Effect of Culture Parameters on the Growth of Sparassis crispa Mycelium

The Effect of Globalization on CulturalIdentityGlobalization has had a profound impact on cultural identity, as it has led to the spread of ideas, values, and practices across the globe. This phenomenon has both positive and negative effects on cultural identity, as it can lead to the preservation and celebration of diverse cultures, but it can also result in the homogenization and loss of traditional practices. In this essay, I will explorethe various perspectives on the effect of globalization on cultural identity, and how it has shaped the way we perceive and interact with different cultures. One perspective on the effect of globalization on cultural identity is that it has led to the preservation and celebration of diverse cultures. As people from different parts of the world come into contact with one another, they have the opportunityto learn about and appreciate the customs, traditions, and beliefs of other cultures. This can lead to a greater sense of understanding and tolerance, as individuals become more accepting of cultural differences. For example, the popularity of international cuisine and the celebration of cultural festivals in different parts of the world demonstrate how globalization has allowed for the sharing and appreciation of diverse cultural practices. On the other hand, globalization has also led to the homogenization and loss of traditional practices within certain cultures. As Western ideals and consumerism spread across the globe, there is a growing concern that traditional customs and values are being eroded. For example, the rise of global fast food chains and the dominance of Western fashion and entertainment have led to the decline of traditional culinarypractices and clothing styles in many parts of the world. This has raised concerns about the loss of cultural diversity and the preservation of unique cultural identities. Another perspective on the effect of globalization on culturalidentity is that it has led to the creation of hybrid cultures. As people from different backgrounds come into contact with one another, they often blend their cultural practices and beliefs to create new and unique cultural expressions. This can be seen in the fusion of music genres, the mixing of culinary traditions, and the adoption of new languages and dialects. For example, the popularity of fusioncuisine and the emergence of new musical styles that blend traditional and contemporary elements demonstrate how globalization has led to the creation of hybrid cultures that reflect the diversity of the modern world. However, the creation of hybrid cultures can also lead to the dilution of traditional practices and the loss of authentic cultural identities. As people adopt elements from different cultures, there is a risk that they may lose touch with their own cultural heritage and traditions. This can lead to a sense of disconnection and alienation, as individuals struggle to reconcile their cultural identity with the influences of globalization. For example, the rise of global consumer culture has led to the spread of Western ideals of beauty and success, which has resulted in the erosion of traditional values and practices in many parts of the world. In conclusion, the effect of globalization on cultural identity is a complex and multifaceted issue that has both positive and negative implications. While it has led to the preservation and celebration of diverse cultures, it has also resulted in the homogenization and loss of traditional practices, as well as the creation of hybrid cultures that reflect the diversity of the modern world. It is important for individuals and societies to navigate the challenges of globalization in a way that preserves and respects cultural diversity, while also embracing the opportunities for cross-cultural exchange and collaboration. By doing so, we can ensure that the impact of globalization on cultural identity is one that promotes understanding, tolerance, and the celebration of the rich tapestry of human culture.。

文化共鸣英文作文高中Culture resonance is a fascinating phenomenon that occurs when people from different cultural backgrounds find common ground and understanding in certain aspects of each other's culture. It's like a magical connection that brings people together, regardless of their differences.When I think about culture resonance, I can't help but recall the time when I attended a traditional Indian wedding. The vibrant colors, the lively music, and the joyful atmosphere were simply infectious. Even though I come from a completely different cultural background, I couldn't help but feel a sense of joy and celebration that transcended any language or cultural barriers.Another experience that comes to mind is when I watched a Japanese tea ceremony for the first time. The meticulous attention to detail, the graceful movements, and the serene ambiance left me in awe. It was a profound experience that made me appreciate the beauty of simplicity and mindfulnessin a way that I had never considered before.One of the most memorable instances of culture resonance for me was when I tried authentic Mexican street food for the first time. The explosion of flavors, the bold spices, and the communal aspect of sharing food with others left a lasting impression on me. It was a moment of pure culinary delight that made me realize the universal joy of good food and good company.I also can't forget the time I attended a traditional African dance performance. The rhythmic beats, the energetic movements, and the sense of community and togetherness were incredibly powerful. It was a reminder of the universal language of music and dance that can bring people together in celebration and unity.Culture resonance is a powerful reminder that, despite our differences, we are all connected by our shared humanity. It's a beautiful thing that reminds us to celebrate diversity, embrace new experiences, and find common ground with others, no matter where they come from.。

人文与科学的关系英语作文_小学万能英语作文2篇关于”人文与科学的关系“的英语作文模板2篇，作文题目：The relationship between Humanities and Science。

以下是关于人文与科学的关系的小学英语模板，每篇作文均为万能模板带翻译。

高分英语作文1：The relationship between Humanities and ScienceHumanistic spirit since I was in primary school, I have done a lot of reading and writing. I like philosophy, politics, science, and fairy tale Taras. I study history carefully, especially about the history of our own people and country.It is always pleasant to sit on the gr and read my books in an open place. For me, my university major will be one of the humanities. In my opinion, when I am with young students in clor anywhere, we will discuss a philosophy of life, a way of thinking, a democratic concept, a concept of right and wrong,and a concept of beauty.中文翻译：人文精神从我上小学开始，我就做了大量的阅读和写作，我喜欢哲学，科学，还有童话般的塔雷斯，我认真地研究历史，尤其是关于我们自己的和国家的历史坐在草地上，在一个空旷的地方读我的书总是令人愉快的。

The Effect of Globalization on CulturalIdentityGlobalization has undeniably had a profound impact on cultural identity around the world. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected through trade, technology, and communication, the boundaries between different cultures are becoming more porous. This has led to a complex and multifaceted relationship between globalization and cultural identity, with both positive and negative implications. One perspective on the effect of globalization on cultural identity is that it has led to the homogenization of cultures. As Western culture, particularly American culture, has spread around the world through media, technology, and consumer products, there is a concern that local traditions and customs are being eroded. This has led to a fear of cultural imperialism, where dominant cultures impose their values and norms on less powerful ones, leading toa loss of cultural diversity. On the other hand, globalization has alsofacilitated the exchange of ideas, values, and traditions between different cultures. This has led to a rich tapestry of hybrid cultures, where elements from different traditions are blended together to create new and vibrant forms of expression. This can be seen in the fusion of different cuisines, the blending of musical styles, and the incorporation of diverse artistic influences into popular culture. In this way, globalization has the potential to enrich and diversify cultural identity, rather than erode it. Another perspective on the impact of globalization on cultural identity is the role of technology and communication in shaping how cultures are perceived and represented. The rise of social media and the internet has made it easier for people to connect with others from different cultural backgrounds, leading to greater awareness and understanding of diverse traditions. This has the potential to break down stereotypes and prejudices, and foster a sense of global citizenship that transcends national boundaries. However, there is also a concern that the spread of Western media and technology has led to a form of cultural hegemony, where the values and norms of dominant cultures are seen as superior to others. This can lead to a loss of cultural authenticity, as people strive to conform to the ideals and standards set by Western societies. Asa result, there is a risk that traditional forms of cultural expression are marginalized or commodified to fit into a globalized market, leading to a loss of cultural integrity. In conclusion, the effect of globalization on cultural identity is a complex and multifaceted issue that has both positive and negative implications. While there is a concern about the homogenization and commodification of cultures, there is also the potential for the enrichment and diversification of cultural identity through the exchange of ideas and traditions. It is important to recognize the value of cultural diversity and to promote a more inclusive and equitable form of globalization that respects and preserves the unique identity of each culture. Only then can we truly harness the potential of globalization to create a more interconnected and harmonious world.。

