《英美概况》复习题与参考答案

《英美概况》期末考试试卷附答案一、British Survey Test（20小题*2=40）1. The total area of the U.K.is _____.A. 211,440B.244,110C. 241,410D. 242,5342.England occupies the _____ portion of the U.K.A. northernB. easternC. southern3. The most important part of the U.K.in wealth is _____.A.Northern IrelandB.EnglandC. Scotland4. _____ is on the western prominence between the Bristol Channel and the Dee-estuary.A. WalesB.ScotlandC. England5.Wales was effectively united with England in the _____ century.A. 14thB. 15thC. 16th6. By the Act of Union of _____Scotland and the kingdom of England and Wales were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Britain.A. 1707B.1921C. 18017.Physio-graphically Britain may be divided into _____ provinces.A. 13B.12C. 148.Mt.Ben Nevis stands in _____.A. the Scottish HighlandsB. WalesC. England9. The main rivers parting in Britain runs from _____.A. north to southB. south to northC. east to west10. Cheviot hills lie along the border between _____ and England.A. ScotlandB.WalesC. Vale of Eden11. The longest river in Britain is _____.A. SevernB.ClydeC. Bann12.London is situated on the River of _____.A. ParretB.ThamesC. Spey13.Edinburgh is the capital of _____.A. EnglandB.ScotlandC. Wales14. The rivers flowing into the _____ are mainly short.A. North SeaB. English ChannelC. Dee estuary15.Mt.Snowdon stands in _____.A. ScotlandB.WalesC. England16. The source of the important River Thames is in the _____.A. CotswoldsB.Oxford ClayC. Pennines17. About _____ of the water requirements are obtained from underground sources.A. 50%B. 38%C. 42%18. Gaelic is mainly spoken in _____.A.ScotlandB. EnglandC. Northern Ireland19. The Bank of England was nationalized in _____.A.1964B.1946C. 169420.Britain is basically an importer of _____.A. foodB. raw materialsC. manufacturesD. both A and B二、American Survey Test（20小题*2=40）21. The _____ part of America consists of high plateaus and mountains formed by the Great Cordillera Range.A. easternB. westernC. northeastern22. In eastern _____ lies Death Valley, 85 meters below sea level.A. CaliforniaB.UtahC. Arizona23. In the west of the _____ lie the Colorado Plateaus and the Columbia Plateaus.A. Rocky MountainB.Coast RangeC.Cascades Mountains24. The _____ lies between the Colorado Plateaus and Columbia PlateausA.Great BasinB. Colorado ValleyC.Great Plains25. The famous Yellow stone National Park is situated in northwestern part of _____.A. CaliforniaB.ArizonaC. Wyoming26. The world-known Colorado Valley lies in northern _____, which is cut by the Colorado River.A. ArizonaB.UtahC. Montana27. Among the five Great Lakes, only _____ is wholly within the United States.A. ErieB.SuperiorC. Michigan28. Only the climate in the southern part of _____ is tropical.A.FloridaB. GeorgiaC. Virginia29.Washington, the capital of the US, is on the _____ river.A. PotomacB. DelawareC. St. Laurence30. The width of the Niagara Fall is about _____ meters and the drop average _____ meters.A. 1650, 50B. 1240,49C. 1540, 4931. _____ part is the most densely populated region in America.A. The southernB. The northeasternC. The western32. The Great Salt Lake lies in northern _____.A.IdahoB. ArizonaC. NevadaD.Utah33. _____ has been called the “cradle of American Liberty”.A. PhiladelphiaB.PlymouthC. Boston34. About _____ of the world’s annual agricultural pro ducts come from the United States.A. halfB. one thirdC. two thirds35. The highest mountain in the U.S.is Mount_____.A. AppalachianB. MekinleyC. Rocky36.Mount Mekinley lies in the_____Range.A.Sierra NevadaB. CascadesC. Alaska37. The two largest China-towns are located in the following cities except _____.A.New YorkB.San FranciscoC. Miami38. The world’s largest freshwater lake is Lake_____.A. SuperiorB.OntarioC. Victoria39. The world-famous Niagara Falls lies between lakes of _____.A. Erie and MichiganB. Erie and OntarioC. Superior and Haron40. _____ of the America’s territory is covered with forests.A. 1/4B. 1/5C. 1/3三、Explain the following terms(4小题*5=20)1. Christmas2.The Commonwealth3.The House of Commons4.London英美概况参考答案1-5 DCBAA 6-10 CAAAB 11-15 ABBBB 16-20 ABABD21-25 BAAAC 26-30 ACAAB 31-35 BDAAB 36-40CCABA41.ChristmasChristmas is a holiday to memorize the birth of Jesus Christ. It’s on December 25. It’s the most famous and important holiday in western world.42.the CommonwealthIt is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth, including both developing countries like India and Cyprus and developed countries like Australia and Canada. It is also a forum for continued cooperation and a support network.43.The House of CommonsIt is the real centre of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives make and debate policy. These MPS (members of parliament) are elected in the general elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.44.LondonThe capital and largest city in the UK. It is dominant in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business centre and the headquarters of many big companies. It is also the financial centre of the country and one of the three financial centers in the world.。

英美概况第四版上册课后练习题含答案简介《英美概况》是一本全面介绍英国和美国的文化、历史、政治、经济和社会现象的教材。

第四版上册是其最新版本，为了帮助读者更好地掌握教材内容，本文主要介绍了《英美概况》第四版上册的课后练习题及其答案。

课后练习题第一章马恩列斯主义的世界影响1.为什么20世纪初期，马克思主义在俄国和中国得到了很多支持者？答案：在俄国和中国，工业化程度较低，社会阶级结构明显，人民处于经济和政治上的不利地位，马克思主义提供了一种解释和改变社会状况的思想和方法，因此在这些国家得到了很多支持者。

