微生物基本术语

微生物基本术语abnormal excision 不正常切离acervulus 分生孢子盘acidophiles 嗜酸菌acidotolerant microorganism 耐酸微生物acquired specific immunity 获得特异性免疫activated acetic acid pathway 活性乙酸途径或厌氧乙酰辅酶A途径activated sludge 活性污泥actinomycetes 放线菌acute infection 急性感染adjuvant 佐剂，adsorption 吸附全称免疫佐剂aerial mycelium 气生菌丝aerobe 好氧菌aerotolerant anaerobe 耐氧菌agglutination reaction 凝集反应akinete 静息孢alkalophiles 嗜碱菌allergy 变态反应或过敏反应allotype 同种异型alternative pathway 旁路途径American type culture collection（ATCC）美国菌种保藏中心ammonification 氨化作用amphitrichaete 两端鞭毛菌anaerobe 厌氧菌anaerobic acetyl-CoA pathway 厌氧乙酰辅酶A途径又称活性乙酸途径anaerobic glove box 厌氧手套箱anaerobic jar 厌氧罐anamnestic response 回忆应答anastomosis 菌丝联结antibody 抗体antibody-dependent cell-mediated 抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒作用cytotoxity（ADCC）antibody titer 抗体滴度antigen 抗原antigen binding fragment 抗原结合片断antigenic determinant 抗原决定簇或表位antigenic valence 抗原结合价antigenicity 抗原性antigen presenting cell 抗原呈递细胞antisepsis 防腐apothecium 子囊盘apparent infection 显性感染archae 古细菌artificial active immunization 人工自动免疫artificial immunization 人工免疫artificial passive immunization 人工被动免疫ascocarp 子囊果ascus 子囊ascus spore 子囊孢子assimilatory nitrate reduction 硝酸盐同化作用attenuated vaccine 减毒活疫苗autoantigen 自身抗原autolysis 自溶autotroph 自养型auxanography 生长谱法auxoautotrophs 自养型微生物auxohetertrophs 异养型微生物auxotroph 营养缺陷型bacillus 杆菌bacterial leaching 细菌沥滤bacteriocidation 杀菌bacteriolysis 溶菌bacteriophage 噬菌体bacteriorhodopsin 细菌视紫红质bacteroids 类菌体bactogen 恒化器bactoprenol 细菌萜醇barophiles 嗜压菌basal body 基体basophilie 嗜碱微生物basotolerant microorganism 耐碱微生物batch culture 单批培养或密封培养biofilm 生物膜birth scar 蒂痕bud scar 芽痕budding 芽殖burst size 裂解量capsid 衣壳capsomere（capsomer）衣壳粒capsule 荚膜carboxysome 羧化体carrier state 带菌状态caryoganmy 核配carbon source 碳源cellular immunity 细胞免疫cell wall 细胞壁cell membrane 细胞膜central immune organ 中枢淋巴器官或一级淋巴器官chemostat 恒化器chemotherapeutant 化学治疗剂chemotherapy 化疗chlamydia 衣原体chronic infection 慢性感染classes 类别classical pathway 经典途径cleistothecium 闭囊壳clone 细胞群或克隆closed culture 密封培养或单批培养cluster of differentiation（CD）分化群coagulase 血浆凝固酶coccus 球菌colicinogenic factor Col因子collagenase 胶原酶colony 菌落combined vaccine 联合疫苗common antigen 共同抗原competence 感受态complement 补体complement receptor 补体受体complementarity-determining region（CDR）互补性决定区又称高变区complete antigen 完全抗原complete medium 完全培养基complete transduction 完全转导complex medium 天然培养基conditional lethal mutant 条件致死突变型conformational eterminant 构象决定簇或不连续决定簇conjugant 接合子conjugation 接合constant region 恒定区或C区continuous autoclaving 连续加压灭菌法continuous determinan 连续决定簇或顺序决定簇continuous culture 连续培养或开放培养continuous fermentation 连续发酵core 核心corrosion 腐蚀cortex 皮层culturable 可培养的cyanobacteria 蓝细菌cyanophycin 藻青素cytoplasm 细胞质dead vaccine 死疫苗death phase 死亡期或衰亡期decay 腐朽decline phase 衰亡期或死亡期defective phase 缺陷噬菌体defined medium 组合培养基degeneration 衰退delayed type hypersensitivity initiator 迟发型超敏T细胞或迟发型T细胞denitrification 反硝化作用desulfuration 脱硫作用deterioration 