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Spectator detection for the measurement of proton neutron interactions at ANKE

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a r X i v :n u c l -e x /0701008v 1 5 J a n 2007Spectator Detection for the Measurement of Proton-Neutron Interactions at ANKE I.Lehmann a ,b ,1,S.Barsovc ,R.Schleichert a ,C.Wilkind ,M.Drochnere ,M.Hartmann a ,V.Hejny a ,S.Merzliakovf ,S.Mikirtychiants c ,A.Mussgiller a ,D.Proti´c a ,H.Str¨o her a ,S.Trusov g ,b ,P.W¨u stner ea Institut f¨u r Kernphysik,Forschungszentrum J¨u lich,D-52425J¨u lich,Germanyb Institut f¨u r Kern und Hadronenphysik,Forschungszentrum Rossendorf,D-01314Dresden,Germanyc High Energy Physics Department,Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute,188350Gatchina,Russiad Physics &Astronomy Department,UCL,Gower Street,London WC1E 6BT,UKe Zentralinstitut f¨u r Elektronik,Forschungszentrum J¨u lich,D-52425J¨u lich,Germanyf Laboratory of Nuclear Problems,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,Dubna,141980Dubna,Russiag Skobeltsin Institute for Nuclear Physics of M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University,Vorobjovy Gory,119899Moscow,Russia1IntroductionIn any thorough investigation of meson production or other reactions resulting from nucleon-nucleon collisions,it is important to have proton-neutron data as well as proton-proton.Medium energy neutron beams,even when produced from stripped deuterons,have a significant momentum spread.Unless the np centre-of-mass energy is determined by other means,such as by measuring all final-state particles,these neutron beams are not suitable for measuring cross sections that vary fast with energy,as is the case for meson production near threshold.The alternative,of using the neutron inside deuterium as a target for a proton beam,faces similar problems due to the Fermi motion of the neutron in the target.Despite the typical neutron momentum in the deuteron being only around60MeV/c,this spreads the c.m.energy by approximately 100MeV,depending upon the mass of the meson being produced.A precise experiment therefore requires allfinal-state particles to be measured also in this approach.The suggestion of using the deuteron as a substitute for a neutron target is very plausible because the average proton-neutron separation in the nucleus is about4fm,which is large compared to the typical range of forces between elementary particles.To a goodfirst approximation then,an incident particle will interact with either a proton or neutron target,leaving the other nucleon in the deuteron as a spectator,moving with the momentum that it had before the collision.In the thick targets used in bubble chamber or electronic mea-surements with external beams,one rarely detects such a spectator particle, which has an energy of only a few MeV.This situation has been radically changed with the advent of medium energy proton storage rings where one can work with thin windowless targets.It then becomes feasible to measure the proton spectators in solid state counters placed in the vacuum of the tar-get chamber inside such a ring.Knowing the beam energy and the spectator momentum allows one to reconstruct the c.m.energy of the proton-neutron system without measuring all the particles produced in this reaction.In this way it is possible to exploit the intrinsic target momenta,measuring a cross section over a range of well-defined c.m.energies while working at afixed beam momentum.Furthermore,merely identifying a spectator proton p sp is an indication that the production reaction has taken place on the neutron and not on the proton,thus simplifying significantly the subsequent data analysis. These ideas have all been successfully tested in an initial experiment at the CELSIUS ring,where the spectator protons were measured in a set of sim-ple silicon detectors[1].Allfinal particles in the pd→p sp dπ0reaction were detected,with the two photons from theπ0decay being used as the trigger. Using a circulating beam whose energy wasfixed at320MeV,the authors could deduce within the spectator model the variation of the pn→dπ0to-tal cross section atfive c.m.energies near threshold and this agreed with the results from standard data compilations.On the other hand,the lack of an independent luminosity measurement meant that it was not possible to de-termine absolute cross sections.Since there is no room for these spectator counters in the new WASA target chamber at CELSIUS,they are now being used at COSY to study the pn→pnη′reaction[2].At the COSY-ANKE facility of the Forschungszentrum J¨u lich we have ex-tended the CELSIUS technique by constructing a telescope of three silicon detectors,the details of which are given in section2.The self-triggering ca-pabilities of the telescope allow efficient data taking at high particlefluxes. As discussed in the following section,the set-up yields good measurements of both the energies and angles of slow protons and deuterons emerging from a deuterium ing the E-∆E technique the system permits particle iden-tification and,in particular,the separation of recoil protons from deuterons over significant energy ranges.One new feature of this set-up is its capability of working down to proton momenta of70MeV/c.Not only are the achiev-able statistics significantly increased,as compared to experiments with higher threshold energies,but also the interpretation of the data in terms of its model dependence becomes substantially simplified.The technique is put to the test in section4,where the measurement of the pd→p sp dπ0reaction away from threshold is described.By using a deuterium cluster-jet target and detecting the fast deuteron in the forward system of the ANKE magnetic spectrometer,theπ0could be identified as a peak in the p sp d missing mass.The pn→dπ0total cross section thus extracted agrees with the results deduced from previous experiments.In subsequent experiments the spectator telescope has been used to measure the total cross sections for the pn→dω[3,4]and pn→dη[5]reactions near threshold.At the high beam momenta required forωproduction,the recoil deuterons from elastic proton-deuteron scattering can also be detected in the telescope and used to determine the luminosity by comparing with known pd→pd differential cross sections.Another application of the set-up is the measurement of the beam polarisation,which is vitally important for the polarised experimental programme at ANKE.These measurements,and the outlook for further work,are outlined in our conclusions of thefinal section.2Silicon TelescopeThe ANKE facility is a magnetic spectrometer and detection system placed at an internal target position of the COSY light-ion storage ring [6].In order to extend its capabilities through the detection of recoil particles with very low momenta,a telescope consisting of three layers of silicon detectors has been chosen,as sketched in top view in Fig.1.This enables tracking,energy deter-mination,and particle identification to be carried out within the constraints imposed by the restricted space inside the ANKE vacuum chamber.deuterium cluster-jet targetFig.1.Sketch of top view of the silicon telescope inside the ANKE target chamber showing the COSY beam,the cluster target and the telescope structure of three silicon detectors.In order to identify a particle via the E -∆E method and to determine its kinetic energy,it has to be stopped after traversing a preceding detector and depositing part of its energy therein.Now the Fermi momentum of a spectator proton in the deuteron is on average about 60MeV/c (T p ≈1.9MeV)and only about 5%of protons have momenta above 250MeV/c.Moreover,at the higher momenta one has problems in being sure that the recoil proton is indeed a spectator rather than an active participant in a reaction.A 5mm thick lithium-drifted strip detector [7]stops protons with kinetic en-ergies up to 31MeV,i.e.momenta up to 250MeV/c.Taken in combination with a 300µm thick detector,protons with T p ≥6.7MeV could in principle be used.However,as will be seen in the following section,detection thresholds and angular straggling considerations increase this limit to 8MeV.In order to extend this range down to kinetic energies of 2.5MeV,an initial layer con-sisting of a60µm thick surface-barrier detector was also installed.This choice combines a low threshold for protons,with energy deposits sufficient to dis-tinguish protons from deuterons.Though it would have been very helpful to reduce the energy threshold for spectator protons by using,say,an18µm thick surface-barrier detector,it was found in a separate test measurement[8]that the energy resolution versus band separation in this case would not suffice to distinguish between protons and deuterons.The details of the layersfinally chosen are given in Table1.Table1Principal properties of the detectors used in the spectator telescope.Thefirst layer is circular and not segmented.For the others,the number of strips and their pitch,is given.The energy resolution of the detectors was deduced from measurements with anα-particle source,and the full-width at half maximum(FWHM)of the peaks, which characterises the noise level,is given.1st layer2nd layer3rd layerSurface barrier Implanted Lithium-drifted Sensitive thickness0.08µm≤1.5µm≤1µmExit window[Si-eqv.]450mm232×15mm247×23mm2 Segmentation—1mm235µm NoiseWith respect to the incident beam direction,angles from the deuterium cluster-jet target between83and104◦are covered in the horizontal plane,whereas in the vertical direction limits of±10◦and±7◦are set by the second and third layers respectively.Having some coverage in the forward hemisphere is important because deuterons from elastic proton-deuteron scattering,used for luminosity determination at high energies as well as for the alignment,cannot