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2014年考研英语二text4长难句解析2014年考研英语二text4是一篇关于教育的文章，全文主要讨论了学生是否应该选择科学或人文专业的问题。
以下是一些较长的句子和其解析：1. More generally, the mathematics that averages and ranks test results to compare schools and colleges is reductive and misleading.解析：这句话的主语为“the mathematics”，谓语为“is reductive and misleading”，句子结构简单明了。
这句话是在说“比较学校和大学的测试结果并给出排名的数学方法是简化和误导性的”。
2. The functions, temptations, and pitfalls of systems of testing in general are now well understood.解析：这句话的主语为“the functions, temptations, and pitfalls”，谓语为“are now well understood”，句子结构是“主语+谓语”。
这句话是说“一般来说，对于测试系统的功能、诱惑和陷阱现在已经很好地被理解了”。
3. Since choice of topic and method is normally restricted (unless you are very rich, or can get sponsorship), science subjects are on the whole not as intellectually demanding as the humanities, because scientific method is so precise and efficient.解析：这句话的结构较复杂。
考研语法讲义——长难句分析策略主讲讲师：连俊霞总论：一、考研语法在各题型直接命题点的体现：1.阅读：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词、比较结构------主语从句。
2.完形：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词------主语从句、比较结构、同位语从句。
3.翻译：定语从句------状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词------过去分词------比较结构、倒装------同位语从句、表语从句。
二、英语句法规则：一个句子中有且只能有一个核心动词。
㈠分号和并列连词可以连接多个独立的句子，构成并列句；多个句子之间是平等关系；多句的动词共同构成句子的核心动词。
㈡复合句分为主句和从句两部分，由从属连词连接；主句的动语是核心动词；主从句之间属于上下级关系。
三、长难句分析六步走1.(2010Text4) These (changes) gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets (非流动资产) and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements (损益计算).2. （2001完形）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.3. （2005Text1）Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is , as yet, an unanswered question.(2005-25) What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.4. (2008Text2) The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality.四、基本知识补充1. 句子成分：主干成分——主语、谓语/系词、宾语/表语修饰成分——定语、状语和补语例：When it comes to English test, he, who is a college student, considers grammar most important.2. 由词到句的扩展：除谓语和补语外，任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语构成从句。
化繁为简—破解英语长难句一长难句基本句型特征考研英语长难句的是如何构成的？命题人员在英语原文基础上进行改造时，主要从结构上通过四种方式来使句子更加复杂：1、复合从句2、成分省略3、使用插入成分4、改变句序这四种方式往往相互结合，形成错综复杂的句子，即混合型句子。
目的是提高难度，增强干扰，打断和打乱考生的思维，从而达到检验考生阅读能力和的目标。
下面分别对这四种方式进行解析。
我们要时刻牢记的一点是，考试中的长难句绝大多数为主谓宾或主系表结构，其它成分都是围绕这三个主要成分其中之一。
这就是所有长难句的核心和本质。
必须牢记。
最常见的是围绕主语和宾语（表语）我们要根据这些次要成分的位置和字面意义来推测它们和主干意群的逻辑关系。
在切分意群时，意群的大小根据自己实际理解能力来分解。
标准就是看一眼就能理解的信息（短语或者句子）。
经过训练后，我们看一眼就能把握的意群会越来越多，从而完成从菜鸟到“大虾”的转变。
请看下面例句：The fact that these people live near famous caves, which contain vivid paintings from Europe‟s early humans, leads him to the conclusion that they are extremely likely to be the most direct relatives of the first modern humans in Europe, who supposedly migrated from Africa. (46 words)我们需要做的就是把句子意群切开，化繁为简，分而治之。
目前大多数同学会看到后面的信息就忘掉前面的信息，一句话反复读，但总理不清头绪，浪费大量时间。
通过训练，我们将学会如何快速解开错综复杂的意群，避免信息杂乱无章，清晰地把握句子的含义。
在这里强调，在初级阶段一定要动手做标记，不迈出这一步，我们会永远停留在看到长难句就头脑混乱直到短路的阶段。
2014年考研英语二的阅读部分让很多考生感到头疼，其中长难句的题目更是成为了考生们的噩梦。
本文将针对2014年考研英语二阅读长难句进行分析和解读。
1. 长难句的出现原因长难句作为英语阅读的一大障碍，其出现原因主要有以下几点：英语作为一门“头重脚轻”的语言，句子结构复杂，长难句的使用较为普遍。
由于考研英语阅读的素材往往选自学术性较强的专业文献，因此长难句的出现时常不可避免。
