非常好的考博英语真题

考博士英语试题及答案一、词汇和语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. DuplicateD. Annihilate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She has been working here since she graduated.B. She has been working here since she graduated from university.C. She has been working here since she graduated university.D. She has been working here since she was graduated.答案：B3. The correct usage of the word "subsequent" is demonstrated in which sentence?A. The subsequent event was unexpected.B. The subsequent events were unexpected.C. The subsequent event was not expected.D. The subsequent events were not expected.答案：B4. What is the antonym of "abundant"?A. ScarceB. AbundantC. PlentifulD. Ample答案：A5. The phrase "at the mercy of" means:A. To be in a position of power.B. To be controlled by someone or something.C. To show mercy to someone.D. To be in a state of uncertainty.答案：B...二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇阅读5题，每题2分）Passage 1[文章内容略]6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]8. The author's attitude towards the subject can be best described as:A. SkepticalB. OptimisticC. NeutralD. Pessimistic答案：[正确答案]9. What does the term "paradigm shift" refer to in the context of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]10. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案][其他Passage及问题略]三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）[文章内容略]11. The blank [ ] should be filled with:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]12. The word that best completes the sentence is:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]...四、翻译（共20分，每题5分）13. Translate the following sentence into English: [中文句子]答案：[英文翻译]14. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: [英文句子]答案：[中文翻译]...五、写作（共10分）15. Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic "The Impact of Technology on Education".[写作指导略][学生作文略]注意：以上试题及答案仅为示例，实际考试内容会有所不同。

考博士英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 阅读下列短文，然后根据短文内容回答问题。

（每题2分，共10分）[短文内容略](1) What is the main idea of the passage?(2) What does the author suggest about the future of technology?(3) Why are some people hesitant to adopt new technologies?(4) What is the role of education in technological advancement?(5) How can individuals contribute to the development of technology?2. 阅读以下文章，然后根据文章内容选择最佳答案。

（每题2分，共10分）[文章内容略](1) A(2) B(3) C(4) D(5) E3. 阅读以下文章，并根据文章内容回答问题。

（每题3分，共20分） [文章内容略](1) What is the primary purpose of the article?(2) How does the author describe the impact of globalization?(3) What are some of the challenges faced by developing countries?(4) What solutions does the author propose to address the issues?(5) What is the author's conclusion regarding the futureof globalization?二、词汇与语法（共30分）1. 根据句子意思，选择正确的词汇填空。

北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The company has been ________ for over a century.A. establishedB. establishingC. to establishD. being established答案：A2. Despite the heavy rain, the match will be held as ________.A. planB. plannedC. planningD. to plan答案：B3. The professor suggested that we ________ a meeting to discuss the issue.A. arrangeB. arrangedC. arrangingD. will arrange答案：A4. The book is worth ________.A. to readB. readC. readingD. being read答案：C5. The problem is too difficult for us ________.A. to solveB. solvingC. solvedD. being solved答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每题3分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。

The rise of artificial intelligence has brought about significant changes in various industries. Companies are now using AI to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance customer experiences. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, there are concerns about job displacement and privacy issues.6. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The impact of AI on industriesB. The benefits of AIC. The concerns about AID. The advancement of technology答案：A7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of AI?A. Improved efficiencyB. Reduced costsC. Enhanced customer experiencesD. Increased job opportunities答案：D8. What is the concern associated with AI?A. Job displacementB. Increased efficiencyC. Reduced costsD. Enhanced customer experiences答案：A9. What can be inferred from the passage?A. AI is only used in certain industries.B. AI is a threat to privacy.C. AI is being embraced by companies.D. AI has no benefits.答案：C10. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To promote AIB. To criticize AIC. To inform about AID. To encourage debate about AI答案：C三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In the past, people used to believe that the world was flat. However, with the discovery of new lands and the development of navigational tools, this belief was gradually __11__.11. A. changedB. alteredC. modifiedD. transformed答案：A12. The explorers' voyages led to a __12__ understanding of the world.A. clearB. distinctC. preciseD. accurate答案：D13. As a result, the concept of a spherical Earth became__13__.A. acceptedB. acknowledgedC. recognizedD. known答案：A14. Today, we take for granted the fact that the Earth is round, but in the past, it was a __14__ idea.A. revolutionaryB. radicalC. groundbreakingD. innovative答案：A15. The __15__ of the Earth's shape has had a profound impact on science and exploration.A. realizationB. perceptionC. understandingD. comprehension答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题10分）16. 随着互联网的普及，人们获取信息的方式发生了巨大变化。

