上海中医药大学3007中医诊断学2019年考博真题试卷

上海中医药大学-19级中医学专业--中医诊断学结业测试基本信息：[矩阵文本题] *1、中医的辨证是以()作为基础的。

[单选题] *A、整体思维(正确答案)B、形象思维C、逻辑思维D、抽象思维E、灵感思维答案解析：辨证是中医临床的核心环节，中医的辨证是以整体思维作为基础的。

2、脏腑在面部的分属，阙中所候脏腑是 [单选题] *A、心B、肺(正确答案)C、脾D、肾E、肝答案解析：脏腑在面部的分属，庭候首面，阙上候咽喉，阙中(印堂)候肺，阙下(下极、山根)候心，下极之下(年寿)候肝，肝部左右候胆，肝下(鼻端、准头、面王)候脾，方上(即鼻翼)候胃，中央(颧下)候大肠，挟大肠(颊部下方)候肾，面王以上(即鼻端两旁上方)候小肠，面王以下(即人中部位)候膀胱、胞宫。

3、根据《灵枢·五色》的分法，整个面部称为“蔽”的部分是 [单选题] *A、颊侧B、眉间C、额D、鼻E、耳门(正确答案)答案解析：《灵枢·五色》划分法先将面部划分为不同的部位并给予命名，如前额—庭、颜，眉间—阙，鼻—明堂，颊侧—藩，耳门—蔽。

4、病人肢体软弱，行动不便属 [单选题] *A、瘫痪B、痹病C、痿病(正确答案)D、痫病E、中风后遗症答案解析：肢体软弱无力，行动不灵而无痛，是痿病。

5、肺气壅滞多表现为 [单选题] *A、坐而仰首(正确答案)B、神倦俯卧C、但卧不得坐，坐则昏眩D、蜷卧缩足，喜加衣被E、坐而喜俯答案解析：坐而喜仰，但坐不得卧，卧则气逆，多为咳喘肺胀，肺气壅滞或水饮停于胸腹等所致肺实气逆。

6、卧不能坐，坐则晕眩多为 [单选题] *A、肺气壅滞B、脱血夺气(正确答案)C、肺虚少气D、体弱气虚E、中气下陷答案解析：但卧不得坐，坐则神疲或昏眩，多为气血俱虚，或夺气脱血，或肝阳化风。

