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B卷10级2012-2013学年第1学期期末考试试题B华南师范大学增城学院外语系2012/2013学年（1）学期期末考试试卷《综合英语IV》试卷（B卷）闭卷专业年级10班姓名学号题号I II III IV V总分得分I.Vocabulary&Structure(15%)Directions:Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.(0.5×30=15%) 1.What the witness said in court was not_____with the statement he made to the police.A.relevantB.prevalentC.consistentD.coincident2.The day was breaking and people began to go to work so the murderer was unable to______of the body.A.discardB.eliminateC.disposeD.extinguish3.If all the viruses on the planet were to disappear,a global catastrophe would ______,and the natural ecosystems of the earth would collapse.A.contaminateB.ensueC.disperseD.hamstring4.In the18th century many British politicians favoredfriendship with Prussia because they thought the Prussian army was______to the British navy./doc/a090f590e55c3b3567ec102de2bd960 591c6d988.html plimentary/doc/a090f590e55c3b3567ec102de2bd960 591c6d988.html plicated/doc/a090f590e55c3b3567ec102de2bd960 591c6d988.html plementary/doc/a090f590e55c3b3567ec102de2bd960 591c6d988.html prehensive5.The whole program is well designed,but some details need further______ by some experts.A.proofingB.demonstratingC.modifyingD.materializing6.Some medical conditions can often cure themselves______,withoutmedical intervention.A.deliberatelyB.spontaneouslyC.consciouslyD.intentionally7.When feeling depressed,Hank______himself,preferring not to see anyone, not even his parents and friends.A.hidesB.avoidsC.secludesD.terminates8.I can’t answer your question about photography.It’s notin my______of interest.A.diaryB.theoryC.vocabularyD.domain9.In______countries around the world,too much food donated by well-meaning people feeds murderous gunmen instead of needy families.A.swayedB.shakenC.convulsedD.vibrated10.My feet hurt,and the side window______back and forth each time I kicked it,but nothing else happened.A.clappedB.wheeledC.waggledD.quaked11.The main features of the telegraph were developed by two inventors,but it was Samuel Morse who successfully______their ideas.A.integratedB.publicizedC.financedD.conformed12.The retiring professor made important achievements in research and was ______by his colleagues.A.evaluatedB.exaltedC.fascinatedD.examined13.The______in this plan are very obvious and it can’t possibly succeed.A.advantagesB.preconditionsC.deficienciesD.delicacies14.Getting into street fights is no minor matter for professional boxers,who are required by law to restrict their______impulses to the ring.A.humorousB.obligatoryC.aggressiveD.legitimate15.The girl_______when she couldn’t answer the ques tion in the presence of all her classmates.A.flushedB.flutteredC.flourishedD.flattered16.People think Guy is______because he wears weird clothes and ignoresmost social customs.A.emphaticB.interestingC.eccentric/doc/a090f590e55c3b3567ec102de2bd960 591c6d988.html pulsive17.Individuals may at various points in their lives experience discrimination in the allocation of resources either______of beingtoo old or too young.A.at the riskB.to the pointC.on the groundD.in the case18.One of Freud’s great______into the human personality was the discovery of how it is influenced by unconscious processes.A.convictionsB.conceptsC.insightsD.instincts19.He must______the theory until it fully and reliably explains every part of the phenomenon.A.reviveB.reviseC.revoltD.reverse20.The desire for peace should not be equated with______,for lasting peace can be maintained only by brave people.A.intelligenceB.cowardiceC.neutralityD.authority21.The young woman______at the head of the procession wasa gold medal winner at the recent Olympic Games.A.being marchingB.being marchedC.marchedD.marching22.We have to understand that even when out plan to quadruple our GDP ______,we still cannot______the most advanced countries in average per capita income.A.materializes,matchB.is carried out,compare/doc/a090f590e55c3b3567ec102de2bd960 591c6d988.html es true,equalD.is achieved,keep abreast of23.If it______Professor Johnson’s recommendation,I wouldn’t have been admitted to the graduate school.A.weren’t forB.hadn’t been forC.weren’tD.hadn’t been24.______for a Christmas gift for my sister,a nice hat caught my eye.A.While shoppingB.ShoppingC.While I was shoppingD.Have been shopping25.Foreign students______Chinese literature last year at this university came chiefly from Japan and South Korea.A.who were studyingB.studiedC.were studying C.studying26.He thinks that Hemingway’s stories are not as humorous as______.A.Mark TwainB.Mark Twain’sC.that of Mark TwainD.those Mark Twain wrote27.______to show no emotion,the police officer stared straight ahead during the inspection.A.TrainingB.To be trainedC.Being trainedD.Trained28.The Information Technology Revolution,______possible through the introduction of computers in every field of human activity,has completely altered our approach to life.A.madeB.made itC.which madeD.to be made29.He______have gone to medical school,but his grades were too low.A.mustB.shouldC.wouldD.will30.It turned out that the project required$2billion more than______.A.has been investedB.it has been put in itC.have been invested inD.it have been put in itII.Translation（35%）A.Directions:Translate the following Chinese phrases into English and English phrases into Chinese.(1′×10=10%)1.时事2.紧张气氛3.人的动机和行为4.颠倒过程5.金融市场6.to hold a prominent position7.whipping the dead horse8.in the event of a submarine war9.room for doubt10.to seek membershipB.Directions:Translate the following Chinese sentences into English.(3′×5=15%)1.我觉得那地方值得去参观。