医学考博英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题1分）1. The new drug is reported to be effective in treating_______.A. hypertensionB. hypotensionC. hyperactivityD. hypoactivity答案：A2. The patient's condition has been stable since the _______ of the medication.A. administrationB. admissionC. communicationD. commutation答案：A3. The doctor advised the patient to avoid _______ foods.A. allergenicB. allergicC. allergenD. allergy答案：A4. The _______ of the surgery was successful, but thepatient's recovery was slow.A. executionB. implementationC. performanceD. operation答案：D5. The _______ of the disease is influenced by genetic factors.A. progressionB. regressionC. transmissionD. transition答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇5分）Passage 1Recent studies have shown that a balanced diet can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease. Experts recommend consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. It is also important to limit the intake of salt, sugar, and saturated fats.5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a balanced dietB. The role of fruits and vegetables in heart healthC. The dangers of salt, sugar, and saturated fatsD. The benefits of lean proteins and healthy fats答案：A6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT recommended for heart health?A. Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetablesB. Eating whole grainsC. Limiting the intake of salt and sugarD. Eating large amounts of saturated fats答案：DPassage 2The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased significantly in recent years. EHRs provide a comprehensive view of a patient's medical history, which can improve the quality of care. However, the implementation of EHRs also presents challenges, such as ensuring data privacy and security.7. What is the main advantage of EHRs mentioned in the passage?A. They provide a complete medical historyB. They improve patient-doctor communicationC. They reduce medical errorsD. They lower healthcare costs答案：A8. What challenge is associated with the use of EHRs?A. Ensuring data privacy and securityB. Training medical staff to use the systemC. Maintaining the hardware for the systemD. Complying with legal regulations答案：A三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a means of providing medical care to patients in remoteareas. This approach allows doctors to consult with patients via video conference, 9. which can save both time and money. Telemedicine can also 10. provide access to specialized care that may not be available locally.9. A. therebyB. moreoverC. howeverD. otherwise答案：A10. A. potentiallyB. actuallyC. certainlyD. occasionally答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题15分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。

博士生英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. AppearanceB. EventC. PhenomenonD. Fact2. Which of the following is the correct usage of "affect"?A. The weather will affect tomorrow.B. The weather will be affected by tomorrow.C. The weather will affect tomorrow's plans.D. The weather will be affected to tomorrow's plans. ...10. In the sentence "He is one of the most talented students in the class," the word "talented" refers to:A. GiftedB. EducatedC. SkilledD. Trained答案：1. C2. C...10. A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The _______ of the new policy has caused a lot of controversy.A. implementationB. introductionC. executionD. application2. Despite his _______, he managed to finish the project on time.A. illnessB. healthC. sicknessD. disease...10. The _______ of the experiment was to determine the effects of different variables.A. purposeB. goalC. aimD. target答案：1. B2. A...10. C三、阅读理解（每篇5分，共20分）阅读以下文章，回答后面的问题。

博士学位英语考试真题及答案题目1：Which of the following statements is true about academic writing?A. It often uses informal language.B. It avoids using citations from other sources.C. It emphasizes clarity and precision.D. It does not require careful planning.答案：C题目2：The main purpose of a research paper is to ____.A. entertain the readerB. persuade the readerC. present new ideas or findingsD. describe personal experiences答案：C题目3：In academic writing, a citation is used to ____.A. add humor to the textB. support an argument with evidenceC. increase the word countD. make the text more creative答案：B题目4：When writing an abstract for a research paper, it is important to ____.A. include detailed experimental proceduresB. provide a summary of the main pointsC. discuss the limitations of the studyD. present personal opinions about the topic答案：B题目5：Plagiarism refers to the act of ____.A. copying someone else's work without proper citationB. using complex vocabulary to impress readersC. avoiding using citations in academic writingD. discussing personal opinions in a research paper答案：A题目6：In academic writing, a thesis statement is a sentence that ____.A. entertains the reader with a jokeB. presents the main argument or purpose of the paperC. provides background information about the topicD. discusses the limitations of previous research答案：B题目7：The passive voice is often used in academic writing to ____.A. sound more informalB. emphasize the actions of the subjectC. avoid mentioning who performed an actionD. make the text more creative答案：C题目8：Effective academic writing should be ____.A. vague and ambiguousB. concise and focusedC. full of unnecessary detailsD. written in a conversational style答案：B请注意，这些题目只是示例，并不代表真实的博士学位英语考试题目。

英语考博试题及答案一、词汇与结构（共20分）1. The _______ of the project will depend on the availability of funds.A) initiationB) implementationC) terminationD) qualification答案：B2. Despite his _______ efforts, he failed to convince the committee.A) trivialB) futileC) sincereD) superficial答案：C3. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implicationsB) complicationsC) ramificationsD) repercussions答案：A4. She is a _______ of her father, showing great talent in music.A) descendantB) successorC) inheritorD) progeny答案：C5. The _______ of the old building was a significant event in the community.A) demolitionB) renovationC) constructionD) destruction答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。