考研英语阅读的时间紧迫，长难句给考生增加了阅读时间的压力和难度。
2. 解决长难句的方法针对长难句的题目，考生在备考时可以采取以下方法：提高词汇量，熟悉常见的连接词和复合句型，这样在阅读过程中能够更快地理解句子结构。
培养逻辑思维能力，通过平时的练习和积累，提高对文章主题和段落结构的把握能力，减小长难句对理解的阻碍。
多做真题和模拟题，逐渐熟悉长难句的出现方式和解题技巧，提高对长难句的应对能力。
3. 应对长难句的策略在考试中，面对长难句的题目，考生可以采取以下策略：先通读全文，了解文章主题和段落结构，对长难句所在的段落有一个整体的把握。
在读题时，注意关键词，理清题干和选项之间的逻辑关系，排除干扰信息，准确把握题目要求。
对于长难句的题目，可以采取逐句翻译、逐句分析的方法，逐步理清长句结构，帮助自己更好地理解句子含义。
4. 总结2014年考研英语二阅读长难句的题目给很多考生带来了挑战，但通过合理的备考策略和解题技巧，考生可以应对长难句的挑战，在考试中取得更好的成绩。
希望本文的分析和建议能够对考生们有所帮助，祝愿大家都能取得理想的成绩。
5. 克服长难句的方法除了提高词汇量和逻辑思维能力外，还有其他一些方法可以帮助考生克服长难句的困扰。
可以通过大量阅读英文文章，特别是一些学术性较强的文章，这样可以让考生更加熟悉长难句的句型和结构，逐渐提高对长难句的理解能力。
可以通过积累一些常见的长难句的句型，例如并列句、主从复合句等，这些常见句型的掌握可以帮助考生更快地理解句子结构。
2014年考研英语一text2长难句2014年考研英语一text2长难句如下：1. However, in passing from infancy to early childhood, the child starts to apply grammatical rules in a productive fashion to create completely new utterances that they have never heard before, suggesting that the child is not just imitating what they hear but is figuring out the underlying rules of grammar for themselves.译文：然而，当婴儿从婴儿期进入幼儿期时，他们开始积极运用语法规则创造从未听过的全新表达方式，这表明儿童不仅仅是在模仿他们听到的东西，而是自己弄清楚了语法的基本规则。
2. Conversely, when the child makes a grammatical mistake that they have never heard before, it suggests that they are not simply repeating what they have heard but are generating their own language using the rules they have internalized.译文：相反地，当儿童犯了一个他们从未听过的语法错误时，这意味着他们不仅仅是在重复他们听到的东西，而是在使用他们内化的规则生成自己的语言。
3. This implies that, as children acquire their native language, they must not just be imitating, but must also be actively constructingthe underlying rules of grammar in their minds.译文：这意味着，当儿童习得母语时，他们不仅仅是在模仿，而且还必须积极地在大脑中构建语法的基本规则。
2014考研英语长难句解析精华版1.The combination of the increased burden of AIDS in the developing world and the absence of affordable therapiesand vaccines has raised the sensitivity of health professionals to issues of ethics and equity in international biomedical research.①句子结构划分首先本句的主谓宾为：The combination has increased the sensitivity.然后我们再看句子的其它部分，of the increased……and vaccines 是用来修饰the combination 再看the sensitivity 后面的of health……一直到本句结尾都是用来修饰 the sensitivity.②相关词汇与短语首先看combination 这个词，n. 结合；组合；联合；[化学] 化合这里是联合的意思。
然后developing world 翻译成发展中国家。
affordable 意思是负担的起的，它的词根的afford 然后加了able 变成形容词。
以及therapies：治疗方法。
vaccines n. 疫苗.ethics 伦理学道德标准。
biomedical 生物医学，这是个合成词,bio-是表示生物的前缀，medical是医学的意思，所以合起来的意思可以推断出来。
最后来看一个词：professional adj. 专业的；职业的；职业性的 n. 专业人员；职业运动员，而本句是名词，专家的意思。
③翻译发展中国家在艾滋病传播上的增加所带来的压力以及治疗方法和疫苗的缺乏的联合已经让健康专家对在国际生物医疗研究方面的伦理道德和平等产生了敏感性。
考研英语长难句课程讲义课程简介：1．内容：考研真题长难句2．原因：长难句贯穿完形，阅读，翻译，对写作也有借鉴作用3．目标：看得懂长难句（阅读）➡会翻译长难句（翻译）➡会写长难句（写作）4．课时安排：8月份5次课I．理论＋区分主从句II．翻译技巧与定语从句专题III．名词性从句专题IV. 长难句中的并列专题V. 特殊的长难句（倒装句省略句等）和综合练习学习方法：1.长“难”句难在哪儿？生词＋复杂结构（主从／修饰关系）2.如何看懂长难句？两步走：第一步（宏观）：分清主句从句第二步（微观）：定位主句和从句内部的修饰成分（定／状语为主）3.简单复习语法：谓语与动词的区别：谓语是句子成分，动词是词性，谓语一定是动词。
定语与状语的区别：定语修饰主语和宾语（名／代），状语修饰动词，形容词和句子什么是简单句？一切复杂句（并列句／复合句／复杂复合句）都是由五种简单句而来：i.主语＋谓语My skin burns.ii.主语＋谓语（系动词）＋表语I am a teacher.／You l ook good.iii.主语＋谓语＋直接宾语I l ove you.iv.主语＋谓语＋间接宾语+直接宾语The firm gave Sam a watch.v.主语＋谓语＋直接宾语＋宾语补足语You make me happy.什么是并列句？一般由并列连词and, but, so, yet连接，或者由“；”连接。
各个并列句同等重要且独立存在。