2024-2025学年冀教版英语初三上学期模拟试题及解答参考一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、听力原文：W: Hi, John. How was your science fair project?M: It was great! I won first place!Q: What did John win at the science fair?A. First place.B. Second place.C. Third place.D. He didn’t win anything.Answer: AExplanation: The dialogue clearly indicates that John won first place in the science fair, as he says, “I won first place!”2、听力原文：W: Excuse me, sir. Can you help me find the sports section?M: Sure, it’s on the second floor, next to the book department.Q: Where is the sports section located?A. On the first floor.B. On the second floor.C. Next to the book department.D. On the ground floor.Answer: BExplanation: The man in the dialogue states that the sports section is located on the second floor, next to the book department. Therefore, the correct answer is option B.3、You are listening to a conversation between two students, Alice and Bob, discussing their weekend plans.W: Hi, Bob, what are you doing this weekend?M: I’m thinking of going hiking. How about you, Alice?W: That sounds fun! I was actually planning to visit the museum. Have you been there before?M: Yes, I have. It’s amazing. I think you’ll like it too.Question: What is Bob’s plan for the weekend?A) Visiting the museumB) Going hikingC) StudyingD) Going shoppingAnswer: B) Going hikingExplanation: In the conversation, Bob mentions that he’s thinking of going hiking, which indicates that his plan for the weekend is to go hiking.4、You are listening to a weather report for the city of Guangzhou.L: Good morning, everyone. This is your weather report for Guangzhou. The current temperature is 22 degrees Celsius, and it’s a partly cloudy day. The wind is blowing at 5 kilometers per hour from the northeast. The forecast for the rest of the day is for some scattered showers in the afternoon, with a high of 25 degrees Celsius. The humidity is currently at 70%. Remember to carry an umbrella if you’re planning to go out.Question: What is the weather forecast for Guangzhou in the afternoon?A) Clear skiesB) Partly cloudyC) Scattered showersD) SunnyAnswer: C) Scattered showersExplanation: The weather report specifically mentions that there will be some scattered showers in the afternoon, which is the forecasted weather condition.5、You are listening to a conversation between two students, Alice and Bob. They are discussing their weekend plans. Listen to the conversation and choose the best answer to the question.Question: What does Alice plan to do this weekend?A. She will go to the movies with her friends.B. She will spend the whole weekend reading books at home.C. She will visit her grandparents in the countryside.Answer: CExplanation: In the conversation, Alice says, “I’m going to visit my grandparents this weekend,” which indicates that she plans to go to the countryside to visit her grandparents.6、Listen to a short passage about the importance of exercise. Choose the best answer to the question.Question: Why is exercise important according to the passage?A. It can help us gain more weight.B. It can improve our memory and concentration.C. It can make us feel more tired.Answer: BExplanation: The passage states that “Regular exercise can improve your memory and concentration, making it easier for you to learn new things.” This implies that exercise is beneficial for cognitive functions like memory and concentration.7、What is the main topic of the passage?A) The benefits of recycling.B) The history of papermaking.C) Ways to reduce waste in daily life.Answer: A) The benefits of recycling.Explanation: In the passage, the speaker talks about how recycling can saveenergy and resources, reduce pollution, and help conserve natural materials like trees and water. Therefore, the correct answer is A.8、According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a benefit of recycling?A) Saving energy.B) Reducing pollution.C) Increasing the use of plastics.Answer: C) Increasing the use of plastics.Explanation: The passage lists several benefits of recycling such as saving energy, reducing pollution, and conserving natural materials. It does not mention increasing the use of plastics as a benefit, making option C incorrect.9.You are listening to a conversation between two students, Alice and Bob, discussing their weekend plans.Alice: Hey Bob, what are your plans for the weekend?Bob: Well, I’m thinking of going hiking in the mountains. How about you, Alice? Alice: That sounds great! I was actually planning to go cycling along the river. But maybe we can do both?Bob: Oh, that’s a fantastic idea! We can start our day with cycling a nd then finish it with hiking.Question: What does Alice originally plan to do for the weekend?A) Go hikingB) Go cyclingC) Go mountain climbingD) Go river boatingAnswer: B) Go cycling解析：根据对话中Alice的话“I was actually planning to go cycling along the ri ver.”，我们可以确定Alice最初计划周末去骑自行车。