Process Biochemistry 45(2010)1334–1341Contents lists available at ScienceDirectProcessBiochemistryj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /p r o c b ioInfluence of specific growth rate over the secretory expression of recombinant potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor in fed-batch cultures of Escherichia coliJuan-Miguel Puertas a ,∗,Jordi Ruiz a ,Mónica Rodríguez de la Vega b ,Julia Lorenzo b ,Glòria Caminal a ,Glòria González aaUnitat de Biocatàlisi Aplicada associada al IQAC,Departament d’Enginyeria Química,Escola d’Enginyeria,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,Edifici Q,08193Bellaterra (Barcelona),Spain bInstitut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,08193Bellaterra,Spaina r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 16February 2010Received in revised form 28April 2010Accepted 30April 2010Keywords:Potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor Fed-batch cultivationSecretory expression in E.colia b s t r a c tA high cell density cultivation protocol was developed for the secretory production of potato carboxypep-tidase inhibitor (PCI)in Escherichia coli .The strain BW25113(pIMAM3)was cultured in fed-batch mode employing minimal media and an exponential feed profile where the specific growth rate was fixed by limitation of the fed carbon source (glycerol).Plasmid loss rates were found to be proportional to the specific growth rate.Distribution of PCI along the cell compartments and the culture media was also dependent on the fixed growth rate.When specific growth rate was kept at =0.10h −1,1.4g PCI L −1were obtained when adding the product present in periplasmic extracts and supernatant fractions,with a 50%of the total expressed protein recovered from the extracellular medium.This constituted a 1.2-fold increase compared to growth at =0.15h −1,and 2.0-fold compared to =0.25h −st,a cell perme-abilization treatment with Triton X-100and glycine was employed to direct most of the product to the culture media,achieving over 81%of extracellular PCI.Overall,our results point out that production yields of secretory proteins in fed-batch cultures of E.coli can be improved by means of process variables,with applications to the production of small disulfide-bridged proteins.Overall,our results point out that control of the specific growth rate is a successful strategy to improve the production yields of secretory expression in fed-batch cultures of E.coli ,with applications to the production of small disulfide-bridged proteins.©2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionSecretory expression of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli has a number of advantages over more common cytosolic expres-sion.First,secretion of the recombinant product is attractive form a downstream processing stand-point,since no cell-disruption steps are needed and contamination with other proteins is reduced both in the periplasm and culture media [1,2].Secondly,the formation of disulfide bridges is actively catalyzed in the periplasmic space [3,4].Also,for proteins that are toxic to the host,secretion may palliate their detrimental effect over culture growth [2].Several proteins have been successfully produced in the periplasmic space and culture supernatants of high cell density cul-tures of E.coli [5,6],but since the capacity of the bacterial secretion machinery is limited and there are several factors that affect protein∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+34935814795;fax:+34935812032.E-mail addresses:juanmiguel.puertas@uab.es ,juanmiguel.puertas@uab.cat(J.-M.Puertas),jordi.ruiz.franco@uab.cat (J.Ruiz),julia.lorenzo@uab.cat (J.Lorenzo),gloria.caminal@uab.cat (G.Caminal),gloria.gonzalez@uab.cat (G.González).expression and translocation [7,8],achieving high protein yields of protein exported through the inner membrane can be a complex task.In this sense,it has been proven that translational and translo-cation levels have to be properly coupled to reach a state where most of the expressed heterologous protein is secreted [9,10].This can be achieved by manipulations of genetic parameters like the promoter strength [11],the nature of the signal sequence [12,13]or the plasmid copy number [14],but optimization of the culture protocols is also necessary.Previous studies show the influence of culture media composition,growth kinetics,induction moment and temperature over secretory protein yields [1,2,5].Potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (PCI)is a small protein nat-urally occurring in leafs and stems of Solanum tubesorum [15].Composed by 39residues and three disulfide bridges,it has poten-tial biomedical applications given its proven antitumoral properties [16,17].PCI had previously been produced in E.coli using the pIN-III-ompA-derived plasmid pIMAM3,which allows for the translocation of the protein to the periplasmic space where formation of its disulfide bonds was successfully achieved and the active form could be recovered from culture supernatants [18,19].Excretion of PCI out of the cell envelope is probably favored by its small1359-5113/$–see front matter ©2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2010.04.024J.-M.Puertas et al./Process Biochemistry45(2010)1334–13411335size and compact structure.A fed-batch procedure had previ-ously been designed for the overexpression of PCI in high cell density cultures in semi-complex media,but relatively low lev-els of biomass(15g DCW L−1)were achieved,and the process was not automated,with feedstock additions not responding to any monitored variable.The aim of this work was to design a robust, automated and repeatable fed-batch process at bench-top level in order to increase the production of biologically active PCI by maximizing both the biomass concentrations and the expression-secretion of the inhibitor.Since it was observed that the specific growth rate( )had a major influence in the amounts of excreted PCI,a series of fermentations at differentfixed growth rates were carried out.The dynamics of the PCI concentration profiles in the cytosol,periplasmic space and culture media was analyzed in order to identify and overcome the bottlenecks in the secretory produc-tion of this protein.2.Materials and methodsAll reagents were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich(St.Louis,MO,USA)under otherwise stated.2.1.Strains and plasmidE.coli strain MC1061(hsdR2hsdM+hsdS+araD139 (ara-leu)7697 (lac)X74 galE15galK16rpsL(StrR)mcrA mcrB1)and plasmid pIMAM3were used in previous works[18,19].BW25113( (araD-araB)567, lacZ4787(::rrnB-3),lambda−,rph-1, (rhaD-rhaB)568,hsdR514)was obtained from the Coli Genetics Stock Center at Yale.2.2.Shake-flask cultivation conditionsFor shake-flask experiments,either LB media or MDE media supplemented with100␮g mL−1ampicillin were used.The composition of LB was,per liter: 10g peptone(Difco),5g yeast extract(Difco)and10g NaCl;whereas the com-position of MDE media was,per liter:5g glucose or glycerol,11.9g K2HPO4,2.4g KH2PO4,1.8g NaCl,3.0g(NH4)2SO4,0.11g MgSO4·7H2O,0.01g FeCl3,0.03g thi-amine and0.72mL of trace elements solution.Trace element solution composition was,per liter:1.44g CaCl2·2H2O,42mg AlCl3·6H2O,50mg ZnSO4·7H2O,160mg of CoCl2·6H2O,1.6g CuSO4,10mg H3BO3,1.42g MnCl2·4H2O,10mg NiCl2·H2O and 20mg of Na2MoO4·H2O.Seed cultures were prepared in50mL culture tubes by inoculating10mL of LB broth with a single colony from a fresh transformation plate,followed by incubation overnight at37◦C and200rpm in an orbital shaker.Shake-flask cultures were typ-ically prepared in500mL shake-flasks using1mL of the seed culture to inoculate 100mL of LB or MDE media,which were then incubated under the same conditions as seed cultures.To induce protein expression,IPTG from a100mM stock was asep-tically added to the desiredfinal concentration.After induction,cells were allowed to grow into stationary phase for7–8h.2.3.Bioreactor cultivation conditionsFed-batch cultivation experiments were carried out using a2L jar and a stan-dard Biostat B®digital control unit.Aflux of1.5vvm of air was injected trough the fermentor to satisfy the respiratory needs of the cultured strain.Additions of15% (w/v)NH4OH were made to keep pH at a set point of7.00.Temperature was set at37◦C.Dissolved oxygen levels were kept at60%of the saturation concentration by means of the stirring speed and/or by mixing the inlet gas with pure oxygen in increasing proportions.Seed cultures of the strain of interest were grown in LB media as described previously for shake-flask experiments.Inocula cultures were prepared in500mL shake-flasks by adding5mL of seed culture into95mL of fresh MDE media,then incubating at37◦C and200rpm in an orbital shaker.Once these cultures reached OD600nm of1–1.2,80mL of them were added into the fermentation jar containing 720mL of MDF media.MDF contains per liter:20.0g glucose,4.5g yeast extract, 2.0g NaCl,4.1g(NH4)2SO4,13.2g K2HPO4,2.6g KH2PO4,0.5g MgSO4,0.03g FeCl3, 25mL of trace elements solution and100mg ampicillin.Once glucose was depleted, the feeding part of the fermentation was started with the addition of FS feeding solution,which contained per liter:450g glycerol,9.6g MgSO4,0.5g FeCl3,0.5g CaCl2·2H2O,0.3g thiamine,32mL trace elements solution and500mg ampicillin. Addition of the feedstock was done according to an open loop method described before in previous works(20).This exponential feeding protocol allows for the con-trol of the specific growth rate of the bacterial culture by limitation of the carbon source(21).No source of phosphate was included in the feedstock in order to avoid the precipitation of Ca3(PO4)2and Fe(PO4);however two punctual additions of a concentrated phosphate solution were done,each equivalent to5g of PO43−.2.4.Biomass and metabolites analysesBacterial growth was followed by optical density measurements at600nm using a spectrophotometer(KONTRON Uvicon941plus Spectrophotometer).Optical den-sity was correlated to dry cell weight through a calibration curve constructed by standard methods[21].Evaluation of plasmid stability was accomplished by plat-ing properly diluted amounts of culture samples on plain LB-agar plates and on then LB-agar plates supplemented with100␮g mL−1ampicillin.The colony count on plain plates represented the total cells,while the count on the antibiotic contain-ing plates stood for plasmid bearing cells.For the determination of glycerol,glucose, phosphate,ammonium and acetic acid,1mL samples of culture were centrifuged at9000×g for3min in a tabletop centrifuge(Haereus).The supernatant was then filtered through a0.22␮m syringefilter(Millipore)and purified by HPLC(Hewlett-Packard1050)on an Aminex HPX-87H column(Biorad),with H2SO415mM as the mobile phase at aflow rate of0.60mL min−1.Analysis was done with an IR detec-tor(Hewlett-Packard1047)at room temperature.Phosphates and ammonia were determined using commercial colorimetric kits(Hach Lange).2.5.Cell fractionation and culture supernatant preparationBefore cell fractionation,OD600nm of each culture was determined to determine the broth volume from were2.4mg DCW could be isolated.The sample volume was centrifuged at3000×g,4◦C for10min,and periplasmic extracts were obtained by osmotic shock as described elsewhere[22].The resulting pellet containing spheroplasts was resuspended in300␮L PBS buffer and sonicated to release sol-uble cytoplasmic proteins using a Vibracell®model VC50(Sonics&Materials).Cell lysates were centrifuged at12,000×g,4◦C for15min to recover the soluble cytosolic contents.Culture supernatants were separated from the bacterial pellet by cen-trifugation at5000×g,4◦C for10min,followed byfiltration with a syringe-driven0.22␮mfilter device(Millipore).Clear supernatants(40mL)were then loaded ona SepPak C18(1g)Reverse Phase column(Waters),previously equilibrated with acetonitrile and rinsed with ultrapure water.Columns were washed with4mL10% acetonitrile and4mL ultrapure water previous to elution with4mL of30%iso-propanol.When needed,supernatants were concentrated using Amicon or Minicon centrifugalfilter devices(Millipore).2.6.Protein electrophoresis and estimation of protein contentTotal protein in samples content was assessed in triplicate using a commercial kit for the Bradford assay(Biorad)with Bovine Serum Albumin(BSA)as a standard. Separation and visualization of proteins over electrophoresis gels was carried out using12%Bis-Tris gels from the Novex system(Invitrogen)using MES-SDS as run-ning buffer.Upon staining with colloidal Coomassie[23],the bands of interest were quantified by gel densitometry(Kodak Digital Science);this type of quantification was mainly used for the estimation of pre-PCI in the cytosol.2.7.Reverse phase HPLC quantificationReverse phase liquid chromatography was employed to separate and quantify active PCI in periplasmic and supernatant fractions.An Ultimate300HPLC system (Dionex)and a C18cartridge(Waters)were employed,using a sample volume of 100␮L containing1%TFA.Elution of PCI was done over a gradient of acetonitrile (pH=1.00)from20%to80%.Using standards of purified protein,a calibration curve was constructed to estimate the concentration of active PCI in the injected samples.2.8.Enzymatic assayThe inhibitory activity of PCI samples was determined using a commercial kit (Sigma–Aldrich).This kit allows to measure the activity of carboxypeptidase A(CPA), as well as the screening of inhibitors of this enzyme,as described elsewhere[24]. Non-induced culture samples of BW25113or MC1061(pIMAM3)were used as blanks.3.Results3.1.Shake-flask preliminary experimentsparison of expression between the strains MC1061and BW25113As previously mentioned,the expression system MC1061 (pIMAM3)had successfully been used for the production of PCI in both shake-flask and high-density cultures in complex and semi-complex media[19].However,MC1061is a leucine auxotroph and hence its culture in defined media requires the addition of this amino acid.In small scale cultures this did not constitute a rel-evant inconvenient,but it was found to be a major handicap for high-density cultivation,since the amino acid needs can be several1336J.-M.Puertas et al./Process Biochemistry45(2010)1334–1341Fig.1.Effect of IPTG concentration on extracellular PCI yields in shake-flask cultures of BW25113(pIMAM3).folds higher and moreover leucine exhibits a low solubility in aque-ous media.Addition of other amino acids source commonly used in culture media(such as hydrolyzed casein extracts,peptone or yeast extract)is incompatible with the fed-batch cultivation pro-tocol used in our research group which is carried out in minimal medium for several reasons:lower cost,higher repeatability of the results,and possibility of controlling the specific growth rate by limitation of the availability of a single carbon source.To overcome this problem,pIMAM3was transformed into the prototrophic strain BW25113.We then compared the expression of PCI using both strains in three different culture media:LB,defined medium with glycerol as the carbon source(MDE,glycerol),and defined medium with glucose as carbon source(MDE,glucose). After5h of induction,culture supernatants were purified and ana-lyzed.Final yields of extracellular PCI were determined and are presented in Table1.Overall,BW25113exhibits a more desirable behavior for the expression of PCI.It can also be observed that higher concentra-tions of extracellular product were obtained in MDE when glycerol was employed as the carbon source.Increased secretion in defined media compared to complex media has already been described elsewhere[7].3.1.2.Effect of inducer concentration over cell growth andglycerol consumptionConcentration of inducer is known to be another important variable in the production of recombinant proteins[25–27].A series of experiments was conducted to study the expression of PCI in BW25113(pIMAM3)under different concentrations of IPTG. Results are depicted in Fig.1,which shows that concentrations over 250␮M IPTG do not increase notably the PCI yield.Also,the effect of the induction over cell metabolism was studied by conducting parallel growth experiments with and without addition of IPTG. Induction of PCI expression resulted in a decrease of the specific growth rate andfinal biomass value,with a growth arrest hap-pening after approximately two duplications post-induction.It was also determined that the glycerol/biomass yield during the induc-tion phase was around20%higher than that of the non-induced growth(S/X=2.8g glycerol g−1DCW versus S/X=3.4g glycerol g−1 DCW).These parameters are necessary for the control of the growth rate in the following fed-batch cultures according to the protocol described in Section2.3.2.Bioreactor experiments3.2.1.Development of a fed-batch protocol for the high celldensity cultivation of BW25113(pIMAM3)In previous studies of our research group a minimal balanced media was designed and successfully used for the growth of E. coli to high cell densities.An exponential feed profile was used to control the specific growth rate by limitation of the carbon source while maintaining appropriate levels of other main nutri-ents like nitrogen and phosphorous[20,21,25].Thus,thefirst step to scale up the production of PCI from shake-flask to bioreactor scale was carrying out a non-induced fed-batch culture of BW25113 (pIMAM3)according to this protocol,in order to validate its effi-cacy for this particular expression system.It is well known that control of growth rates is crucial to avoid accumulation of undesir-able metabolites,mainly acetic acid[28,29],and also has a proven impact on the production yield of recombinant proteins[30].Glucose was chosen for the discontinuous stage of the fermen-tation because of its reduced cost and faster growth kinetics of the strain over this substrate.This phase of the fermentation lasted around13.5h,when glucose was depleted,which was evidenced by a sudden rise of the dissolved oxygen concentration and also an increase of the pH to the maximum tolerated by the control loop (pH=7.05).The biomass achieved at this point was6.6g DCW L−1 (OD600nm=21).The feeding was then started,programming the parameters of the control software to maintain a specific growth rate of =0.25h−1.Glycerol,instead of glucose,was employed in the feedstock for the fed-batch since growth over thefirst substrate yielded higher amounts of extracellular PCI in shake-flask cultures (see Table1);and it is in the fed-batch stage where induction takes place.Fig.2depicts the evolution of biomass,glucose,glycerol,ammo-nium,phosphate,acetic acid and dissolved oxygen along the fermentation.Levels of this last metabolite were maximal at the end of the batch stage(1.25g L−1),but were always under critical levels.Concentrations of ammonium and phosphate followed the expected trend throughout the process,never reaching inhibitory or limiting values.The fed-batch stage ended after8.5h,when it was not possible to keep the dissolved oxygen concentration over10%of saturation even supplying1.5vvm of pure oxygen. The point of oxygen exhaustion will be considered as the end-point for all the fed-batch cultures.Afinal biomass concentration of58.2g DCW L−1(OD600nm≈180)was reached.Plasmid stability under these conditions was satisfactory,with over90%of the cells exhibiting ampicillin resistance at the end of the process.3.2.2.Production of PCI in fed-batch culturesOnce the efficacy of the fed-batch protocol for the high cell den-sity cultivation of BW25113(pIMAM3)was tested and the growth limit was determined,a series of induced cultures were performedTable1Specific growth rates and extracellular PCI yields obtained in shake-flask cultivation of BW25113(pIMAM3)and MC1061(pIMAM3)in LB and defined media.Strain LB MDE-glycerol MDE-glucosemax(h−1)P/X(mg PCI g−1DCW) max(h−1)P/X(mg PCI g−1DCW) max(h−1)P/X(mg PCI g−1DCW)BW251130.64±0.05 2.4±0.070.41±0.03 2.9±0.050.53±0.06 1.6±0.08MC10610.62±0.06 1.7±0.040.48±0.05 2.0±0.060.52±0.04 1.4±0.05J.-M.Puertas et al./Process Biochemistry45(2010)1334–13411337Fig.2.Time-course of fed-batch culture of BW25113(pIMAM3)without induction.Non-induced culture atfixed specific growth rate of =0.25h−1.Concentrations of biomass concentration( ),glucose( ),glycerol( ),ammonium(♦),phosphate( ),acetate( )and dissolved oxygen(᭹)concentrations are shown.A continuous vertical line is used to distinguish the batch and fed-batch stages.Punctual additions of phosphate are depicted with an arrow.in which the only variable parameter was the specific growth rate fixed by the feed profile.The choice of the induction moment was done based on the number of duplications post-induction observed on shake-flask cultures as a rough estimate of the effect of PCI expression over cell growth.Bearing in mind a previous induc-tion strategy for the expression of a recombinant aldolase under the control of a mild promoter[21],it was reasoned that an early induction might have prevented the system from reaching the max-imum biomass determined in the non-induced culture,and a late induction would have shortened the induction time,limiting pro-tein expression.Following this rationale,it was chosen to induce at a biomass concentration of around15g DCW L−1(OD600nm=45)so that after two duplications afinal biomass of nearly60g DCW L−1 could still be reached,as for the case of the non-induced culture. Fig.3A–C presents the results of these fermentations in terms of cell concentration,specific growth rate and active PCI concentration in the culture media.It can be observed that growth patterns in all three fermenta-tions followed the expected kinetics(i.e.the specific growth rate was kept at thefixed value with an average7%deviation from the set point);reaching a maximum biomass very similar to that of the non-induced culture.Also,concentrations of carbon source, ammonium,phosphate and acetic acid were kept on the desired levels(data not shown).Particularly,the concentration of glyc-erol remained close to zero during the fed-batch phase of all three processes,validating the strategy of growth control by substrate limitation.However,the amount of extracellular recombinant product depended highly on thefixed growth rate,i.e.growth at =0.1h−1 resulted in2.3-and12.1-fold increases in the concentration of extracellular PCI,respect to the fermentations carried out at =0.15h−1and =0.25h−1,respectively.In order to investigate the causes of these observations,we compared plasmid stability profiles and distribution of protein along the different cellular com-partments for the three cases.3.2.3.Effect of thefixed specific growth rate on plasmid loss ratesFig.4presents the plots of plasmid stability over the induction phase of the fermentations,and also that of the non-induced cul-ture.It can be seen that plasmid loss rates are proportional to the fixed growth rate.It is known that in high cell density cultures ampicillin can be readily degraded,with the consequent loss of selective pressure[31,32].This would promote an increased ten-dency for the cells to lose pIMAM3.Dependence of plasmid loss rates with growth rates has already been reported in several studies [33–35].It is important to recall that the end of the fermentations is imposed by the oxygen-transfer limitation,and in the case of the growth at =0.25h−1this boundary is reached earlier,and with a smaller proportion of PCI-productive biomass,resulting in a decrease in both the induction time and the process productivity.3.2.4.Effect of thefixed specific growth rate on protein expression,secretion and excretionAs it previously shown,levels of excreted PCI varied signifi-cantly with the growth rate at which production was carried out. In order to study this correlation,the intracellular contents of PCI were assessed;both as presecretory or immature protein in the cytosol and in active form in the periplasm.Fig.5presents thefinal localization of PCI in the cytosolic extracts,periplasmic extracts and culture supernatants for the production fermentations.Sur-prisingly,a significant amount of the recombinant product was found in the periplasmic space,a fact that contrasts with previous studies where the protein was exclusively found in the extracellu-lar milieu[19].Secretion of PCI to the periplasmic space and culture media represents a76%of the total protein at =0.25h−1,87%of the total protein at =0.15h−1and96%at =0.10h−1,as illus-trated in Fig.6.Regarding the proportion of excreted PCI,even more striking differences were found:extracellular PCI constituted6.9% of the total protein at =0.25h−1,32.2%at =0.15h−1and50.0% at =0.10h−1.In order to point out the effect of the specific growth rate over the distribution of the recombinant product,Fig.7shows the time evo-lution of the PCI amount(mg)in the different cell compartments.It must be noted that for a given time point of the fermentation,the quantities of pre-PCI in the cytosol and PCI in the periplasm depend on the total biomass at that instant,since these concentrations are cell-bound(in contrast to the concentrations of extracellular PCI). To be able to compare the total PCI produced in each compartment, we calculated the quantity of pre-PCI in the cytosol and PCI in the periplasm using the concentrations in the corresponding extracts and the protocol described in Section2(i.e.knowing that300␮L of cytosolic and periplasmic extracts are prepared from2.4mg DCW).1338J.-M.Puertas et al./Process Biochemistry 45(2010)1334–1341Fig.3.Time-course of induced fed-batch cultures of BW25113(pIMAM3)at dif-ferent fixed specific growth rates.(A) =0.25h −1,(B) =0.15h −1,(C) =0.10h −1.Biomass (᭹)and PCI ( )concentrations in culture supernatants are shown.A solid vertical line is used to distinguish the batch and fed-batch stages;whereas the induction moment is depicted with a dashed vertical line.Regarding extracellular PCI,it was considered that the effective vol-ume of clear supernatant after centrifugation is different than that of the culture broth,since biomass occupies a significant space,especially at high cell densities.In this sense,a calibration curve correlating recoverable media volume and cell concentration was constructed (data not shown).Also,for further calculations involv-ing biomass concentrations,only the plasmid bearing cells wereconsidered.Fig.4.Plasmid loss profiles for the fed-batch cultures of BW25113(pIMAM3). =0.25h −1( ), =0.15h −1(♦)and =0.10h −1( );non-induced culture at fixed specific growth rate of =0.25h −1(᭹).Note :For the last case ,the data corresponds to the number of duplications as if it had been induced at the same biomass concentration than the induced experiments .A quick-glance comparison of the protein distributions shows how levels of pre-PCI accumulation in the cytoplasm are pro-portional to the specific growth velocity,i.e.proportions of inactive presecretory protein are highest at =0.25h −1.Also,for =0.25h −1,levels of protein in the periplasm increase up to end of the process,whereas for =0.15h −1and =0.10h −1,there is a decline in the PCI content of the periplasmic space 7.5and 12h post-induction,respectively,as a consequence of enhanced excretion of the protein out of the cell.This effect had already been reported for the high-level expression of cholera toxinB in the periplasm of E.coli [36].All these observations seem to point out that the disparity in the amounts of secreted PCI are related to the relative rates at which the protein is produced in the cytosol,secreted to the periplasmic space,and excreted to the culturemedia.Fig.5.Analysis of final cell fractions.Soluble cytoplasmic fractions (ec),periplas-micfractions (ep)and supernatants (sn)were separated by SDS-PAGE and stained by Colloidal Coomassie blue.(Lanes 3–5)fractions corresponding to =0.25h −1;(lanes 7–9)fractions corresponding to =0.15h −1;lanes 11–13,fractions corresponding to =0.10h −1and (lanes 1and 15)molecular weight marker.Notice the molecular weight difference between the pre-secretory and mature PCI in the ec and ep -sn samples,respectively.。