go backwards in the laboratory frame.Simple kinematic arguments show that,for counters placed close to90◦,both the c.m.energy W pn of the proton-neutron system and the typical missing-mass determinations depend even more sensitively upon the polar angle of the spectator proton than on its energy.To handle this,the second and third layers of the telescope are composed of strips arranged perpendicularly to the beam. The surface-barrier detector and all32strips of the300µm thick detector are read out individually using analogue electronics.Preamplifiers with a gain of55mV/MeV are placed outside the vacuum about10cm from the detectors. The shaper amplifiers,with shaping constants of1µs differentiating and1µs integrating,are placed20m apart.The latter32channels have additionally been equipped with fast shaper amplifiers(shaping constants:1µs differenti-ating,10ns integrating)and discriminators to allow triggering.This feature is essential for efficient data-taking at high particlefluxes because the elastic and quasi-free elastic channels cannot be efficiently suppressed by the on-line trigger from the ANKE forward system alone.The last layer,however,has been equipped with4resistor chains such that8read-out channels are suffi-cient to obtain the energy loss and coordinate,using the sum and difference of amplitudes respectively[8,9].Due to the higher dynamic range,the gain of the preamplifiers is only5mV/MeV with an unchanged shaping constant of 1µs of the main amplifieres.The angular resolution that can be obtained with the chosen arrangement will be discussed in the next section.One big advantage of our set-up is that it allows us to determine the relative positions of the target and detectors far more accurately than can be done by conventional techniques.This is because the elastic proton-deuteron kinemat-ics are fully determined by the measurement of the deuteron kinetic energy in the second and third layers of the telescope.For this reason an accurate energy calibration of the system was performed,as described below.With the achieved precision of1%in the particle’s kinetic energy,the telescope could be aligned to within a few tenths of a millimetre with respect to the target.More-over,the angles of the ANKE forward system could also be determined with respect to the target and beam to about0.05◦.Though this feature is useful when determining the spectator angles,it is essential for reliable acceptance calculations.The amplitudes for each read-out channel were calibrated individually using α-particle sources in combination with an electronic pulser designed to deliver precise attenuation factors.Taken together with the known energy deposit from theα-particles,an absolute calibration was then obtained including all the non-linearities of the system,as shown e.g.for the second layer by Fig.2(a). The pulser amplitudes have been calibrated simultaneously,allowing them to be used to calibrate the complete system at any time after their installa-tion at COSY.In order to monitor the calibration of the300µm and5mm thick detectors simultaneously with the measurements,two low-intensityα-particle sources(50and500Bq)were permanently mounted in the system. The strengths were such that,while being negligible compared to the primary count rate,more than300events could be collected per read-out channel within a typical run-time of two hours.These yielded clean peaks above the background,as shown in Fig.2(b).0123440080012001600E (α)n u m b e r o f e v e n t s [a .u .]∆E (300µm) [channels](a)Calibration using a pulser and anα-particle source 02468567810n u m b e r o f e v e n t s [102] E (α)E max (p )E max (d )∆E (300µm) [MeV](b)On-line calibration checkboratory calibration and on-line check for the second telescope layer.(a)The pulser signals and α-peak position permit an absolute off-line calibration.The calibration at the accelerator can be achieved using the calibrated pulser signals and cross-checked by the experimental data shown in (b).The upper distribution was obtained by selecting forward angles,where elastically scattered deuterons are present,whereas only protons can contribute in the backward hemisphere shown in the lower distribution.The absolute energy calibration was controlled by the well-defined energy loss of stopped α-particles coming from permanently mounted sources E (α)(narrow peaks)and by the maximum energy loss for protons and deuterons,E max (p )and E max (d )respectively.3Spectator Proton DetectionParticle identification is carried out using the E -∆E technique,as illustrated in Fig.3.The agreement between the experimental data and the predicted proton and deuteron curves for the two pairs of counters prove that the systematic error in the absolute kinetic energy determination is below 1%.To quantify the background arising from possible misidentification,slices have been cut from Fig.3and the resulting projections plotted in Fig.4.The effective resolution,including all experimental contributions such as straggling,detector and electronic response,etc.,was found to be such that the bands are separated over our full range by more than two and six times their widths for the low and high energy particles respectively.From this it is already clear that,by applying an appropriate cut between the bands,protons can be well separated from deuterons.The residual deuteron background becomes completely insignificant if elastic events are further suppressed by information from the ANKE forward system,as shown by the dashed histograms in Fig.4.∆E (300µm) [MeV]∆E (60µm ) [M e V ](a)Energy losses in the 60µm versus 300µm silicon detectors∆E (5mm) [MeV]∆E (300µm ) [M e V ](b)Energy losses in the 300µm versus 5mm silicon detectorsFig.3.Particle identification achieved by comparing energy deposits in two layers of the telescope.The boxes represent experimental data whereas the curves correspond to the predicted energy losses of protons and deuterons in silicon [10].The deuteron band in (b),obtained at 2.8GeV/c,largely disappears at low beam momenta due to the restricted geometrical acceptance of the system;the recoil deuterons from elastic pd scattering then generally have too little energy.The cuts applied to produce Figures 4are indicated by the dashed lines.The energy range of the telescope divides naturally into the two classes of events shown in Figs.3(a),(b).Protons with kinetic energies between 2.3and6.7MeV traverse the 60µm surface-barrier detector and stop in the second layer whereas those that stop in the final layer have energies up to 31MeV.The identification of protons by the E -∆E method is,however,complicated in the transition region between these two ranges.As shown in Fig.3(a),the band arising from deuterons traversing the first two layers,but missing the third,overlaps with that from stopped protons.Taking into account the finite energy resolution,protons are only completely distinguished from deuterons in the low energy range of Fig.3(a)for T p <4.4MeV.On the other hand,the lower limit that we have taken for the second range,T p >8MeV,has been set by the straggling considerations discussed below.The overlap of the deuteron band imposes no restriction since deuterons with energies above ≈30MeV are not scattered into the acceptance of the system.∆E (60µm) + ∆E (300µm) / 4 [MeV]n u m b e r o f e v e n t s (a)Combination of 1st &2ndlayers ∆E (300µm) + ∆E (5mm) / 5 [MeV]n u m b e r o f e v e n t s (b)Combination of 2nd &3rd layers Fig.4.Projections of the slices in the E -∆E spectra obtained by applying the cuts indicated by the dashed lines in Figs.3.These correspond to the combinations ∆E (60µm)+∆E (300µm)/4and ∆E (300µm)+∆E (5mm)/5respectively.The solid histograms,scaled by factors of 0.2and 0.05for (a)and (b)respectively,show the separation of the proton and deuteron bands in both energy ranges.The dashed histograms are obtained after the rejection of elastic events on the basis of information obtained from the forward system.The 60µm layer has no spatial resolution but the 300µm and 5mm detectors each have strips on one of their sides.These are placed perpendicular to the beam direction,leading to a purely geometrical angular resolution σ(θ)of about 0.4◦in the horizontal plane.Now,within our geometry,the polar angle can be well approximated by this horizontal angle.However,even for the relatively fast deuterons used to measure the luminosity and relative alignment to the target,straggling of more than 1◦dominates the resolution.The angle of the protons from the lower energy range,where the only position information is provided by the strip number in the second layer,is determined using the relative position of the target centre.The finite target size then fixes the spectator polar angle to within ±5◦.There remains an acceptable background of a few per cent of events not originating from the target.For the higher energy protons we have chosen a lower limit of 8MeV in order to limit the straggling to be below 3◦.The vertical angle is fixed only by the target and detector sizes but this corresponds essentially to the azimuthal angle,which has no influence on the determination of the c.m.energy.The characteristics of the two detection ranges are summarised in Table 2.Table2Effective ranges of detection,angular resolution and band separation in terms of FWHM in the silicon telescope1st&2nd2nd&3rd2.6–4.4MeV8–22MeVp p-range≈5◦≤3◦Band separationIn order to study the experimental energy and angular resolution of the sili-con layers prior to the measurements at COSY,a dedicated experiment was performed using the proton beam at the Tandem Accelerator of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the University of Cologne[8].This led to the choice of a suitablefirst layer detector.It also showed that the position in the5mm detector,read out using a resistor chain,could be reconstructed with an ac-curacy better than300µm in absolute value.The angular resolution is then dominated by angular straggling,which was measured to be in good agreement with results from Monte-Carlo simulations[11].The target chamber of ANKE is placed just in front of the spectrometer mag-net D2such that the low energy protons and deuterons detected by the tele-scope are perturbed by the stray magneticfield.Though thefields in this region,B 0.1T,are much smaller than the maximum values in the spec-trometer,B=1.6T,significant corrections have to be introduced because of the low spectator proton momenta.Corrections of0.6◦to1.8◦relative to straight lines,depending upon the spectator energy,have been obtained from Monte Carlo simulations[11].4Measurement of the pd→p sp dπ0ReactionThe magnetic dipole of ANKE,combined with the forward detector system of multiwire proportional counters(MWPCs),scintillator hodoscope and in-clinedˇCerenkov counters,allows us to identify and measure the momenta of fast particles produced in coincidence with spectator protons in the silicon telescope.This system,illustrated in Fig.5,is described in detail in Ref.