Passage 1The rise of the internet has transformed the way we communicate, learn, and do business. It has opened up new opportunities and challenges for individuals and organizations alike.6. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history of the internet.B) The impact of the internet on society.C) The technical aspects of the internet.D) The future of the internet.答案：B7. What does the author imply about the internet?A) It has only positive effects.B) It has both opportunities and challenges.C) It is a threat to traditional businesses.D) It is outdated and no longer relevant.答案：BPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development.8. What is the main reason for the interest in renewable energy?A) Economic benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Technological advancements.D) Government policies.答案：B9. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Renewable energy is widely adopted.B) Renewable energy is too expensive.C) There is a need for sustainable development.D) Environmental concerns are a recent issue.答案：C三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

博士专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "sustainability" refers to the ability to endure over the long haul.A) TrueB) False2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of sustainable development?A) Economic growthB) Environmental protectionC) Social equityD) Unlimited resource consumption3. The phrase "paradigm shift" in academic writing often refers to:A) A change in the weatherB) A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptionsC) A minor adjustment in perspectiveD) A change in political leadership4. The concept of "ecosystem services" is associated with which field of study?A) EconomicsB) EcologyC) SociologyD) Political science5. In the context of climate change, "mitigation" refers to:A) Adapting to the effects of climate changeB) Reducing greenhouse gas emissionsC) Planting more treesD) Moving populations to less affected areas6. The term "peer review" in academic publishing is a process where:A) Authors review each other's workB) Journal editors review all submissionsC) Experts in the field evaluate and critique manuscriptsD) The public reviews and comments on published articles7. Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy?A) Solar powerB) Wind powerC) Nuclear powerD) Hydroelectric power8. The "Kyoto Protocol" is an international treaty linked to:A) Biodiversity conservationB) Climate changeC) International tradeD) Space exploration9. "Circular economy" is a model of production and consumption that:A) Encourages the use of non-renewable resourcesB) Minimizes waste and promotes recyclingC) Focuses on mass production and consumptionD) Ignores the environmental impact of production10. The "Precautionary Principle" in environmental policy suggests that:A) Action should be taken only after full scientific certainty is achievedB) Scientific uncertainty should not be used as a reason to postpone measures to prevent harmC) Environmental policies should be based solely on economic considerationsD) Environmental harm should be accepted as a cost of economic growth二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in plants is known as __________.12. The greenhouse effect is primarily caused by the accumulation of __________ gases in the atmosphere.13. In a __________ economy, the goal is to minimize waste and make the most of resources.14. The term "biodiversity" refers to the variety of life in all its forms and levels of __________.15. The __________ Principle states that it is better to be safe than sorry when it comes to potential harm to the environment.16. The __________ is a global environmental facility that provides grants for projects that benefit the global environment.17. The __________ is a set of international rules for the trade and use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.18. "Eco-friendly" products are designed to have the leastpossible __________ on the environment.19. The __________ is a measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities.20. The __________ is a branch of environmental science concerned with the study of the total environment of a given area, both physical and biological.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Define the term "sustainable development" and explain its three main pillars.22. What are the key components of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?23. Describe the role of "stakeholders" in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR).24. Explain the concept of "ecological footprint" and why it is important for environmental conservation.四、论述题（每题25分，共50分）25. Discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to a low-carbon economy.26. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of international environmental agreements in addressing global environmental issues.五、翻译题（共30分）27. Translate the following paragraph from English to Chinese (15 points):"Environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, and climate change are three of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. The need for sustainable solutionsthat balance economic growth, social development, and environmental protection is more urgent than ever."28. Translate the following paragraph from Chinese to English (15 points):"可持续发展是指在不损害后代满足其需求的能力的前提下，满足当代人的需求。

