应。

17. Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise, physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise. 干扰：指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。

包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。

18. Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place, including physical context, social context and interpersonal context. 语境：指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境、社会语境和人际语境。

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Unit1

Unit1

ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
– An American boy was born in the united States, but grew up in China, as his parents were doing business in China. He finished his primary school and junior school in China. At school he studied and played with his Chinese classmates and spoke mandarin. But he spoke English with his parents at home. What troubled his parents most was that his thinking and behaviors were just identical to a Chinese boy’s, which often made his communication with his parents difficult.
Unit 1
Culture, Communication and Intercultural Communication
An idiom
What really binds men together is their culture--- the ideas and the standards they have in common.
Three Ingredients
1. artifacts 2. behavior 3. concepts (beliefs, values, world views…) e.g. Whereas the money is considered an artifact, the actual spending and saving of the money is behavior. Then the value placed on it is a concept.
跨文化交际实用教程总复习

跨文化交际实用教程总复习


Low power distance
Uncertainty avoiding / uncertainty accepting
Harmony
• Worldview is our shared outlook on the world as a culture. As the ore part of culture, it guides our ways of thinking and acting. The two basic worldviews, the dualistic and the holistic, account for many of the differences between east and west. • Values are standards, social criteria by which behavours are judged. • The major culture differences between east and west: In general, eastern cultures value unity, collectivity, history and tradition while western cultures places more weight on opposites, individuality, equality, and the present.
Polychronic / monochronic Masculinity / femininity Universalism / particularism Individualism / collectivism High-context / low-context High power distance /
introduction to culture,communication and intercultural communication

introduction to culture,communication and intercultural communication

The dog was disciplined by a professional trainer. 那条狗由一位专业训练师训练。
outstanding
1.杰出的，显著的
1）她的丈夫是位杰出的科学家。
Her husband was an outstanding scientist.
3.在以上用法中，若主语为从句或不定式，则在句首使 用形式主语 it, 而把真正的主语放在后面。如： It occurred to me that he might be lying. 我忽然想起他可能是在说谎。
• Case2
Chinese: Have you eaten? American: No. Do you want to invite me to have dinner? A: ………
Culture is a large and evasive concept. Scholars have all tried to defined culture in a satisfactory manner, but each is dissatisfied with the other’s definition. As a result, we now have over 150 different definitions as reviewed by Kroeber and Kluckhohn in their book Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (1963). 文化是一个很大很模糊的概念。学者已经尽量用一种更能让人满意 的方式来定义文化，但是有人有人对其他人的定义仍不满意。因此 ，现在我们有超过150个对文化不同的定义，这些定义都是由克罗 伯和克拉克洪回顾前人的定义，总结在他们的《文化—对观念和定 义的重要回顾》一书中。
culture and communication

culture and communication


• 4. Before the man saying sorry, the woman gurgled and put her hand on the man’s shoulder: “Sir, if you do not mind, you can buy me a red rose to show your apology.” Then the man bought her a rose and they went to a hotel together to study more about the skirt.
• Tehran(德黑兰) sit on the floor and pray five times each day • Las Vegas stay up all night in front of slot machines
• paint and decorate their entire body • spend millions of dollars painting and deocrating only their faces
• Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other as conditioning elements of further action.