增加对文化的见解英文作文1. Culture is a reflection of a society's values, beliefs, and traditions. It is a way for people to express their identity and connect with others who share similar values. From music and art to language and cuisine, culture is a diverse and complex aspect of human life.2. One of the most interesting things about culture is how it evolves over time. As societies change and new ideas emerge, cultural practices and traditions may adapt or disappear altogether. For example, the rise of technology has had a significant impact on the way we communicate and interact with each other, which in turn has influenced the development of new forms of art and music.3. Another important aspect of culture is its role in shaping our perceptions of the world around us. Different cultures may view the same event or object in vastly different ways, depending on their values and beliefs. This can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts, but it canalso foster greater understanding and appreciation of diverse perspectives.4. Culture also plays a key role in the way we express ourselves. Whether through language, dance, or visual art, cultural forms of expression allow us to convey complex emotions and ideas in ways that are unique to ourparticular society. This can create a sense of unity and belonging among members of a culture, while also allowing for individual expression and creativity.5. Finally, culture is an important part of our collective history and heritage. By preserving and celebrating cultural traditions, we can honor the achievements and struggles of our ancestors, while also passing on valuable knowledge and skills to future generations. This helps to create a sense of continuity and connection across time, even as our societies continue to evolve and change.。

关爱地球母亲英语作文60字六年级当地球上没有了树木，当森林里没有了小鸟;当地球上没有了河流，当小河里没有了鱼虾。

我不知道生活会变成什么样子。

警钟已经敲响，让我们携起手来，关爱地球，关爱你我。

让我们一起来看看吧!今日在这里共享了关爱地球母亲英语作文60字六年级，盼望能帮到你。

关爱地球母亲英语作文60字六年级1Now, fewer nd fewer resources on erth, now the environment is becoming worse. In order to mke the sustinble development of humn civiliztion, low-crbon life strted. This yer, the world expo held in Shnghi, Chin, the theme is: city, better life! , the purpose is to promote low-crbon life.In the city, t the countless chimneys in the smoke, thousnds of drin in the dischrge of sewge, leding to the greenhouse effect, cid rin nd other dissters, cused huge impct on the environment. rths pvilion is four-storey building, min solr wter curtin wll is one of the biggest bright spot. The technology wll prototype is French lsce he middle school wll of the sun, in the locl pplied in heting in winter.Considering the Shnghi summer high temperture ndwet, rths the solr wll in front of the pvilion nd dd the function of the summer. Solr wter curtin wll from outside to inside, including three lyers, the outer lyer is composed of solr pnels nd thick glss, the middle lyer is cn open closed ir lyer, the inner lyer is the wter fter the wter curtin of glss lyer. Prt in the summer, solr pnels cn block off the sun, outdoor hot ir into the ir lyer, contct the wter curtin wll, the effect of cooling nd cooling by trnspirtion.Shnghi is too hot in summer, wter curtin wll cnt completely replce the ir conditioning. Generl representtive MryseDondrille ldy sid, but the wter curtin wll cn mximize reduce indoor temperture, reducing dependence on centrl ir conditioning the entire rchitecture. Support the low crbon life, protect erths environment关爱地球母亲英语作文60字六年级2参考译文】：人们常常说地球就像我们的母亲。

The effect of culture on economyCanada is famous for its immigrant culture. So it is an open country as well as welcomesforeign investment in economy, contributing to be a large trading nation.Because Canadian culture is influenced deeply by American and French culture, its trade is mainly centered by Americas and France.Canadian culture is a term that embodies the artistic, culinary, literary, humour, musical, political and social elements that are representative of Canada and Canadians. Throughout Canada's history, its culture has been influenced by European culture and traditions, especially British and French, and by its own indigenous cultures. Over time, elements of the cultures of Canada's immigrant populations have become incorporated into mainstream Canadian culture.Canada is often characterized as being "very progressive, diverse, and multicultural". Canada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote a just society are constitutionally protected. Canadian Government policies—such as publicly funded health care; higher and more progressive taxation; outlawing capital punishment; strong efforts to eliminate poverty; an emphasis on cultural diversity; strict gun control; and most recently, legalizing same-sex marriage—are social indicators of Canada's political and cultural values.In general, Canadian nationalists are highly concerned about the protection of Canadian sovereignty and loyalty to the Canadian State, placing them in the civic nationalist category. It has likewise often been suggested that anti-Americanism plays a prominent role in Canadian nationalist ideologies. Cultural protectionism in Canada has, since the mid-20th century, taken the form of conscious, interventionist attempts on the part of various Canadian governments to promote Canadian cultural production.As far as its arts,aboriginal artists were producing art in the territory that is now called Canada for thousands of years prior to the arrival of European settler colonists and the eventual establishment of Canada as a nation state. The works of most early Canadian painters followed European trends. However, Since the 1930s, Canadian painters have developed a wide range of highly individual styles. Emily Carr became famous for her paintings of totem poles in British Columbia.And Canadian literature is often divided into French- and English-language literatures, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively. Canada’s early literature, whether written in English or French, often reflects the Canadian perspective on nature, frontier life, and Canada’s position in the world, for example the poetry of Bliss Carman or the memoirs of Susanna Moodie and Catherine Parr Traill. These themes, and Canada's literary history, inform the writing of successive generations of Canadian authors, from Leonard Cohen to Margaret Atwood. By the mid-20th century, Canadian writers were exploring national themes for Canadian readers.Then Canadian authors have accumulated numerous international awards. In 1992, Michael Ondaatje became the first Canadian to win the Man Booker Prize for The English Patient.A number of Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood significantly contributed to the creation of the motion picture industry in the early days of the 20th century.] Over the years, many Canadians have made enormous contributions to the American entertainment industry, although they are frequently not recognized as Canadians.。