7、“中焦有火”的表现是 [单选题] *A、形瘦少食B、形体消瘦C、形瘦多食(正确答案)D、胸廓狭窄E、皮肤枯槁答案解析：形瘦食多，为中焦有火。

单选题一般检查、头颈部、肺部检查1、直接叩诊法适用于A．大量胸水时B．确定肝脏、心脏的绝对浊音界C．确定肝脏、心脏的相对浊音界D．病灶范围小或位置表浅时E．病灶位置较深时复习资料：A出处：知识点：第三章基本检查法触诊2、下列哪项叩诊音为实音A．肝脏相对浊音区B．肝脏绝对浊音区C．胃泡区D．正常肺部E．背部肩胛间区复习资料：B出处：知识点：第三章基本检查法叩诊3、有关过清音的描述，下列哪项是正确的A．叩击富有弹性，含气量良好的肺组织所产生的音响B．叩击含有大量气体的空腔脏器时出现C．叩击含气量增多，弹性减退的肺组织D．叩击不含气的实质性脏器E．叩击各种原因所致的肺组织含气减少复习资料：C出处：知识点：第三章基本检查法叩诊4、脉压减小常见于A．动脉硬化B．严重贫血C．颅内压增高D．严重左二尖瓣瓣狭窄E．嗜铬细胞瘤复习资料：D出处：知识点：第四章一般检查第一节全身状态检查脉搏5、脉压增大可见于A．主动脉瓣关闭不全B．重度心功能不全C．心肌梗死D．心包积液E．寒冷复习资料：A出处：知识点：第四章一般检查第一节全身状态检查血压6、呆小症一般与下列哪种内分泌异常有关A．垂体前叶功能减退B．肾上腺皮质功能减退C．甲状腺功能减低D．维生素D缺乏E．性腺分泌异常复习资料：C出处：知识点：第四章一般检查第一节全身状态检查发育与体型7A．手背B．前胸C．面部D．小腹部E．颈部复习资料：D出处：知识点：第四章一般检查第二节皮肤检查皮疹8、黄疸早期或轻微时可见于A．角膜缘周围B．巩膜及软腭粘膜C．面部、颈部皮肤D．胸腹部皮肤E．全身皮肤复习资料：B出处：知识点：第四章一般检查第二节皮肤检查皮肤颜色9、乳腺癌常引起下列哪一组淋巴结肿大A．颈部B．左锁骨上窝C．右锁骨上窝D．同侧腋下E．全身性复习资料：D出处：知识点：第四章一般检查第三节淋巴检查转移性淋巴结肿大10A．指超过标准体重20%以上者B．向心性肥胖属单纯性肥胖C．继发性肥胖多由内分泌疾病引起D．肥胖有遗传倾向E．超重不等于肥胖复习资料：B出处：知识点：第四章一般检查第一节全身状态检查营养状态11A．面圆、皮肤发红B．常有痤疮和小须C．唇舌肥厚、耳鼻较大D．常伴“水牛背”E．可见于长期应用肾上腺皮质激素的患者复习资料：C出处：知识点：第四章一般检查第一节全身状态检查面容与表情12、关于异常步态以下说法正确的是：A．蹒跚步态指行走时躯干重心不稳，步态紊乱不准确B．醉酒步态见于小脑疾患C．慌张步态者闭目时不能保持平衡D．共济失调步态起步后小步急速趋行、身体前倾难以止步E．剪刀式步态见于双侧锥体束损害及脑性瘫痪复习资料：E出处：P56知识点：第四章一般检查第一节全身状态检查步态13A．强迫体位是指病人不能自己调整或变换体位B．胃肠穿孔可见强迫仰卧位C．强迫侧卧位可见于大量胸腔积液D．心肺功能不全患者常取端坐位E．角弓反张位可见于小儿脑膜炎复习资料：A出处：知识点：第四章一般检查第一节全身状态检查体位14、全身淋巴结肿大是指A．2个以上淋巴结肿大B．2组以上淋巴结肿大C．头面部、上肢、下肢各有1组淋巴结肿大D．浅表与深部各有1组淋巴结肿大E．全身所有浅表淋巴结组群都肿大复习资料：B出处：知识点：第四章一般检查第三节淋巴结检查全身淋巴结肿大的临床意义15A．是一种鲜红色的圆形斑疹，直径2~3mmB．由病灶周围的血管扩张所形成，压之褪色C．多出现于胸腹部D．对猩红热具有诊断意义E．