LetterIntermittent Control for Fixed-Time Synchronization ofCoupled NetworksYongbao Wu, Ziyuan Sun, Guangtao Ran, and Lei XueDear Editor,This letter deals with fixed-time synchronization (Fd-TS) of com-plex networks (CNs) under aperiodically intermittent control (AIC) for the first time. The average control rate and a new Lyapunov func-tion are proposed to overcome the difficulty of dealing with fixed-time stability/synchronization of CNs for AIC. Based on the Lya-punov and graph-theoretical methods, a Fd-TS criterion of CNs is given. Moreover, the method of this letter is also applicable to the study of finite-time synchronization of CNs for AIC. Finally, the the-oretical results are applied to study the Fd-TS of oscillator systems, and simulation results are given to verify the effectiveness of the results.Recently, the dynamics of CNs have attracted extensive attention due to their wide applications in real-world networks. As one of the most important collective behaviors of CNs, synchronization has received considerable interest in many fields [1]. It should be noted that the most existing results about the synchronization of CNs stud-ied asymptotic synchronization and exponential synchronization [2], and they are often classified into infinite-time synchronization. In many practical problems, achieving synchronization within a finite time is more desirable and useful. Therefore, finite-time synchroniza-tion (Fe-TS) has been investigated by many researchers. In contrast with infinite-time synchronization, Fe-TS has been reported to pos-sess faster convergence and better performance against uncertainties and disturbances.Nevertheless, a significant limitation of Fe-TS is that the settling time depends on the initial values. In many practical systems, the ini-tial values may be difficult to obtain in advance. Fortunately, this problem was overcome by Polyakov [3] through introducing the con-cept of fixed-time stability and presenting fundamental results on fixed-time stability. Inspired by Polyakov’s novel fixed-time stabil-ity theory, there are some follow-up works about fixed-time stability for various CNs [4]–[6]. Compared to Fe-TS, the settling time of Fd-TS is determined by the designed controller parameters, which do not rely on the initial values and can be estimated in advance. Further-more, many practical systems such as microgrid systems and space-craft dynamics usually desire to achieve fixed-time convergence. Consequently, it is meaningful and necessary to further explore the Fd-TS of CNs both in theory and methods.In general, it is difficult to realize self-synchronization for CNs due to the complexity of node dynamics and topologies. Therefore, many kinds of control techniques have been employed to achieve the syn-chronization of CNs in [7]. Different from the continuous control schemes, the discontinuous control methods such as intermittent con-trol (IC) [2], [8], and impulsive control have been extensively stud-ied because they can reduce control cost as well as the number of information exchanges. It is known that IC can be divided into peri-odically IC (PIC), and AIC [2], and AIC takes PIC as a special case; thus, it is more general to consider AIC. For AIC, scholars mainly considered asymptotic synchronization [2], exponential synchroniza-tion [9], and Fe-TS. However, there are few results focusing on the Fd-TS for CNs by AIC. The existing theory to study asymptotic syn-chronization, exponential synchronization, and Fe-TS cannot be directly extended to Fd-TS. Moreover, the Fd-TS theoretical frame-work based on AIC is not established. Therefore, it is urgently neces-sary to develop a new theory and methods to investigate the Fd-FS of CNs via AIC, which motivates this work. The main contributions of this letter are as follows.sup i{ζi+1−µi}≤con1 sup i{ζi+1−ζi}≤con2con1con2ζiµiϑηi=(µi−ζi)/ (ζi+1−ζi)ϑ≥liminf i→∞{ηi}1) Unlike the existing literature dealing with finite-time stability/synchronization for IC, in this letter, we establish a theoreti-cal framework of fixed-time stability/synchronization for AIC for the first time. 2) Compared with the existing literature [4], an auxiliary function is introduced to consider the Fd-TS of CNs under IC, which allows the control function in the rest intervals of IC to be zero. In the existing literature [4], the control function in the rest intervals of IC is not zero, which may be regarded as a switching control rather than an IC in a general sense. Thus, the control strategy proposed in this letter is more general. 