International Journal of Science Culture and SportDecember 2013; 1(4)ISSN : 2148-1148Doi : 10.14486/IJSCS39Copyright©IntJSCS ( ) - 22The Effect of Cultural Background Knowledge on Learning EnglishLanguageDr. Ibrahim, M. SabatinMinistry of Education / PALESTINEE-mail: sabateenibrahim2002@ - Mobile: 009720599388439AbstractThis study aims to investigate the effect of cultural background knowledge on learning English Language. It also aims to investigate if there are significant differences between subjects' performance in reading comprehension according to sex and general ability in English (GAE). The study aims at answering the following questions: 1. To what extent is the effect of cultural background knowledge on subjects' performance in reading comprehension? 2. What is the difference in performance in reading comprehension between male and female subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge? 3. What is the difference between subjects' performance in reading comprehension texts which are loaded with American culture and their general ability in English. ?The population of this study consisted of all first-year students majoring in English at Hebron University in the first semester of the academic year 2011/2012. They were 600. The sample of the study consisted of 60 subjects, males and females divided into four groups, two experimental and two controlled. The researcher followed the experimental method. Means, standard deviations and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were calculated by using SPSS program. The study revealed the following results: 1. There are statistically significant differences in performance in reading comprehension between subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge. 2. There are no statistically significant differences in performance in reading comprehension between male and female subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge. 3. Subjects' GAE revealed that there are significant differences in performance in reading comprehension between subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge.In the light of the results of the study, the researcher recommends the following: Teachers should activate two types of prior knowledge when introducing new information: subject knowledge and cultural knowledge.Key words: Cultural Knowledge, Teaching, Reading ComprehensionM. Sabatin IBRAHIM, The Effect of Cultural Background… 1(4): 22-32 1. IntroductionOver the last decade there has been an explosion of interest in learning English in the Arab World. Bernhardt (1993) lists three reasons for the interest in second language acquisition as it relates to literacy skill. The first reason is concerned with social- political interests. Some learners require instructions in the native language for success in school. Other non-native adult learners need employment for survival and therefore must attain functional literary skills. A second reason for the general interest in literacy skills in second language is pedagogical. Reading ability is acknowledged to be the most stable and durable of the second language modalities. That means, learners may lose their productive skills but still be able to comprehend texts with some degree of proficiency. The third reason for this interest is cognitive.Bright and Macgregor (1970) note that where there is little reading there will be little language learning. Nuttall (1996) adds that reading is a highly effective means of extending the command of language. Gibson and Levin (1975) also state that reading has received more attention than other aspects of education, so there is small wonder that instruction in the early grades is organized around learning to read because almost everyone expresses concern about students learning to read. (Destefano, 1978:232-235). Knowledge of reading in a foreign language, in particular English is so necessary nowadays for most learners. Too much of the professional, technical and scientific information is published in English, so the ability to read in English is required by many people.1.2 Significance of the StudyIn Palestinian schools reading comprehension constitutes a major part of the English language curriculum in all grades. In most cases, the textbooks accompanied by sets of exercises and activities that revolve around the reading passage. In other words, there are vocabulary exercises and exercises on syntax derived from and based on the reading passage. In the General Secondary School Certificate Examination, the reading grade constitutes 20% to 30% of the total grade in the English Examination. However, a considerable number of students fail to comprehend the reading passages and many of the teachers of English are often discouraged by the low grades the students obtain in reading comprehension tests at colleges and universities. So the researcher intends to investigate the factors that affect reading comprehension. In the present study the researcher investigated the effect of cultural background knowledge. The lack of sufficient research on the precise contribution of linguistic knowledge to reading comprehension combined with the serious limits of the few existing studies emphasized the need for a study that can accomplish the following:1. explore the learner's knowledge of culture so as to determine its contribution as well as the precise contribution of each to reading comprehension. (Mecartty, 1994; Dwaik, 1997)2. break with the traditional perspective of measuring learner's knowledge of the linguistic features of the language contained in the text and therefore, investigate the learners knowledge independent of text comprehension (Mecartty, 1994; Dweik, 1997) Furthermore, the results of answering the questions of the study are expected to achieve the following results:International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (Int JSCS)Dec 2013 1. This study is expected to help English teachers by drawing their attention to the main factors that affect students’ achievement in reading comprehension.2. It is expected to help students to improve their level in reading comprehension.3. It is expected to help the English language curriculum designers and draw their attention to the types of texts to be included in textbooks.In summary, the researcher hopes that this study may contribute to improving students' level in reading comprehension by drawing teachers' attention to place more emphasis on vocabulary, grammar and cultural background knowledge when dealing with reading comprehension texts.1.3. Statement of the ProblemThe study of foreign language comprehension is a complex phenomenon compounded by the fact that many types of processes and factors need to be accounted for and explained. The knowledge that the reader brings to the process is one of those many factors. “I t is generally known that good knowledge of vocabulary and grammar helps the reader to understand the material he reads” (Faraj, 1998: 53). Reading is probably the most common of the four skills to be improved, and it may seem to be the easiest of the skills to test. However, testing reading does have difficulties, and there are issues that anyone testing reading should be aware of the fact that traditional reading tests tend to make use of short prose passages and ask general comprehension questions. These often do not deal with the variety of skills involved in reading or the variety of texts that testees may encounter.According to the researcher's experiences as a teacher of English he noticed that most of the students finish high school and join the university without having the ability to read and to answer reading comprehension questions on reading passages. So we have to investigate the factors that affect reading skill in order to improve it. Kilani (2001) claims that a learner is expected to read with less comprehension if he or she does not possess adequate cultural background knowledge. Moreover, Tseng (2002) points out that successful language learning requires knowing the culture that underlies language.Unfortunately, many classrooms today lack the use of "real language", and a general look at PETRA and OXFORD English Course textbooks used in Palestine indicate that the reading comprehension texts included are not authentic, but rather prepared for specific pedagogical purposes (Yousef, 1998). Consequently, EFL learners do not have the opportunity to get through the target language components explicity that is necessary for successful communication.1.4. Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of cultural background knowledge on the learners' achievement in reading comprehension. In short we can say that this study will try to help teachers of English in Palestine to improve their students’ level in reading comprehension to achieve good communication in foreign language.M. Sabatin IBRAHIM, The Effect of Cultural Background… 1(4): 22-32 1.5. Research QuestionsThis study will attempt to answer the following questions1. To what extent is the effect of cultural background knowledge on subjects' performance in reading comprehension?2. What is the difference in performance in reading comprehension between male and female subjects who have background knowledge on 5 American culture and those who do not have any knowledge?3. What is the difference between subjects' performance in reading comprehension texts which are loaded with American culture and their GAE?1.6. HypothesesIn order to answer the questions of this study, these questions were converted into the following null hypotheses:1- There is no significant difference in performance in reading comprehension between subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge.2- There is no significant difference in performance in reading comprehension between male and female subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge.3- There is no significant difference between subjects' performance in reading comprehension texts which are loaded with American culture and their GAE.1.7. Limits of the StudyThe researcher acknowledges the following limitations to the study. This study will be limited to the first- year English students at Hebron University for the academic year 2008/2009. Only one test type was used to measure the subjects' ability in reading comprehension, i.e. (Multiple-choice test) . The results of this study could not be generalized out the boarders of these limits. All of the subjects are non-native speakers of English. The results of this study could be generalized only to other similar conditions.2. MethodologyIn order to achieve the purpose of the study the researcher conducted an experimental study. The sample of the study consisted of 120 male and female students divided into four homogenous groups: two experimental and two controlled groups. Two post tests will be given to the four groups.International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (Int JSCS)Dec 2013 2.1. Population and SampleThe population of this study consisted of all first -year students majoring in English at Hebron University in the first semester of the academic year 2008/2009. They were 600. The sample of the study consisted of 60 subjects, males and females divided into four groups, two experimental and two controll. The researcher followed the experimental method.The researcher gave the first experimental group five lectures on lexis and syntax while the first controlled group was not given any lecture. He also gave the second experimental group five lectures on American culture while the second controlled group was not given any lecture. The researcher gave the four groups of subjects a post test. The first experimental and controlled groups were given a post test concerns lexical and syntactic knowledge while the second experimental and controlled groups were given a post test concerns target language culture. The post test consisted of two texts followed by twenty questions for each group. Means, standard deviations and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were calculated by using SPSS program.3. ResultsThe study revealed the following results:3.1. The Effect of Cultural Background Knowledge on Reading ComprehensionThis section will discuss the results of the effect of cultural background knowledge on reading comprehension.Hypothesis 11-There is no significant difference in performance in reading comprehension between subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge.Table 1. Means and Standard Deviation of Students' Performance in Reading ComprehensionComparing the mean scores of both texts we notice that the experimental group which was given five lectures about American culture assigned higher mean scores ( M= 0.717, Sd=0.116) than the controlled group which was not given any (M=0.538,Sd=0.156 ). WeM. Sabatin IBRAHIM, The Effect of Cultural Background… 1(4): 22-32 notice from Table 4-12 that the hypothesis is rejected. This result does not support the fourth hypothesis which says 'that there is no significant difference between cultural background knowledge and student's performance on reading comprehension'.A significant difference in performance in reading comprehension was found between subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge. (P<0.05). These results agree with the results of Razi's study (2003) which indicated that cultural schema appears to have a significant affect on the comprehension of short stories.Razi investigated the effect of cultural background knowledge and reading activities on reading comprehension. He carried out his study at Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University. His sample consisted of 60 participants. He drew his subjects from 3rd year students at the department of ELT at Canakkale University and divided them into two groups. The results showed that cultural schema appears to have a significant effect on the comprehension of short stories. The treatment group received the modified version of the story while the other group received the original story. After that he gave both groups a post test. According to the findings of the present study culture familiarly has a great effect on reading comprehension, and this support the findings of previous studies which indicated that the lack of cultural knowledge affects on reading comprehension. The reviewed studies indicated that there is a significant difference between students who have cultural background knowledge and their performance on reading comprehension. Also, the results support Sultans' results which indicated that there is a significant difference at P<.05 between culture familiarity and reading comprehension. And this supports similar findings in the literature, which have suggested that cultural background knowledge facilitates comprehension, being an integral aspect of reading comprehension. (Sultan, 2004)In summary, it could be said that cultural background knowledge plays an important positive role in students' achievement in reading comprehension. Moreover, good knowledge of other cultures helps students a lot in dealing with reading comprehension texts.Hypothesis 2There is no significant difference in performance in reading comprehension between male and female subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge.Table2. Means and Standard Deviation of Students' Performance on Reading ComprehensionInternational Journal of Science Culture and Sport (Int JSCS)Dec 2013 This result supports the second hypothesis which says ' there is no significant difference in performance in reading comprehension between male and female students who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge. The results showed that there is no significant difference in performance in reading comprehension at P <0.05 between male and female students who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge. This result disagrees with the result of Sultan's study (2001) which indicated that there is a significant difference at P <0.05 between males and females performance in reading comprehension with texts which are loaded with cultures.According to the researcher, this could be attributed to the fact that1- males and females live under the same severe economical conditions.2- males and females are strongly affected by the political situation in Palestine.3- males and females finished the General Secondary Certificate Exam and entered Hebron University at the same time.In summary, it could be said that cultural background knowledge does not play an important role in reading comprehension according to sex. The results of the present study showed that there is no significant difference at P <0.05 between male and female students who have cultural background knowledge and their performance in reading comprehension. Hypothesis 3There is no significant difference between subjects' performance in reading comprehension texts which are loaded with American culture and their GAE.Table 3. Results of the Two Way ANOVA of the Subjects' performance in ReadingGAE: general ability in EnglishThe results showed that there is a significant difference in performance in reading comprehension at P<0.05 between students' who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge and their general ability in English. This result may beM. Sabatin IBRAHIM, The Effect of Cultural Background… 1(4): 22-32 attributed to the students' achievement motivation. A student who gets high marks will have strong motivation which derives him to achieve more, whereas a student who gets low marks will have a low motivation to study more.Table 4. Means and Standard Deviation of the Subjects' Performance in Reading Comprehension Texts Which are Loaded with Cultural Background Knowledge According toGAE: general ability in EnglishThe results showed that there is a significant difference between the performance of students in reading comprehension and their general ability in English. This result is in agreement with the findings of the previous studies which indicated that there is a significant difference between students' GAE and their performance in reading comprehension. And this is a fact that students whose GAE is high, will assign high scores in reading comprehension and those who have low GAE will assign lower scores. These results agree with the findings of Sultan which indicated that there is a significant difference between the performance of students in reading comprehension and their GAE. Indicating that background knowledge has an influence on EFL learners reading comprehension is congruent with the results of (Carrell, 1924; Lee,1986; Horiba, 1990; Ziddan, 1994; Sultan, 2004). On the other hand, this result appears to go against the findings of Johnson (1981) and Floyd and Carrell (1987) who found that background knowledge had more effect on test scores than did the level of language proficiency.In summary, it could be said that cultural background knowledge plays an important role on reading comprehension according to GAE.International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (Int JSCS)Dec 2013 1- There are statistically significant differences in performance in reading comprehension between subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge.2- There are no statistically significant differences in performance in reading comprehension between male and female subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge.3- Subjects' GAE revealed that there are significant differences in performance in reading comprehension between subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge.The results of the study revealed that the null hypotheses have been rejected; however, the hypotheses which concern the effect of lexical, grammatical and cultural background knowledge on students' performance in reading comprehension according to sex have been confirmed.In the light of the results of the study, the researcher recommends the following:1- Teachers of English language should give more attention to lexical and lacitammarg knowledge as the two main factors in improving reading comprehension.2- Teachers should activate two types of prior knowledge when introducin new information: subject knowledge and cultural knowledge.3- Developing learners' understanding of the target language culture so as to promote international cooperation, and to gain access to life and thought of people who speak the target language.4. ConclusionsTo conclude, it could be said that reading comprehension plays an important role in teaching English language. Lexical, grammatical and cultural background knowledge affects reading comprehension so teachers of English should emphasize these three factors. This implies that they should have sufficient preparation in vocabulary, syntax and cultural background knowledge. Also, it implies that students who lack knowledge of vocabulary, syntax and cultural background tend to have difficulty with reading comprehension. The results of the present study revealed the following:1. There is a statistically significant difference in performance in reading comprehension between subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge.2- There is no statistically significant difference in performance in reading comprehension between male and female subjects who have cultural background knowledge and those who do not have any knowledge.M. Sabatin IBRAHIM, The Effect of Cultural Background… 1(4): 22-32 3. There is a statistically significant difference between subjects' performance in reading comprehension texts which are loaded with American culture and their GAE.4. Cultural orientation of the text has a significant effect on reading comprehension. Readers are expected to attain the writers intended meaning by combining existing information with what they read. (Nuttal, 1996).5. RecommendationsIn the light of the results of the research, the researcher recommended the following:1- Teachers should activate two types of prior knowledge when introducing new information: subject knowledge and culture knowledge. The first is the students’ previous knowledge of the subject. World knowledge is what students have learnt through their interactions with the world. Both are supposed to be crucial to facilitate reading comprehension.2- Activating learners’ schemata, especially when introducing new material that is culturally unfamiliar.3- Developing learners’ cultural understanding of the target language culture to promote international cooperation and to gain access to life and thought of people who speak the target language.International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (Int JSCS ) Dec 2013Copyright©IntJSCS ( ) - 32REFERENCESAlderson JC (1984). Reading in a Foreign Language: a Reading Problem or a language problem? .Reading in a Foreign Language. 7: 465-503.Alptekin C (1993). Target Language Culture in EFL Material. ELT Journal, 47, 2, 136-142. Anderson RC and Pearson D (1984). A Schema-Theoretic view Reading Research. New York: Longman.Ausubel D (1963). The Psychology of Meaningful Verbal Learning. New York: Grune. Badrawi N (1994). Culture, Reading and Foreign Language Learner: The Effect of Culture on Reading Comprehension. CDELT. Ain Shams University.Barlett FC (1932). Remembering: A study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Carrell P and Floyed P (1987). Effects on ESL Reading of Teaching Cultural Content Schemata. Language Learning, 37. 1, 89-106.Dwaik R (1997). The Role of Syntactic Knowledge in English as a Foreign Language Reading Comprehension. The Ohio State University.Faraj S (1998). Perceived Causes for the Weakness of Ninth Grade Students in English Listening Skill at West Bank UNRWA Schools. M.A. Thesis, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem. Mecartty F (1994). Lexical and Grammatical knowledge in second language reading and listening comprehension, UM Dissertation Services.Razi S (2003) The Effect of Cultural Schema and Reading Activities on Reading Comprehension. M.A. Thesis. Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University. Turkey.。

文化因素对英语教学的影响The Influence of Culture Factors in English TeachingContents Abstract (1)Key words (1)I. Introduction (2)II. The Relationship between Language and Culture (2)1. Different definitions of culture (2)2. The relationship between language and culture (3)III. The Purpose of Culture Teaching (4)1. The purpose of culture teaching (4)2. The content of culture teaching (4)IV. The Problem and Solving of Culture Teaching (6)1. Listening (7)2. Vocabulary (8)3. Reading (8)4. Writing (9)5. Translation (9)V. The Objective of Culture Teaching (10)VI. The Strategies of Culture Teaching (10)VII. Conclusion (12)References (12)Influence of Culture Factors in English TeachingAbstract: Language is the keystone of culture. Without language, culture would not be possible. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture, itreflects culture. Because of cultural differences misunderstandings may arise,although the language used in communication may be faultless. So learning aforeign language well means more than merely mastering the pronunciations,grammars and vocabularies. It means learning to understand their culture.Today in China, it is important to incorporate culture teaching in Englishteaching. The research of culture teaching in English language teachingmainly refers to three aspects, the necessity to teach, what to teach and howto teach. This article reviews briefly the definitions of culture and introducesthe relation between culture and language. It also states the content of cultureteaching and the objectives of culture teaching and the strategies of cultureteaching. It further expounds that the final objective is to achieve thelanguage acquisition of English-learners through culture teaching.Key words: culture; language; culture teaching摘要：语言是文化的基石，没有语言，文化就无法存在。