2.马恩列斯主义的三个基本组成部分是什么？答案：哲学、政治经济学和科学社会主义是马克思主义的三个基本组成部分。

第二章英美宪政制度的深层问题1.英美宪政制度的两个特点是什么？答案：一是权力均衡制度的实行，二是国家最高权力代表制度的实行。

2.英国议会制度的基本形式是什么？答案：英国议会制度的基本形式是下院和上院的双院制。

第三章英国的政治体系及其现状1.请简要介绍英国两大主要政党的区别。

答案：英国两大主要政党是保守党和工党。

保守党主张经济自由主义、传统价值观和强硬外交政策，工党主张社会民主主义、平等和国际主义。

2.英国各地区的议员数目是不同的，为什么？答案：英国根据各地区的人口数确定议员数目，保证各地区在议会中的代表权重相当。

第四章美国的政治体系及其现状1.美国总统、参议员和众议员的任期分别是多久？答案：美国总统任期为4年，参议员任期为6年，众议员任期为2年。

2.美国政治体系中的分权制度是什么？答案：美国政治体系中的分权制度是各州与中央政府之间权力的分立和制衡，各州政府在一定范围内有独立的权力。

结语以上是《英美概况》第四版上册的部分课后练习题及其答案。

本文仅供参考，读者们可以通过这些练习题，更好地掌握教材的内容。

大一英美概况试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The United States of America is commonly referred to as:A. UKB. USAC. USD. America答案：C2. The United Kingdom is located in:A. North AmericaB. South AmericaC. EuropeD. Asia答案：C3. The official language of the United States is:A. SpanishB. FrenchC. EnglishD. German答案：C4. The capital of the United Kingdom is:A. LondonB. ManchesterC. EdinburghD. Glasgow答案：A5. The currency used in the United States is:A. Pound SterlingB. EuroC. DollarD. Yen答案：C6. The population of the United States is approximately:A. 50 millionB. 150 millionC. 300 millionD. 500 million答案：C7. The United Kingdom is a member of the European Union (EU):A. TrueB. False答案：B8. The United States is a federal republic consisting of:A. 50 statesB. 48 statesC. 52 statesD. 46 states答案：A9. The United Kingdom's system of government is:A. MonarchyB. RepublicC. CommunistD. Dictatorship答案：A10. The United States was founded on:A. July 4, 1776B. July 4, 1777C. July 4, 1775D. July 4, 1783答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The largest city in the United States is ________.答案：New York City2. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and ________.答案：Northern Ireland3. The national anthem of the United States is called________.答案：The Star-Spangled Banner4. The United Kingdom's national anthem is ________.答案：God Save the Queen5. The United States is bordered by ________ to the north and Mexico to the south.答案：Canada6. The United Kingdom's national flag is known as the________.答案：Union Jack7. The President of the United States is elected for a term of ________ years.答案：four8. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of the ________.答案：government9. The United States is divided into three main regions: the Northeast, the South, and the ________.答案：West10. The United Kingdom is part of the ________ continent.答案：European三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Describe the political system of the United States.答案：The United States has a federal system of government with three branches: the legislative (Congress), the executive (President), and the judicial (Supreme Court). The President serves as both the head of state and the head of government.2. Explain the role of the Queen in the United Kingdom.答案：The Queen is the constitutional monarch of the United Kingdom and serves as the symbol of national unity. Her role is largely ceremonial, and she does not have direct political power.3. What are the main cultural influences in the United States? 答案：The United States has a diverse cultural landscape influenced by its indigenous peoples, European settlers, African slaves, and immigrants from all over the world. The main cultural influences include Native American traditions, European heritage, African American culture, and the melting pot of immigrant cultures.四、论述题（30分）Discuss the historical significance of the AmericanRevolution and its impact on the development of the United States.答案：The American Revolution was a pivotal event in world history that led to the birth of the United States as an independent nation. It marked the end of British colonialrule and the beginning of a new era of self-governance. The Revolution was significant because it was the firstsuccessful colonial revolt against a major European power. It also set a precedent for other colonies seeking independence and inspired movements for democracy and self-determination around the world. The impact of the American Revolution isstill felt today in the form of the democratic principles and values enshrined in the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights, which continue to shape the nation's political and social landscape.。