对伤寒或副伤寒具有诊断意义复习资料：D出处：知识点：第四章一般检查第二节皮肤检查皮疹16、双侧眼睑闭合障碍最常见于下列哪种疾病A 重症肌无力B 营养不良C 血管神经性水肿D 动眼神经麻痹E 甲状腺功能亢进症复习资料：E出处：P92知识点：第五章头部检查头部器官眼17、A 以耳垂为中心的隆起，并可触及包块B 腮腺导管口红肿C 腮腺部肿大并较快增长，触诊质硬、固定D 肿大的腮有轻压痛E 肿大的腮腺触诊边缘不清复习资料：C出处：P102知识点：第五章头部检查头部器官腮腺18. 哪一组副鼻窦难以在体表进行检查A 额窦B 上颌窦C 筛窦D 乳突腔E 蝶窦复习资料：E出处：P98知识点：第五章头部检查头部器官鼻19.瞳孔大小不等见于以下哪种情况A 脑疝B 有机磷农药中毒C 青光眼D 毛果云香碱药物影响E 肝昏迷复习资料：A出处：P94知识点：第五章头部检查头部器官眼20.双侧瞳孔缩小可见于下列哪种情况A 阿托品类药物影响B 吗啡药物影响C 濒死状态D 甲状腺功能亢进症E 可卡因药物影响复习资料：B出处：P94知识点：第五章头部检查头部器官眼21.双侧瞳孔散大可见于A 毛果云香碱、氯丙嗪中毒B 有机磷农药中毒C 毒蕈中毒D 视神经萎缩所致失明E 白内障复习资料：D出处：P94知识点：第五章头部检查头部器官眼22.检查外耳道时，当有血液或脑脊液流出时，最可能的原因是：A.外耳道炎B.急性中耳炎C.颅底骨折D.骨膜穿孔E.慢性中耳炎复习资料：C出处：P97知识点：第五章头部检查头部器官耳23. 检查咽部时发现扁桃体肿大已超过咽腭弓，但末接近中线，此扁桃体肿大应为几度A 0度B Ⅰ度C Ⅱ度D Ⅲ度E 都不对复习资料：C出处：P101知识点：第五章头部检查头部器官口腔24. 眼球随注视目标可向左、左上、左下、右、右上、右下六个方向运动，它们是受哪一组神经支配的A 视、动眼、滑车神经B 动眼、滑车、外展神经C 动眼、滑车、三叉神经D 动眼、三叉、外展神经E 动眼、外展、面神经复习资料：B出处：P95知识点：第五章头部检查头部器官眼25. 小儿患脑积水时可见以下哪种头颅异常A 小颅B 尖颅C 方颅D 巨颅E 长颅复习资料：D出处：P91知识点：第五章头部检查头颅26. 草莓舌见于A 营养不良B 心肺功能不全C 猩红热D 核黄素缺乏E 烟酸缺乏复习资料：C出处：P100知识点：第五章头部检查头部器官舌27. 地图舌常可见于A 恶性贫血B 核黄素缺乏C 粘液性水肿D 急性感染性疾病E 长期大量应用抗生素复习资料：B出处：P100知识点：第五章头部检查头部器官舌28. 触觉语颤减弱见于A 肺实变B 空洞型肺结核C 肺脓肿D 阻塞性肺不张E 大叶性肺炎复习资料：D出处：P118知识点：第七章胸部检查第三节肺和胸膜检查触诊触觉语颤29. 触觉语颤增强见于A 气胸B 大量胸腔积液C 肺实变D 胸膜明显增厚E 肺气肿复习资料：C出处：P118知识点：第七章胸部检查第三节肺和胸膜检查触诊触觉语颤30. 角膜边缘及周围出现灰白色混浊环，该体征常称为A 角膜白斑B 角膜云翳C 老年环D Kayser-fleischer环E 角膜软化症复习资料：C出处：P94知识点：第五章头部检查头部器官眼31.A 肺水肿B 右心衰竭C 缩窄性心包炎D 心包积液E 上腔静脉阻塞综合征复习资料：A出处：P104知识点：第六章颈部检查颈部的血管32. 胸壁静脉充盈或曲张首先考虑以下哪种病变A 肝硬化B 胸壁淋巴引流障碍C 颈内静脉血栓形成D 颈外静脉血栓形成E 上或下腔静脉血流受阻复习资料：E出处：P111知识点：第七章胸部检查第二节胸壁检查33.A 肋骨串珠B 肋间隙增宽C 漏斗胸D 肋隔沟E 鸡胸复习资料：B出处：P110知识点：第七章胸部检查第二节胸廓检查34. 某老年男性，胸部体检示胸廓前后径明显增宽，肋间隙饱满，腹上角增大。