Journal of Environmental Sciences 20(2008)94–100E ffects of culture conditions on ligninolytic enzymes and protease productionby Phanerochaete chrysosporium in airXIONG Xiaoping,WEN Xianghua ∗,BAI Yanan,QIAN YiState Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,Department of Environmental Science and Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China.E-mail:xxp02@Received 21March 2007;revised 22April 2007;accepted 28April 2007AbstractThe production of ligninolytic enzymes and protease by Phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated under di fferent culture conditions.Di fferent amounts of medium were employed in free and immobilized culture,together with two kinds of medium with di fferent C /N ratios.Little lignin peroxidase (LiP)(<2U /L)was detected in free culture with nitrogen-limited medium (C /N ratio:56/2.2,in mmol /L),while manganese peroxidase (MnP)maximum activity was 231and 240U /L in 50and 100ml medium culture,respectively.Immobilized culture with 50ml nitrogen-limited medium gave the highest MnP and LiP production with the maximum values of 410and 721U /L separately on the day 5;however,flasks containing 100ml nitrogen-limited medium only produced less MnP with a peak value of 290U /paratively,carbon-limited medium (C /N ratio:28/44,in mmol /L)was adopted in culture but produced little MnP and LiP.Medium type had the greatest impact on protease rge amount of protease was produced due to glucose limitation.Culture type and medium volume influence protease activity corporately by a ffecting oxygen supply.The results implied shallow immobilized culture was a possible way to gain high production of ligninolytic enzymes.Key words :protease;culture conditions;ligninolytic enzymes;Phanerochaete chrysosporiumIntroductionThe white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been extensively studied because of its powerful ligni-nolytic enzymes.These enzymes,mainly including lignin peroxidase (LiP)and manganese peroxidase (MnP),are secreted during the secondary metabolism triggered by carbon,nitrogen or sulfur limitation (Je ffries et al .,1981;Tien and Kirk,1983,1988).They have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in lignin degradation and showed great potential in paper industry.At the same time,more and more researches have revealed that the ligninolytic enzymes are nonspecific enzymes and can assist in the degradation of a wide variety of recalcitrant organic pol-lutants,such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),pesticide and dyes,as has been reviewed by Cameron et al .(2000).This raised the interest of study in ligninolytic enzymes production.To realize application of ligninolytic enzymes,a large production of the biocatalysts at low cost is needed (Ca-baleiro et al .,2002).However,most laboratory studies have been conducted in pure oxygen or in an oxygen-enriched environment (Dosoretz et al .,1990a;Zhen and Yu,1998),which increased the production cost.An ef-fective synthesis of ligninolytic enzymes in air would imply lower cost and greater feasibility essential for their*Corresponding author.E-mail:xhwen@.large scale production (Yu et al .,2006).So far,successful culture of P .chrysosporium with high ligninolytic enzymes production in air has rarely been reported.On the other hand,significant losses of enzyme activity occurred during all cultivations,which prevent enzymes accumulation in crude fermentation product.The simultaneous secretion of proteolytic enzymes (protease)could have caused the low stability of produced peroxidases although di fferent viewpoints still exist (Cabaleiro et al .,2001,2002;Chung et al .,2005;Dass et al .,1995;Dosoretz et al .,1990b,c;Jimenez et al .,2003;Pascal et al .,1993).Further study about protease production and its relationship with ligni-nolytic enzymes production in di fferent culture conditions is needed to assist in directing fermentation process design.In the present report,the fermentation was carried out in batches under air atmosphere.Di fferent volumes of both carbon-limited and nitrogen-limited medium were tested in both free and immobilized cultures.Protease and ligninolytic enzymes were measured during the whole fer-mentation ter,the e ffects of culture conditions,including culture type (free or immobilized),medium species (carbon-limited or nitrogen-limited)and volumes,on protease production,as well as the relationship between protease and ligninolytic enzymes,were discussed based on the results.No.1Effects of culture conditions on ligninolytic enzymes and protease production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in air951Materials and methods1.1StrainPhanerochaete chrysosporium strain BKM-F-1767 (ATCC24725)was maintained at37°C on PDA plates. 1.2CarriersPolyurethane foam cubes of5-mm per side(Dongfang Polyurethane Foam Co.,Beijing,China)were employed as the support in immobilized cultures.Prior to use,they were treated by boiling for10min and washing thoroughly three times with distilled water.After that,the carriers were dried at room temperature overnight and autoclaved at121°C for20min(Couto et al.,2002a).1.3Culture conditionsThe nitrogen-limited medium was prepared based on that described by Tien and Kirk(1988)with10g/L glucose as carbon source,except that the dimethylsuccinate was replaced by20mmol/L acetate buffer(pH4.5).Veratryl alcohol1.5mmol/L was introduced at the beginning of cul-tures and no surfactant was added(Couto and Ratto,1998). Seven-day-old spores were harvested in sterilized water,filtered through glass-wool and adjusted to absorbance of0.5at650nm.This spore suspension(about2.5×106 spores/ml)was used for inoculation(Urek and Pazarlioglu, 2004).In carbon-limited medium,C/N ratio was altered from 56/2.2(in mmol/L nitrogen-limited medium)to28/44(in mmol/L)(Yu et al.,2005)and the other components were the same.1.3.1Free culturesTwo series of medium volume(100ml,50ml)were adopted in250-ml Erlenmeyerflasks,100-ml and50-ml. When100ml medium was added,4ml spore suspension (maintained before)was used for inoculum and half of that was added in theflasks with50ml medium.Cultures were incubated in air at37°C in a rotary shaker with an agitation speed of160r/min.1.3.2Immobilized culturesIn immobilized culture,1.8g carriers were added in 250-ml Erlenmeyerflask containing100ml medium.After addition,the carriers were in critical immerged status. Comparably,0.9g carriers were added inflask containing 50ml medium.The inoculum size was the same as that adopted in free culture.1.4Analytical methodsLignin peroxidase(LiP)activity was measured as de-scribed by Tien and Kirk(1988),with one unit defined as1µmol veratryl alcohol oxidized to veratraldehyde per minute.Manganese peroxidase(MnP)activity was measured spectrophotometrically by the method of Paszczynski et al. (1988),using Mn2+as the substrate.One unit was defined as the amount of enzyme that oxidized1µmol Mn2+per minute.Protease activity was measured with azocoll(Sigma Chemical Co.,USA)as the substrate in50mmol/L acetate buffer,as described by Dosoretz et al.(1990b). Nitrogen ammonium content was determined by the phenol-hypochlorite method at625nm as described by Weatherburn(1967),using ammonium sulfate as a stan-dard.Reducing sugars were determined by dinitrosalicylic acid method at540nm as described by Ghose(1987), using D-glucose as a standard.2Results2.1Free cultures2.1.1Cultured with different volumes of N-limitedmediumIn the250-ml Erlenmeyerflasks with50or100ml nitrogen-limited medium,hyphal pellets were formed since the day2.After the pellets grew up to about5mm in diameter,spurs began to appear and MnP activity emerged in the medium ever since.Different volumes of medium inflasks led to different nutrition consumption rates(Fig.1).On one hand,am-monium nitrogen was totally consumed in2d when50 ml medium was added,but it was depleted on day3in cultures with100ml medium.On the other hand,faster average glucose consumption rate was found in50ml-medium cultures,which are0.407and0.845g/(L·d)during the primary metabolism phase(0–4d)and secondary metabolism phase(5–9d).In100ml-medium culture, glucose consumption rates are0.337and0.810g/(L·d) during these two phases.In these two cultures,protease activity curves were approximately the same with maximum value of around 2.4U/ml on the day6.However,the time when MnP ar-rived its maximum and its peak value were quite different. Fermented with50ml medium,MnP activity was detected since the day3and peaked on the day4with a value of 231U/L.It sharply decreased after that.While in culture containing100ml medium,MnP appeared since the day4 and reached its maximum value of240U/L on the day7. Very few LiP activities were detected in these two culture systems(less than2U/L).In both cultures,after the peak MnP activity the medium became more and more viscous because of the secretion of extracellular polysaccharide and the hyphal pellets began to disaggregate.2.1.2Cultured with different volumes of C-limitedmediumIn C-limited medium free cultures,hyphal pellets also formed since the day2,but they persisted for a longer time compared to those in N-limited medium free culture mentioned above.Ammonium nitrogen all reached its minimum on the day4and kept stable thereafter,but glucose was depleted more rapidly when50ml medium was employed(Fig.2).In spite of different volumes added in theflasks,protease96XIONG Xiaoping et al.V ol.20Fig.1Glucose,ammonium nitrogen concentration and MnP,LiP,protease activity curves during the free culture with N-limited medium (C /N ratio is 56/2.2,in mmol /L).In 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask,100ml (a)and 50ml (b)medium were added,respectively.Fig.2Glucose,ammonium nitrogen concentration and MnP,LiP,protease activity curves during the free culture with C-limited medium (C /N ratio is 28/44,in mmol /L).In 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask,100ml (a)and 50ml (b)medium were added,respectively.activity curves showed the same trend during the culture.When P .chrysosporium entered the secondary metabolism period,protease activity began to increase (Fig.2),which finally arrived maximum (10U /ml for 100ml medium culture and 7U /ml for 50ml medium culture)when glucose concentration in the culture broth was low (less than 1g /L).MnP and LiP activities were low no matter 50ml or 100ml medium was added in culture.MnP activity was less than 10U /L and LiP was less than 2U /L.2.2Immobilized cultures2.2.1Cultured with di fferent volumes of N-limitedmediumSince the immersion status of the support in the medium had e ffect on ligninolytic enzymes production (Yu et al .,No.1E ffects of culture conditions on ligninolytic enzymes and protease production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in air 972005),in 50and 100ml nitrogen-limited medium,0.9and 1.8g polyurethane foam carriers were added,respectively.This made both of these two culture systems in critical immersed conditions.Fewer mediums in the flask promoted ammonium nitro-gen and glucose consumption by fungus.In 50ml-medium system ammonium nitrogen was depleted on the day 1while it cost 2d for complete nitrogen consumption in 100ml-medium system.Glucose disappeared at a rate of 1.372g /(L ·d)during the whole fermentation process in 50ml-medium flask,which is faster than the rate of 0.911g /(L ·d)in 100ml-medium flask (Fig.3).Comparing results got in free and immobilized cultures,we can see that immobilization greatly improved nutrition take-in speed.Di fference was also found in MnP,LiP and protease activity in these two systems.Maximum MnP activity of 410U /L was reached on the day 5in flasks containing 50ml medium,while in 100ml-medium culture,321U /L MnP was produced on the day 10.MnP in the latter system was more stable compared to former MnP activity,although its peak value was less.The highest LiP activity was attained in culture system with 50ml medium.On the day 5,it reached 721U /L.However,the other system did not produce LiP at all.Protease activity curve in 50ml-medium system showed 2peaks (1.43U /ml on the day 2,and 0.8U /ml on the day 8),which were nominated primary protease peak and secondary protease peak in time sequence (Rothschild et al .,1999).Actually it was very low compared to that in 100ml-medium system.In the 100ml medium system,protease activity was higher than 3U /ml since the day 3.The viscosity of the culture broth gradually increased with the culture age for extracellular polysaccharide pro-duction as happened in free culture.2.2.2Cultured with di fferent volumes of C-limitedmediumIn the immobilized culture,carbon-limited medium was also employed to replace nitrogen-limited medium.As an e ffect of immobilization,nutrition disappeared quickly in the medium.Glucose was depleted on the day 2and ammonium nitrogen reached its minimum at the same time in both systems (Fig.4).Under these culture conditions,ligninolytic enzymes productions were comparatively low.In 50ml-medium flasks the maximum MnP activity of 33U /L was achieved and maximum LiP was 37U /L.Less MnP and LiP were produced in 100ml-medium culture,their maximum was 22U /L and 3.1U /L,respectively (Fig.4).With carbon-limited medium,the culture broth kept clear from the beginning till the end of the culture.3Discussion3.1Ligninolytic enzymes productionTo promote ligninolytic enzymes production in large scale,harvesting these products during fermentation in air is undoubtedly of great significance.MnP formation was generally less a ffected by oxygen level (Rothschild et al .,1999)and its production can be easily achieved in flasks or reactors with commonly used nitrogen-limited medium when exposed to air (Couto et al .,2001).This viewpoint is also demonstrated in the present research because of high MnP activity in all cultures with nitrogen-limited medium.However,LiP was seldom produced with the same medium without pure oxygen exposure (Rothschild et al .,1999;Couto et al .,2002b).In this report,the influ-ences of medium type,culture type and mediumvolumeFig.3Glucose,ammonium nitrogen concentration and MnP,LiP,protease activity curves during the immobilized culture with N-limited medium (C /N ratio is 56/2.2,in mmol /L).In 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask;(a)100ml medium and 1.8g polyurethane carriers;(b)50ml medium and 0.9g polyurethane carriers were added,respectively.98XIONG Xiaoping et al.V ol.20 Fig.4Glucose,ammonium nitrogen concentration and MnP,LiP,protease activity curves during the immobilized culture with C-limited medium(C/N ratio is28/44,in mmol/L).In250-ml Erlenmeyerflask,(a)100ml medium and1.8g polyurethane carriers,(b)50ml medium and0.9g polyurethane carriers were added,respectively.on ligninolytic production were studied.Meanwhile,by employing shallow immobilized culture we synchronously got high level of MnP and LiP production in air with nitrogen-limited medium.When different amounts of medium were employed in cultures,the transfer of oxygen from the air to biomass could be influenced(Couto et al.,2000).As the oxygen transfer speed may be the main limitation for fungus growth in liquid culture,the metabolite including ligni-nolytic enzymes and its deactivators could be released at different time.In our result,the free culture with50 ml nitrogen-limited medium gave maximum MnP activity earlier and MnP activity decreased more quickly(Fig.1). Zhang(1999)reported similar phenomenon for LiP when 50and90ml medium were employed separately in250-ml flasks.In immobilized culture,the polyurethane foam helped the fungus stretch out its hypha.This made it easier to assimilate nutrition and secret metabolites compared to the structure of fungal pellets.Actually,ammonium nitrogen and glucose consumption rates were higher when fungus hyphal was immobilized under all culture conditions in our experiment.Higher MnP activity was attained with the favor of carriers in both50and100ml nitrogen-limited medium.What is more,much LiP was produced in immobilized50ml-medium culture(Fig.3).On the other hand,immobilization can effectively reduce the shear stress which is reported to have inverse effect on LiP production and stability.The only high LiP production in immobilized50ml-medium culture reconfirmed the crucial importance of shear stress control and oxygen supply during LiP production process.The results also implied that culture under shallow immobilized conditions was a possible way to gain high activity of ligninolytic enzymes in air.Nitrogen-limited medium seems to be a better substrate because in these cultures higher ligninolytic enzymes production was achieved.However,because of the exces-sive glucose,production of polysaccharide during the late fermentation period made the broth viscous(Rothschild et al.,1999).It could hamper the diffusion of oxygen and other nutrient,production and secretion of ligninolytic en-zymes would be inhibited in succession.In order to make ligninolytic enzymes production more stable or realize its accumulation in nitrogen-limited culture,measures should be taken to avoid the influence of polysaccharide.3.2Protease productionSince protease is a factor which may influence ligninolytic enzymes stability during the culture of P. chrysosporium,studying the effect of culture conditions on protease production is helpful to direct fermentation process aiming at stable enzymes production.Of all the three factors involved in this research,medium type has the greatest effect on protease production.In all culture conditions when medium type was the only difference,protease production was always higher in C-limited system than that in N-limited system.The highest protease activity was achieved in immobilized culture with 100ml C-limited medium inflask.In addition,protease curves were about the same with the same medium in free culture.This result implies P.chrysosporium secreted more protease in response to glucose starvation although both glucose and ammonium limitation could stimulate protease secretion.Another common feature for C-limited system is that theNo.1Effects of culture conditions on ligninolytic enzymes and protease production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in air99protease maximum appeared when glucose was complete-ly consumed and all protease curves have no obvious peaks for primary and secondary protease.So far as we know, there is no report about protease production when cultured with C-limited medium.In free culture with N-limited medium and pure oxygenflushing,Dosoretz et al.(1990b) tried three kinds of initial glucose concentration.Their results showed that when glucose was depleted protease concentration increased,which was regarded as secondary protease.However,Dass et al.(1995)employed a medium containing excessive nitrogen source in their research and they suggested protease produced during the whole process was primary protease.So,we cannot determine which type the protease secreted in C-limited system belongs.The culture type and medium volume might act corpo-rately because they both can influence oxygen supply to biomass which was reported to be a factor for protease secretion(Dosoretz et al.,1990b;Zhen and Yu,1998). Immobilization favored biomass growth,which also in-creased nutrition,including glucose,ammonium nitrogen and oxygen consumption rate,as well as oxygen demand. Fewer medium inflask means more effective oxygen transfer with the same shaking speed.In immobilized culture,more oxygen is needed and100ml medium system cannot meet this requirement.Fungus was in status of oxygen starvation(measured DO concentration was about 0.2mg/L)and subsequently secreted more protease(Figs.3 and4).Less difference in free cultures with50ml medium and100ml medium was found because less oxygen was needed(Figs.1and2).The protease in immobilized culture with50ml N-limited medium had the lowest activity(1.4U/ml)in our experiment,which is also the lowest in all the re-ports we have found.Dosoretz et al.(1990b)measured the primary and secondary protease maximum activity in submerged liquid culture,which was about6U/ml. This could have been caused by pure oxygenflushing as increased oxygenation simultaneously increased protease activity(Dosoretz et al.,1990b).This also can explain why protease was above20U/ml in solid-state culture (Cabaleiro et al.,2002).Another comparatively low pro-tease activity(3.5U/ml)was observed in free culture of P.chrysosporium under air atmosphere.These results indicate that protease production can be minimized with proper culture conditions in air.3.3Relationship between protease and ligninolytic en-zymesAlthough the culture conditions affected both ligninolyt-ic enzymes and protease production,relationship between protease and ligninolytic enzymes was discussed in many research reports.Protease wasfirstly found to cause LiP degradation by Dosoretz et al.(1990b,c)and secondary protease was used in his experiment.Another research proved that the primary protease could totally denatured LiP(Pascal et al., 1993).In our result,high LiP production was only realized in the immobilized culture with50ml N-limited medium, where the lowest primary and secondary protease activity was detected.This indicated that protease produced during the culture is an important factor which reduces LiP production and it needs to be regulated to achieve higher LiP production in P.chrysosporium fermentation.It is reported that protease could be inhibited with addition of substances,such as PMSF(phenyl methane-sulfongl fluoride)and glucose(Dosoretz et al.,1990b)and conse-quently ligninolytic enzymes could be reproduced in the culture(Yu et al.,2005).Our experimental results proved that protease secretion could be controlled by adopting proper culture conditions,which subsequently led to high LiP production.The relationship between protease and MnP is more complicated.Cabaleiro et al.(2001)presented the view-point that MnP activity is inhibited by extracellular protease with the fact that MnP was more stable when protease activity was inhibited.However,recently another viewpoint came up that thefirst peak of extracellular protease helped MnP secretion by participating in hy-phal autolysis steps,while the protease produced during late idiophase would play a role in the decline of MnP (Jimenez et al.,2003).Although the MnP and protease were reversely correlated in some cultures(e.g.Fig.1b), MnP still increased when protease activity was high(e.g. Fig.1a).It implies that protease isn’t a main factor for MnP production and stability.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(No.50478010). 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The Influence of Culture Culture plays a significant role in shaping the beliefs, values, and behaviors of individuals and societies. It influences how people perceive the world around them, interact with others, and make decisions. The influence of culture can be seen in various aspects of life, including language, religion, traditions, and customs. It is important to recognize and understand the impact of culture, as it can have both positive and negative effects on individuals and communities. One of the most evident ways in which culture influences people is through language. Language is not just a means of communication, but also a reflection of asociety's culture and identity. Different languages have unique words and expressions that are deeply rooted in the culture they belong to. For example, the Inuit people have multiple words to describe different types of snow, reflecting the importance of snow in their environment and daily lives. Language shapes the way people think and perceive the world, and it is a powerful tool for preserving and transmitting cultural heritage. Religion is another significant aspect of culture that has a profound influence on individuals and societies. Religious beliefs and practices often dictate moral values, social norms, and rituals. For example, in many Eastern cultures, such as India and China, religion plays a central role in daily life, influencing everything from food choices to marriage traditions. Religion can provide a sense of community and belonging, but it can also lead to conflicts and divisions when different religious groups clash over their beliefs and practices. Understanding the influence of religion on culture is crucial for promoting tolerance and respect for diversity. Traditions and customs are also integral parts of culture that shape people's behaviors and interactions. These can include rituals, ceremonies, and social practices that are passed down from generation to generation. For example, the Japanese tea ceremony is a traditional practice that embodies harmony, respect, purity, and tranquility. It is a reflection of Japanese aesthetics and values, emphasizing the importance of mindfulness and simplicity. Traditions and customs create a sense of continuity and connection to the past, but they can also be resistant to change, hindering progress and inclusivity. The influence of culture extends beyond individual behaviors and traditions to societal structures and institutions. Cultural normsand values can shape political systems, economic practices, and social policies. For example, in collectivist cultures, such as many Asian societies, there is a strong emphasis on group harmony and cooperation, which can influence decision-making processes and leadership styles. In contrast, individualistic cultures,like those in Western countries, prioritize personal autonomy and self-expression, which can lead to different approaches to governance and social welfare. Understanding the cultural underpinnings of societal structures is essential for promoting inclusivity and equity. While culture plays a vital role in shaping identity and fostering a sense of belonging, it can also lead to cultural stereotypes and prejudices. When people from different cultural backgrounds interact, misunderstandings and conflicts can arise due to differences in values, communication styles, and social norms. These cultural clashes can lead to discrimination and marginalization, perpetuating social inequalities and hindering social cohesion. It is crucial to promote cultural awareness and sensitivity to foster mutual understanding and respect across diverse cultural groups. In conclusion, the influence of culture is pervasive and multifaceted, shaping the beliefs, values, behaviors, and interactions of individuals and societies. Language, religion, traditions, customs, and societal structures are all influenced by culture and, in turn, shape cultural identity and social dynamics. While culture can provide a sense of belonging and continuity, it can also lead to misunderstandings and conflicts when different cultural groups interact. Understanding and respecting cultural diversity is essential for promoting social harmony and inclusivity. By acknowledging the influence of culture and embracing cultural diversity, we can work towards building a more equitable and interconnected global community.。