变质differertial medium 鉴别培养基disconformational determinant 不连续表位或构象决定簇disinfection 消毒donor 供体菌double lysogen 双重溶源菌doubling time 倍增时间或代时downstream processing 下游工程dry hot sterilization 干热灭菌eclipse phase 隐晦期effective stage 效应阶段elementary body 原体endospore 芽孢endotoxin 内毒素enrichment culture 富集培养enriched medium 加富培养基Entner-Doudoroff pathway ED途径envelope 包膜enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）酶联免疫吸附试验epibiotic microbe 附生微生物episome 附加体epitope 表位或抗原决定簇exotoxin 外毒素exosporium 芽胞壁exponential phase 指数期或对数期extreme microorganism 极端微生物facultative aerobe 兼性厌氧菌fermentation 发酵fermenter 发酵罐fertility factor F因子fibrinolysin 血纤维蛋白溶即酶链激酶fimbria 菌毛fission 裂殖filament 鞭毛丝flagellum 鞭毛fluctuation test 变量试验forespore 前芽孢fractional heat sterilization 湿热灭菌framework region（FR）骨架区crystalisable fragment 可结晶片断或Fc片断fructification 子实体fruiting body 子实体fungus（复fungi）真菌gene-deleted vaccine 基因缺失疫苗generalized transduction 普遍转导generation time 代时或倍增时间group antigen 类属抗原growth curve 生长曲线growth factor 生长因子growth rate constant 生长速率常数halophiles 嗜盐菌hapten 半抗原haustorium 吸器heavy region 重链或H链heterocaryon 异核体heterocyte 异形孢heterogeneity 异质性或不均一性heterolactic fermentation 异型乳酸发酵hetertroph 异养型hexon 六邻体high frequency recombination 高频重组high frequency transduction 高频转导high temperature short time 高温瞬时法hinge chain 铰链区homolactic fermentation 同型乳酸发酵hook 鞭毛鞘humoral immunity 体液免疫hyaluronidase 透明质酸酶，又称扩散因子hypersensitivity 过敏反应或变态反应hypervariable region（HVR）高变区又称互补性决定区hyphae 菌丝immune response 免疫应答immunity 免疫性immunocyte 免疫细胞immunodiffusion tests 免疫扩散实验immunogen 免疫原immunogenicity 免疫原性immunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白immunological adjuvant 免疫佐剂，简称佐剂immunologic defence 免疫防御immunologic homeostasis 免疫稳定immunologic serveillance 免疫监视immunoreactivity 免疫反应性immuno tolerance 免疫耐受inapparent infection 隐性感染inclusion body 包涵体incomplete antigen 不完全抗原inductive stage 感应阶段infective centre 感染中心initial body 始体innate immunity 先天免疫又称非特异性免疫inoculum 接种interferon 干扰素interleukin 白细胞介素intracellular-accumulation phase 胞内累积期invastiveness 侵袭力isotype 同种型joining chain J链或连接链killer cell 杀伤细胞lag phase 延滞期或停滞期或适应期latent phase 潜伏期lawn 菌苔layer plating method 夹层培养法life cycle 生命周期或生活史lectin pathway of complement activation 凝集素途径lipopolysaccharide 脂多糖liquid medium 液体培养基live vaccine 活疫苗local infection 局部感染logarithmic phase 对数期或指数期lomasome 膜边体lophotrichaete 丛毛菌low frequency transduction 低频转导low temperature holding time 低温维持法lysis from without 自外裂解lysogen 溶源菌lysogenic phage 溶源噬菌体lysogenic conversion 溶源转变lysogeny 溶源性macrophage 巨噬细胞medium 培养基mendosicutes 疵壁菌mesosome 间体metachromatic granule 异染粒microaerophilic bacteria 微好氧菌microbiology 微生物学microcapsule 微荚膜microflora 微生物区系microorganism, microbe 微生物mildew 霉变minimal medium 基本培养基mitogen 有丝分裂原monoclonal antibody 单克隆抗体monotrichaete 单毛菌most probable number（MPN）最大可能数mo（u）ld 霉菌mouldness 霉变multiplicity of infection 感染复数mycelium 菌丝体mycoplasma 支原体natural killer