中医博士考试试卷一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 中医理论体系中，“五行”学说中“木”对应的季节是：A. 春B. 夏C. 秋D. 冬2. 以下哪项不是中医“四诊”的内容：A. 望B. 闻C. 问D. 摸3. 中医中“气”的概念，主要指的是：A. 呼吸的空气B. 生命活动的基本物质C. 食物中的营养成分D. 身体中的水分4. 以下哪个不是中医“八法”中的治疗方法：A. 汗B. 吐C. 下D. 补5. 根据中医理论，以下哪项不是影响“肝气”的因素：A. 情绪B. 饮食C. 环境D. 遗传6. 中医认为“脾”的主要功能是：A. 疏泄B. 运化C. 储藏D. 排泄7. 以下哪个是中医“三焦”理论中的“中焦”：A. 心B. 脾C. 肺D. 肾8. 中医理论中，以下哪项不是“五脏”：A. 心B. 肺C. 肾D. 胆9. 中医中“肾”的功能主要是指：A. 呼吸B. 消化C. 生殖D. 排泄10. 中医中“痰”的概念主要指的是：A. 呼吸道分泌物B. 体内湿气的凝聚C. 血液D. 尿液二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简述中医“阴阳”学说的基本理论及其在中医诊断和治疗中的应用。

2. 描述中医“五行”学说中的相生相克规律，并举例说明其在中医治疗中的应用。

3. 请解释中医中的“气”、“血”、“津液”三者之间的关系及其在人体健康中的作用。

三、案例分析题（每题25分，共50分）1. 患者，男，45岁，主诉：长期工作压力大，最近出现头晕、失眠、记忆力减退等症状。

请根据中医理论分析可能的病因，并给出相应的治疗建议。

2. 患者，女，35岁，主诉：月经不调，经期腹痛，面色苍白，舌质淡，脉细。

请根据中医理论分析其可能的病理变化，并给出相应的治疗建议。

四、论述题（共30分）请论述中医的整体观念在现代健康管理中的应用及其意义。

五、附加题（10分，选做）请结合个人经验，谈谈中医在现代疾病预防和治疗中的作用。

【注】：本试卷为模拟试卷，旨在考察考生对中医基本理论、诊断方法、治疗原则的掌握程度以及应用能力。

医博士中医试题及答案中医学作为我国传统医学的重要分支，具有悠久的历史和深厚的理论基础。

如今，中医学已经成为医学领域的重要组成部分，在医博士考试中也占据了重要地位。

本文将为大家提供几道医博士中医试题，并附上详细的答案解析，希望能够帮助广大考生更好地备战医博士考试。

题目一：针灸是中医学的重要治疗手段，下列关于针灸的说法中错误的是：A. 针灸是通过刺激人体穴位，调整气血运行来达到治疗疾病的目的。

B. 针灸可以改善人体的免疫功能，提高机体抵抗力。

C. 针灸只适用于某些特定类型的疾病，对于其他疾病无效。

D. 针灸可以缓解疼痛，改善患者的生活质量。

答案解析：选项C中的说法是错误的。

针灸并非只适用于某些特定类型的疾病，它在治疗很多疾病上都具有独到的疗效。

针灸可以通过刺激穴位，调节人体的气血运行，从而达到治疗疾病的目的；同时，针灸还可以改善人体的免疫功能，提高机体的抵抗力；此外，针灸还可以缓解疼痛，改善患者的生活质量。

题目二：中医药理论中的“五脏六腑”是指：A. 心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胆B. 心、肝、胃、肺、肾、胆C. 脾、肝、胃、肺、肾、胆D. 心、肝、脾、胃、肾、胆答案解析：选项D中的说法是正确的。

中医药理论中的“五脏六腑”分别指的是心、肝、脾、胃、肾、胆。

中医认为，人体的脏腑器官相互关联，共同构成了一个整体，对人体的生理和病理起着重要的调节作用。

题目三：中医学的“四诊法”指的是：A. 望、闻、问、切B. 望、听、问、切C. 望、闻、问、摸D. 观、闻、问、切答案解析：选项A中的说法是正确的。

中医学的“四诊法”指的是望、闻、问、切。

中医医生在诊断疾病时，通过观察患者的面色、舌苔等外部表现（望）、听取患者的呼吸、声音等身体感觉（闻）、询问患者的症状、病史等（问）、以及通过脉搏等方式判断患者的体质和病情（切），来综合判断疾病的病情和治疗方法。

题目四：中医药学中，药物治疗的基本原则是：A. 寒热并用，阴阳平衡B. 攻补兼施，病因治疗C. 以药克药，活血化瘀D. 一药兼顾，调理气血答案解析：选项B中的说法是正确的。

2016—2020年中医基础理论考博真题上海中医药大学中医基础理论2019年考博真题试卷名词解释(5题，每题4分，共20分)1.土爱稼穑2，阴病治阳3.审证求因4.湿性黏滞5.塞因塞用论述题(5题，每题8分，共40 分)1.营气与卫气有何异同，营卫失和的临床表现2.水湿痰饮的区别与联系3.何为十二经脉的表里关系?其特点与其意义如何?4.外燥与内燥的异同5.脾与精，气，血，津液的生理联系湖南中医药大学2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试考试科目:中医基础理论注意:所有答案-律写在答题纸上。

写在试题纸上或其他地方--律不给分。

、名词解释1.肝主疏泄2.肺主治节3.循经取穴4. 内生五邪5.塞因塞用6.阴病治阳7.精血同源8. 心肾不交二、简答题1. 脾胃的关系。

2. 饮的分类。

3. 药邪的形成及致病特点。

4.风邪致病的特点。

5.心主神明与脑主神明的认识。

6. 三焦的认识。

7.脏腑之别。

山东中医药大学中医基础理论2018年考博真题考试科目:中医基础理论注意:所有答案-律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一-律不给分。