中国科学院3月博士硕士入学考试试题PARTⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machinescoring Answer Sheet.21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC.offersD. satisfies22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that was vital.A. dispositionB. distinctionC.distributionD. disruption23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to them.A. stick toB. turn toC.lead toD. take to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore, it must be banned.A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimentalD. casual25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________of law.A. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. idetity26. The food was divided____________according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficientlyD. proportionally27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverse riding styles.A. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggeratesD. elaborate28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC.for the sake ofD. as opposed to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the university yesterday.A. contribute toB. account forC.identify withD. leave out30. Please do not be____________by his had manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritatedD. shocked31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including an autobiography and numerous magazine articles.A. prevalentB. stand up toC.prospectiveD. prolific32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test of international competition.A. keep up withB. stand up toply withD. attend to33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________revived.A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. preliminarily34. The book might well have____________had it been less expensive.A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught onD. fitted in35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________was under way.A. cleanupB. setupC.breakoutD. takeout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________perfect product.A. ratherB. muchC.otherwiseD. particularly37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding next week.A. let offB. let goC.let looseD. let out38. They reached a(n)____________to keep their dispute out of the mass madia.A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.limitationsD. misgivings39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about our map.A. troublesB. fearsC.limitationsD. misgivings40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________.A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partD. in your interestPAET ⅢCLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Direction: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for other things many be called the symbolic process.Everywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do or want to do, possess or want to possess, that have not a symbolic value.Almost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it“looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in f or__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47__to the community that we can __ 48__it.Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why cna't human beings__ 50__simply and natur ally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of being its slaves we become, to some degree at least, its__ 55__.41. A. many B. some C. few D. enough42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely D. likely43. A. makd B. get C. possess D. select44. A. of B. for C. as D. with45. A. on B. to C. at D. for46. A. earlier B. later C. former D. latter47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation D. evidence48. A. use B. afford C. ride D. find49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate D. unnecessary50. A. live B. work C. stay D. behave51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity D. complexity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time D. doubt53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed D. return54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that D. by reason that55. A. teachers B. students C. masters D. servantsPART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage1The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned.Although the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the had weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall” has receivedvery little of what it needs to run.Since solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponents suggest.Washington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment proveds only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of return comparable to a passbook savings account.Nor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form of reduced utility bills.Solar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the govenment officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-solar crowd does consumers a real disservice.56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________.A. technologyB. contestC. strategyD. machine57. What does the author say about the weather?A. It is rare for Washington, D. C. to have such long rainy days.B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for the most of the time.C. It is favorable to the manufacturers to promote solar equipment.D. It has helped see the disadvantages of solar energy.58. What has happened to D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall”?A. It has revealed a mechanical problem.B. It lacks the energy for operation.C. It needs substantial financial support.D. It has drawn criticism from the government.59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________.A. solar power plants can hardly avoid polluting their surroundingsB. most people prefer the relatively simple use of fossil fuelC. the uses of solar enery still cannot go without fossil fuelD. only several communities entirely consist of solar energy homes60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________.A. brings little interestB. brings much interestC. is a deposit of at least $ 100D. is a deposit of at least $ 500061. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________.A. admits its limitation of being expensiveB. rarely mentions its cost to homeownersC. stands on the side of the majority of consumersD. remains more objective than the solar equipment manufacturersPassage2Every year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an“F” to over helf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air ” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglect ing to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Toobad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives of the ALA.The very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spiles are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smon capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeler,which exceeded federal smog standards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned“F”misleadingly implies that air quality has not improved at all.Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F”to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic increases above the standard.62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air ”can best be described as____________.A. trustingB. suspiciousC. criticalD. hesitant63. By citing figures from the EPA, the auther seem to contend that____________ .A. the regulations about smog have proved effectiveB. new regulations are necessary to deal with smogC. smog problems have actually become less seriousD. the federal smog standard has been rather low64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________.A. the increase above the smog standardB. the irregular readings about air quality in some areasC. the occurrences of smog in Los AngelesD. the current standards demanded by ALA65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________.A. is right to assign an “F”to that areaB. often bases its report on the past eventsC. has a good reason to stress smog risksD. has overstated smog problems66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________.A. present smog standards should be made stricterB. the standard established by the EPA is effectiveC. some areas fail to meet the federal standard at timesD. poor air quality is a major problem nationwide67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________.A. its lack of opinions from expertsB. its focus on some irregular casesC. its attempt to make up the dateD. its inconsistent smog standardsPassage3It wa s (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by“instinct”whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly interlligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take“normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal”behavior needs to be explained at all. This“instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act.”In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are di sappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitie psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.68. William James believed that man is mor flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________.A. adaptiveB. reasonableC. instinctiveD. sophisticated69. What do we usually think of our normal behavior?A. It is controlled by powerful thoughts.B. It is beyond the study of psychology.C. It doesn't need to be explained.D. It doesn't seem to be natural sometimes.70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologists?A. Why do we smile when pleased?B. Why do we love our children?C. How do we appreciates beautiful?D. How do we reason and process information?71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________.A. take the normal behavior for grantedB. make the natural seem strangeC. study abnormal competencesD. make easy things difficult72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________.A. not replaced by resoningB. the same as other animals'sC. not as complex as we thinkD. worth studyingPassage4In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas, misspelled words and sentence fragments.But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harder every day.“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”she said.Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar, spelling and sentence structure.They say the problem is most noticeable in college students and recently graduates.“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at least they felt guilty.”Ironically, Baron's latest book,“Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,”became a vic tim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page.“People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now they just say ‘whatever.’”“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward wr iting. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spellcheck has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”she said.But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “They're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” Hen derson said.LSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use disftinct writing styles that fit their purpose.She emphasizes that there's the mformal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thoght out and structured academic or professional style of writing.It's not just e-mail and instant messaging that are contributing to slack writing habits.Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adulte do.English language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and early publishers rarely proofread.There will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings the pendulum back.73. According to Shannon McGuire, what is making her job harder than before?A. More and more students ask her to teach how to write instant messages.B. More and more structural errors are seen in her student's writings.C. Students are becoming increasingly indifferent to learning English.D. Parents are more demanding as to the teaching content of the school.74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________.A. are the victims of the deteriorating educationB. mostly have very had handwritingC. don't think they're writing bad EnglishD. are ashamed of their poor writing skills75. What happened to Baron's latest book?A. It was poorly edited.B. It failed to come out.C. It w as renamed“Whatever”.D. It caused her to lose her job.76. What does Jeanette Henderson mainly study at the university?A. Computer ScienceB. LinguisticsC. Editing and PublishingD. Family and Consumer Sciences77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________.A. parallels a social tendency of being informalB. worries students as well as professorsC. is taken as trivial by employersD. is ignored in all business concerned sciences78.The word“distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________.A. clearB. differentC. elegantD. appropriate79. Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of American students' casual writing?A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. ElegantD. Appropriate80. How does the author feel about the future of the English language?A. ConfidentB. GloomyC. WorriedD. UncertainPassage5Darkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,“but he that has it.”Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for“a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian doctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common nedical complaints of humanity.“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Med ical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types:invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called“dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood(often“black blood”from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever,“stomach”crams from the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscpic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-invasive diarrhea carries a highrisk for dehydration.81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word“grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________.A. the terrible weatherB. the stern army lifeC. the suffering from diarrheaD. the tough wartime82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do at that time?A. withstanding the coldnessB. Camping in the mountainsC. Getting up repeatedly at nightD. Reading Shakespeare in bed83. Who first gave the disease the name“diarrhea”?A. Ancient EgyptiansB. An old GreekC. American soldiersD. The passage doesn't tell84. According to Paragraph 2____________.A. People of higher status are less likely to be stricken with diarrheaB. diarrhea is no longer a serious disease in the modern worldC. diarrhea has been a threat to humanity throughout historyD. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than the young85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________.A. the former attacks the intestine walls but the latter does notB. the former causes dehydration but the latter does notC. the former makes the patient physically weaker than the latterD. the former is more dangerous than the latterPART ⅤTRANSLATION (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of vies were appalling. Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment; or taste, Erudition is a mere matter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2.In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment. This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretaion of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts an details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefor, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form fo fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of fraude: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation leads to stinginess of character, all that a。