英美概况考试题及答案<i> 考试</i>学年学期：课程名称：教学秘书签字：专业班级：姓名：学号：Multiple Choice1.Britain does not share land border with any other countries except.A. FranceB. HollandC. ItalyD. The Republic of Ireland2.The island of Great Britain is divided into parts.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 23.The second longest river in the United Kingdom is the __ .A. Thames RiverB. Clyde RiverC. Severn RiverD. Seine River4.The largest river in the United Kingdom, which runs 356 kilometers and empties into the Bristol Strait, is ______________ .A. the Seven RiverB. the Clyde RiverC. the Thames RiverD. the Potomac River5. ___ oil and gas have made Britain largely self-sufficient inthese vital fuels.A. The AtlanticB. The PacificC. The Red SeaD. The North Sea6.The climate of Britain is one.A. ContinentalB. tropicalC. temperateD. subtropical7.Britain’s major minerals are coal, iron ore, tin ore, lead ore, oil and gas, among which _______ and ____ are the most important.A. coal...lead ore B. coal ...iron ore C. iron ore...tin ore D. coal (i)8.In the Highlands of Scotland stands ____ , Britain’s highest mountain towering 1300 meters.A. the PenninesB. Ben NevisC. The Southern UplandsD. Cumbria9.The largest lake in the U.K. is .A. Lough ErneB. Lake NessC. Lough NeaghD. Lake Lomond10.The main rivers parting in Great Britain runs from _ t o ___A. north…eastB. south…westC. central…eastD. north…south11.The weather in Great Britain conditions vary rapidly because of .A.the much rainfallB. a little sunshineC.the edge of European continental anticycloneD.a series of cyclonic depressions from Ireland or Greenland12.Of the three parts of Great Britain, __ is the smallest bothin area and population.A. ScotlandB. EnglandC. WalesD. Irland13.The most important river in the United Kingdom is _ .A. the Clyde RiverB. the Seven RiverC. the Thames RiverD. the Forth River14.Among the four administrative units the most populous and developed is ___ .A. ScotlandB. EnglandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland15.In Scotland there is the Clyde River, on which is situated a ship-building center --- ___________ .A. BelfastB. LondonC. GlasgowD. Manchester16.The Towns in Scotland are called .A. CountriesB. shiresC. communitiesD. burghs<i> 考试</i>17.Big Ben is a famous in London.A. StatueB. bridgeC. hotelD. clock18.The Port of London is Britain’s most important __ .A. SeaportB. airportC. railway stationD. military base19.The famous Speaker’s Corner is an area i nside ___, London, where speakers address thepublic, especially on Sundays.A. the West EndB. Hyde ParkC. WhitehallD. Westminster Abbey20.The Westminster Abbey is the place where ___ .A.the British royal residence in London is located.B.Almost all English kings and queens have been crownedC.The British Prime Minister livesD.The British Parliament is located21.Buckingham Palace is the London residence for _ .A. the King or QueenB. the Prime MinisterC. the Speaker of the CommonsD. the Lord Chancellor of the Upper House22.The London residence for the King or Queen is _ .A. Hyde ParkB.Buckingham PalaceC. No. 10 Down StreetD.The East End23.The famous street where offices of the most important ministries of the United Kingdom arelocated, is ____ .A. Downing StreetB. Wall StreetC. WhitehallD. Broadway24.London, the capital of the United Kingdom, is situated on __ near its mouth.A. the Thames RiverB. the Severn RiverC. the Clyde RiverD. the Tees River25.Britain’s largest manufacturing industry is .A. textile industryB. iron and steel industryC. oil-producing industryD. aircraft industry26.Britain once reigned supreme in the world of __ industry.A. PaperB. electronicC. mineralD. textile27.One of the main characteristics of British economy is ___ .A.the purchase of raw materials and the sale of manufacturedgoods abroad.B.To import oil from abroadC.To sell coal abroadD.To exchange goods with foreign nations so as to get vital foodstuffs and manufacturedgoods28.The main agricultural products in Britain are _____ , barley, potatoes, sugar-beets and oats.A. RiceB. wheatC. tobaccoD. peanuts29.It was the who brought the English language into England.A. Anglo-saxonsB. CeltsC. NormansD. Danes30.as a nation took shape as a result of the unification of the seven warring kingdoms in827.A. ScotlandB. WalesC. IrelandD. England31.The English language belongs to _ .A. the Indo-EuropeanB. the Hamito-SemiticC. the Sino-TibetanD. the Altaic32.The two major political parties in Britain are the Conservative Party and the _____ .A. Republican PartyB. Democratic PartyC. Labour PartyD. Liberal Party<i> 考试</i>33.The Liberal Party, the third largest party of the United Kingdom, developed from the ____________ in1839.A. Whig PartyB. Tory PartyC. Conservative PartyD. Labour Party34.______________________ Of all the English universities andare the most well- known.A. Oxford University … Eton UniversityB. OxfordUniversity…Cambridge UniversityC.Eton College …Winchests CollegeD. Harvard…Yale35.The grammar school in modern Britain _ .A.offers only grammar lessons to pupilsB.emphasizes academic studies and offers more subjects than any other secondary schoolsC.make a point of giving practical instructions which are considered to be of help in thepupils’ future workD.only takes in the pupils who are interested in grammar36.The is an examination taken at about the age of eleven,to decide which type ofsecondary school a British child will attend.A. Eleven-plusB. “Eleven Tests”C. Eleven-minusD. Eleventh Test37.The Redbrick universities are those including all the provincial universities of the period1850-1930, with __ as a representative.A. OxfordB. CambridgeC. London UniversityD. Polytechnics38.are the foundation-layers of the English education.A. Grammar schoolsB. Secondary modern schoolsC. Public schoolsD. Nursery schools39.is the nickname of Britain.A. Uncle SamB. John ArbuthnotC. Robin HoodD. John Bull40.Most British couples have their wedding ceremony _ with the bride dressed in ____ .A. at home…a long pink dressB. in a park…a short skirtC. in the church…a long white dressD. in the open…a short blue skirt41.The best-known quality of the British people is exclusiveness. One of the important reasons isthe special geographical location of Britain. The other is ______ .A. its Industrial RevolutionB. its separate nationalityC. the cutting-off of BritainD. the distinct development of its history.42.i s the English sense of humor.A. Self-importanceB. Self-confidenceC. Self-deprecatingD. Self-knowing43.Which of the following holidays is Not celebrated in Britain?A. EasterB. ChristmasC. Thanksgiving DayD. April Fool’s Day44.On __ the British people hold dances, games, etc. to welcome spring.A. Christmas DayB. New Year’s DayC. May DayD. April Fool’s Day45.April Fool’s Day is on .A. 1st of AprilB. 2nd of AprilC. 20th of AprilD. 30th of April46.When you are invited to a dinner, you must __ .A. be punctualB. be a little lateC. be sure to attendD. be a little early47.Children reach their adolescence when they are __years of age.A. eight or nineB. ten or elevenC. thirteen or fourteenD. seventeen or eighteen48.In Britain the “__ ” emergency dialing service is free of charge, by which people are quiteconvenient to be connected rapidly to police, ambulance or fire service.A. 999B. 109C. 119D. 303<i> 考试</i>49.In Britain only taxi drivers and waiters are permitted to accept a tip, which is usually an extra__ of the price of the fare or meal.A. tenth or eighthB. twentiethC. halfD. 80%50.The British people are great lovers of betting. The most money they bet mainly on _____ .A. horse racingB. BingoC. football poolsD. dog racingFill in the blanks.1.The full name of the United Kingdom is ___ and ____ .2.The island of Great Britain is made up of ____ , __ and ___ .3.The United Kingdom has been a member of ____ since 1973.4.London plays a significant role in ___ economic and cultural life. It’s not only the financial__ of the nation, but also one of _________ major international financial centers in ________________________ .5.Britain consists of ______ nations, including England, ________ , ______ and.6.The capital of Britain is ____ , which has great influence on the UK in all fields including__ , ___ and ___. two Scottish cities which have ancient and internationally respected universities: ____and ____ .8.Both the Scottish and Welsh people elect their members of parliaments to the LondonParliament and each holds ___ and ___ seats respectively.9.The capital of Scotland is ______ , which is well-known for its natural ___ .10.Although Wales is the smallest of the three nations on the _ mainland, it’s good at getting___ from abroad, particularly Japan and ____ .<i> 考试</i>DAAAD CDBCD DCcBC DDABB ABCAB DABAD ACABB ACCDC DCCBA ACAAAthe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandEngland; Scotland; WalesEuropean UnionBritain’s; center; the three; the worldfour, Scotland, Wales, Northern IrelandLondon, government, economy, cultureGlasgow, Edinburgh72, 38Edinburgh, beautyBritish, investment, America。

