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抑制剂NAM对盐渍土壤酶活性、微生物量和蔬菜品质的影响丁芳;曾路生;石元亮;王玲莉;房娜娜【摘要】In order to improve the utilization rate of fertilizer in the saline soil,the effects of NAM additive on enzyme activity,microbial biomass and vegetable growth in saline soil were studied by pot experiment.The results showed that,compared with conventional fertilization,adding NAM soil respiration under the same nitrogen level in-creased 86.39% -103.00%,urease activity decreased 53.41% -54.01%,increased 10.00% -11.11% dehy-drogenase,phosphatase and invertase increased 54.43% -60.00%,increased by 9.84% -43.19%.Microbial bi-omass C,N and P were increased by 49.15% -62.26%,74.72% -96.78%,64.10% -94.34%,and metabolic quotient increased by 16.67% -20.00%.The results also showed that the NAM additive increased the leaf width and root length by 44.28% and 62.98%,and increased the plant weight by a factor of 47.90% and77.07%,re-spectively,and increased by 84.23% and144.73%,respectively.Vitamin C increased by 75.86% and 13.64%, respectively.The total chlorophyll content increased by 111.83% and 71.33% respectively,while MDA content was not significant.Under the condition of reducing nitrogen 20% by adding NAM,the growth indexes of vegetables were almost equal to that of conventional fertilization.It can be seen that the addition of NAM in saline soil can a-chieve the same effect as that of conventional fertilization,which has a certain practical significance toreduce the use of fertilizers and protect the ecological environment.%为了提高盐渍土壤中作物的肥料利用率,通过盆栽试验,研究了NAM添加剂对盐渍土壤酶活性、微生物量和蔬菜生长的影响.结果表明,与常规施肥比较,在同等氮水平下添加 NAM 土壤呼吸强度增加了86.39% ~103.00%,脲酶活性减少了53.41%~54.01%,脱氢酶增加了10.00% ~11.11%,磷酸酶增加了54.43% ~60.00%,蔗糖酶增加了9.84% ~43.19%.微生物量碳、氮、磷分别增加了49.15%~62.26%,74.72% ~96.78%,64.10% ~94.34%,代谢熵增加了16.67% ~20.00%.试验还表明,NAM添加剂对小白菜叶宽和根长增加44.28%和62.98%,对小青菜增加47.90%和77.07%,株重分别增加了84.23%和144.73%.维生素C分别增加了75.86%和13.64%;叶绿素总量分别增加了111.83%和71.33%,而丙二醛变化不显著.在减氮20%添加NAM处理的情况下,蔬菜各项生长指标与常规施肥处理几乎相当.可见,盐渍土壤中减氮添加NAM可以达到与常规施肥量同样的效果,这对于减少肥料使用,保护生态环境有一定的现实意义.【期刊名称】《华北农学报》【年(卷),期】2017(032)0z1【总页数】6页(P296-301)【关键词】NAM;抑制剂;土壤酶活性;土壤微生物量;蔬菜;盐渍土壤【作者】丁芳;曾路生;石元亮;王玲莉;房娜娜【作者单位】青岛农业大学资源与环境学院,山东青岛 266109;青岛农业大学资源与环境学院,山东青岛 266109;中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,辽宁沈阳110000;中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,辽宁沈阳 110000;中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,辽宁沈阳 110000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S158目前，我国氮肥施用量占全球氮肥施用量的30%，成为世界第一氮肥消费大国，而氮肥平均利用率仅为30%～35%，远远低于世界平均水平[1]。
肖晨星，高璐阳，武良，等.稳定性肥料产业情况及发展趋势［J ］.中南农业科技，2024，45（4）：202-206．氮元素是蛋白质和氨基酸的重要组成成分，土壤氮含量低是限制作物产量的主要因素［1］。
1913年德国的哈伯法合成氨工艺实现工业化后，氮肥工业迈入新的纪元，氮肥是世界范围内生产和消费量最大的肥料，根据FAO （The food and organization of the United Nation ）公布的数据，2018年世界氮肥消费量达1.37亿t ，远超作物氮需求水平。
适量的氮肥可以促进作物生长并提高作物产量，但过量的氮肥会导致硝酸盐在作物中富集，对人和动物的健康产生不利影响，同时，氮肥在土壤氮循环中经过硝化作用和反硝化作用后会生成氧化亚氮（N 2O ），其带来的温室效应比二氧化碳和甲烷更严重［2］。