The Influence of CultureCulture is a term that is used to describe the way of life of a particular group of people. It encompasses their beliefs, values, customs, traditions, language, and social norms. The influence of culture on individuals and societies cannot be underestimated. It shapes the way people think, act, and perceive the world around them. In this essay, I will explore the impact of culture on individuals, societies, and the world.One of the most significant effects of culture is on individual behavior. Culture determines what is considered acceptable and unacceptable behavior. It shapes our values and beliefs, which in turn influence our actions. For example, in some cultures, it is customary to greet people with a kiss on the cheek, while in others, a handshake is the norm. Similarly, in some cultures, it is considered rude to speak loudly in public, while in others, it is perfectly acceptable. These differences in behavior are a result of cultural norms and values.Culture also plays a crucial role in shaping the social fabric of societies. It provides a sense of identity and belonging to individuals, which in turn strengthens social bonds. For example, in many African cultures, the extended family is highly valued, and individuals are expected to take care of their relatives. This sense of community and responsibility towards one's family is a result of cultural values. Similarly, in some Asian cultures, respect for elders is paramount, and younger individuals are expected to defer to their elders. These cultural norms help to maintain social order and harmony.However, culture can also be a source of conflict and division. When different cultures come into contact with each other, there is often a clash of values and beliefs. This can lead to tension and conflict between individuals and groups. For example, in some Western societies, individualism is highly valued, and people are encouraged to pursue their own goals and aspirations. In contrast, in some Eastern cultures, collectivism is the norm, and individuals are expected to prioritize the needs of the group over their own. These differences in values can lead to misunderstandings and conflict between individuals from different cultures.Another significant impact of culture is on the economy. Culture shapes the way people approach work and business. For example, in some cultures, punctuality and efficiency are highly valued, and individuals are expected to work hard and be productive. In contrast, in some other cultures, a more relaxed and leisurely approach to work is the norm. These cultural differences can have a significant impact on the economy and the way businesses operate.Finally, culture also has a global impact. As the world becomes more interconnected, different cultures are coming into contact with each other more frequently. This has led to a growing awareness and appreciation of different cultures around the world. However, it has also led to concerns about cultural imperialism and the loss of cultural diversity. As Western culture becomes more dominant globally, there is a fear that other cultures will be marginalized and lost.In conclusion, culture is a powerful force that shapes the way we think, act, and perceive the world around us. It influences individual behavior, social norms, the economy, and the global community. While culture can be a source of unity and identity, it can also be a source of conflict and division. As the world becomes more interconnected, it is essential to recognize and appreciate the diversity of cultures around the world.。

The Effect of Cultural Differences on English– Chinese Translation The culture has a profound influence on the establishment, development and changes of the nguage and culture are closely related.The difference between Chinese and Western cultures can be in the respective languages from different aspects reflected in translation process, and the semantic understanding and communication have a certain influence and interference.The geographical environment and historical background difference have an impact on E-C Translation.Due to the different regions, it has different natural conditions and geographical environment. Different geographical environment will cause the culture on the personality and differences, to form some unique cultural concepts. These cultural differences are reflected in English-Chinese translation, which produces certain effect. For example, China lies in the East Sea, near to the West Mountain, so in China," east wind" is the" spring wind"," West wind" is breeze. While the British geographical environment is contrast to China, the British standing close to the Atlantic to the west, the West wind signals the coming of the spring. “West wind” in the British heart is warm and pleasant. The famous British poet Shelley's" Ode to the west wind" is to eulogize warm wind “It’s a warm wi nd, the west wind, full of bird’s cries" (that is, the warm wind, the west warm wind, accompanied by singing birds). In English -Chinese translation should fully understand these differences, in order to better understand the text. Moreover, the weather in Britain is constantly changing, so people love to talk about the weather. “Lovely day, isn’t it?" (Good weather). On the part of the social customs, Europe, the United States and Chinese also existed many differences on translation; it also caused a certain impact. The same thing, different cultural background has quite different views. For example, the dragon is the ancient Chinese totem image, a symbol of good luck, honor, power and to make progress. We claim to be descendants of the dragon; it is a great and outstanding nation. The dragon is a metaphor for the emperor; the Phoenix is the metaphor of the queen. In Chinese, the dragon and Phoenix are commendatory words. But in English, dragon means evil. This is because of the" Bible" records, which against God devil Satan that is also called the Great Dragon. Dragon in the west is seen as a symbol of evil, in modern English, dragon is used to refer to “violent person" or" serious people ". For example, she is a bit of dragon around this place (She is a horizontal bossy person).The differences of religious culture, proverbs, and allusions have an influence on English-Chinese TranslationThe history, religious beliefs and stories from different sources of Chinese and Western culture will also cause certain effect to English Chinese translation. Most Chinese people believe in Buddhism, Buddhist cultureand ethics culture of the Confucian school is the mainstream of Chinese culture. While Britain and the United States are mostly Christian. The culture of “the Bible" and the Greek myth have a profound influence on American culture and social comparison. As the Chinese saying goes "bless you", means God bless you , the Westerners say God bless you; Chinese say" 天知道", the Westerners say God knows . There are many stories, proverbs, such as the Chinese idiom" in one"," city"," hollow", come from Chinese ancient literature. While the Westerners speak He’s a Shylock. ( 他是个守财奴), a Pandora s box ' (潘多拉之盒), That ' s all Greek to me. ( 我对此一窍不通). These Western proverbs, allusions, are derived from the works of Shakespeare and the myths of Greece and Rome. In the translation of these words, we should take into account of the full understanding of Chinese and Western religious cultural background and knowing its source so that we can appropriately translate the text.To sum up, the cultural differences between Chinese and English exit universally. In translation practice, we not only need to master two languages, but also get a full understanding of Chinese and Western cultural backgrounds and differences. With a deep understanding of the original work, we use translation skills to translate works precisely.。