大一英美概况试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The United Kingdom consists of four countries, which one is not included?A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Ireland答案：D2. Which of the following is not a major city in the United States?A. New YorkB. Los AngelesC. ChicagoD. Toronto答案：D3. The English language originated from which country?A. GermanyB. FranceC. EnglandD. Spain答案：C4. What is the capital of the United States?A. New YorkB. Washington D.C.C. Los AngelesD. Chicago答案：B5. Which of the following is not a traditional British sport?A. CricketB. RugbyC. American FootballD. Golf6. The Statue of Liberty is located in which city?A. New York CityB. Los AngelesC. ChicagoD. San Francisco答案：A7. Which of the following is not a British colony?A. AustraliaB. CanadaC. IndiaD. Brazil答案：D8. The United States declared its independence from which country?A. FranceC. Great BritainD. Germany答案：C9. Which of the following is not a major British holiday?A. ChristmasB. EasterC. ThanksgivingD. Boxing Day答案：C10. The American Civil War took place between which years?A. 1861-1865B. 1812-1814C. 1775-1783D. 1914-1918答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and ______.答案：Northern Ireland2. The official language of the United Kingdom is ______.答案：English3. The United States is divided into ______ states.答案：fifty4. The largest city in the United Kingdom is ______.答案：London5. The currency of the United Kingdom is the ______.答案：Pound Sterling6. The United States is bordered by ______ to the north and Mexico to the south.答案：Canada7. The first permanent English settlement in the Americas was established at ______.答案：Jamestown8. The American Revolution began with the ______.答案：Boston Tea Party9. The ______ is the highest court in the United Kingdom.答案：Supreme Court10. The ______ is the national anthem of the United States.答案：The Star-Spangled Banner三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Describe the geographical features of the United Kingdom.答案：The United Kingdom is an island nation located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. It consists of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The country is known for its diverse landscapes, including the rolling hills of the countryside, the rugged coastlines, and the bustling cities. The climate is generally temperate, with mild winters and cool summers.2. Explain the significance of the American Revolution.答案：The American Revolution was a pivotal event in world history that marked the birth of the United States as an independent nation. It was fought between 1775 and 1783 and resulted in the colonies breaking free from British rule. The revolution was significant for its impact on the principles of democracy, self-governance, and the establishment of a republic based on the rule of law and the consent of the governed.3. Discuss the role of immigration in shaping the United States.答案：Immigration has played a crucial role in shaping the United States, both demographically and culturally. From the early settlers to the waves of immigrants from Europe, Asia, and Latin America, the country has been a melting pot of diverse cultures. Immigration has contributed to the economic growth, cultural richness, and thedevelopment of a unique American identity that values diversity and the pursuit of the American Dream.4. What are the main branches of the UK government?答案：The UK government is structured into three main branches: the Monarchy, the Parliament, and the Judiciary. The Monarchy, currently headed by Queen Elizabeth II, serves as a ceremonial figurehead. The Parliament, which consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, is responsible for making laws. The Judiciary, with the Supreme Court at its head, interprets the law and ensures that it is applied fairly and consistently.四、论述题（20分）1. Discuss the cultural influences of the United States on the world.答案：The United States has had a profound cultural influence on the world, particularly in the areas of music, film, television, and literature. American pop culture, with its emphasis on individualism and innovation, has spread globally through various media. Hollywood films have become a dominant force in the global entertainment industry, shaping global tastes and preferences. American music genres such as jazz, blues, rock 'n' roll, and hip-hop have also had a significant impact, influencing music worldwide. Additionally, American literature,with its diverse voices and themes, has contributed to global literature and thought. The United States' influence is also seen in its technological advancements, which have transformed communication, business, and everyday life around the world.请注意，以上试题及答案仅供参考，实际考试内容和形式可能有所不同。