为了解决氮肥施用带来的问题，科研工作者研究并开发出脲酶/硝化抑制剂，硝化抑制剂通过抑制氨氧化细菌活性来抑制铵态氮向硝态氮的转化，脲酶抑制剂通过抑制土壤脲酶活性延缓土壤中氮肥的水解。
添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂的肥料被称为稳定性肥料，稳定性肥料通过延长氮肥肥效来提高肥料利用率，促进作物增产增收，如施可丰化工股份有限公司（简称施可丰）、BASF SE （简称巴斯夫）的稳定性肥料产品［3，4］能有效提高作物产量。
稳定性肥料的发展对于全面推进中国农业发展的绿色变革和双碳目标的实现具有重要意义。
2019年，全国稳定性肥料产能约700万t/年，年产量约200万t ［5］，产业虽已初具规模，但仍存在不足。
本研究以抑制剂作用效果为例，对稳定性肥料的行业情况进行深入分析，厘清存在的问题，针对性地提出发展建议，以期为稳定性肥料产业的发展提供参考。
1抑制剂的分类及作用效果1.1脲酶抑制剂脲酶能将尿素水解为氨和二氧化碳，使尿素变成能直接供有机体使用的氮源。
在植物体中，脲酶不但能催化尿素水解，而且能参与植物防御系统中蛋白质的转运通路［6］。
董玉兵，董青君，纪 力，等．硝化抑制剂对水稻秧苗生长及土壤养分变化的影响［Ｊ］．江苏农业科学，２０２３，５１（４）：５８－６４．ｄｏｉ：１０．１５８８９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１００２－１３０２．２０２３．０４．００９硝化抑制剂对水稻秧苗生长及土壤养分变化的影响董玉兵１，２，董青君１，纪 力１，李卫红１，陈 川１，庄 春１，章安康１（１．江苏徐淮地区淮阴农业科学研究所，江苏淮安２２３００１；２．南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院，江苏南京２１００９５） 摘要：为解决传统育秧肥料后期供肥不足现象，通过２年的水稻育秧试验，探究不同用量硝化抑制剂（双氰胺，ＤＣＤ）对水稻育秧肥料养分释放的影响。
试验于２０１９年设３个处理：ＣＫ（不添加ＤＣＤ）、ＮＩ１（添加０．０５％ＤＣＤ）、ＮＩ２（添加０．１％ＤＣＤ）；２０２０年额外增加１个处理：ＮＩ３（添加０．２％ＤＣＤ）。
结果表明，与ＣＫ相比，ＮＩ１处理和ＮＩ２处理总体提高了水稻育秧后期（２８～３５ｄ）秧苗素质（株高、叶龄、叶长、茎基宽）；而ＮＩ３处理水稻秧苗素质则和ＣＫ无显著差异。
添加硝化抑制剂可以明显提高水稻叶绿素含量（ＳＰＡＤ值），随着育秧时间延长和硝化抑制剂用量增加，对ＳＰＡＤ值提升效果越明显。
添加硝化抑制剂会减少水稻育秧前期（１０ｄ）土壤铵态氮（ＮＨ＋４－Ｎ）含量，但是会增加育秧后期（２５～３５ｄ）土壤ＮＨ＋４－Ｎ含量，并在育秧结束时显著提高土壤全氮含量。
因此，添加硝化抑制剂在水稻育秧后期能够明显增加土壤氮素残留，低用量硝化抑制剂在一定程度上还可以提高水稻秧苗素质。
但是，在实际应用中需要注意高用量硝化抑制剂对水稻秧苗素质的负面效果。
关键词：水稻育秧；硝化抑制剂；秧苗素质；养分变化；双氰胺 中图分类号：Ｓ５１１．０６ 文献标志码：Ａ 文章编号：１００２－１３０２（２０２３）０４－００５８－０６收稿日期：２０２２－０５－１７基金项目：江苏省重点研发（现代农业）重点及面上项目（编号：ＢＥ２０１９３３４）；淮安市农业科学研究院科研发展基金（编号：ＨＮＹ２０１９１４、ＨＮＹ２０２０１５）。
有机无机肥配施及硝化抑制剂对菜园生态系统硝酸盐污染的调控效应黄运湘;吴名宇;张杨珠;王翠红【摘要】为探明有机无机肥配施及其与硝化抑制剂配合施用对菜园生态系统氮素的吸收利用和迁移转化的影响,采用田间小区试验,对小白菜—土壤生态系统硝酸盐污染状况进行了较系统的研究.结果表明,有机无机肥配施及配合施用硝化抑制剂HQ、DCD和TU均不同程度地降低小白菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量.减少耕层土壤中硝酸盐的积累,提高耕层土壤中铵态氮的含量.%To determine the inhibiting effects of combined application of organic manures with inorganic fertilizers and combined application of organic manures with inorganic fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors on accumulation of nitrate and nitrites in vegetable plants, the red garden soil developed from the Quaternary red clay and the field plot experiment were carried out to study the pollution conditions of nitrate in garden soil ecosystem. The results showed that the combined application of organic manures with inorganic fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors (HQ, DCD and TU) all can reduce the contents of nitrate and nitrites in pakchoi at different levels, while obviously increase the contents of Vc and soluble sugar in pakchoi, therefore, it is an effective techniques for producing quality and high-yield vegetables. NO3" and NH4* can be adsorbed and maintained by the tested soil to some degree, and N03" leaching was discovered in soil profile, but non-pollution caused to groundwater.【期刊名称】《湖南农业科学》【年(卷),期】2012(000)007【总页数】4页(P51-54)【关键词】有机无机肥配施;硝化抑制剂;硝酸盐;亚硝酸盐;小白菜【作者】黄运湘;吴名宇;张杨珠;王翠红【作者单位】湖南农业大学资源环境学院,湖南长沙410128;湖南农业大学招生就业指导处,湖南长沙410128;湖南农业大学资源环境学院,湖南长沙410128;湖南农业大学资源环境学院,湖南长沙410128【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S147.3如何提高氮肥利用率，一直是农业科技工作者研究的热点课题。