举例：I know you, and/but/so/yet I hate you.什么是主从复合句？形容词性从句（定语从句）：从句作定语，修饰名词，代词或整个句子。
先行词和关系代词（引导词）。
定语从句常见引导词有which, that, who, whose, whom, when, where, as, whereby例子：A d octor examined the astronauts who returned from space today.名词性从句：主要包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。
考研英语语法基础讲义一、考研语法考什么？二、定语从句1．关系词的产生练习一Model: The boy is my brother. He helped me. The boy that (who) helped me is mybrother.1．I have the watch. The watch was given by my girlfriend. 2． The UFO is 50 years old. The UFO is working in that school.3． He enjoys watching newspapers. Newspapers can tell him a lot of knowledge. 4．The boys wanted to play football. They were disappointed when it rained.5．We are shown pictures about a region. The region was threatened by growing poverty. 练习二1. All those____________ (想去长城的) will get together at the bus—stop at six tomorrowmorning ．2. The building ________________________ (座落于我们学校附近的) is a hospital.3. Tom is really the bravest boy _________________________ (我所认识的)。
4. Have you received the letter ___________________________ (我上星期六写的)?课程内容 一、 考研语法考什么？二、 考研语法巅峰考点——定语从句、名词性从句 三、 考研语法重点考点——状语从句 四、 考研语法特殊考点——倒装结构 五、 长难句四步拆分—— 选自《考研工具书之语法长难句》（屠皓民编）5. Can you help me find the person ________________________（救我女儿命的）6. This is the one hundredth letter_________________________ (我上个月收到的)。
2014年考研英语核心词汇与难句专训班讲义陈正康博士编讲陈正康老师的成功英语誓言Whether you are lion or gazelle you must sprint for survival！Whether you are poor or wealthy you must strive forsuccess！I can make it！！第一部分真题回放第一节衍生词professionalization [prəˈfeʃənəlaɪzeɪʃən] n.industrialization [ɪnˌdʌstrɪəlaɪˈzeɪʃən] n.centralization[ˌsentrəlaiˈzeiʃən]n.miniaturization [ˌminiətʃəraiˈzeiʃən]n.generalization [ˌdʒenərəlɪˈzeɪʃən]n.homogenization [ˌhəʊmədʒənaɪˈzeɪʃən]n.同根词homogeneous [,hɔmə'dʒi:njəs] a.[真题例句] The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.[2006年阅读1] [例句精译] 媒体、广告和运动是均一化过程中的其他因素。
interrelationship [ˌɪntərɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp]n.interprovincial [ɪnˈtɜːprəˈvɪnʃl]a.[真题例句] But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial —— provinces combining efforts to create one body.[2005年新题型][例句精译] 但全国性并不意味着非得在全国范围内；也可以指省与省之间联手创立一个实体。
第一部分方法论讲解阅读在句子层面的障碍：含义语序简单句的障碍来源只有一套谓语的句子叫做简单句基本句型：主谓i come i saw i conquer主谓宾i love you 主谓双宾i bring a book to you 主谓宾补she makes me crazy 主系表i am a ugly man✧简单句的障碍识别及处理方法四大障碍：定语状语插入语同位语定语：在句子中修饰名词的成分叫做定语技能：高职，知识：本科，思维：研究生，思想：博士前置定语：形容词性的词+名词后置定语：前置形容词短语：形容词+介词+名词现在分词过去分词｛｝名词+. 不定式（不定代词的定语置后）介词短语：介词+名词表语形容词：alive a cat alive定语从句（不属于简单句范畴）人称代词who whom which that as +非完整句关系代词物主代词whose+完整句引导词关系连词where why when how + 完整句宾语+非完整句This is the expert to whom we are turning介词+关系代词充当状语+完整句There is something by the virtue of which the man is the man定语+完整句There are a lot of problems of which the fetching freshwater is the foremost by the virtue of=by the reason ofthat与as不能接到介词后面（in that 引导的不是定语从句，而是状语从句表示的是because）拆分：介词之前；找指代：关系代词指代的是前面哪一个单词；定成分：介词+关系代词在句中做什么成分同位语普通同位语：A ,B A or B A of B（正式university of qinghua）在句子中和名词处于相同位置的成分引导词that + 完整句；处理方法：删除插入语处理方法：删除状语：修饰动词（谓语）或形容词、定语副词介短现在分词其前面没有名词，有名词就是定语过去分词不定式独立主格处理方法：剥离（隔离）例1：Using techniques（方法，技法）first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments（沉淀物）and rock from the ocean floor.