邯郸学院2018级函授本科《英美概况》试题姓名学号成绩年级专业（本试卷满分100分，考试时间110分钟）一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1. The hugest mountain peak in Britain is called _____.A. Ben Nevis.B. Cross FellC. SnowdownD. Scafell2. In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers in the North America.A. 1620, LondonB. 1620, PlymouthC. 1720, LondonD. 1720, Plymouth3. In the 18th century, there appeared ____ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines.A. the Industrial RevolutionB. the Bourgeois Revolution4. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can _____ by law.A. receive completely free educationB. receive partly free educationC. receive no free education if their families are richD. receive no free education at all5. The Midwest in America’s most important _____ area.A. agriculturalB. industrialC. manufacturingD. mining industry6. The US Federal Government is composed of the following except _____.A. the legislativeB. the standing committeeC. the judicialD. the executive7. Of all the symbols, _______ , which are considered to represent fertility and new life: are those most frequently associated with Easter.A. the pumpkin and the turkeyB. the lamb and the beefC. the spring peas and the potatoesD. the egg and the rabbit8. The dominant ethnic group in the US is ____.A. the BlacksB. W ASPsC. Asian AmericansD. Hispanics9. The American Industrial Revolution began in 1807 with its ____ industry.A. shipbuildingB. coal-miningC. textileD. machine-making.10. The US imperialism was marked all of the following except ____.A. high developed industryB. high concentration of the capitalC. free business enterpriseD. overseas territorial expansion二、判断题（每小题1分，共10分）____ 1. The longest river in Britain is the Severn river.____ 2. The general election in America is held every 5 years.____ 3. With regard to its size, the USA is the fourth largest country in the world.____ 4. The House of Lord is the upper house of the British Parliament.____ 5. The established church of Britain is the Church of England.____ 6. Today about 90% of Americans are church members in the United States.____ 7. The American War of Independence started in 1775 and ended in 1783.____ 8. British Recorded history began with Roman invasion.____ 9. Under Mrs. Thatcher, British economy in 1980s gradually declined.____ 10. The colonial life can be described as easy.三、填空题（每空2分，共30分）1. Britain is separated from the European Continent by the North ______, the Strait of _________ and the English _________.2. Most of the British social customs are based on the __________ tradition.3. The Hundred Years’ War was between ___________ and ____________.4. __________ is the capital of England and of Great Britain, the political center of the Commonwealth.5. Renaissance was a ___________ movement that arose with the rise of the ____________.6. The United States of America is made up of ________states.7. The period of colonization covered the years from _________to_________, that is, from the first settlement of English colonists to the ____________of America.8. The distinctive feature of the American educational system is its “emphasis on education of the __________rather than on education of the ___________.”四、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分）1.Independent schools2.William the Conqueror3.Checks and balances4.the Bill of Rights五、问答题（每小题10分，共20分）1. What is a constitutional monarchy?2. What are the functions of Parliament?。