[6]. The detection and identification of two charged particles allows one to select the production of a single meson,such as theπ0,η,orω,through the missing mass technique.detectorsFig.5.The part of the ANKE set-up used for the measurement of the pd →p sp dπ0reaction.Sketched are the circulating COSY proton beam,the target chamber with the telescope for spectator proton detection,the vacuum chamber of the spectrom-eter dipole magnet D2,and the forward detection system used to track and identify fast deuterons.∆E /∆x [M e V /c m ]p [GeV/c]Fig.6.The normalised energy loss per centimetre for particles in the first hodoscope layer of the ANKE forward detector versus their measured momentum.Clearly vis-ible are the upper and lower bands originating from deuterons and protons respec-tively.Note that the statistics for protons are orders of magnitude greater than for deuterons.The lines indicate the cuts applied to select deuterons shown in Fig.7(a)To test this method of investigating meson production in proton-neutron inter-actions at ANKE,we have measured the pd →p sp dπ0reaction at a beam mo-mentum of 1.2GeV/c.In Fig.6the energy losses of particles in the first plane of the scintillator hodoscope of ANKE are plotted versus their reconstructedmomenta.The spectrum is dominated by the proton peak around 1.2GeV/c corresponding to small-angle deuteron break-up events.However,one also observes clear proton and deuteron bands and,by imposing a momentum-dependent threshold between them,one can reduce the proton contribution significantly.Since the Landau tail from the quasi-elastic protons cannot be suppressed very effectively at high momenta,only the range below 1.15GeV/c was selected when extracting the pn →dπ0cross section,as indicated in Fig.6.The experimental momentum distribution is compared in Fig.7(a)to a Gaus-sian fit for the dπ0events plus a polynomial ansatz for the background.The number of detected events for the pn →dπ0reaction has been deduced solely from this figure where,unlike for the missing-mass representation,the distri-bution is not biased by the assumption that the fast particle is a deuteron.Since the experiment was carried out very close to the two-pion threshold,the background must arise primarily from protons misidentified as deuterons.This is consistent with the missing mass distribution for the same events,which is shown in Fig.7(b).There is a clear peak at around 140MeV/c 2,corresponding to the undetected π0.The large width comes from measuring pion production well above threshold with a limited angular resolution of the forward array.The small shift compared to the true pion mass is consistent with the geomet-ric precision of the set-up.The second peak towards the maximum missing mass is due to the proton background.p [GeV/c]0204060801000.40.60.8 1.0n u m b e r o f e v e n t s (a)Deuteron momentum distribution using the cuts indicated in Fig.6m X [MeV/c 2]n u m b e r o f e v e n t s (b)Missing mass distribution for the events in (a)Fig.7.Momentum and missing mass distributions using spectator protons with2.6≤T sp ≤4.4MeV and energy losses in the hodoscope for proton suppression.The integrated luminosity for the π0production experiment at 600MeV was obtained by counting protons elastically and quasi-elastically scattered from the target at laboratory angles between 5◦and 10◦,as described in Ref.[12].It is not possible to separate cleanly pd→pd from pd→ppn events using just the ANKE Forward Detector information,though the momentum resolution is sufficient to exclude pion production.The inclusive pd differential cross section can be reliably estimated within the Glauber model[13].Such a calculation, which takes into account the sum of elastic and inelastic terms in closure approximation,could be checked in part using the results obtained on the pd→pd differential cross section,which has been measured close to our energy at T p=(582±10)MeV[14].It is believed that the luminosity can be obtained to±7%using this procedure[15].The reduction influx due to the presence of a second nucleon in the target(shadowing),has been taken into account by a5%correction,similar to that used forηproduction[16].To calculate the acceptance of the whole system,the pd→p sp dπ0reaction was simulated using the PLUTO event generator[17],which includes the Fermi motion in the deuteron.The events thus obtained were fed into the standard GEANT3program[11],adjusted to the geometry of the ANKE.Finally,the momenta of both the spectator proton and fast deuteron were subjected to the experimental cuts imposed by the spectator telescope and forward detector system respectively.After correcting for the tracking efficiency in the wire chambers and the spectator detection,we deduce a total cross section ofσtot(pn→dπ0)=(1.62±0.14)mb at an effective mean beam energy of T beam=556MeV.Thec.m.energy is here reconstructd to7MeV FWHM.A direct measurement of this cross section with a neutron beam at this energy gaveσtot(np→dπ0)= (1.6±0.27)mb[18].Alternatively,on the basis of isospin,σtot(pn→dπ0)= 1deuterium target and the measurement of their absolute cross sections.The centre-of-mass energies in such reactions are well defined by the kinematics of the spectator proton and,in fact,the deuteron Fermi motion allows a scan over a wide range of energies while keeping the beam momentumfixed.Apart from the pn→dπ0test experiment reported here,the system has already been used to investigate near-thresholdω[3]andη[5]production from the neutron.A further use of this technique is the monitoring of the luminosity in ex-periments at storage rings.The energy of a recoil deuteron detected near90◦determines very well the kinematics of elastic proton-deuteron scattering,thus fixing the luminosity in terms of the pd→pd differential cross section.This method was employed in the analysis of our pn→dωmeasurement[3]and other reactions at ANKE.With the current set-up it could not be used for the pn→dπ0measurement presented here.This geometric limitation can be overcome by an optimised positioning of the system within the redesigned vacuum chamber at ANKE.It is important to note that the telescope can also be used to evaluate the luminosity for pp reactions with a hydrogen target by measuring the low energy proton from pp elastic scattering near90◦. Another application of the set-up is the measurement of the beam polarisation, which is becoming increasingly important in view of the number of polarisation measurements proposed at COSY[20].It was proven,using the telescope described here,that it was possible to do this in parallel to data-taking without any harm to or restriction on the beam[21].The experience gained in building and using the spectator counter system has been put to use in the design of second-generation silicon telescopes[22]. Putting four of these new telescopes even closer to the beam will increase the geometrical acceptance by a factor40.Since all the detectors,especially the65µm layers,will be double-sided strip detectors,the angles of even low energy spectators will be measured toσ(θ)=σ(φ)=1◦−3◦.This means that the tracks from the extended target region of a polarised gas target could also be reconstructed.This will open the window to use polarised deuterium as a source for polarised proton-polarised neutron physics.6AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank T.Krings,G.Fiori,and M.Metz for designing,engi-neering and testing the5mm thick silicon detectors.Moreover,we are grateful to W.Borgs,G.d’Orsaneo,P.Wieder for the support in the design of the sup-port structure for our detectors.H.Hadamek and the mechanical workshop of the IKP build this pieces.For the support in the measurements at the Univer-。

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英汉无损检测专业词汇汇编

英汉无损检测专业词汇汇编