The effect of culture conditions on the growth of ctineaand anti-inflammatory activities via in vitro inhibition ofhyaluronidase and lipoxygenase enzyme activitiesYus Azila Yahaya a,Mashitah Mat Don a,*,Ahmad Shukri Yahaya ba School of Chemical Engineering,Engineering Campus,Universiti Sains Malaysia,Seberang Prai Selatan,14300Nibong Tebal,Pulau Pinang,Malaysiab School of Civil Engineering,Engineering Campus,Universiti Sains Malaysia,Seberang Prai Selatan,14300Nibong Tebal,Pulau Pinang,Malaysia1.IntroductionInitially,inflammation is a normal response to infectionand tissue trauma,however,without a proper treatment,it canlead to the development of chronic diseases in human bodies[1,2].There were several enzymes are known involved in a promotinginflammation pathway,such hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase.Hyaluronidase enzyme is found in bacteria and venoms ofvarious insects,including snakes[3,4].It was used as a spreadingfactor by many pathogen bacteria to establish infection inanimals and human skin[3].As for lipoxygenase enzyme,it can be found in many cells andorgans.When this enzyme metabolized the polyunsaturated fattyacids(PUFA)in the human body caused a formation of leukotrienes[5,6].According to Henderson[6],basic science and clinicalresearch studies carried out has elucidated the role of leukotrienesin the inflammatory diseases such as asthma,rheumatoid arthritis,and inflammatory bowel disease.According to American College ofRheumatology,nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)was very effective to relieve pain and reduce signs of inflammation.However,their side effect such as stomach bleeding,allergicreactions,kidney problems and heart problems can cause seriousproblem to the user’s health.In2002,30,000cases of acetamino-phen ingestion were reported to the American Association ofPoison Control Centers with110death were due to acetaminopheningestion[7,8].Critically,some of them including Vioxx1andlumiracoxib(Prexige1)were withdrawn from the market in2004and2007due to their side effect[9].Developments of safe enzymeinhibitors are very important and may be useful in the treatment ofvarious inflammatory diseases.Over a decade,fungi have emerged as a natural source ofsecondary metabolites for various disease medications.Manypapers have reported on the genera Ganoderma,Schizophyllum,Inonotus,Phellinus,Lentinus and Trametes for their medicinalproperties.These include anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,antimi-crobial and anticancer either in vivo or in vitro[10–14].Moreover,thefilamentous fungi were particularly useful producers ofsecondary metabolites from the industrial point of view,due totheir high production level and extra cellular secretion,as well asthe relative ease of cultivation[15,16].According to Olano,Lombo[17],fungi are known as the second secondary metabolites groupproducers after actinobacteria with industrial applications[18].Various physical and chemical factors have been identified affectedJournal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers45(2014)2054–2059A R T I C L E I N F OArticle history:Received16October2013Received in revised form18February2014Accepted12April2014Available online17May2014Keywords:Anti-inflammatoryFermentationHPLCTLCTrametes lactineaA B S T R A C TTrametes lactinea(ctinea)is another macrofungus that exists in the Malaysian tropical forest,butinformation about the fungus is very scarce in the literature.Effect of culture conditions on the growth ofctinea and anti-inflammatory activities via in vitro inhibition of hyaluronidase and lipoxygenaseenzyme by its culture broth extract was investigated.Ourfindings showed that culture conditions suchas media composition,pH of the culture medium,inoculum volume,incubation temperature andincubation time affected the growth and anti-inflammatory activities.The highest hyaluronidase(92.5Æ0.86%)and lipoxygenase(93.5Æ0.49%)enzyme inhibitions were obtained from the extractincubated in Medium2,pH6,5mL of inoculum volume at358C for8days.Medium2was found asunfavorable for the growth of ctinea.TLC,UV–vis spectrophotometer and HPLC analysis found that rutinwas presence in the fungus extract.ß2014Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.*Corresponding author.Tel.:+6045996468;fax:+6045941013.E-mail addresses:yazila.jm05@m.my(Y.Yus Azila),chmashitah@m.my(D.Mashitah Mat).Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineersj ou r n a l h o m e p a g e:w w w.e l s e v i e r.co m/l o c a t e/j t i c e/10.1016/j.jtice.2014.04.0031876-1070/ß2014Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.the fungi growth and metabolite production.Carbon source,pH, agitation,inoculum volume,incubation temperature and incuba-tion time was the most selected factors chosen by many researchers to study the fungi growth and production of fungi metabolites[19,20].Taxonomic classification of Trametes lactinea(ctinea)was given by the United States of America’s National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI)as follows,Phylum:basidiomy-cota,Class:agaricomycetes,Order:polyporales,Family:polypor-aceae and Genus:Trametes.According to Vlasak and Kout[21],T. lactinea wasfirstly reported from the USA and can be found in tropical areas including Malaysia.Up to now,knowledge of Trametes species,especially ctinea is still scarce and no works have reported on its fermentation studies.The main objective of this work was to study the effect of culture conditions(media composition,culture media pH,inocu-lum volume,incubation temperature and incubation time)on the growth of ctinea,and inhibition of hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase enzyme activities by its culture broth extract. The bioactive compound of the fungus extract was identified using thin layer chromatography(TLC)and UV–vis spectropho-tometer.The isolated compound was further confirmed using HPLC.2.Material and methods2.1.ChemicalsSoybean lipoxygenase,linoleic acid,hyaluronidase,hyaluronic acid,apigenin,quercetin,sodium phosphate and Dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Merck (Malaysia).All other chemicals and reagents used were of the highest commercially available purity.2.2.MicroorganismMain stock culture of macrofungi ctinea was obtained from the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia(FRIM),Kepong,Selangor. Mycelium from the stock culture was cultured in malt extract agar (MEA)plate at308C for5–7days,and maintained on agar plate before subsequent studies.2.3.Preparation of mycelia suspensionMycelia suspension or inoculum for shakeflask studies was prepared by inoculating a stock culture of ctinea onto malt extract agar-plates and incubated at308C for6days.The mycelia mat formed was scraped off using a sterile blade and mixed with 10mL sterile Tween20(Sigma)solution prior putting it into a sterile bottle(100mL).The sampling bottle was vortexed for3min so that the mycelia were evenly distributed in the liquid.2.4.Shakeflask culture experimentsThe experiments were carried out in a250mL Erlenmeyer flask with a working volume of55mL.5mL of inoculum was inoculated into theflask containing50mL of the production media.Prior to incubation,the production media was sterilized at 1218C(150kN/m)for15min.Cells were then left in contact with the media in a rotary shaker at308C,150rpm for24h.Then,the mycelia was harvested from theflask,filtered and dried at608C for dry weight determination.The supernatant was freeze dried, extracted and prepared for in vitro anti-inflammatory enzyme assays.In the present study,five main parameters were considered to have influenced in the inhibition of anti-inflamma-tory enzyme activities such as(i)media composition,(ii)pH of culture media,(iii)inoculum volume,(iv)temperature,and(v) incubation time.2.5.Batch extraction processThe extraction process was carried using an ultrasound bath (Model Transonic Digitals Elma).In order to prevent sample contamination of phthalate compounds in which are extremely common as plasticizers in GCMS analysis,the extraction process was conducted in glass conicalflask.The supernatant of the fungus was freeze dried and dissolved in distilled water in a ratio of1:10 (w/v),and extracted at308C,power regulation20%(40kHz)for 15min.The extract obtained wasfiltered,dried and kept in glass vials at48C for further analysis.2.6.In vitro a nti-inflammatory enzyme assay2.6.1.Lipoxygenase inhibitionLipoxygenase inhibition activity was determined using a spectophotometric method as described by Pin,Chuah[22],with slight modifications.Stock solutions of the tested samples(10mg) were dissolved in0.5mL of dimethylsulphoxide(DMSO).Then, the sample at concentration0.2mg/mL was prepared by dissol-ving in the sodium phosphate buffer. 2.46mL of the sodium phosphate buffer(100mM,pH8),10m L of test samples and20m L of soybean lipoxygenase solution(167U/mL)were mixed and incubated at258C for10min.The reaction mixture was then initiated by the addition of10m L of the substrate in the form of sodium linoleic acid solution.The enzymatic conversion of sodium linoleic acid to form(9Z,11E)-(13S)-13-hydroperoxyoc-tadeca-9,11-dienoate was measured by monitoring the change of absorbance at234nm over a period of6min using a UV–vis spectrophotometer(Model Evolution201).Another reaction mixture(a negative control)was prepared by replacing10m L samples with2.47mL mixture of sodium phosphate buffer(5mL) and DMSO(25m L)into the quartz.The performance of the assay was verified using quercetin as a positive control.All the reactions were performed in triplicates.The percentage of lipoxygenase inhibition was calculated as:%Inhibition¼Ab CÀAb SCÂ100%(1)where Ab C was the absorbance of control and Ab S was the absorbance of the tested sample.2.6.2.Hyaluronidase inhibitionThe assay for hyaluronidase was performed following the method of Pin,Chuah[22]with slight modification.Stock solutions of the tested samples(5mg)were dissolved in0.25mL of dimethylsulphoxide(DMSO).Then,the sample at concentration 0.2mg/mL was prepared by dissolving in sodium phosphate buffer. 100m L of hyaluronidase(4U/mL)were mixed with25m L of sample solution and incubated at378C for10min.The reaction mixture was then initiated by adding100m L of the substrate in the form of0.03%hyaluronic acid solution and incubated at378C for 45min.The undigested hyaluronic acid was precipitated with 1mL acid albumin solution.After leaving at room temperature for10min,the absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at600nm using a spectrophotometer(Model XMA1200V). All solutions were prepared fresh before the enzyme assay was performed.The absorbance in the absence of enzyme was used as a control value for maximum inhibition.The performance of the assay is verified using quercetin as positive control.All the reactions were performed in triplicates.The percentage ofY.Yus Azila et al./Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers45(2014)2054–20592055hyaluronidase inhibition was calculated as:%Inhibition¼Ab SAb CÂ100%(2)where Ab C was the absorbance of control and Ab S was the absorbance of the tested sample.2.7.Determination of bioactive compounds in the ctinea culture broth extracts using TLC,UV–vis spectrophotometer and HPLC The TLC analysis was carried out to identify the presence of bioactive compound in the fungus extract using TLC plates(silica gel60F254nm,Merck,Malaysia).The extract was lyophilized anddissolved in methanol.The TLC analysis was carried out at different mobile phase.The isolated compound was compared with its standard and identified under UV light at a wavelength(l)254and 366nm(Model CN-6).Further,the isolated compound was scraped off and analyzed for its absorption peaks using UV–vis spectro-photometer(Model Cary60)at wavelength200–600nm.The isolated compound of the ctinea culture broth extract was also determined using an HPLC(Model:Agilent Inertsil ODS-3 5U,4.6mm I.d.Â250mm)with a mobile phase,acetonitrile:H2O (75:25v/v)at aflow rate of0.3mL/min.The detector for UV absorbance was set at280nm and volume of the injection was 20m L.Before injection,the rutin standard and samples were dissolved in the acetonitrile in a ratio1:10(w/v).All injections were done in triplicates.3.Statistical analysisData were expressed as mean+standard error(SE)from three independent samples in triplicate.The statistical significance was determined by t-test using Microsoft Excel.Differences at p<0.05 were considered to be significant.4.Results and discussion4.1.Effect of culture conditions on the growth conditions for T. lactinea and the inhibition of anti-inflammatory enzyme activities 4.1.1.Effect of media compositionThe effect of media composition on the growth of ctinea and percentage inhibition of hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase activities is presented in Fig.1.The composition of the media used is shown in Table1.The highest inhibition of enzyme activities was obtained from extracts of the tested fungus cultured in Medium2and found no statistical difference between them.However,a reverse trend was observed for the growth of ctinea in the shakeflask cultures.The biomass was founded in descending order of: Medium3>Medium4>Medium1>Medium2.According to Stanbury and Whitaker[23],utilization of minerals was consid-ered as essential key factors and must be added as distinct components in medium fermentation.The highest inhibition of enzyme activities obtained in Medium2followed by Medium4 could be due to the presences of minerals that have accelerated the production of bioactive compounds in the supernatant compared to the others.In fact,Higashiyama,Yaguchi[24]reported that the addition of minerals mixture such as phosphorus,potassium, sulfur,calcium and sodium has enhanced the arachidonic acid yield1.7-fold over that without mineral addition.On the other hand,thisfinding agrees with Susan[25]who stated that the presence of carbon and abundantly nitrogen sources in the culture medium3,4and1(Table1)have stimulated an active growth but slow down the formation of bioactive metabolites. In our preliminary work,extract from ctinea culture broth inhibited the activities of both enzymes higher than its mycelia extract.To maintain the highest enzyme inhibition,Medium2 was chosen for subsequent studies.4.1.2.Effect of culture media pHAnother notable variable that influenced the growth of any microorganism was the pH of the culture media.Gautam,Bundela [26]stated that the most favorable pH for growth of fungi was on the alkaline side of neutrality.As can be seen in Fig.2,the growth of the tested fungus,ctinea increased when theflask contained media with initial pH3to pH8.Beyond this level,the growth decelerated.For the inhibition of anti-inflammatory enzyme studies,aflask containing culture with initial pH6tends to show the highest inhibition of hyaluronidase and of lipoxygenase activities at90.9+1.8%and90.1+0.2%,respectively(p>0.05).Fig.1.Effect of media composition on the growth of ctinea and enzymesinhibition(fermentation condition:temp308C,pH6,inoculum size5%v/v,incubation time24h).Data are expressed as means+standard error(n=3).Table1Composition of different types of media production for growth of ctinea in shakeflask cultures.Composition Medium1(g/L)Medium2(g/L)Medium3(g/L)Medium4(g/L)Yeast extract101010Malt extract1010Glucose20202015Peptone203KH2PO40.50.5Na2HPO4Á12H2O 1.5 1.5MgSO4Á7H2O0.50.5(NH4)2SO4 1.51.5Fig.2.Effect of culture media pH on the growth of ctinea and enzymes inhibition(fermentation condition:temp308C,Medium2,inoculum size5%v/v,incubationtime24h).Data are expressed as means+standard error(n=3).Y.Yus Azila et al./Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers45(2014)2054–20592056To the best of our knowledge,this is the first work reported on the effect of the culture media pH on the inhibition of enzyme activities by ctinea extract.In fact,Jain and Pundir [19]also reported that the maximum production of antibacterial soil fungi metabolite was also observed at pH 6.0.On the other hand,Miao,Kwong [27]stated that dual optimum pH levels (4.5and 7.5)were observed for the bioactive metabolites produced by Arthrinium cf.saccharicola .4.1.3.Effect of inoculum volumeFor the effect of inoculum volume,the experimental procedure was carried out in the range of 1to 30mL.As can be seen in Fig.3,the fungus was able to produce bioactive metabolites even at lower inoculum volume (1mL),and able to inhibit the activities of hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase by more than 80%.The highest inhibition of hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase enzyme was obtained at 5mL of inoculum volume (p >0.05).However,as the inoculum volume increased to 10,20and 30mL,the inhibition of enzyme activities decreased.Similar results was obtained by Shi,Yang [28]when bioactive polysaccharide produced by P.ostreatus decreased at higher inoculum volume.The maximum biomass was obtained at 10mL of inoculum volume.However,lower biomass production was observed at lower (1and 5mL)and higher (20and 30mL)inoculum volume.On the other hand,Park,Kim [29]reported that the inoculum volume of Cordyceps militaris appeared to have little or no obvious effect on the mycelial growth and exo-biopolymer production.4.1.4.Effect of incubation temperatureBesides inoculum volume,the incubation temperature of the tested culture was also considered as one of the main variables that affected the production of bioactive metabolites.The highest inhibition of hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase enzyme was observed at 358C (Fig.4)(p >0.05).As reported in the literature,the ranges of optimum incubation temperature for the production of fungal bioactive metabolites were 258C to 358C,and these values varied for different fungal species [19,30,31].Nevertheless,the optimum incubation temperature for ctinea growth in the present study was observed at 308C.4.1.5.Effect of incubation timeThe effect of incubation time on the inhibition of enzyme activities and growth of ctinea were carried out for 12days.Fig.5demonstrated that the positive inhibition of enzyme activities was observed in all extracts incubated from 1to 12days with the highest inhibition of hyaluronidase and lipoxygen-ase enzyme obtained in cultures incubated for 8days (p >0.05).Fig. 3.Effect of inoculum volume on the growth of ctinea and enzymes inhibition (fermentation condition:temp 308C,pH 6,Medium 2,incubation time 24h).Data are expressed as means +standard error (n =3).Fig.4.Effect of incubation temperature on the growth of ctinea and enzymes inhibition (fermentation condition:Medium 2,pH 6,inoculum size 5%v/v,incubation time 24h).Data are expressed as means +standard error (n =3).Fig.5.Effect of incubation time on the growth of ctinea and enzymes inhibition (fermentation condition:Medium 2,pH 6,inoculum size 5%v/v,temp 358C).Data are expressed as means +standard error (n =3).Fig.6.TLC analysis of ctinea extract (mobile phase ethyl acetate:ethanol (5:5)RS—rutin standard,SNDW—ctinea aqueous extract.Y.Yus Azila et al./Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 45(2014)2054–20592057The highest inhibition of enzyme activities attained after the highest biomass (7days)was achieved.According to Susan [25],secondary metabolites production normally occurred at the end of the active growth phase.However,the formation of secondary metabolites at an early stage of fungus growth can be possible,only that it is not essential for growth [32].Thus explaining the positive inhibition of the enzyme activities observed at an earlier growth stage of the tested fungus.4.2.Bioactive compounds of ctinea extracts using TLC,UV–vis spectrophotometer and HPLCThe TLC analysis carried out at different mobile phase successfully spotted the presence of rutin.The isolated rutin compound on the TLC plate was compared with the rutin standard (Fig.6)and their R f is presented in Table 2.Further,the UV spectra of the isolated rutin was determined and found that it exhibited a dual band at 255(max)and 370nm which indicated the presence of a flavonoid glycoside (rutin)[33].The UV spectra of the isolated rutin was also compared with the rutin standard (Fig.A.1).The HPLC condition described in the experimental section allowed good identification of rutin compound (R t 4.85min)of ctinea culture broth extracts (Fig.7).The identification of the isolated rutin was also compared with the retention time of the rutin standard (Fig.A.2).To our knowledge,this is the first work that reported the presence of rutin compound in Trametes species.Rutin is one of the flavonoid compounds which is widely distributed in plants,but infrequent in fungi.It was reported to possess various biological activities including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory [34,35].Recently,the Havard Gazette on 9th May 2012reported that rutin was excellent in inhibiting clots occur in both arteries and in veins.It was also rewarded as safe by the Foodand Drug Administration (FDA)and this inexpensive drug could reduce recurrent clots,which could help save thousands of lives.On the other hand,the ability of rutin to inhibit the lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase activities was reported by Ha,Shimizu [36]and Lee and Kim [37],respectively.Presence of rutin compound in the ctinea extracts thus explaining the effectiveness of the fungus extract inhibited activities both enzymes.According to Nutritional Supplement Health Guide,rutin supplement was highly recom-mended to treat hemorrhoids,poor blood circulation,skin bruises and varicose veins.This finding showed that ctinea have the potential to be developed as a new source of safe and inexpensive alternative medicine for the relief of inflammatory diseases.5.ConclusionsThe effect of culture conditions studied in this work was found significantly affected the growth of ctinea and inhibition of anti-inflammatory enzyme activities of its extract.The highest inhibition of anti-inflammatory enzyme was obtained from the extract incubated in Medium 2which was found unfavorable for the growth of ctinea .The TLC analysis spotted the presence of the rutin compound in the fungus extract.The UV spectra of the isolated compound also exhibited the presence of a flavonoid glycoside (rutin).The HPLC analysis carried out confirmed the presence of rutin in the fungus extract.This compound could have attributed in the inhibition of hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase enzyme activities.AcknowledgmentsThe authors acknowledge the National Scholarship Fellowship (NSF)from Ministry of Science,Technology and Innovation (MOSTI),Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)for supporting the present research work under a short-term grant and postgraduate research scheme (Acc.No:6039023and 8,043,064),Dr.Fadzureena Jamaludin from Biotechnology Division of Forest Research Institute Malaysia for assay procedures and Dr Salmiah Ujang from Forest Research Institute Malaysia for supplying the stock culture of fungus.Appendix A.Supplementary dataSupplementary data associated with this article can be found,in the online version,at 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中华传统文化重要性的英语作文The Enduring Significance of Chinese Traditional CultureChinese traditional culture has been the foundation of the Chinese civilization for thousands of years, shaping the values, beliefs, and practices of the Chinese people. This rich and diverse cultural heritage has not only withstood the test of time but also continues to exert a profound influence on the modern world. In the face of the rapid pace of globalization and the increasing dominance of Western cultural influences, it is crucial to recognize the enduring significance of Chinese traditional culture and its invaluable contributions to humanity.At the core of Chinese traditional culture lies a deep-rooted philosophical tradition that emphasizes the harmonious relationship between humanity and the natural world. The teachings of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism have long been the guiding principles that shape the Chinese worldview. Confucianism, with its emphasis on filial piety, social harmony, and moral cultivation, has profoundly shaped the social and political structures of China, instilling a sense of responsibility and respect for authority. Taoism, with its focus on the natural flow of the universe and the importanceof balance and simplicity, has inspired a reverence for the natural environment and a contemplative approach to life. Buddhism, with its teachings on the interconnectedness of all things and the importance of spiritual enlightenment, has enriched the spiritual and artistic realms of Chinese culture.The influence of these philosophical traditions can be seen in various aspects of Chinese culture, from the intricate calligraphy and painting that capture the essence of the natural world, to the elegant and harmonious architectural designs that blend seamlessly with the surrounding landscape. The Chinese culinary tradition, with its emphasis on balance, seasonality, and the use of natural ingredients, is a testament to the deep understanding of the human body and its relationship with the natural world. The Chinese performing arts, such as Chinese opera and martial arts, are not merely entertainment but rather expressions of the philosophical and spiritual beliefs that underpin the Chinese cultural identity.Moreover, Chinese traditional culture has had a profound impact on the development of science and technology. The ancient Chinese scholars and inventors made groundbreaking contributions to fields such as astronomy, mathematics, and engineering, laying the foundation for many of the technological advancements we enjoy today. The invention of the compass, the printing press, and the gunpowder, for example, have had far-reaching consequences thathave shaped the course of human history.In the face of the rapid changes and challenges of the modern world, the enduring relevance of Chinese traditional culture becomes even more apparent. As the world grapples with issues such as environmental degradation, social inequality, and the erosion of traditional values, the wisdom and insights offered by Chinese traditional culture provide a valuable perspective and a potential solution. The emphasis on harmony, balance, and the interconnectedness of all things can inform our approach to sustainable development, while the Confucian ideals of social responsibility and moral cultivation can guide us in addressing the pressing social and ethical challenges of our time.Furthermore, the preservation and promotion of Chinese traditional culture can serve as a powerful counterbalance to the homogenizing effects of globalization. By maintaining and celebrating the unique cultural traditions of China, we can foster a greater appreciation for diversity and cultural pluralism, enriching the tapestry of human civilization. The exchange and dialogue between Chinese traditional culture and other cultural traditions can lead to a deeper understanding and mutual respect, paving the way for a more harmonious and interconnected world.In conclusion, the enduring significance of Chinese traditional culturecannot be overstated. Its philosophical depth, artistic brilliance, and technological innovations have profoundly shaped the course of human history and continue to offer valuable insights and solutions to the challenges of the modern world. As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, it is imperative that we recognize and celebrate the enduring legacy of Chinese traditional culture, ensuring that its timeless wisdom and beauty continue to enrich and inspire generations to come.。