2011英美文化与国家概况期末考试填空与简答复习题1、正误判断题：( 40题)判断下列题目的正误：1.Ireland was an independent kingdom (F)2.State-run school in Britain is also called public ( F)3.Britain is an island country, with its coastline( T )4.Most British families are extended (F )5.Great B ritain’s coastline is highly regula ( F )6.Hispanics refers to the Spanish-speakin ( T )7.T o the north of Great Britain the seaway( T )8.Most Jews went to America during the (F)9.Most English weather experts find it (F)10.B oth Welsh and Scottish people are desc( T )11.N oble class has already disappeared in(F)12.N owadays, a majority of British ( F)13.N owadays, marriage is still ( T)14.T he development of Middle (T)15.L ike U.S.A, the United Kingdom ( T)16.L ondon, the capital of the UK ( F )17.A sian and black minorities ( F )18.T he Constitution of the ( T )19.E nglish people originate ( T)20.T he Supreme Court is (T)21.T he expansion of the British (T)22. Henry VI was responsible (F)23. In terms of structure, the(T)24. Britain was the first nation (T)25. Parliament is the supreme (F)26. Britain produced many great (F)27. The nationalized industries in (T)28. One of the basic principles of (T)29. Britain has more than 90 univers(F)30. Easter Day always arrives in (F)31. T o expand higher education (F)32. British universities generally (T)33. British universities, different (F)34. Most students, poor or rich, (F)35. In British legal system, (T)36. More than 81 Oxford math(F)37. Prime ministers from 1945( F)38. Nowadays, Thanksgiving Day (F)39. Easter Day is the second most (T)40. The life of congress is two years (F)1.Of all these isles, the largest one is called Great Britain.For the sake of convenience, Great Britain is often shortened to Britain.2.United Kingdom is made up of four parts, England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthern Ireland.3.The island of Great Britain can be divided into two partsaccording to its geographic features: the Highland Zone in the north and west and the Lowland zone in the south and southeast.4.In America, The presiding officer of the senate is theVice-president of the United States who serves as chairman when the Senate is in session.5.Britain did not produce cotton and textile industry usedto rely on wool as the principal fiber.6.In Britain, the city Birmingham is well known for itsproduction of automobiles, electricity equipment, electronics, munitions, and arms.7.British government is produced through contest betweentwo major political parties every five years8.British can enjoy higher education in three ways:Universities, polytechnics and Open Universities.9.Mainland America is situated in the southern part ofNorth America with two land Neighbors, Canada to the north and Mexico to the south.10.T he longest river in Britain is the Severn River ，whichruns 355 kilometers and empties into the Bristol Strait. 11.W hite House is the place where American President livesand works.12.B ritish’s population is overwhelmingly urban, with about90% living in urban areas and 10% living in rural areas.13.B ritain invented the locomotive and was the first countryto build a railway in the world in 1825.14.O ne of the most important US government principle is“Checks and Balances”.15.T he majority of the British people believe in Christianity,which is the religion of the followers of Jesus Christ. 16.T he most important and longest river running throughthe middle plain of America is Mississippi River.17.T he U.K. has two established churches: the Church ofEngland and the Church of Scotland.18.I mportant heavy industries in Britain includeshipbuilding and motor vehicle.19.Modern English is the official language of the UnitedKingdom as well as the first language of the vast majority 20. In Britain, the place where parliament has sessions in London is the Palace of Westminster.21. The US Congress has two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate comprises 100 Senators, two from each of the 50 states22. In early times, British nobility can be divided into upper nobility and lower nobility according to the amount of the land they possessed.23. In Britain, the nucleus of the government is known as the Cabinet , which is headed by the prime minister.24. In the United Kingdom, politics is under the control of political parties, and this is known as party politics.25. The US Constitution protects freedom of speech and freedom of the press so that common people can make their opinions known.26. The highest court in Britain is the Supreme Court.27. If the jury cannot reach a unanimous agreement, itbecomes known as a hung jury.28. The English legal profession is divided into two branches: solicitors and barristers .29. Britain was the first country to introduce a neweconomic system known as free enterprise.30. T o meet the increasing need and protect environment, Britain has begun to develop some new energies, such as bio-fuels, deriving from waste and crops.31. Traditionally, the British culture has been characterized by its requirement of decency and civility in doing things.32. T o the south of San Francisco locates a famous valley, named Silicon Valley, which has now become the center of America’s electronic industry.33. The Mississippi River Valley, also known as the _Central Plain_, consists of the large area between the Appalachian on the east and the Rocky Mountains on the west.34. Britain has traditionally been a manufacturing nation and was once known as the “ workshop of the world.”35. One of the most famous natural park in America, Yellow Stone National Park, is situated in the state Wyoming.36. Las Vegas, the most striking gambling city in America, completely relies on the water from the Colorado River. 37. Everything related with family life, including family meals, is regarded as privacy in Britain.38. The working class people usually have a “ high tea” with hot dishes at about 5 o’clock in the afternoon;39. The middle-class people normally have an early “light tea” at about 4 or 5 o’clock in the afternoon.40. Private schools in Britain are officially called independent schools because they are independent of the government.3.简答问题：（15题）简要回答下列问题：1.Why is America compared to a melting-pot?2.What are the characters of typical British people?3.Why do British people like to talk about weather somuch?4.What changes have taken place in British families? Whatare the possible causes for those changes?5.Who are the famous Queens in British history? Pleasewrite down their names.6.What are the advantages and disadvantages of JuryTrial?7.What are the popular festivals in America? Please list twoor three names of them.8.What is the function of monarch in Britain?9.Why is British government system called “ConstitutionalMonarchy”?10.P lease list some famous rivers in America.11.W hat measures can government take to adjust thedevelopment of economy?12.W hy do some Historians call black Americans “unwillingimmigrants”?13.W hat are the factors that can help you decide socialstatus of a man in British society?14.W hat are the spirits American People worship?15.H ow does American government system demonstrate theprinciple of “Checks and Balances”?2011英美文化与国家概况期末考试填空与简答复习题2、知识填空题：( 40题)1.Great Britain; Britain2.England; Wales; Northern Ireland3.Highland Zone; Lowland Zone4.Vice-president5.wool6.Birmingham7.five8.Universities; Open Universities9.Canada; Mexico10.S evern11.W hite House12.u rban; rural13.r ailway14.B alances15.C hristianity; Jesus Christ16.M ississippi River17.e stablished; England; Scotland18.s hipbuilding; motor vehicle production19.M odern English20.t he Palace of Westminster21.S enate; House of Representatives; 100; two22.u pper; lower23.C abinet24.p arties25.s peech; the press26.t he Supreme Court27.h ung28.s olicitors; barristers29.f ree30.b io-fuels31.d ecency32.S ilicon Valley33.C entral Plain; Appalachian; Rocky34.w orkshop35.W yoming36.L as Vegas37.p rivacy38.h igh39.l ight40.i ndependent4.简答问题：（15题）1.As immigrants from different regions and cultures cameto live in the United States, their old ways of life melt away, and they became part of the American culture.2.Traditionally, the British culture has been characterizedby its requirement of decency and civility in doing things.3.Because the weather in Britain is very changeable;moreover, as British people tend to avoid private topics, weather is considered to be a safe topic.4.T oday, British women are no longer confined to trditionalhouse chores. Women employees can be found in almost every part of social life. They make up about 48% of the British labor force. Paid jobs meant independence for women,which finally led to changes in women’s social status.5.Mary ; Elizabeth I ; Victoria ; Elizabeth II6.The jury trial in Britain embodies some basic principle ofthe value cherished by the British people, such as the protection of individual rights. However, if the jurycannot reach a unanimous agreement, it becomes known as a hung jury. Then a new jury has to be formed, and a new trail is called.7.Christmas Day ; New Year’s Day ; Thanksgiving Day ;Independence Day ; Lincoln’s Birthday ; Halloween8.Over centuries in history, the English monarch personallycontrolled supreme executive, legislative, and judicial power. After the founding of the law court in the 12th century and Parliament in the 13th century, the direct exercise of these functions by the monarch gradually decreased.9.On the one hand, Monarch is the symbol of supremepower in Britain; on the other hand, the power of Monarch is limited by laws, and it has mainly advisory and ceremonial responsibilities, the real power is clenched by Prime Minister and parliament.10.t he Mississippi River , the Missouri River , the OhioRiver , the T ennessee River , the Colorado River , The Rio Grande River , the Potomac River , the Hudson River 11.1) Fiscal policy: increase/decrease tax rate;increase/decrease government budget.2) Monetary policy: increase/decrease interest rate; issuenational bond.12. Because they were victims of the traffic in slaves.13. wealth, clothes, accent, education, family background, gestures, social circle, profession…14. The spirits American People worship are supposed to include equality, freedom, hard work, self-reliance.15. 1) Executive branch can check legislative branch through:A. Bring up with BillsB. Deny BillsC. Implement policies2) Legislative branch can check executive branch through:A. Initiate revenue billB. Reject nominationC. InvestigationD. Impeachment3) Legislative branch can check judicial branch through:A. Appoint judgesB. Determine budgetC. Overthrow verdictD. Impeachment4) Judicial branch can check legislative branch throug h:A. Judicial review of ActsB. passed by congress5) Executive branch can check judicial branch through“appointing Judges on the advice of congress”.6) Judicial branch can check executive branch through “judicial review of Executive actio n”.（写出任意三点可得满分）。

英美概况复习题参考答案一、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. 阿拉斯加，夏威夷，阿拉斯加，太平，火奴鲁鲁/檀香山2．阿拉巴契亚，落基3．苏格兰，威尔士4．好莱坞，洛杉矶5．大西，英吉利，北6．大宪章7．塞文，泰晤士8．密西西比河9．大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国10．大不列颠，爱尔兰二、单项选择题（共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）三、判断题（共5小题，每小题1分，共5分）四、名词翻译（共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1．Church of England2．Magna Carta/ The Great Charter3．cabinet4．Declaration of Independence5．Constitution6. Mayflower7. Shadow Cabinet8. Republican Party9. Labor Party10. Supreme Court五、问答题（共4小题，每小题10分，共40分）1. 工业革命的展开和工业资本主义的发展，工人阶级力量的壮大；1832年的英国议会改革，使工业资产阶级获得了选举权，工人阶级却被排斥于议会之外；工人与资本家的矛盾日益尖锐，工人的生活悲惨；1838年，伦敦工人协会的工人领袖与议会的激进派议员共同草拟了一份请愿书，并命名为“人民宪章”。