小白菜栽培过程中为什么要喷施微肥采用田间小区试验，研究当前蔬菜的主要施肥模式（有机肥无机肥配施）下配合喷施锌、硼、铜、钼、锰及农用稀土对小白菜的产量、品质的影响。
结果表明，配合喷施微肥或稀土对小白菜的产量影响无明显规律，但均能不同程度降低小白菜的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量，与对照相比，春季、秋季小白菜的硝酸盐含量分别降低了3.1%-28.2%、6.4%-43.0%，亚硝酸盐含量分别降低3.0%-54.5%、0.0%-20.0%；春季小白菜的维生素C和秋季小白菜的可溶性糖含量分别提高18.6%-82.4%和 3.6%-67.9%；耕层土壤中硝态氮含量降低8.5%-69.9%，铵态氮含量提高88.2%-157.4%。
综合分析表明，不同施肥处理以有机肥无机肥配施及配合喷施锌肥效果较好，既降低小白菜的硝酸盐含量，又能提高维生素C及可溶性糖含量。
微肥对小白菜作用：
我国目前推广或将要应用的微肥有：硼肥、钼肥、锌肥、铜肥、锰肥、铁肥。
在小白菜上施用，均有相互不能代替的作用。
针对小白菜施用微肥，增产效果十分显著，而且能显著提高小白菜的品质。
1。
ABSTRACT【Objective】Nitrate is a dominant form of N in arid soil. Employing nitrification inhibitors is very conventional way to inhibit soil nitrification rate and control soil NH4+/NO3- supply ratio as well as improve N fertilizer use efficiency. In the present research, incubation and pot experiments were conducted to compare nitrification rate dose-dependent effects of 3 different types nitrification inhibitors on sandy, loamy and clayey soils condition. The aim of this paper is to find out the nitrification inhibitor reasonable amendment dosages, the biological effects of different nitrification inhibitors on pakchoi plant growth, nitrogen nutritional status. Furthermore, the response of soil key enzymes and soil microorganism communities which involved in soil nitrogen transformation was also studied by means of enzymological as well as soil microbial molecular method in this study. All knowledge about our research work is helpful to make further understand nitrification inhibitor occurred mechanisms and its biological effect in soil-plant system, meanwhile. Also, our research result will provide fundamental theoretical support for optimum soil NH4+/ NO3- supply ratio and NI extend application under drip irrigation condition in Xinjiang.【Method】This study compared the effects of 3 different types nitrification inhibitors in 3 soils with different soil textures in Xinjiang by using laboratory simulation test to understand the impacts of different types and doses of nitrification inhibitors on soil inorganic nitrogen transformation (NH4+, NO3-) and on soil nitrification process and the rate of apparent soil nitrification, and select out the suitable nitrification inhibitor for different soil textures and the right dosage applied. Meanwhile, the optimum dosages of different nitrification inhibitors biological effect of on pakchoi plant were compared in pot experiments. Soil enzymological method and soil microbial m olecular method(DNA-PCR-DGGE) was employed to measure soil biological reactions on different nitrification inhibitors.