英汉无损检测专业词汇汇编夏纪真编Aablution 清洗Absorbed dose 吸收剂量Absorbed dose rate 吸收剂量率 A.C magnetic saturation 交流磁饱和acceptance specification 验收规范Acceptanc limits 验收范围Acceptance level 验收水平验收标准Acceptance standard 验收标准Accessories 附件配件辅助设备辅助器材Accumulation test 累积检测Accuracy 精确度准确度acetone 丙酮Acoustic emission count 声发射计数Acoustic emission transducer 声发射换能器Acoustic emission (AE) 声发射Acoustic holography 声全息术Acoustic impedance 声阻抗Acoustic impedance matching 声阻抗匹配Acoustic impedance method 声阻法Acoustic wave 声波Acoustic-ultrasonic 声-超声（AU）Acoustical lens 声透镜across 交* 横过Activation 活化Activity 活度Adequate shielding 适当防护、适当屏蔽address: 地址: additional stress 附加应力AE 声发射air header 集气管air set 空气中凝固, 常温自硬自然硬化air supply 气源aisle 过道走廊alkaline battery 碱性电池alarm level 报警电平alarm condition 报警状态Alignment 对准定位调整校直allowable variation 允许偏差容许变化alternating current 交流电aluminum powder 铝粉amount 数量Ampere turns 安匝数amplifier panel 放大器面板Amplitude 振幅、幅度anchor bolt 锚定螺栓地脚螺栓analyzer 分析器Angle beam method 斜射法、角波束法Angle beam probe 斜探头、角探头Angle of incidence 入射角Angle of reflection 反射角Angle of spread 扩散角Angle of squint 偏向角、偏斜角Angle probe 斜探头、角探头Angstrom unit 埃(长度单位) angle square 角尺angle iron 角钢角铁angle steel 角钢angle fitting 弯头application drawing 操作图应用图arc welding 电弧焊arc cutting 电弧切割arc gouging 电弧刨削arc starting 起弧Area amplitude response curve 面积振幅响应曲Area of interest 评定区、关注区域线argon arc welding 氩弧焊Arliflcial disconlinuity 人工不连续性、人工缺陷arrangement diagram 布置图arrival time interval（Δtij）到达时间差(Δtij) Artifact 人为缺陷Artificial defect 人工缺陷A-scan A型扫描A-scope A型显示assembly 装配Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数Attenuator 衰减器Audible leak indicator 音响泄漏指示器Automatic testing 自动检测Autoradiography 自动射线照相术automatic temperature recorder 温度自动记录器axonometric drawing 轴测图axiality 同轴度轴对称性Bback-feed 反馈background target 目标本底backwall echo 底波底面回波baiting valve 放料阀banjo fixing 对接接头band plate 带板Barium concrete 钡混凝土Barn 靶Base fog 片基灰雾Bath 槽液、浴池、槽base material 基底材料Bayard-Alpert ionization gage B-A型电离计Beam 声束、光束Beam ratio 光束比Beam angle 波束角、束张角Beam axis 声束轴线Beam path location 声程定位、声束路径位置Beam path 声程、声束路径Beam spread 声束扩散bellow type 波纹管式beveled edges 坡口Bending 挠曲弯曲beveling 磨斜棱磨斜边成斜角bending deformation 挠曲变形弯曲变形Betatron 电子感应加速器Bimetallic strip gage 双金属片计Bid 投标出价bend 弯管弯头弯曲Bipolar field 双极磁场Black light filter 黑光滤波器、黑光过滤片bisectrix 等分线Black light 黑光，紫外光Blackbody 黑体Blackbody equivalent temperature 黑体等效温Bleakney mass spectrometer 波利克尼质谱仪度blowhole 喷水孔通风孔通气孔(气)孔铸孔砂[气]眼气泡Bleedout 渗出、漏出blind 挡板窗帘blinding plate 盲板blind plate 隔离盲板盲板block up 封堵垫高bolt 螺栓螺钉bolton 螺栓紧固bonding wire 接合线焊线boost pressure 升压bottom plate 底板Bottom echo 底波底面回波both sides welding 双面焊接Bottom surface 底面Boundary echo 边界回波、界面回波Brand name 商标名称品牌branch connection 分支接续分支连接Bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射Broad-beam 宽射束宽（声、光）束bridge 桥breaking of contact 断接卡Brush application 刷涂B-scan presentation B型扫描显示B-scan B型扫描B扫描B-scope B型显示buckling deformation 翘曲变形buckle 满扣扣住buried depth 埋深butt joint 对接butt jointing 对接接头burn through 烧蚀烧穿butt weld 对接焊缝butt welding 对接焊bus duct 母线槽CC-scan C型扫描C扫描C-scope C型显示C-shape detector C型探测器（X射线实时成像）cable fitting电缆配件cable routing电缆路由选择cable gland 电缆衬垫cable tray 电缆盘cable armor 电缆铠装Cable sheath 电缆包皮层cable testing bridge 电缆测试电桥cable laying 电缆敷设cable channel 电缆槽电缆管道cable trunk 电缆管道电缆主干线Capping ends 顶盖末端calculation sheet 计算书calorimeter 热量计Calibration instrument 校准仪器Capillary action 毛细管作用carbon steel tube 碳钢管carbon steel 碳钢Carrier fluid 载液Carry over of penetrate 渗透剂转入cascade connection 串联连接Cassette 暗盒Cathode 阴极cathodic protection system 阴极保护系统caulking metal 填隙合金[金属](材料) CCD Camera 电荷耦合摄像机center line 中心线center plate 中心板拨盘centralized 集中的cement lined piping 水泥衬里管线channel bases沟渠基底center bearing bracket 中心支架certification of fitness 质量合格证书Charge Coupled Device 电荷耦合器件（简称CCD）Central conductor 中心导体中线（三相四线制）Central conductor method 中心导体法centripetal canting pull rope 向心斜拉索channel steel expansion ring 槽钢胀圈Characteristic curve 特性曲线Characteristic curve of film 胶片特性曲线Characteristic radiation 特征辐射标识辐射Chemical fog 化学灰雾check against 检查, 核对chipping 修琢check valve 止回阀chronometer精密计时表Ci 居里Cine-radiography 射线(活动)电影摄影术连续射线照相Circuit breaker断路开关circumferential weld 环焊缝Circumferential coils 圆环线圈Circumferential field 周向磁场环形磁场Circumferential magnetization method 周向磁化法circumferential joint 周圈接缝civil engineer 土木工程师civil works 土建工程建筑工程Clean 清理clamp 夹钳clamping fixture 胎具夹具Clean-up 清除Clearing time 定透时间coaxial cable 同轴电缆cockle stairs 螺旋梯Coercive force 矫顽力Coherence 相干性Coherence length 相干长度（谐波列长度）Coil test 线圈试验Coil size 线圈尺寸Coil spacing 线圈间距Coil technique 线圈技术线圈法Coil method 线圈法Coil reference 线圈参考（参照线圈）Coincidence discrimination 符合性鉴别一致性鉴别cold lap 冷隔Cold-cathode ionization gage 冷阴极电离计collar extension 环口Collimation 准直Collimator 准直器collision 碰撞冲突color identification 彩色识别Combined colour contrast and fluorescent penetrant 着色荧光渗透剂commencement 开始component part 构件(组合)零件部件Compressional wave 压缩波Compressed air drying 压缩空气干燥comprehensive analysis and judgement 综合分析判断compression pump 压缩机压气机[泵] compression joint 压接压力接合comply with 遵守company 公司Compton scatter 康普顿散射condensation 冷凝conduit box [电]导管分线匣conducting wire 导线conductive paste 导电膏conduit outlet 电线引出口conduit entry 导管引入装置connector 接线器连接器Console 控制台construction work 施工工程content gauge 液位计contactor 触头接触器触点开关Contact pads 接触垫Continuous emission 连续发射Continuous linear array 连续线性阵列Continuous method 连续法Continuous spectrum 连续谱Continuous wave 连续波Continuously Welded (CW) 连续焊Contrast stretch 对比度扩展Contrast 对比度衬度Contrast agent 对比剂造影剂Contrast aid 反差增强剂Contrast sensitivity 对比灵敏度Control echo 控制回波Copper intensifying screens 铜增感屏control 控制控制器control wiring 控制线路control cable控制电缆操纵索control console 控制台control unit 控制单元control valve actuator 阀控传动机构control valve控制阀convenience receptacle 电源插座core rod 芯棒corresponding 相应的cotton fibre 棉质纤维Couplant 耦合剂Coupling 耦合Coupling medium 耦合介质Coupling losses 耦合损失Cracking 破裂裂纹裂化裂解Creeping wave 爬波蠕变波crate 板条箱柳条箱Critical angle 临界角Cross section 横截面Cross talk 串音Cross-drilled hole 横孔Crystal 晶片晶体Curie point 居里点cubicle 室,箱cushion 垫层衬垫Curie temperature 居里温度Curie(Ci) 居里Current flow method 通电法电流法Current induction method 电流感应法current attenuation 电流衰减Current magnetization method 电流磁化法Cut-off level 截止电平Cutting 切割cutting opening 切孔切开CW (Continuously Welded) 连续焊DDark room packing 暗室包装（在暗室条件下将X射线胶片装入暗盒）data logger 数据记录器datum mark 基准点Dead zone 盲区死区Decay curve 衰变曲线Decibel(dB) 分贝Defect 缺陷Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力Defect detection sensitivity 缺陷探测灵敏度Definition 清晰度定义Demagnetization 退磁Demagnetization factor 退磁因子退磁系数Demagnetizer 退磁装置退磁器Densitometer 黑度计密度计Density 黑度（底片）密度Density Strip 黑度比较片密度比较条Density comparison strip 黑度比较片密度比较depth scan 深度扫描条description 说明描述design pressure 设计压力Detecting medium 检验介质Detergent remover 洗净液去垢剂Developer 显像剂显影剂Developer station 显像工位显影台Developer aqueous 水性显像剂Developer dry 干式显象剂Developer liquid film 液膜显象剂Developer nonaqueous（suspend）非水（悬浮）显象剂Developing time 显像时间显影时间Development 显影differential discriminator (电子)差动式鉴频器Diffraction mottle 衍射斑点衍射斑纹Diffuse indications 扩散指示Diffusion 扩散漫射Digital image acquisition system 数字图像采集系统Digital display 数字显示数显Dilatational wave 膨胀波疏密波Digital timer for darkroom 暗室用计时器（在暗室中可调及报警）Digital Thermometer 数字温度计（用于测定胶片处理液的温度）dimensional inspection 尺寸检验digital detector 数字探测器（X射线实时成像）Dip and drain station 浸渍和流滴工位浸渍与滴落台Direct contact magnetization 直接接触磁化Direct exposure imaging 直接曝光成像Direct contact method 直接接触法directional beam 定向辐射（指定向辐射的工业X射线机）Directivity 指向性disassembly and assembly 拆装Discontinuity 不连续性Distance-gain-size DGS曲线（距离-增益-尺寸曲线）（DGS德文为AVG）Distance marker 距离标志distribution board 配电盘, 配电屏Dose equivalent 剂量当量dosimeter 剂量计Dose rate meter 剂量率计Dosemeter 剂量计Double crystal probe 双晶探头Double probe technique 双探头法doubleskin 重皮dose 剂量Double transceiver technique 双发双收法Double traverse technique 双光路技术down lead 引下线Dragout 废酸洗液Drain time 滴落时间排液时间drain 排水管排水沟排水道排水draught 气流drying 烘干Drift 漂移Dry method 干法Dry powder 干粉Dry technique 干法Dry developer 干式显像剂Dry developing cabinet 干式显像柜Drying oven 干燥箱干燥炉Drying station 干燥工位干燥台Drying time 干燥时间D-scan D型扫描D-scope D型显示dual element transducers 双晶探头双晶片换能器Dual search unit 双探头双探测装置双探测器Dual-focus tube 双焦点(X射线)管due date 到期日预定日期duplicate part 备件Duplex-wire image quality indicator 双线像质指示器双线像质计Duplex wire type Image Quality Indicator 双线型像质指示器双线像质计Duration 持续时间Dwell time 停留时间Dye penetrant 着色渗透剂dye penetrant examination 着色渗透检验Dynamic leak test 动态泄漏检测Dynamic leakage measurement 动态泄漏测量Dynamic range 动态范围Dynamic radiography 动态射线照相法Eearth wire 接地线地线earthing device 接地装置earthing pole 接地极earth resistance 接地电阻Echo 回波Echo frequency 回波频率Echo height 回波高度Echo indication 回波指示Echo transmittance of sound pressure 声压往复透过率Echo width 回波宽度Eddy current 涡流涡电流Eddy current flaw detector 涡流探伤仪Eddy current testing 涡流检测Edge 边缘棱边Edge effect 边缘效应Edge echo 棱边回波Effective focus size 有效焦点尺寸Effective depth penetration （EDP）有效穿透深度有效透入深度Effective magnetic permeability 有效磁导率Effective resistance 有效电阻Effective permeability 有效磁导率有效渗透率相对渗透率Effective reflection surface of flaw 缺陷有效反射面Elastic medium 弹性介质elbow 弯管接头管肘Electric displacement 电位移electric heat tracing 电伴随加热electric force compounded grease 电力复合脂electric pressure 电压electric machine 电机electrified 带电Electrical center 电中心Electrode 电极电焊条electrical panel 配电板,配电盘electrical material电气材料electrical appliance 电器Electromagnet 电磁铁electron linear accelerator 电子直线加速器Electrolytic Sliver recovery unit 电解银回收装置（从定影液中回收银）Electro-magnetic acoustic transducer 电磁声换能器Electromagnetic induction 电磁感应Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射Electromagnetic testing 电磁检测Electro-mechanical coupling factor 机电耦合系数Electron radiography 电子辐射照相术Electron volt 电子伏恃Electronic noise 电子噪声Electrostatic spraying 静电喷涂Emulsification 乳化E-mail: 电子邮件: 电子邮箱: embedded part 预埋件嵌入[埋置]部分Emulsification time 乳化时间Emulsifier 乳化剂emission count （声）发射计数Encircling coils 环形线圈End effect 端部效应端点效应Energizing cycle 激励周期enfoldment 折迭end socket 端头, (钢索的)封头envelope 包络包迹Equalizing filter 均衡滤波器平衡滤波器equipment 器材设备Equivalent 当量Equivalent I.Q.I. Sensitivity 当量象质指示器灵敏度Equivalent nitrogen pressure 等效氮压当量氮气压力Equivalent method 当量法Equivalent penetrameter sensifivty 当量透度计灵敏度erection 架设Erasabl optical medium 可消光介质Etching 浸蚀腐蚀侵蚀蚀刻Evaluation 评定Evaluation threshold 评价阈值评定阈Event count 事件计数Event count rate 事件计数率examination 试验检验考试examine and approve 审批Examination area 检验范围Examination region 检验区域exfoliation 剥落脱落Exhaust pressure/discharge pressure 排气压力/排放压力出口压力输送压力Exhaust tubulation 排气管道Expanded time-base sweep 时基线展宽时基扫描扩展expansion joint 伸缩接头expansion bolt 伸缩栓, 扩开螺栓Exposure 曝光Exposure table 曝光表Exposure chart 曝光曲线Exposure fog 曝光灰雾Exposure 曝光Extended source 扩展源延长源external diameter 外径eye survey 目测Ffabrication tolerance 制造容差fabrication 加工制造fabrication drawing 制造图纸制作图fall off 脱落Facility scattered neutrons 易散射中子False indication 假指示虚假指示Family 族系列Far field 远场Fast/slow timing