2. 经济：生产力迅速发展；政治：巩固了资本主义各国的统治基础，引起了社会结，构的重大变革，出现两大对立阶级；生活：城市化。

人们的生活方式和价值观在逐渐变化；国际关系：密切了世界各地之间的联系，改变了世界的面貌，最终确立了资产阶级对世界的统治。

3. 北美独立战争是一个伟大的历史事件。

它推翻了英国在北美的殖民统治，使北美成为独立自主的资产阶级民主共和国；解放了美国的生产力，为美国资本主义的发展扫清了道路；在国际上，它推动了法国资产阶级革命，促进了英国的民主改革，影响了欧洲各国的资产阶级革命；它也给当时整个美洲的民族独立运动以深远的影响。

英美概况面试题及答案高中问题一：英国的首都是什么？英国的官方语言是什么？答案：英国的首都是伦敦。

英国的官方语言是英语。

问题二：请简述美国的独立日是哪一天，并解释其意义。

答案：美国的独立日是7月4日，这一天是为了纪念1776年《独立宣言》的签署，标志着美国从大不列颠的统治下独立出来。

问题三：英国和美国在政治体制上有何不同？答案：英国是一个君主立宪制国家，拥有女王作为国家元首，而实际政治权力由首相和议会掌握。

美国则是一个联邦制国家，实行总统制，总统既是国家元首也是政府首脑。

问题四：请列举至少三个英国和美国在文化上的不同点。

答案：英国和美国在文化上的不同点包括：1) 饮食习惯，例如英国人喜欢下午茶，而美国人更倾向于快餐文化；2) 教育体系，英国的教育体系较为传统，注重学术研究，而美国的教育体系更注重实践和创新；3) 社会礼仪，英国人通常比较保守和讲究礼仪，而美国人则更加随意和直接。

问题五：英国的“脱欧”对英国和欧盟有什么影响？答案：“脱欧”指的是英国退出欧盟。

这一事件对英国意味着需要重新建立与欧盟的贸易关系，同时也可能影响英国的国际地位和经济。

对欧盟而言，英国的退出可能会削弱其整体经济实力和政治影响力。

问题六：美国历史上有哪些重要的移民潮？这些移民潮对美国的发展有何影响？答案：美国历史上重要的移民潮包括19世纪的爱尔兰和德国移民潮，以及20世纪的拉丁美洲和亚洲移民潮。