博士英语考试试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. CopyD. Duplicate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She don't like to go out in the rain.B. They has been working on the project for months.C. Neither of the students were prepared for the exam.D. The number of attendees is greater than expected.答案：D3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions:a) The book is _______ the shelf.b) She is _______ the committee since 2019.c) He is _______ the same opinion as his colleague.答案：a) onb) inc) of二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1[Text omitted for brevity]4. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of education.B. The impact of technology on society.C. The role of communication in relationships.D. The benefits of a healthy lifestyle.答案：B5. According to the passage, which of the following is not a benefit of using technology?A. Improved efficiency.B. Enhanced communication.C. Increased isolation.D. Greater accessibility.答案：C6. What does the author suggest as a solution to the problem mentioned in the passage?A. Limiting the use of technology.B. Encouraging more face-to-face interactions.C. Relying solely on traditional methods.D. Ignoring the issue altogether.答案：B三、完形填空（共20分）[Text omitted for brevity]7. In the context of the passage, what does the word "alleviate" most likely mean?A. To worsen.B. To reduce.C. To ignore.D. To exaggerate.答案：B8. Why does the author believe that the issue discussed is important?A. It affects a large number of people.B. It is a new and emerging problem.C. It has been overlooked by many.D. It is a personal concern of the author.答案：A9. What is the best title for the passage?A. The Negative Effects of Stress.B. Coping Strategies for Stress.C. The Causes of Stress in Modern Life.D. The Importance of Stress Management.答案：B四、翻译（共20分）10. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese:"The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives."答案：技术快速发展给我们的日常生活带来了重大变化。