【Result】1) DCD exerted significant inhibitory effects on nitrification on all three types of soil texture tested(i.e. sandy, loamy and clayey soil). For instance, nitrification inhibition rates ranged from 96.5% to 99.3% on the loamy soil, from 34.0% to 85.6% on clayey soil and from 49.3% to 79.4% on the loamy soil. Among the three types of soil texture, the rates of nitrification inhibition by DCD were in the order of sandy soil > clayey soil > loamy soil. Soil nitrate concentration merely increased by 1.9～10.7 mg·kg-1 with DCD application rates elevated from 1% to 7%, indicating that DCD has no obvious dose effect on the sandy soil. However, soil nitrate concentration decreased sharply with increasing supply levels of DCD, and marked dose effect was observed on the loamy and clayey soils. Soil nitrification could be significantly inhibited through application of DCD on calcareous soils and the optimal recommended DCD application rates based on pure N were 6%, 7% and 7% on sandy, clayey and loamy soil, respectively.2) DMPP exerted significant nitrification effects on all three types of soil texture (i.e. sandy, loamy and clayey soil). For instance, nitrification inhibition rates ranged from 96.2% to 99.7% on the sandy soil. Among the three types of soil texture, the rates of nitrification inhibition by DMPP were in the order ofsandy soil > loamy soil > clayey soil. Nitrification inhibition of different doses of DMPP is significantly different, for example, nitrification inhibition rate on the sandy soil was more than 99% except for the treatments with 3%, 3.5% and 6% DMPP added. The highest nitrification inhibition rates were found in the treatments with 2% and 3% DMPP added in loamy soil, and in the treatments with 3.5%, 4% and 5% DMPP added in the clayey soil.3) Nitrapyrin (Type 1) exerted significant nitrification effects on all three types of soil texture. Nitrification inhibition rates ranged from 98.9% to 99.9% in the sandy soil, from 41.7% to 99.6% in the loamy soil, from 48.2% to 81.7% in the clayey s oil. Among the three types of soil texture, the rates of nitrification inhibition by Type 1 were in the order of sandy soil > loamy soil> clayey soil. Type 1 nitrification inhibitor had no obvious dose effect on the sandy soil. However, soil nitrate concentration decreased sharply with increasing supply levels of Type 1, and marked dose effect was observed on the loamy and clayey soils. From our study, it can be concluded that soil nitrification could be significantly inhibited through application of Type 1 on calcareous soils and the optimal doses recommended for Type 1 were 0.1%, 0.25% and 0.3% (based on amount of Urea)on the sandy, clayey and loamy soil, respectively.4) Nitrapyrin (Type 2) exerted significant nitrification effects on all three types of s oil texture. Nitrification inhibition rates ranged from 97.9% to 99.7% in the sandy soil, 40.2% to 95.5% in the loamy soil, and 38.9% to 92.2% in the clayey soil. Among the three types of soil texture, the rates of nitrification inhibition