Oscilloscope 带快慢调速的示波器Fast neutron detectors 快中子探测器FBH 平底孔(缩写) Fax: 传真:Feed-through coil 穿过式线圈Field 场（磁场、声场）feeder 馈电线field installation 现场安装field instrument 携带式仪表field fabricated 工地制造的现场装配的ferritic 铁素体的Fill factor 填充系数Film speed 胶片速度(胶片感光速度胶片感光度) fillet weld 角焊填角焊filler rod 焊条filler metal 焊料焊丝film density 胶片密度filling water test 充水试验filament 灯丝Film badge 胶片剂量计Film base 片基film cassette 胶片暗盒Film contrast 胶片对比度Film gamma 胶片γ值（胶片灰度系数）Film processing 胶片冲洗加工底片处理Film Hangers for manual processing 洗片架（手工洗片的胶片挂架）Film Hangers （Clip Type）夹式洗片架（手工洗片的一种洗片架类型）Film Hangers （Channel Type）槽式洗片架（手工洗片的一种洗片架类型）Film processing chemicals 胶片处理药品洗片药品Film unsharpness 胶片不清晰度Film viewing screen 胶片观察屏film viewer 底片评片灯观片灯底片观察用光源Filter 滤波器滤光板过滤器Final test 最终检验Fixing 固定fire barriers 防火间隔防火屏障flange joint 凸缘接头flange connection 凸缘联接flange gasket 法兰垫片flange 边缘轮缘凸缘法兰flange sealing surface 法兰密封面Flaw echo 缺陷回波Flat-bottomed hole 平底孔Flat-bottomed hole equivalent 平底孔当量Flaw 伤缺陷瑕疵裂纹Flaw characterization 伤特性缺陷特征flash plate 闪熔镀层Flexural wave 弯曲波flexible conduit 软管flicker-free images 无闪烁图像Floating threshold 浮动阀值Fluorescence 荧光floor slab 楼板flow sheet 流程图flow instrument 流量计flushing 冲洗填缝flux 焊剂Fluorometallic intensifying screen 荧光金属增感Fluorescent examination method 荧光检验法屏Fluorescent magnetic particle inspection 荧光磁粉检验Fluorescent dry deposit penetrant 干沉积荧光渗Fluorescent light 荧光荧光灯透剂Fluorescent magnetic powder 荧光磁粉Fluorescent penetrant 荧光渗透剂Fluorescent screen 荧光屏Fluoroscopy 荧光检查法fluorography 荧光照相术Flux leakage field 磁通泄漏场漏磁场Flux lines 磁通线Focal spot 焦点Focal distance 焦距Focus length 焦点长度聚焦长度Focus size 焦点尺寸聚焦尺寸Focus width 焦点宽度聚焦宽度Focus electron 电子焦点聚焦电子束Focused beam 聚焦束（声束、光束、电子束）Focusing probe 聚焦探头Fog 灰雾Focus-to-film distance(f.f.d) 焦点-胶片距离（焦距）Fog density 灰雾密度Footcandle 英尺烛光formula 公式foundation ring 底圈foundation settlement 基础沉降Freguency 频率Frequency constant 频率常数Fringe 干涉带干扰带条纹边缘Front distance 前沿距离Front distance of flaw 缺陷前沿距离full-scale value 满刻度值Full-wave direct current（FWDC）全波直流Fundamental frequency 基频Furring 毛状迹痕毛皮fusion 熔融熔合fusion arc welded 熔弧焊GGage pressure 表压表压力gage glass 液位玻璃管Gain 增益gamma camera γ射线照相机（γ射线探伤机）gamma equipment γ射线设备Gamma radiography γ射线照相术Gamma ray source γ射线源Gamma ray source container γ射线源容器Gamma rays γ射线Gamma-ray radiographic equipment γ射线照相Gamme ray unit γ射线机γ射线装置装置gamma source γ射线源γ源Gap scanning 间隙扫查间隙扫描Gas 气体gas cutting 气割gas shielded arc welding 气体保护焊Gate 闸门Gating technique 选通技术脉冲选通技术gauge board 仪表板样板模板规准尺Gauss 高斯Geiger-Muller counter 盖革.弥勒计数器generating of arc 引弧Geometric unsharpness 几何不清晰度girth weld 环形焊缝gland bolt 压盖螺栓Goggles 护目镜gouging 刨削槽Gray(Gy) 戈瑞Grazing incidence 掠入射切线入射Grazing angle 掠射角切线角入射余角grind off 磨掉grinder 磨床磨工grinding wheel 砂轮片砂轮grounding conductor 接地导体Group velocity 群速度grouting 灌（水泥）浆guide wire 尺度[定距]索,准绳gusset plate角撑板, 加固板HHalf life 半衰期Half-wave current （HW）半波电流Half-value layer(HVL) 半值层半价层Half-value method 半波高度法半值法Halogen 卤素Halogen leak detector 卤素检漏仪Hard-faced probe 硬膜探头硬面探头hanger 吊架挂架洗片架Hard hat 安全帽Hard X-rays 硬X射线Harmonic analysis 谐波分析Harmonic distortion 谐波畸变Harmonics 谐频谐波head face 端面Head wave 头波heat exchangers 热交换器heat absorbing glass 吸热玻璃Heating boxes 加热箱heat affected area 热影响区heat transfer 热传输Helium bombing 氦轰击法Helium drift 氦漂移Helium leak detector 氦检漏仪Hermetically tight seal 气密密封密封密封装置High vacuum 高真空High energy X-rays 高能X射线high frequency generator 高频发电机highly sophisticated image processing 高度完善的图像处理hoisting upright column 吊装立柱high frequency 高频Holography 全息照相术（光全息、声全息）horizontal line 水平线Hydrophilic emulsifier 亲水性乳化剂Hydrophilic remover 亲水性洗净剂亲水性去除剂Hydrostatic test 水压试验静水压试验Hysteresis 磁滞滞后hydrostatic pressure test静水压试验IIACS =International Annealed Copper Standard 国际退火(软)铜标准ice 冰ice chest 冰箱ice machine 制冰机，冷冻机iconoscope 光电摄像管ID (①inside ②inside dimensions) ①内径②内部尺寸ID coil ID线圈=Inside Diameter 内径线圈Image definition 图像清晰度idea 概念，意见，思想ideal 理想的，想象的identical 同一的，恒定的，相同的identification 鉴定，辨别，验明identification mark 识别标志identifier 鉴别器identify pulse 识别脉冲idiopathetic 自发的，特发的IEM (ion exchange membrane) 离子交换膜I.F. (intermediate frequency) 中频（30～3000千周/秒）illuminance 照（明）度illuminant 照明的，发光的illuminating lamp 照明灯泡illuminating loupe 放大照明镜illuminating mirror 照明镜illumination 照明的，照射illumination apparatus 照明器illumination plate 照明板illuminator ①照明器，照明装置②反光镜illuminometer 照度计illustration(abbr. illus.) 图解，例证，具体说明image amplifier 图像放大器，影像增强器image analysis system 图像分析系统image converter 影像转换器Image contrast 图像对比度影像对比Image enhancement 图像增强image freeze 影像冻结image intensifier 像亮化器，图像增强器image intensifier tube 影像增强管图像增强管image pick-up tube 摄像管Image magnification 图像放大Image quality 图像质量image monitor 图像监视器image multiplier 影像倍增器Image Quality Indicator 像质计像质指示器IQI 像质计像质指示器Image quality indicator sensitivity 像质指示器灵敏度imager 图像仪，显像仪image reproducer 显像管，显像器image quality indication 像质指示Imaging line scanner 图像线扫描器图像行扫描器image store 图像存储器image tube 显像管imagination 想象imagine 想象，推测，设想immediate payment 立即付款immersion 浸没，浸渍Immersion probe 液浸探头Immersion rinse 浸没清洗浸液清洗immersion system 浸渍装置液浸系统Immersion testing 液浸试验Immersion time 浸没时间浸入时间impacter 冲击器impact strength 冲击强度Impedance 阻抗Impedance plane diagram 阻抗平面图impedance matching 阻抗匹配impedance transducer 阻抗传感器，阻抗换能器impeller ①叶轮，转子②压缩机imperial quart 英制夸脱imperial gallon(abbr. ip gal) 英国标准加仑（英制容量单位合4.546升）Imperfection 不完整性缺陷Impulse eddy current testing 脉冲涡流检测import ①进口②输入import and export firm 进出口商行importation ①输入，传入②进口货import border station 进口国境站名import licence position 进口许可证impression 压迹，印模，版impression technic 印模术impression tray 印模盘impulse 冲动，搏动，脉冲impulse generator 脉冲发生器impulse oscilloscope 脉冲示波器impulser 脉冲发生器，脉冲传感器impulse recorder 脉冲自动记录器impulse scaler 脉冲计数器impulse timer 脉冲计数器impulse transmitting tube 脉冲发射管impurity 不纯，杂质In (①indium ②inch) ①铟②英寸（等于25.4毫米）inaction 无作用inadequacy 机能不全，闭锁不全Inc. (incorporated) 股份有限公司incandescent lamp 白炽灯inch(abbr.In;in) 英寸incidence ①入射，入射角②发生率incidental 偶发的，非主要的incident illumination 入射光incident light 入射光incident ray 入射光inclination 倾斜，斜度inclined tube type manometer 斜管式压力计include 包括，计入inclusion 包含包埋杂质incoming line 进线口incompatible 不相容的，禁忌的incompetence 机能不全，闭锁不全inconvertible 不可逆的incorporation ①并入②公司increase 增加，增大，增长indent 订单Incremental permeability 增量磁导率Indicated defect area 缺陷指示面积index ①指数，索引②指针index card 索引卡片indexer 指数测定仪，分度器index hand 指针indicated light 指示灯indicating bell 指示铃indicating lamp 指示灯indicator ①指示器，显示器②指针③指示剂indicator paper 试纸indicatrix 指示量，指示线，特征曲线index signal 指示信号indicate 指示，表明Indicated defect length 缺陷指示长度Indication 指示indifferent electrode 无关电极indiffusible 不扩散的indirect export 间接出口indirect import 间接进口indium(abbr.In) 铟individual 个体的，个别的Indirect exposure 间接曝光Indirect magnetization 间接磁化Indirect magnetization method 间接磁化法Indirect scan 间接扫查indoor 室内的induce 引起，感应，诱导induced electricity 感生电，感应电induct 感应，引导，引入inductance 电感，感应系数inductance bridge flowmeter 感应电桥流量计Induced field 感应磁场感生场Induced current method 感应电流法inductance meter 电感测定计induction ①引导，前言②感应，电感③吸气induction apparatus 感应器induction coil 感应线圈inductive transducer 感应传感器inductogram X射线照片inductometer 电感计inductor 感应器，感应机inductorium 感应器inductosyn 感应式传感器industrial(abbr.indust.) 工业的，产品的industrial exhibition 工业展览会industrial robot 工业机器人industry 工业，产业Industrial X-ray films 工业X射线胶片indutrial X-ray machin 工业X射线机industrial radiographic film dryer 工业射线胶片干燥器inert 惰性的，无效的inference 推论，推断infinite 无限的，无穷的infinitesimal 无限小的，无穷小的infinity 无穷大，无限，无限距inflame 燃，着火inflammable 可燃的，易燃的inflation 膨胀，充气，打气inflator 充气机inflow 流入，吸入，进气influence 影响，感应influx 流入，注入inform 报告，通告，告诉information 情报，资料，消息，数据information generator 信息发送器information storage unit 信息存储器infra- 下，低于，内，间infranics 红外线电子学infrared ①红外线的②红外线infrared detector 红外线探测器infrared drier 红外线干燥器infrared equipment 红外线设备infrared furnace 红外线炉infrared gas analyzer 红外线气体分析仪infrared heater 红外线加热器infrared lamp 红外线灯infrared laser 红外激光器infrared light 红外线infrared liner polarizer 红外线直线偏振镜infrared photography 红外摄影术infrared radiation 红外线照射infrared radiator 红外线辐射器infrared rays 红外线infrared spectrophotometer 红外分光光度计Infrared imaging system 红外成象系统Infrared sensing device 红外传感装置infrasonic frequency 次声频infrequent 稀有的，不常见的infrared thermography 红外热成象红外热谱Inherent fluorescence 固有荧光inherent 生来的，固有的，先天的inheritance 遗传，继承inhibition 抑制，延迟，阻滞inhibitor 抑制剂抑制器inhomogeneous 不纯的，不均匀的in-house 自身的，内部的initial 开始的，最初的initial charge 起始电荷initial data 原始数据initiator ①创造人②引发剂Inherent filtration 固有滤波Initial permeability 起始磁导率初始磁导率Initial pulse 始脉冲Initial pulse width 始波宽度始脉冲宽度injection 注射，喷射injection syringe 注射器injector 注射器，喷射器injector pump 注射泵injury 伤，损伤，损害ink 墨水，油墨ink jet printer 墨水喷射印刷机，喷水式打印机ink jet recorder 墨水喷射记录器ink writer 印字机ink writing oscillograph 记录示波仪inlay 嵌体，嵌入inlead 引入线inlet 入口，入线，输入inlet port 入口inner 内部的innocuous 无害的，良性的innovation 革新，改革innumerable 无数的，数不清的ino- 纤维inoperative 无效的，不工作的inorganic 无机的inorganic chemistry 无机化学inosculation 吻合，联合in-out box 输入-输出盒in parallel 并联in phase 同相的input 输入，输入电路input buffer 输入缓冲器input coupler 输入耦合器input device 输入装置input filter 输入滤波器input impedance 输入阻抗input output adapter 输入-输出衔接器input tranformer 输入变压器inscription 标题，注册in series 串联insert ①插入物，垫圈②插入，植入inserter 插入器，插入物insertion 插入insert tube 嵌入式X射线管inset 插页，插图，插入inside 内部，内侧，在……里面Inserted coil 插入式线圈Inside coil 内部线圈Inside-out testing 外泄检测泄出检测Inspection 检查检验insignificant 无意义的，轻微的insolation 曝晒，日照insoluble 不溶解的inspection 验收，检查，商检inspection certificate 检验证明书inspection fee 检验费inspection machine 检验设备inspection standard 检验标准inspector ①测定器②检验员inspectoscope 检查镜Inspection medium 检查介质检验介质Inspection frequency 检测频率inspissator 浓缩器，蒸浓器instability 不稳定性install 安装，装置installation ①安装②装置，设备installation fundamental circle 安装基准圆installing 安装，插入instance 例证，实例，情况instantaneous value 瞬时值，即时值instead 代替，更换instillation 滴注法，灌注institute 学会，协会，研究所institution 机关，机构，学校，制度instruction ①指示，命令②说明，说明书instruction counter 指令计数器instrument 仪器，器械，仪表instrumental error 仪器误差instrumentation ①器械，设备②器械操作法instrument air 仪表气源instrument board 仪表板instrument cabinet 器械柜instrument carriage 器械车instrument case 器械箱instrument cover 仪器外表instrument cupboard 器械柜instrument light 仪表信号灯instrument lubricant 器械润滑剂instrument rack 器械架仪器架instrumenent repairing table 器械修理台instrument stand 仪器架instrument table 器械台，器械桌insulant 绝缘材料insulated cable 绝缘电缆insulated sleeve 绝缘套管insulating oil 绝缘油insulation 绝缘，绝热，隔离insulation resistance 绝缘电阻insulator 绝缘体，绝热体insullac 绝缘漆insusceptible 不受……影响的，不接受……的intact 完整的，未受损伤的integral ①积分（的）②完整的integraph 积分仪integrated circuit(abbr.IC) 集成电路integrated circuit microelectrode 集成电路微电极integrated circuit storage 集成电路存储器integrating dosimeter 累计剂量仪integrating instrument 积分仪，积算仪表integrator 积分仪integrogram 积分图integronics 综合电子设备intellect 智力，才智intensifier ①增强器②照明装置Intensifying factor 增感系数Intensifying screen 增感屏intensimeter X射线强度计intensionometer X射线强度量计intensity 强度intensity level ①强度级（声音）②亮度intensity output 声强输出intensive 加强的，集中的，重点的inter- 在……中间，内，相互interaction 相互影响，相互作用，干扰interception 相交，折射（光）interchange 交替，交换interchanger 交换器intercondenser 中间电容器intercooler 中间冷却器interdiction 禁止，制止interest 兴趣，关心，注意，利益interesting 有趣的interface （计算机）接口界面Interval arrival time （Δtij) 到达时间差(Δtij) Interface boundary 界面interface echo 界面回波interfacial tensiometer 界面张力计interfacial tension 界面张力Interface trigger 界面触发Interference 干涉interference absorber 干扰吸收器interference filter ①干涉滤波器②干涉滤光镜interference preventer 防干扰装置interference refractometer 干涉折射计interference spectroscope 干涉分光镜interferogram 干涉图interferometer 干涉仪，干扰计interferoscope 干涉镜interior 内部，内部的interior angle welding line joint 内侧角焊缝接头intermission 间断间歇interlayer 夹层隔层intermediate frequency(abbr.I.F.) 