cell 自然杀伤细胞即NK细胞net 菌网newcombe experiment 涂布试验nitrate respiration 硝酸盐呼吸nitrification 硝化作用nitrogenase 固氮酶nitrogen source 氮源nonculturable 不可培养的non-specific immunity 非特异性免疫又称先天免疫normal autoclaving 常规加压灭菌法normal flora 正常菌群nuclear body 核质体nucleic acid vaccine 核酸疫苗nuecleocapsid 核衣壳open culture 开放培养或连续培养parasexual hybridization 准性杂交parasexual reproduction 准性生殖parasexuality 准性生殖parasitism 寄生parasporal crystal 伴孢晶体pasteurization 巴氏消毒法pathogenicity 致病力penetration 侵入penton 五邻体peptidoglycan 肽聚糖peribacterial membrane 类菌体周膜peripheral immune organ 外周免疫器官periplasmic space 周质空间perithecium 子囊壳peritrichaete 周毛菌phage 噬菌体phenol coefficient（p.c）石炭酸系数phototroph 光能营养型phycobilisome 藻胆蛋白体phycocyanin 藻青蛋白pilus 菌毛plaque 噬菌斑plaque-forming unit （pfu）噬菌斑形成单位plasmid 质粒plastid 质体plateau 平稳期poly-β-hydroxybutyrate 聚-β-羟丁酸precipitation reaction 沉淀反应preservation 菌种保藏primary immune response 初次应答primary lymphatic organ 一级淋巴器官或中枢淋巴器官prion 朊病毒productive cycle 增殖性生活周期prophage 前噬菌体prototroph 原养型psychrophiles 嗜冷菌pure culture 纯培养物pure isolate 纯分离物pycnidium 分生孢子器radioimmunoassay（RIA）放射免疫分析recombinant-vector vaccine 载体疫苗rejuvenation 复壮relaxed replication control 松弛型复制控制replica plating 平板影印培养试验replication 增殖resistance factor R因子或抗性因子resistant mutant 抗性突变型restricted transduction 局限转导reversevaccinology 反向疫苗学rhizosphere microorganism 根际微生物rickettsia 立克次氏体rhizobium 根瘤菌rhizoid 假根rolling circle model 滚环复制rough 粗糙satellite virus 卫星病毒sclerotium 菌核secondary immune response 再次应答secretory piece 分泌片selected medium 选择培养基self tolerance 自身免疫耐受semi-defined medium 半组合培养基semi-solid medium 半固体培养基sequential determinant 顺序决定簇或连续决定簇serology 血清学sexduction 性导sex fimbria 性菌毛sex pilus 性菌毛single protein 单细胞蛋白slime layer 粘液层smooth 光滑solid medium 固体培养基specialized transduction 局限转导specific antigen 特异性抗原specific immunity 特异性免疫spirochaeta 螺旋体spirillum 螺菌spirilla 螺旋菌spontaneous lysis 自外裂解spore 芽孢sporangium 芽孢囊或孢子囊sporodochium 分生孢子座sporocarp 子实体spreading factor 扩散因子，现称透明质酸酶stationary phase 稳定期或恒定期、最高生长期sterilization 灭菌stolon 匍匐菌丝strain 菌株streptokinase 链激酶即血纤维蛋白溶酶strict aerobe 专性好氧菌stringent replication control 严紧型复制控制subclasses 亚类substrate mycelium 基质菌丝subtype 亚型sulfur oxidation 硫化作用superantigen 超抗原supplemental medium 补充培养基synochronous culture 同步培养synochronous growth 同步生长synthetic medium 合成或综合培养基systemic infection 系统感染teichoic acid 磷壁酸temperate phage 温和噬菌体thermophiles 嗜热菌thylakoid 类囊体thymus dependent antigen 胸腺依赖抗原thymus independent antigen 非胸腺依赖抗原titre 效价tolerogen 耐受原toxin 毒素toxoid 类毒素transduction 转导transfection 转染transformant 转化子transformation 转化transposible element 转座因子transposon 转座子或转位子、易位子tumor inducing plasmid Ti质粒turbidostat 恒浊器tyndallization 间歇灭菌法type 型type culture 典型菌种undefined medium 天然培养基vegetative mycelium 营养菌丝体vaccine 疫苗valency 结合价variable region 可变区或V区vibro 弧菌virion 病毒体或病毒粒子viroid 类病毒virulence 毒力virulent phage 烈性噬菌体virus 病毒water activity 水活度wild type 野生型xanthan 黄原胶或黄杆胶yeast 酵母菌zoogloea 菌胶团。