by Type 2 were in the order of sandy soil > loamy soil> clayey soil. Type 2 nitrification inhibitor had no obvious dose effect on the sandy soil. However, soil nitrate concentration decreased sharply with increasing supply levels of Type 2, and marked dose effect was observed on the loamy and clayey soils. From our study, it can be concluded that soil nitrification could be significantly inhibited through application of Type 2 on calcareous soils and the optimal Type 2 doses recommended were 0.1%, 0.4% and 0.45% (based on amount of Urea)on the sandy, clayey and loamy soil, respectively.5) There was no significant inhibitory effect on nitrification on the sandy soil between any two of the 4 kinds of nitrification inhibitors tested (7% DCD, 1% DMPP, 0.25%Type 1, and 0.1% Type 2). The effect of nitrification inhibitors was in the order of 0.5% Type 1 > 1% DMPP > 0.4% Type 2 > 7% DCD in the loamy soil and 1% DMPP > 0.45% Type 2 > 7% DCD > 0.3% Type 1 in the clayey soil.6) The p rocess of soil NH4+ transferred into NO3- was significantly inhibited, and the nitrificationinhibitory effect was in the order of DMPP > Nitrapyrin > DCD based on the application rate recommended, no matter the N fertilizer applied is urea or ammonia sulphate,7) Application of nitrification inhibitors could improve the activities of soil catalase, protease, nitrate reductase, hydroxyl proposed reductase, amine reduction enzyme and reduce the activity of soil urease. The microbial structural diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea amoA affected by application of nitrification inhibitors.8) Compared with Urea or ammonia sulphate, application of nitrification inhibitors with N fertilizers could increase the yield and quality of pakchoi, improve root activity and leaf SPAD value, but reducenitrate content in leaves and leafstalks.For example, at the early stage (15 days) nitrate content in leaves of packoi was 10.8%, 17.8% and 1.6% lower in treatments with Urea+DCD, Urea+DMPP and Urea+Nitrapyrin than in the treatment with equal amount of Urea o nly, compared to 3.7%, 14.3% and 1.0% in nitrate content of leafstalk. Nitrate content in leaves of packoi was 11.2%, 22.6% and 8.9% lower in the treatments with ASN (ammonia sulphate)+DCD, ASN+DMPP and ASN+Nitrapyrin than in the treatment with equal amount of ammonia sulphate only, compared to 24.0%, 22.6%, 14.8% in leafstalk. Compared with Urea, the yield and biomass dry weight of packoi plant significantly enhanced with nitrification inhibitors (DCD, DMPP and Nitrapyrin) application treatment.