论述题: .1.试述心与肾的关系。

2.《内经》中津液的产生与输布。

3.如何理解冲为血海。

4.火热内生的临床表现及致病因素。

5.体质的概念及形成因素。

6.如何理解大实有赢状，至虚有盛候。

7.试述”阴病治阳，阳病治阴”与”阴中求阳，阳中求阴”有何异同?8.试述湿邪致病特点，及与外湿有何异同?9.谈谈对益火补土法的认识及临床中的应用。

山东中医药大学中医基础理论考博真题1.风邪性质和致病特征，为什么说风为百病之长?2.从病机转化角度说明寒证转化为热证的转变形式?3.虚实的病机机制?2018年山东中医药大学博士考试中医基础理论试题1.试述心与肾的关系。

2.《内经》中津液的产生与输布。

3.如何理解冲为血海。

4.火热内生的临床表现及致病因素。

5.体质的概念及形成因素。

6.如何理解大实有羸状，至虚有盛候。

中医诊断学（绪论、望诊）历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. A2型题 2. B1型题 3. X型题1．我国现存最早的验舌专书是( )(2009年第15题)A．《伤寒金镜录》B．《伤寒观舌心法》C．《舌苔统志》D．《辨舌指南》正确答案：A解析：此题考查《中医诊断学》发展简史，属于识记型考题元代的敖氏著有《金镜录》，后经杜清碧增补，而成《伤寒金镜录》为论舌的第一部专著。

，2．下列选项中，不属于体征范畴的是( )(2008年第15题)A．喉中痰鸣B．耳鸣C．太息D．耳鸣正确答案：B解析：此题考查绪论部分体征的含义，属于理解型考题。

体征指能客观监测出来的异常征象。

耳鸣是患者自己的感觉，属于症状。

3．《察病指南》的作者是( )(2005年第15题)A．陈言B．王叔和C．施发D．巢元方E．李时珍正确答案：C解析：此题考查中诊的历史沿革，属于识记型考题。

陈言的著作为《三因方》；王叔和的著作为《脉经》；巢元方的著作为《诸病源候论》；李时珍的著作为《本草纲目》；施发的著作是《察病指南》。

故选C。

4．明清时期，中医学最完整的病历格式是由下列哪位医家提出的( )(2002年第15题)A．张景岳B．陈士铎C．喻嘉言D．程国彭E．沈金鳌正确答案：C解析：此题考查绪论部分中医诊断学相关知识，属于识记型考题。

清代在喻嘉言的《寓意草》中提出了非常具体的议病格式是当时最完整的病历格式。

5．首先论述十怪脉的书籍是( )(1999年第14题)A．《世医得效方》B．《诊家枢要》C．《脉诀汇辨》D．《诊家直诀》E．《脉义简摩》正确答案：A解析：此题考查《中医诊断学》的历史沿革，属于识记型考题。

元代危亦林的《世医得效方》中论述了釜沸、鱼翔、弹石、解索、屋漏、虫下游、雀啄、偃刀、转豆、麻促等十种怪脉。

6．《三指禅》一书，为何人所著( )(1998年第19题)A．张介宾B．贺升平C．周学海D．周学霆E．罗浩正确答案：D解析：此题考查《中医诊断学》历史源流中的名著，属于识记型考题。

上海中医药大学
2011年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：中医基础理论
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。

一、名解 4分 8个总32分
罢极之本、阴病治阳、脾主升清、五行制化、
乙葵（没有草头，原字打不出）同源、用热远热、上焦如雾、十二皮部、
二、单选题2分 10个 20分
1、行于腹部的经脉
2、入耳的经脉
3、肝经，经胁部
4、气化：汗血的生成
5、心主血脉，表现于舌，面---与睡眠关系？
6、阴阳互根
7、木火刑金，属于五行相侮？
8、9、10没能能记下
三、论述8分 6个共48分
1、以虚实论阴阳失调
2、肝火上炎，肝阳上亢之别与联系
3、阴阳偏衰的区别，联系
4、阴阳互根解释
5、十二经脉在四肢，头面，躯干的分布
6、脏腑之别解释及临床意义。