这些移民潮极大地丰富了美国的多元文化，促进了社会和经济的发展，同时也带来了一些社会问题，如文化融合和就业竞争。

问题七：请简述英国的工业革命对世界历史的影响。

答案：英国的工业革命是18世纪末到19世纪初的一场重大社会经济变革，它标志着从手工劳动向机械化生产的转变。

工业革命极大地提高了生产效率，促进了城市化，改变了人们的生活方式，并对全球经济和社会发展产生了深远影响。

问题八：美国的文化多元性是如何形成的？答案：美国的文化多元性主要是由其历史上的大规模移民潮形成的。

英国概况III. Explain the following terms.1. the Hardian's Wall:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2. Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of the wisemen. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It's the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3. William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated King Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. the battle of HastinasIn 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day's battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.5. Domesdav BookUnder William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgment Day.6. the Great CharterKing John's reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king's powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.7. the Hundred Years' WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lostalmost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.8. Joan of ArcShe was a national heroine of France during the Hundred 'Yfears' War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.9. the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.10. the Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king's power became supreme. Tudor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.11. Bloodv MarvHenry VIH's daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname "Bloody Mary". Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.12. Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13. Oliver CromwellThe leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restoration of Charles II in 1660.14. the Bill of RiahtsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.15. Whias and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Tbries were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tbries and became the Liberal Party. The Tbries were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16. James WattThe Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. Winston ChurchillPrime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18. AaribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, because it's equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designs to give the maximum output of crops and animals.19. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statues.20. Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.21. the ODDOsitionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the official Opposition, with its own leader and "shadow cabinet". The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.22. the Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private ("privy”) advice on the governmentof the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.23. Common lawA written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24. the iuryA legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons in Scotland. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.25. the NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of Parliament. This Service provides for every resident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be full range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.26. comprehensive schoolsState secondary schools which take uuuils without reference to abilitv and provide a wide-ranaina secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school uouulation in GB attend comprehensive school.27. public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are long-established and have gained a reputation for their high academic standards, as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys' public schools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and girls' famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establishment were educated at a public school.1. What do you know about the Roman invasion of Britain? ------- I n 55 BC and 54 BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.2. Why did the William the Conqueror invade England after Edward's death? ------- It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.3. What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest? ------- The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history. It brought about many consequences. William confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.4. What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter? ---------- T he Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and king John. It had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important contents were these: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land;(3) the church should possess all its rights and privileges; (4) London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges; (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.5. What do you know about the English Renaissance? ---------- Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread to England in the late 15th century. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history else where in Europe; (3) Owning to the great genius of the 14th century poet chaucer, the native literature was vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance literature is chiefly artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly; (5) the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England. The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.6. Why did the Restoration take place?------- When Oliver Cormwell died in 1658 and was succeeded byhis son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660, and to resolve the crisis, it asked the late king's son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.7. How did the "Glorious Revolution" break out? What was the significance of it? ------ In 1685 CharlesII died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James, who was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic, He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, no any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both Protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It's the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.8. What is your comment on land enclosures in England? ----- Agricultural enclosure became frequent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad results: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. They were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly over crowded. It also lead to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers' hopes of even owning his own land. Many became wage labourers, earning low rates in spite of agriculture's new prosperity.9. How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed? ----------- The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It's characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines, such as John Ray's flying shuttle, James Hargreaves' spinning Jenny, Richard Arkwright's water frame and Samuel Cropton's mule. The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved transportation ran parallel with production. As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the "workshop of the world"; no other country could compete with her in industrial production.10. What do you know about the Chartist Movement and the People's Charter? What's your comment on them? ------ The Chartist Movement was an industrial working class movement that happened in Englandfrom 1836 to 1848. In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men's Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (known as the People's Charter) in 1838, which had six points: (1) the vote for all adult males, (2) voting by secret ballot, (3) equal electoral districts, (4) abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament, (5) payment of members of Parliament, and (6) annual Parliament, with a General Election every June. Support for these six demands was loudly voiced all over the country. Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country to press Parliament to accept the 6 points. But Parliament rejected them for three times. In the end, the Chartist Movement failed. It failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class was still immature. The Chartist Movement, however, the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical.11. How did the Labour Party come into being? ------ As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formed which brought about the formation of the Labour Party. The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.12. What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain? ------ A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty's Government ------------------- a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament. The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.13. What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government? ------ T he sovereign is the symbol of thewhole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the "supreme governor" of the established church of England.14. What are the main functions of Parliament? ---------The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.15. Why do the criminal convicts like to be tried first before the magistrates' courts?----- A Magistrates' court tries summary offences and "either way" offences. It is open to the public and the media and usually consists of three unpaid "lay” magistrates. A magistrates' court sits without a jury. The criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt; every possible step is taken to deny to the prosecution any advantage over the defense. No accused person has to answer the questions of the police before trials; he is not compelled to give evidence or to submit to cross-examination in court.16. What does the civil courts system do? ------- The civil courts system does the following jurisdiction: (1) actions founded upon contract and tort; (2) trust and mortgages cases; (3) actions for the recovery of land; (4) cases involving disputes between landlords and tenants; (5) admiralty cases and patent cases; and (7) divorce cases and other family matters.17. What is meant by the term 1'welfare state" in Britain? -------------- The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities. The system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.18. What is the most important established Church in Britain? How is it related to the Crown andlinked with the State? ------ The most important established Church in Britain is the Church of England. It is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that church and, as "Defender of the Faith", must promise on his or her accession to uphold it. Church of England archbishops, bishops and deans of cathedrals are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of Lords, in which the two archbishops (of Canterbury and \fc)rk), the bishops of London,Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops have seats19. What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities? --------------- The Open University is non-residential university which is "open" to all to become students. It offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and other member countries of the EU. It was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970. It was a combination of specially produced printed texts, correspondence tuition, television and radio broadcasts and audio/video cassettes. For some courses, there are residential schools. There is a network of study centers for contact with part-time tutors and counselors, and with fellow students.30. What are some of the characteristics of American education? ------- (1) Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education. (2) Public educations is free and compulsory.(3) Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education. (4)Education is a function of the states, not the federal government.What are geographic features of Britain?Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It's separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and North Sea in the east. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands, and the east and south east are mostly lowlands.What are the features of British climate?Britain has a maritime climate. Winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range.The climate in Britain is mainly influenced by three features.1. The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and coolingoff relatively and slowly they bring warm air in winter and cool air in summer.2. The prevailing winds blow over the country all the year round, bringing warm and wet air in winter and keepingthe temperature moderate.3. The North Atlantic Ocean Drift, which is a warm drift, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warmsthem.What measures did Henry II take to centralize power?1. He forced foreign mercenaries to leave England.2. He abolished the annual land tax.3. He took steps to reform the law courts and divided the country into six circuits to increase the power of the King's Court.4. He also planned to reform the church courts, which had the exclusive right of justice over the whole body of the educated men throughout the country.What contributions did Elizabeth I do to Britain?1. Religion compromise. She carried out the religious reform and broke religious ties.2. She successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers.3. She granted charters to English merchants.4. In her reign, the Spanish Armada was destroyed.5. She carried out a foreign policy to prevent England from involving in major European conflicts. It was to this period of time that the English Empire owed its foundation.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars.The results of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605:The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and the imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display is arranged.How did the Civil War break out?It was very reluctantly that the Parliament concluded that the only way it could impress its views on such a king would be to defeat him in a battle, and then impose legal conditions upon him before allowing him to reign again. This idea was important until 1645. On August 22,1642 in a field near Nottingham King Charles raised his standard beneath a glowering sky, and bade all his supporters to join him. Thus the First Civil War began. TheCivil War (also called Revolutionary War or the English Bourgeois Revolution, or the Puritan Revolution) broke out in 1642. The Left Wing of Parliament was composed of free farmers, tradesmen, and artisans of the country towns. They made up the most revolutionary section and were generally known as Roundheads because their hair was cut close to the skin. The English Bourgeois Revolution in its upsurge was also called the Puritan Revolution. The king's support mainly came from the West and the North of England. The king's supporters were generally known as the Cavaliers or Royalists.Cromwell was a country gentleman and Member of the Parliament. He organized a compact army of well disciplined soldiers which became known as the New Model Army. These soldiers were mostly devout Protestants.★King Charles ----Cromwell★The King's men were called Cavaliers, and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads because of their short haircuts.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution, because the King's opponents were mainly Puritan, and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and Catholic.Consequences of The Civil WarsBecause of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began in 1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious (Puritan) ideology while the Crown's traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.The RestorationWhen Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as King Charles II. It was called the Restoration.The Glorious Revolution of 1688In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.How did the "Glorious Revolution" break out? What was the significance of it?——When Charles II died in 1685, he was succeeded by his brother, James II. James II was a Catholic and hoped to be able to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But English in 1688 could not tolerate a Catholic as King. The English politicians appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, James' Dutch nephew and the husband of Mary, James' daughter, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in November 1688. On their acceptance of the Bill of Rights (1689), William and Mary were crowned jointly in Westminster Abbey. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament, began.Whigs and ToriesThese two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tbries in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.The Tbries were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tbries were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:(1) Favorable geographical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those。