【Conclusion】1) Application of nitrification inhibitors (DCD, DMPP and Nitrapyrin) could inhibit nitrification in soil. Among the three types of soil texture, the effect s of nitrification inhibition by DCD were in the order of sandy soil > clayey soil > loamy soil, when that were sandy soil > loamy soil> clayey soil by Nitrapyrin and DMPP. The effect s of nitrification inhibition by different types of NI were DCD < Nitrapyrin<DMPP in the same does.2) Within the NI concentration range of 1%～7% for DCD(based on pure N) and of 0.1%～0.5% for nitrapyrin (based on amount of Urea), a marked nitrification inhabitation dosage effect was observed on the loamy and clayey soil. DMPP application rates elevated from 1% to 7%, indicating that D MPP has no obvious dose effect on the three types of soil texture. There has marked dose effect on loamy and clayey soil only in low application rates of Nitrapyrin (Type 1, 0.1% to 0.25%), when there has no obvious dose effect on high rates (higher than 0.25%). From our study, it can be concluded that the optimal doses recommended for Nitrapyrin (Type 1) were 0.25% (based on amount of Urea).- content in3) Application of nitrification inhibitors (DCD, DMPP and Nitrapyrin) could reduce NO3leaves and leafstalks, but increase the yield and quality of pakchoi, improve root activity and leaf SPAD value.4)Application of nitrification inhibitors could significantly affect the enzyme activity of soil nitrogen transformation and the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea community structure and genetic diversity.Keywords: Nitrapyrin; Nitrate; Ammonium; Nitrification inhibition rate; Nitrification Inhibitor; Nitrification缩略词及符号简写中文名称备注TTC 2, 3, 5-三苯基四唑氯化物2, 3, 5 - triphenyl tetrazolium chloride AOA 氨氧化古菌Ammonia oxidation archaeaAOB 氨氧化细菌Ammonia oxidation bacterialDCD 双氰胺DicyandiamideDMPP 3, 4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate ASN 硫酸铵Ammonium sulphateDMPZP 3, 5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐3, 5-dimethylpyrazole phosphate PCR 聚合酶链式反应Polymerase chain reactionDGGE 变性梯度凝胶电泳Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis NI 硝化抑制剂Nitrification Inhibitor石河子大学学位论文独创性声明及使用授权声明学位论文独创性声明本人所呈交的学位论文是在我导师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。
减氮及硝化抑制剂对菜地氧化亚氮排放的影响*1陈浩1李博1熊正琴1†23（1江苏省低碳农业和温室气体减排重点实验室，南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院，南京210095）45摘要：利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法，周年监测集约化菜地四种蔬菜种植过程中N2O的排放和蔬菜产量变6化，探究减氮（640,960 kg hm-2 a-1）以及施用硝化抑制剂（CP）对菜地N2O排放的影响。
结果表明，与常7规施氮（Nn）处理相比，减量施氮（Nr）在不显著降低产量的情况下平均降低菜地N2O排放27.1%；与仅8施用尿素的处理相比，在减量和常规施氮水平的基础上添加硝化抑制剂又分别能降低菜地N2O排放总量929.4%、26.0%，降低N2O排放系数60.9%、42.4%，而对蔬菜产量没有显著影响，因此显著降低菜地单位10产量N2O排放量32.1%、30.3%，以减氮结合CP（CP-Nr）处理减排效果最佳。
因此，减氮结合CP应用于11集约化蔬菜生产是一种有效的菜地减排农业措施。
12关键词：集约化菜地；N2O排放；氮肥减量；硝化抑制剂13中图分类号：S15 文献标识码： A1415氧化亚氮（N2O）是最重要的温室气体之一[1]。
在所有已知的N2O排放源中，农业活动16是其中最重要的释放源[2]。
研究表明，农田土壤N2O排放占全球人为活动引起N2O排放的70%[3]。
据统计，中国化肥用量从1978年的8.8×106 t增加到2012年的5.8×107 t [4]，而化1718学氮肥投入的增加是农田N2O排放增加的重要原因[5-6]。
我国是蔬菜生产大国，蔬菜种植面19积由1989年的6.3×106hm2发展到2014年的2.1×107hm2，占当年农作物总播种面积的2012.9%[4]。
集约化菜地具有灌溉频繁、复种指数高、施肥量大[7]等特点，是重要的农田N2O 21排放源。
22通常，一季蔬菜的施氮量可高达300~700 kg hm-2[8]，远超过推荐施肥量，造成氮肥利用23率低[9]，N2O大量排放[10]，甚至减产、土壤酸化等一系列负面影响[11]。