第1页共1页。

上海中医综合《中医诊断学》模拟试题一、单项选择题（共29题，每题的备选项中，只有1个事最符合题意）1、十全大补汤由八珍汤加以下哪组药物组成A.黄罠，附子B.肉桂，黄罠C・肉桂，附子D.肉桂，陈皮2、骨蒸潮热，盗汗遗精，咳嗽咯血，心烦易怒，足膝痛热，舌红少苔，尺脉数而有力者，治宜选用A.百合固金汤B.清骨散C.大补阴丸D.六味地黄丸E.以上都不适宜3、下列药中除哪项外均属寒凉药性A.川楝子B.青木香C.枳实D.青皮E.郁金4、分布于上肢内侧面前中后缘的经脉为A.肺、大肠、心经B.肺、心包、心经C.肺、心、心包经D.大肠、小肠、三焦经5、固冲汤中用量最大的药物是A.锻龙骨B.炒口术C.锻牡蛎D.棕柵炭6、治亡阳证时常与附子相须为用的药物是A.肉桂B.干姜C.吴茱萸D.花椒7、我国现存最早的药典性著作是A.《证类本草》B.《新修本草》C.《开宝本草》D.《本草纲目》8、虎杖的功效是A.活血调经，清热利湿，解毒消疮，化痰平喘B.活血止血，清热解毒，利湿退黄，化痰止咳C.活血定痛，清热利湿，解毒通便，化痰止咳D.活血通络，祛湿退黄，清热解毒，利床通便E.活血消頫，利湿退肿，解毒疗疮，化痰通便9、舌淡胖嫩苔黄滑润，多属A.水饮内停B.痰热壅盛C・阳虚水湿不化 D.寒凝经脉10、石菖蒲在治疗痢疾方面，长于用治A.湿热痢B.寒湿痢C.疫毒痢D.休息痢E.噤口痢11、与肝主疏泄不密切的生理功能是A.气机的调节B.津液的代谢C.血液的运行D.情志的调节E.精气的封藏12、治疗痰阻心窍所致的癫痫抽搐、惊风发狂者，应选用A.磁石B.朱砂C.龙骨D.远志.13、能养血安神的药物是：A.太子参B.山药C.大枣D.甘草E.白术14、风邪致病，不出现下列哪种临床表现A.皮肤瘙痒B.身重而痛C・发热恶风 D.肢体麻木15、肝阳上亢头痛的特点是A.重痛B.胀痛C.窜痛D.灼痛E.隐痛16、癮闭的病位，主要在A.脾B.肺C・肾D.三焦E.膀胱17、舌淡胖嫩而见黄滑润苔，其主病为A.湿热不化B.痰湿内停C・内有食积 D.阳虚水湿不化E・脾虚运化无权18、服桂枝汤后“遍身滎滎微似有汗”者，说明A.胃气已和B.津液得通C.营卫和谐D.表邪欲解19、酒制大黄主要用于A.热结便秘B.热毒疮疡C.热证出血D.瘀血证20、下列哪项不是脾肾阳虚的临床表现A.腰膝酸软B.耳鸣耳聋C.五更泄泻D.失眠多梦E.面浮肢肿21、患者咳嗽无力，气短声低，痰中偶夹血，血色淡红，午后潮热，热势不剧, 两额发红，舌质嫩红，边有齿印，苔薄，脉细弱而数，治疗宜选A.月华丸B.补肺汤C・保真汤D.牛脉散E.十灰散22、燥热便秘的治法宜A.清热通便B.清热润肠C.养血润汤D.益气润肠E.以上均不是23、具有清肺止咳功效的药物是A.赤小豆B.石韦C.海金沙D.冬葵子24、功能祛风湿，止痹痛，退虚热，清湿热的药是：A.独活B.秦芜C・川乌D.木瓜E.薪蛇25、手太阴肺经起于A.胸中B.中焦C.上焦D.肺中26、瘻病的主要病理因素有A.气、痰、瘀B.气、火、痰C.气、火、瘀D.痰、湿、食27、太阴病证的临床表现有A.脉微细B.饥不欲食C・四肢厥冷D.时腹自痛 E.下利清谷28、”寒因寒用”属于何治则的内容—A.正治B.反治C.三因制宜D.调补阴阳29、一身之气的生成与哪组脏腑的关系最为密切—A.心肝脾B.心肺肾C.脾肺肾D.肝脾肾二、多项选择题（共29题，每题的备选项中，有2个或2个以上符合题意，至少有1个错项。

Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。