例2：A few art collectors James Bowdoin Ⅲof Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring （创造性的）artists, and established in their respective （各自的）communities社区the idea of the value art and the need for institutions（制度）devoted to its encouragement.非简单句的障碍来源：如何拆分与组合✧非简单句的障碍解决方案关联词和主句专一原则关联词：关系代词关系连词标点（分号冒号破折号）并列连词主句专一原则：英语主句中只有一个主句一套谓语，主句中没有关联词；n个分句就有n-1个关联词✧句子之间的关联方式：1.并列并列联词（and , but , or , as well as ,与分号）的用法：连接前后功能、性质、用法完全一致的成分（对等的必须完全对等）从后往前寻找并列成分2.嵌套：主从复合常见的复杂句形式That+完整句宾从/表从It +不及动+that+从句What+非完整句主语从句that what how why when who ……特殊的(形式主语句) It+be+形容词+that+从句主语+不及动+that+从句The sun rises that looks gorgeous （that引导的是非完整句则为定语从句)主语+be+形容词+that+从句The fact is true that i love you （that引导的是完整句则为同位语从句）状语从句：where when because……+完整句（要剥离，状语和状语从句在阅读时要剥离，否则要遭报应的，将同位语给删除掉，将插入语给删除掉，剩下的主谓宾是那么的可爱）层次化句子阅读方法（与计算机程序类似）1.层次化结构的表示形式□□□□□□□□2.括号匹配法：保证在每个括号中都是完整的简单句（适用于初级阶段使用） ● 画左括号的条件：出现句间关联词的时候● 画右括号的条件：句子终结（出现终结标点句号；后续内容与前边无关）；出现句间并列连词Kvin is a good student 【who is studying in the BFSU 【which is a good university in china 】】Kvin ,【who is studying in the BFSU 【 which is a good university in china ,】】 is a good studentHowever , for many years , Physicists thought that 【 atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously 】 and that 【stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker . 】小结区3.完整信息链法规则描述：笔记区例3：The history of clinical nutrition or(or 连接的同位语，后面直接删除不看，不用翻译, 直接看到谓语can be) the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras:【1 the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when （when 前面有名词，所以when 引导的是定语从句，when 做连词）【2 it was recognized for the first time that 【3 food contained constituents 【4 that were essential for human function 4】3】and that （此that 不做成分所以和第三个that 并列）【 different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents （成分）.5】2】1】 例4：The desperate plight(困境，保证) of the South has eclipsed （遮盖，日食）the fact that【 reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly.(壮观地，引人注目地)括号内的副词不可能修饰括号外的动词】例5：The technique 方法 （technology 翻译为技术）of direct carving was a break with the nineteen-century tradition in which the making of a clay （泥土，粘土） model was considered the creative act 【and the work was then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble.】例1.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from t he way in which workers made goods, since the 1790's, and North American entrepreneurs —even without technological improvements —had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process.例2． Tracking whales is but （=only ） one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war （冷战）as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.例3. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenthcentury, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.（泛读） ABCBA(有里向外面翻译：CBBAA)写作方法：1 两个句子主语相同，保留主语，将句号变逗号，动词作如下变化am /is/arebeing was/were having beendo/does doing did having donebe done done2两个句子主语不同，保留主语，将动词做一上变化完整信息链法：不完整情况：英语句子中主干部分被隔离（主谓隔离：主谓之间加入定语、同位语、插入语。