中频（300～3000千周/秒）internal energy 内能internal exposure 体内照射internal gauge 内径规international(abbr.Int.) 国际的，世界的international candle 国际烛光international fair 国际博览会international market 国际市场international standard 国际标准international treaty 国际条约international unit(abbr. I.U) 国际单位interphase 界面interpolation 插入，内插法interpretation 翻译，解释，说明interpreter 翻译程序，翻译机interrupt 断续，中断interrupter 断流器，断续器interspace 空间，间隙，中间interstage amplifier 级间放大器inter-sync 内同步interval 间隔，时间间隔，中断期intervalometer 定时器，时间间隔计interval timer 限时器in toto 全，整体intra- 在内，内，内部interpretation 解释intrasonic 超低频intro- 入口，在内introduce ①引进，引导②前言，绪论introduction 说明书，前言，绪论intromission 插入，输入introscope 内腔检视仪，内孔窥视仪in vacuo 在真空中invagination 凹入，折入，套叠invasive 侵害的，侵入的invention 发明，创造inventor 发明者，创造者inventory ①清单，存货单②设备，机器inversion 转换，逆转inverted cone 倒锥形inverted image 倒像inverter 倒相器，交换器，换流器inverting amplifier 倒相放大器inverting eyepiece 倒像目镜invest 包埋，围模，附于investigation ①调查，研究②调查报告invisible light filter 不可见光滤光镜invisible spectrum 不可见光谱involuntary 不随意的，偶然的involve 包含，包括inward 内，向内的Io(ionium) 碘iodide 碘化物iodine(abbr. I) 碘iodo- 碘iodoform 碘仿，三碘甲烷ion pump 离子泵ion 离子ion analyser 离子分析仪ion exchange 离子交换ion exchange chromatography 离子交换色谱法ion exchanger ①离子交换器②离子交换器ion exchange resin 离子交换树脂ionic rays 离子射线ionic strength 离子强度ionic weight 离子量ionization 电离，游离，离子化ionization chamber 电离室ionization constant 电离常数ionization meter 电离测量仪ion source 离子源Ionization chamber 电离室Ionization potential 电离电位Ionization vacuum gage 电离真空计电离真空压力计ion laser 离子激光器ion meter 离子计ionocolorimeter 氢离子比色计ionogram 电离图ionometer ①X射线量计②离子计ionosphere 电离层Ionography 离子放射照相法Ir-192 Gamma ray projector 铱192 γ射线探伤机ionotron 静电消除器ion source 离子源iontoquantimeter ①X射线量计②离子计iontoradiometer X射线量计IP (iso-electric point) 等电点Ir (iridium) 铱ir- “不，无，非”（同in-,但冠于r字头的词前）iraser 红外激射器，红外激光iridium(abbr. Ir) 铱iris ①虹膜②隔膜，膜片③可变光阑iris aperture 可变光圈，可变光阑iron 铁Iron intensifying screens 铁增感屏Irradiance E 辐射通量密度，辐照度Eiron triangle 铁三角架irradiation 照光，辐射irradiator 辐照器，辐射器irregular 不规则的，无规律的irregular lighting 不规则照明irreversibility 不可逆性IR spectrophotometer 红外线分光光度计iso- 同，等，均匀isobar 等压线isochore 等容线（在等体积下温度气压关系曲线）isochrone 等时线，瞬压曲线isochronism 等时性Isolation 隔离度绝缘Isotope 同位素isolation room 隔离室isolator 绝缘体，隔离器，隔离物isomer （同分）异构体isopotential 等电势的，等电的isothermal line 等温线isotope tracer 同位素示踪物isotopic tracer 同位素指示剂，示踪原子ISP(infrared spectrophotometer) 红外分光光度计Jjig 夹具jigger rotor 盘车转子job site 施工现场junction box 接线盒分线箱KK value K值Kaiser effect 凯塞(Kaiser)效应Kilo volt 千伏特（kv）Kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特（keV）Krypton 85 氪85LL/D ratio L/D比（长/径比）Lamb wave 兰姆波land (刀刃的)厚度(纹间)表面(钻头的)刃带(活塞的)环槽(柱塞的)挡圈连接盘焊接区lap width 搭接宽度Latent image 潜象Lateral scan 左右扫查横向扫描lateral translation 侧向平移layout drawing 布置图Lateral scan with oblique angle 斜平行扫查Latitude of an emulsion 胶片曝光宽容度lead foil 铅箔lead pipe铅管。

八年级语文期末考试题及答案

八年级语文期末考试题及答案

八年级语文期末考试题及答案八年级语文期末考试题及答案- frank的日志-网易博客Chinese final exam questions and answers for grade eight 一Journal of Frank 一NetEase blog, NetEase newsmicro-blogmailboxLightning mailAlbumadhere to principles of truth and rightMobile mailIndia Picture SchoolFantasyBlog topicHot topicsBlog rape landLooking for friendsBlog circlesBlog styleMobile BlogSMS bloggingMail writeBlog copy photography Theme PavilionDaily topicsPortrait of photographyPhotographer interviewJust look at the sign photography comments show a close | loude Department released the station's personal teaching subjects examination papers, etc?，without the consent of any unit or individual shall not be forwarded?NavigationLog home album music collection on Chinese blog I log grade seven final examination papers in 20XX年Chinese senior high school entrance examination simulation questions and answersEight grade Chinese final exam questions and answers, building town middle school test bank 20XX年-01-13 16:04:29 read 111 comment 0: big and small subscriptionQuality examination at the end of the first semester of 20XX 年- 20XX年academic yearChinese examination questions for grade eightMatters needing attention：1., the test paper is divided into three sections: accumulation and application, reading and writing, and the examination time is 90 minutes ?Fill in the items above the sealing line before 2.3.with a blue or black pen and paper roll.4.the test questions are written with 3 additional points?The total score was scored, but the total score should not exceed 120 points?The first part is accumulation and ApplicationOne, complete 1-6 questions?1. to add the word phonetic alphabet to write Chinese characters.(1)s and n (Mao bone I) and (2) (split) turtle (3) in Zh () () (4) than on the contrary2.according to the sentence meaning, the underlined part is summed up as an idiom?(1)the designers and craftsmen according to the specific circumstances of different parts of the development of appropriate measures, the construction of the patent, of course, a different landscape?()(2)because of seeing each other every day, it also used to see, not feel strange, a little indifferent to it.()3.f订1 in the words in the horizontal line of the sentence below, and the most appropriate one is ()(1)the water connection distance, stands several buildings andthe church steeple, as if in a blue pot with clusters of villages(2)rockery stacking, can be said to be an art, but technology.A. (1) “(2) not onlyB. (1) (2) not only ornamentC. (1) "(2) not onlyD. (1) (2) not only ornament4.in the space provided below the sentence, in order to add the punctuation, the most appropriate is (a group)This is not only a precious dove the grey II big mouth and long, it is the precious dove noise I don，t know, because it is too common to be abandoned by the owner of the pigeons?Or because the wounded and the "pregnant/ had to drop down the rock pigeon delayA. (1) : 2. 4 (B.) ! 4!C. (1) : 2! 4 5 (D.), (2). 4 5!5.dictation?(1)sinense Chui vine, shake with Mongolia complex,?("small sokdam Ji〃)(2)from the top of the body. (flying to the summit)(3), whose new pecking Chunni yan?(Qian Tang Lake trip in spring)(4)the master said: "the wise man delights in water; the benevolent, quiet, benevolent life?〃(5)the hope to Xiyi Donggao, according to what? The mountains and the hills are shining?(Wang Ji ，z ambition〃)(6)let's go to visit the famous mountains?It makes me unhappy. (Li Bai ^Tianmu Mountain ascended in a dream z，)6.classics reading.(1) ，，chaohuaxishi，/ in "the authors highlight the description of the Japanese teacher，s rigorous, honest, sincere, without prejudice to the expression of noble character, affectionate miss teacher? In ""Depicts a human spirit, the author made a mockery of thereality of the so-called" upright gentlemen 〃?(2)the "Three Kingdoms" in the shape of a win glory in battle, thousandsof miles of the hero, the hero is ()? Please write a story about him in the most concise language).(3)twenty-first times, "Cao Cao on hero", the hero is about 0 and (). The second part readsTwo, read, complete 7-8 questions.Wuling spring (Li Qingzhao)The wind is dust and fragrant flowers are dry. People have changed everything off, the first flow of tears?Heard that the Sungai spring is good, also be pan adventure? Ze Meng Zhou, many worry zaibu.The 7. word novel and ingenious design, please appreciate 〃Sungai Zaibu boat boat, many beauty of sorrow"?8.how does this word express the poet/ s thoughts and feelings? Three, read, complete 9 - 12 questions?Sparrows adjacent to human beingsI like sparrows for a long time, and I can，t tell why. It's hard to see all kinds of birds living in the city, and as I grew up for manyyears, fewer and fewer trees in the city, birds are more rare, only sparrowcan be in such an environment(A. tough, B. toughC. tenaciously survives. They fall underground in groups, bouncing and foraging, making the whole lonely space suddenly vivid. If there were no birds, human life would be devoid of poetic flavor?The sparrow has a plain feathers like other birds, the attitude is not a charming, sweet but more like other birds, the sound of life, make people feel a kind of harmony, quiet and comfortable life?The lack of crowing in the city, is often in the morning wake me up on the window or in the courtyard of the sparrow and the sparrow is falling and the sun calls together?Lived in the cottage, there is a tall tree in the yard, there is an apricot tree, family member courtyard is surrounded by a field, the sparrow to and fro, shuttling between my yard and the