翻译中必须考虑到文化因素本文档格式为WORD,感谢你的阅读。

摘要：文化是人类一切社会共享的产物，是一个民族的全部活动方式。

文化对翻译的影响历来就受到众多学者的重视和强调。

对文化的深刻理解和运用亦值得我们去思考和深究。

本文通过列举一些翻译实例，对其中未考虑到文化因素而造成不良效果的翻译及一些充分考虑到文化因素而得到好评的翻译进行评论和赏析，旨在更好的提高翻译质量。

关键词：翻译，文化因素，社会准则，价值观，中西思维方式Abstract：Culture consists of all the shared products of human society and it includes all the ways of a people.The influence of cultural factors on translation is stressed by many scholars all the time.Therefore，it is necessary for us to study the understanding and application of cultural factors in translation.By criticizing some mistranslations which have not taken cultural factors into account and other proper translations which considered the cultural factors in many respects，this paper tries to do a bit for the improvement of translation.Key words：translation；cultural factors；social norms；values；patterns of thought of east and west1.引言在翻译时，我们经常谈到要注重词义，注重语法，注意运用各种翻译理论并且巧用各种翻译方法以提高我们的翻译水平。

The Influence of CultureCulture is a term that refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. It is an integral part of our lives and influences our thoughts, actions, and interactions with others. The influence of culture on individuals and societies has been a topic of interest for many years. In this essay, I will explore the various ways in which culture influences our lives from multiple perspectives.From a psychological perspective, culture plays a significant role in shaping our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. According to social identity theory, individuals define themselves based on the social groups to which they belong. These social groups are often defined by shared cultural values and beliefs. For example, individuals who belong to a particular religion may have different beliefs and attitudes compared to those who do not belong to that religion. Similarly, individuals who belong to different ethnic groups may have different cultural values and beliefs, which influence their behaviors and interactions with others.Moreover, culture also influences our cognitive processes. For instance, language is a crucial aspect of culture that shapes our thoughts and perceptions of the world. The language we speak influences our cognitive processes, including memory, attention, and perception. For example, individuals who speak different languages may have different perceptions of colors, as some languages have more words to describe colors than others.From a sociological perspective, culture influences our social interactions and relationships. Our cultural background shapes our social norms and expectations, which influence how we interact with others. For example, in some cultures, it is customary to greet others with a handshake, while in other cultures, a bow or a hug may be more appropriate. Similarly, cultural norms also influence our behaviors in social situations, such as how we express emotions, show respect, or resolve conflicts.Moreover, culture also shapes our social institutions, such as family, education, and religion. In some cultures, family is highly valued, and individuals are expected to prioritize their family above all else. In other cultures, individualism is more highly valued, and individuals are encouraged to pursue their own goals and aspirations. Similarly, education ishighly valued in some cultures, and individuals are expected to pursue advanced degrees and professional careers. In other cultures, vocational training or apprenticeships may be more highly valued.From an anthropological perspective, culture influences our understanding of the world and our place in it. Culture shapes our beliefs about the nature of reality, the purpose of life, and the meaning of existence. For example, in some cultures, the natural world is seen as sacred, and individuals are expected to respect and protect the environment. In other cultures, the natural world is seen as a resource to be exploited for human benefit.Moreover, culture also influences our understanding of history and our place in it. Our cultural background shapes our understanding of the past and our relationship to it. For example, in some cultures, history is seen as a source of pride and identity, and individuals are expected to honor their ancestors and preserve their cultural heritage. In other cultures, history may be seen as a source of shame or embarrassment, and individuals may seek to distance themselves from their cultural roots.In conclusion, culture influences our lives in multiple ways, from shaping our beliefs and attitudes to influencing our social interactions and relationships. Culture also influences our cognitive processes, our social institutions, and our understanding of the world and our place in it. As individuals, it is important to be aware of our own cultural background and how it influences our thoughts, behaviors, and interactions with others. By understanding the influence of culture, we can better appreciate the diversity of human experience and work towards creating a more inclusive and tolerant society.。

The Influence of Culture Culture plays a significant role in shaping the beliefs, values, and behaviors of individuals and communities. It influences the way people perceive the world around them, interact with others, and make decisions. The influence of culturecan be observed in various aspects of life, including language, customs, traditions, art, music, and religion. This essay will explore the impact ofculture on individuals and societies from different perspectives, considering both the positive and negative effects. From a positive perspective, culture provides individuals with a sense of identity and belonging. It gives people a framework through which they can understand themselves and their place in the world.Cultural traditions and customs help to connect individuals to their heritage and roots, fostering a sense of pride and unity within communities. For example, festivals and celebrations allow people to come together and share their cultural practices, strengthening social bonds and promoting a sense of togetherness. Furthermore, culture plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' values and beliefs. It provides a set of norms and guidelines that govern behavior and morality, helping to maintain social order and cohesion. For instance, in many cultures, respect for elders and authority figures is highly valued, and this influences the way individuals interact with others and make decisions. Cultural values also shape people's attitudes towards issues such as gender roles, marriage, and family dynamics, influencing their choices and behaviors. Moreover, culture has a profound impact on the way individuals communicate and express themselves. Language is a fundamental aspect of culture, and it shapes the way people think, perceive the world, and convey their thoughts and emotions. Different languages have unique structures and expressions that reflect the values and beliefs of a particular culture. For example, some cultures may have specific words or phrases that encapsulate complex emotions or concepts that are not easily translatableinto other languages. On the other hand, the influence of culture can also have negative implications, particularly when it leads to ethnocentrism and prejudice. Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others, leading to a lack of understanding and empathy towards different cultural practices and beliefs. This can result in discrimination, stereotyping, andconflict between different cultural groups, perpetuating social divides and inequality. Additionally, cultural norms and traditions can sometimes restrict individual freedom and autonomy. In some societies, rigid gender roles and expectations may limit the opportunities and choices available to individuals, particularly women. Cultural practices such as arranged marriages or strict social hierarchies can perpetuate inequality and hinder social progress. Furthermore, the pressure to conform to cultural norms and expectations can lead to feelings of alienation and identity crisis for individuals who do not fit within thetraditional framework. Moreover, the influence of culture can also manifest in the form of cultural imperialism, where dominant cultures impose their values, beliefs, and practices on others, leading to the erosion of local traditions and identities. This can result in the loss of cultural diversity and the homogenization of global culture, diminishing the richness and uniqueness of different cultural expressions. In conclusion, the influence of culture on individuals and societies is multifaceted, encompassing both positive and negative aspects. While culture provides a sense of identity, belonging, and shared values, it can also lead to prejudice, inequality, and cultural homogenization. It is essential to recognize and celebrate the diversity of cultural expressions while fostering understanding and respect for different perspectives. By embracing cultural pluralism and promoting intercultural dialogue, societies can harness the positive aspects of culture while mitigating its negative implications, creating a more inclusive and harmonious global community.。

The Influence of Movies on Culture Movies have always played a significant role in shaping culture and society. They have the power to influence people's thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors. This essay will discuss the impact of movies on culture, including both positive and negative effects. Firstly, movies have the ability to shape cultural norms and values. They often reflect the social and political issues of the time, and can influence public opinion. For example, movies that promote diversity and equality can contribute to a more inclusive and tolerant society. On the other hand, movies that perpetuate stereotypes or glorify violence can have a detrimental effect on cultural attitudes. Secondly, movies can also influence fashion and lifestyle trends. Many people look to movies for inspiration when it comes to clothing, hairstyles, and even home decor. For instance, iconic movies such as "Breakfast at Tiffany's" and "The Great Gatsby" have had a lasting impact on fashion, with their timeless and elegant styles still being emulated today. Furthermore, movies can also impact language and popular culture. Iconic lines and catchphrases from movies often become part of everyday conversation. Additionally, movies can introduce new concepts and ideas to the public, shaping popular culture and influencing the way people think and interact with each other. However, it is important to acknowledge the negative impact of movies on culture as well. For example, the portrayal of unrealistic beauty standards and unattainable lifestyles in movies can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem among viewers. Moreover, the glorification of violence and substance abuse in movies can desensitize audiences and contribute to real-life societal issues. In conclusion, movies have a profound influence on culture, shaping societal norms, fashion trends, language, and popular culture. While they have the potential to inspire positive change and progress, it is crucial to be mindful of the negative effects they can have on individuals and society as a whole. It is important for filmmakers and audiences alike to be conscious of the impact of movies on culture and strive for responsible and meaningful storytelling.。