wheat fields, and in my house under the eaves to multiply. Always in wheat, yellow, save energy in the eaves or the road field to find a young sparrow, pleasantly surprised(A. puts B. asideC.) home holding in the palm, then carefully with the juice of green kernel raise? One year, two from the eaves out no hair bare buttocks sparrows fed, they domesticated was able to call upon to play, I blew a whistle, you can call them down from the rafters, perched on my shoulder, at night, they slept in a round gourd, gourd covered with straw, they seem very satisfied with the way home? Although the swallow and human neighbors, but not domesticated, perhaps this is the identity of the swallow nobility, but I also love sparrows docile, love it on people，s trust, dependence and friendly.Do not know from what time, the sparrows have prejudice and hostility, that sparrows are very common, sparrows more easily close to people, the more people see it. It is difficult to feed humans, the same as the sparrow they snatch predators, unconsciously, humans also lower yourself become a kind of anima 1. I know that most of the farmers think so, so, they packed in straw dummy was scared to fly the sparrows, also with basket cloth under the authority to arrest them, even their hair fried, do a good mea 1. When I was a child, I had to face the others, a fragrant fried sparrow, hard and refused?Many times, I looked at the wheat field and thought, "when?",Can humans have enough food for sparrows to eat instead of killing them? Why do humans regard sparrows as enemies?The sparrows would never have thought that with the change of the living environment and the living style of the people, they could hardly find a hidden tile.A flock of sparrows father in front of the accommodation in the garden, in every dusk, they gradually return, landed in the garden in the grove, noisy, bustling?The bamboo has a dozen square meters, tall and thick, like clouds,The sparrows have chosen to be their home, and now they have spent more than ten years in this bamboo forest?Since his mother died, the father has cherished the sparrows more? When evening came, the lonely old father always sat in the garden trees, burning a cigarette, quietly listening to the sparrows in the father cry, quiet eyes, the sparrows "Twitter" is like a group of children around the knee, noisy, and like a few ten years between husband and wife whisper, argue and bicker, atthis time, I am always reluctant to disturb my father, until the meal, call him back to the house?9.choose the proper words from parentheses, and fill in the numbers on the lines of the sentence?(1)only sparrows can survive in such an environment (A. tough B. strong,C. tenacious)?(2)always save young sparrows in the eaves or in the field whenthe wheat is yellow, and surprise (A. B. C?)in the palm to take home .........10.according to the context, the vacancy of the following sentences, write a metaphor?The bamboo has a dozen square meters, tall and thick, like clouds,The sparrows have chosen to be their home, and now they have spent more than ten years in this bamboo forest?11.try to figure out the following sentences and answer the questions ?(1)〃the sparrow has a plain feathers like other birds, theattitude is not a charming, sweet but more like other birds, the sound of life" ................ What should the voice of life be like in the author's mind?(2)when I was a child, I had to face the other people，s delicious fried sparrow, which was hard and hard to deny.Why is it difficult to refuse fried sparrow? "Refuse" shows the what kind of attitude?12., this article refers to "people living in cities, it is difficult to see all kinds of birds'', the author of the city wizard put forward "every city should have every city favorite small animals" point of view ? How do you think the city has lovely animals?Four, read, complete 13 - 16 questions?Life detectorThe life detector is an instrument for detecting the signs of life, and it is a high-tech rescue equipment?At present, there are infrared life detector, audio life detector and radar life detector?The infrared life detector is mainly used for earthquake, explosion and other causes of building collapse, personnel trapped and buried in the ground, the correct determination of trapped personnel accurate position. It can withstand the harsh conditions of the rescue scene, detect the victims body heat, the use of infrared detectors, optical imaging lens to infrared radiation can be converted into electrical signals, processed through the TV screen or monitor display infrared thermography, so as to help the rescue team quickly determine the location of trapped persons?Third, after the Second World War, an American company developed and developed the first generation of infrared imaging device used in military field, called infrared vision system? In the early 1960s, a Swedish company added the function of temperature measurement, called infrared thermal imager? In mid 60s, Sweden developed the first setof industrial real-time imaging system, and after improving, full function infrared imager launched in 1988, the temperature measurement, modification, analysis, image acquisition and storage in one, the function of the instrument, precision and reliability are improved significantly.With the development of society and economy,This military reconnaissance equipment has also been transformed into a rescue instrument 一infrared life detector.At present, the technology of infrared life detector is relatively mature, the price is relatively low, good performance to price ratio, it is generally equipped with emergency rescue departments in various countries, widely used. With the rapid development of image conversion technology and computer technology, infrared life detector will inevitably have greater improvement in imaging, positioning and other aspects.The audio life detector application audio sound waves (including shock wave) of the basic principle, it uses advanced high-tech microelectronic processors and sensitive sensors, special electronic device will spread to other non target noise background interference wave filtering, the life is most needed to ensure the target signal uptake, quickly identify the location of trapped persons?After years of practical experience and continuous development, audio life detector has been developed to the fourth generation products? There are more than 10 fire rescue personnel in the United States, Britain, France, Japan, Singapore, Israel, who are using audio life detectors to find trapped lives? As the audio life detector is a passive instrument to receive audio waves, it also has some limitations, such as easy to beaffected by field noise, slow detection speed and so on.The radar life detector is mainly made using the reflection principle of electromagnetic wave? The radar signal transmitter continuously transmits electromagnetic signals and scans a certain space? The receiver continuously receives the reflected signals and processes the return signals? Because the frequency of breathing is low, usually 1 to 2 times per second, so breathingmovements can be distinguished from other higher frequency movements? It can detect the movement and respiration of trapped people within 30 seconds, and can penetrate obstacles (such as reinforced concrete brick wall, snow, etc?)to detect?Radar life detector is currently the world，s most advanced life detection instrument, detection means it active makes it not easily influenced by temperature, humidity, noise, site topography and other unfavorable factors, the continuous emission mechanism of electromagnetic signals increased its regional detection function. Compared with the infrared and audio detection technology, radar detection technology has more extensive application prospects, radar life detector will playa greater role?13."radar life detector is the latest and most advanced life detection instrument in the wor 1 d〃?In this sentence, can the word "current" be deleted? Why?14."it can detect the movement and respiration of trapped people within 30 seconds?"the method described in this paper highlights15.in the 〃5? 12〃Sichuan earthquake disaster relief, China's rescue team may be the main use of what kind of lifedetector? Please combinethe relevant information to speculate, and find out the two basis?Speculative results:Conjecture basis:16.one of the following statements that conforms to the original meaning is ()A.life detector is a high-tech instrument for detecting the obvious life characteristics?B.infrared life detector has some improvement in imaging, positioning and so on.The C. audio life detector can quickly detect and detect movements and breathing of trapped people within a certain range?D. radar life detector is not easy to be affected by various adverse factors, because of its passive detection mode?Five, read, complete 17 - 21 questions?_a] Remember Edward night TempleYuanfeng six years October 12th night, undressed and sleepy moonlight door, they readily. Read no pleasure, then to find Zhang Huaimin Edward temple? Huai people did not sleep, and step in the atrium?The court under the water such as empty water, algae weed cross, in shadow cover?Where is night without moon? Where no p. flaccidum? But no less two people such as our ears._b] on the tour of HuqiuFor the tenth day to the county, even in Huqiu at night?The moonlight was very beautiful, visitors is still rare, the wind Pavilion Pavilion month, with one or two teams are red embellishment, is not the evil. But the end is not only to knowing if profits stilL Taste the autumn fishing rocky month,As no contacts when the smell of the trees and the wind chime Temple looming? 4.In the spring of this year, he visited Zhong Zhong and his colleagues ?At moonrise and drop in Shitai, no one, no longer drink, also no longer talk to static meaning of sleep, leisurely desire and all to have the clear view.Life in Huqiu is twice, see Huqiu color and ear![notes] Huqiu: Suzhou attractions?Li Liufang (1575 - 1629): the Ming Dynasty Jiading, Wanli juren. The value of eunuch disorderly government, then never intended to enter the official career?Writing style, fresh and natura1.The pink song refers to music singer singing?Hook: on the top of Huqiu mountain. Wind chime: hanging in the eaves of the bells. S (MI million o) : the? Boundless, Zhong and: author，s friend.The Lee (f game): legs sitting cross legged meditation. The visit.17. a group of words with different meaningsA. feel leisurely desire and Qing Jing Ju to undress also sleepyIf not B? but the end of Silent Hill were nothing if travel by airC.Wen GUI bamboo smell acoustic vibration wind chime?D.has lived in Huqiu twice, but his feelings are different18.in the following sentences with 〃red and one or two team with" in 〃to〃use the same one is ()A. roll stone bottom toB., with its environment too clearC. you, I can be a teacherD. shame, why19.translate the following sentences with modern Chinese?(1)the people were not sleeping, and they were walking in the atrium ?(2)the feeling of leisure is the same as that of the Qingdynasty.e their own words to tell how Su Shi described the Edward temple ?Night and night of the 21. Huqiu Chengtian Temple what common features?The third part is writingSix, read the following text, according to the prompts and requirements of the composition?In our study, life and work, a lot of experience is unforgettable, such as habit formation, problem inquiry, peer cooperation, social practice .................................... These rich experiencesenable us to experience and comprehend life?Please write a narrative on the topic 〃I know〃?Requirements: (1) the blanks in the title can be filled with a word or phrase to complement the subject? Narration combined with lyric and discussion? Article no less than 600 words? The names, names do not appear rea1.Reference answerNote: teachers in scoring before carefully reading questions? Any understanding of the topic, as long as the expression isappropriate, accurate.Roll surface writing: 3 points?The scores were three, 3, two, 2, three, 1. Score total score?The first part of the accumulation and use (20 points) 1. (1),a thriller (2) (3) n j reports the comb (4) B I (a total of 2 points, 0.5 points each) to 2. (1) (2) (a total of 2 points, It is quite common for every 1 points) 3. B (2)4.A (2) and5. (1) on phi (2) farsighted (3) several early warblers fight for the warm tree (4) LeshanThe music is autumn tree (5) (6) (a total of 6 powerful thing can bow and scrape, each of 1 points) 6. (1) "Mr? Fujino〃"impennanence" (1 points each) (2) Guan Yu Kuan wine chopped Huaxiong refuse rewards and resign from officeAnd so on (each 1 points) (3) Liu Bei Cao Cao (1 points each) (6 points altogether)The second part of reading (40 points)Two, (4 points), the 7. poets abstract the "sorrow" as a figurative metaphor, "worry" here has become volume, weight. Inner savings sorrow too much, too heavy, people worry about 〃boat〃boat, unable to bear this heavy, very novel andappropriate wording?(write "sorrow" heavy boat even also Zaibu, using rhetorical hyper bole and metaphor, the abstract concrete, intangible tangible, novel and ingenious analogy.) (2) 8. people have changed the expression of deep pain. (2 points) Three (12 points), 9. (1) C (2) C (2 points, 1 points per day)10.Example: a green house?(2 points)11.⑴ example: the sound of life is harmonious, quiet and peaceful.(2 points)(2) a plate of fragrant fried sparrow in the era of difficult to eat and clothing, especially for my childhood T：there is a very big temptation, so refused to be difficult?(2 points)"Refuse" shows the is very resolute attitude?(2 points) (2 points, 6points each)12.example: in order to make the city have lovely animals, it is necessary to improve the consciousness of human consciousness, realize that a city, people and animals live in harmony, in order to improve the quality of life?(2 points, 1 points each?)Four, (12 points) 13. can not?"The present" shows the time limit, which reflects the preciseness and preciseness of the language; if omitted, the meaning has changed?(2 points) 14. column numbersRadar life detector detects fast (first space 1 points, second empty 2 points)?A total of 3 points) 15. speculative results: infrared life detector?(1 points)According to: (1) infrared life detector is mainly used for earthquake and other buildings after the collapse of personnel trapped. (2) infrared life detector has a good performance price ratio, and is widely used in the rescue departments of various countrie s?⑶ at present, the audio life detector is only used by the British, American and French rescue teams?(4) radar life detector is not widely used, and will play a greater role in the future?(four items can be chosen two, each 2 points) (meaning pairs can). A total of 5 points16. B (2 points)Five, 17.D ("two") "degree" is quantifier, the number of times?"Degree" of the 〃(DU)〃is a verb, measurement)?(2 points)18. D (A is a conjunction, equivalent to "and"; B is apreposition, because C is a preposition, by virtue , D is used as preposition) (2points) 19. ⑴ Huai people did not sleep, let's walk in the courtyard together?(2) feel the carefree heart and the surrounding clear scenery together ?(a total of 4 points, 2 points for each item) 20. metaphor to describe the night?Yu water moonlight, algae weed cross in Bai Yu bamboo shadow (a total of 2 points, 1 points each).21.the common characteristics of the night, one is beautiful moonlight, two is quiet?(2 points, 1 points each?)I attached to the tenth in the county, the night tour of Huqiu. The moon is very beautiful, visitors are not many, in the wind Pavilion month pavilions, and occasionally one or two team genv blowing Sheng embellishment, not disappointed?But it is not as good as the mountain forest empty, one person to travel to me.I used to sit in the Huqiu mountain fishing month Ji, in the dim light of night, no contacts, only the sound of the temple dnd the pagoda bells in the partly hidden and partly visible.There is the spring of this year, and to visit Zhong and boundless my nephew. The middle of the night when the moon came out, disappeared, we sat cross legged on top of Shitai,neither drinking nor talk, just sitting quietly, then feel the heart and around the scene with a clear leisurely.I visited Huqiu in my life, and the two time I saw the true colors of Huqiu. 0 | share: reading (111) | comments (0) | references (0) | ReportSeven grade final exam language test questions in 20XX年Chinese language simulation test and answerstoday in historyTeachers commonly used classroom language selection 20XX年-01-1315:28:36, how to build a happy classroom 20XX年-01-13 15:22:52 learning case design method 20XX年-01-13 In the 15:18:45 classroom teaching can not deprive the child should have the fourth power 20XX年-01-13 14:54:33 20XX年senior high school entrance examination out of writing system 20XX年-01-1314:35:19Related articlesRecent readerAfter logging in, you can leave footprints here? Shuangyu. 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2019年托福核心词汇：医学专业词汇检测Detection

2019年托福核心词汇：医学专业词汇检测Detection

2019年托福核心词汇：医学专业词汇检测Detection 托福医学学科分类词汇：检测Detection检测,Detection英语短句,例句大全检测,Detection1)Detection[英][D?'Tek?N][美][D?'T?K??N]检测1.Submarine Atmosphere Pollution And Detection Technology;潜艇空气污染与污染检测技术英文短句/例句1.Static Monitoring Contains Apparent And Load Detection.桥梁静力检测分为表观检测和荷载检测。

2.A Network Detecting Solution In Which The Passive Detection Triggered By The Active Detection;一种主动检测触发被动检测的网络检测方法3.LEAK DETECTION PUMP (LDP)渗漏检测泵(LDP)4.FCS - Frame Check SequenceFCS -- 桢检测序列5.Stroboscopic Instrumentatio频闪观测仪式检测仪表6.Percent-Test Portaprobe百分检测携带式探测计7.Detector Tube Type Gas Measuring Instruments探测管式烟气检测仪8.High Speed Detector快速探测器高速检测器puter Aided Test & Inspection电脑辅助测试与检测10.Cement Testing Laboratory Of Jiangsu Entry-Exit Inspection And Quarantine Bureau Of The People's Republic Of China江苏检验检疫水泥检测实验室11.Detection Manager Error： System Detection Already Initialized.检测管理程序错误：已经初始系统检测。

生命探测仪介绍英语作文

生命探测仪介绍英语作文

生命探测仪介绍英语作文Life Detector。

A life detector is a device that can detect thepresence of living organisms in a given environment. It is an important tool used by scientists and researchers to explore different areas of the world, including outer space.The life detector works by analyzing the chemical composition of the environment it is in. It can detect the presence of specific molecules that are only produced by living organisms. These molecules include amino acids, sugars, and other organic compounds.The life detector can also detect the presence of other elements that are essential for life, such as oxygen and water. These elements are necessary for the survival ofmost living organisms.The life detector is used in a variety of applications,including space exploration. Scientists use it to searchfor signs of life on other planets and moons. They also use it to study the environment on Earth, including the oceans and the atmosphere.In addition to its scientific applications, the life detector is also used in search and rescue missions. It can be used to locate people who are trapped in rubble or buried under snow or ice. It can also be used to detect the presence of survivors in disaster zones.Overall, the life detector is an important tool that has many applications in science and technology. It allows us to explore new areas of the world and to better understand the environment in which we live. With continued research and development, the life detector will continue to play an important role in our lives.。