3) In [2], [9], some scholars mainly con-sidered the asymptotic synchronization or exponential synchroniza-tion for AIC. Moreover, the existing literature have certain restric-tions on the control intervals, such as ,, where and are positive constants. For parameters and , see Fig. 1. This letter uses the average con-trol rate in (5), not the infimum of the control rate, which is easy to satisfy the condition of the theorem because of . In addition, the idea of using the aver-age control rate in this letter also can apply to the study of finite-time stability/synchronization for AIC, which is more general.x k(t)=(x k1(t),x k2(t),...,x km(t))αkh:R m×R m→R m f k:R m×R+→R mb kh≥0b kk=0k∈Nwhere and ; coupled function ; and is coupling weight and for all .System (1) is considered as a master system, and we consider theCorresponding author: Yongbao Wu.Citation: Y. B. Wu, Z. Y. Sun, G. T. Ran, and L. Xue, “Intermittent control for fixed-time synchronization of coupled networks,” IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sinica, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1488–1490, Jun. 2023.Y. B. Wu and L. Xue are with the School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China (e-mail:Z. Y. Sun is with the Department of Applied Mathematics, University of G. T. Ran is with the Department of Control Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China (e-mail: ranguangtao@ ).Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at .Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JAS.2023.123363ζiζi+1μi+1μi+2ζi+2ζi+3μi……Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of AIC. Blue and yellow areas represent control and rest intervals, respectively.1488 IEEE/CAA JOURNAL OF AUTOMATICA SINICA, VOL. 10, NO. 6, JUNE 2023z k (t )∈R m u k (t )in which and is an AIC strategy.y k (t )=z k (t )−x k (t )Let be error vector. Based on systems (1) andf k (x k k k (z k k (x k kh (x k k h h )=in which and sign(y k )=diag(sign(y k 1),sign(y k 2),...,sign(y km ))N ={0,1,2,...}[ζi ,µi )[µi ,ζi +1)ζ0=0[y k ]p =(|y k 1|p ,|y k 2|p ,...,|y km |p )T ;ϱs>0(s =1,2,3)q >10<p <1where and ; and stand for the i th control interval and rest interval, respectively; , , , and .f k αkh βk >0φkh >0Assumption 1: Functions and satisfy the Lipschitz condi-tions with Lipschitz constants and , respectively.ϑ∈(0,1)Definition 1 [8]: For AIC strategy (4), there are and con 12[t 2,t 1)ϑT ϑin which stands for the total control interval length on , represents the average control rate, and is called the elasticity number.T (y (0))>0lim t →T (y (0))y (t )=0y (t )≡0t ≥T (y (0))y (t )=(y T 1(t ),y T 2(t ),...,y T n (t ))T T (y (0))y (0)T ∗>0y(0)Definition 2: The master system (1) and slave system (2) are said to achieve Fe-TS, if there is a settling time such that and for , where . The time is called the settling time of syn-chronization, which is dependent of . Especially, if there is a fixed time which is independent of , then systems (1) and (2) achieve the Fd-TS.Analysis of Fd-TS: This section gives two lemmas to study the Fd-TS under AIC (4). Then, a Fd-TS criterion of CNs is given.a 12∗∗in which , , , and Then, whenϑProof: See Section II in the Supplementary material.■iin which , , and If there existsˆa11exp {(1−q )˘εT ϑϑwhere , and are defined in Definition 1.Proof: See Section III in the Supplementary material.■Now, a main result is state as follows.(G ,A )A =(b kh φkh )n ×n ˘ε>0Theorem 1: If the digraph with is stronglyconnected, and there exists satisfying the following inequali-a 33k 44k 3k 1k )−4∑n h =1b kh φkh >0a 4k =2βk +4∑n h =1b kh φkh T ∗in which , , , and , then systems (1)and (2) achieve the Fd-TS, and settling time satisfiesˆa 1=a 1exp {(1−q )˘εT ϑ}a 2=2σmin ϱ2a 1=2σmin ϱ3(mn )1−q2σ1min =min k ∈N {c 1−p2k }σ2min =min k ∈N {c 1−q 2k }c k >0with , , ,, , and can be found in [10].Proof: See Section IV in the Supplementary material.■ϑRemark 1: Theorem 1 requires two inequalities in (8) to be true.We can get that if the average control rate is greater, the condi-tions are easier to meet when other parameters are fixed, which shows that the design of IC has an essential impact on the Fd-TS of CNs.U (t )=exp {Θ(t )}Ψ(t )Θ(t )t ∈[µi ,ζi +1),Remark 2: In the proof of Lemma 2, we use an auxiliary function , where function is defined in Section III-1of the Supplementary material. Moreover, when we can U(t )≤−(˘εϑ−a 4)U (t )[µi ,ζi +1)which enables to be established in the rest intervals . Similar ideas were discussed in semilinear sys-tems [8]. This letter uses the technique to overcome the difficulty of studying Fd-TS of CNs under AIC.sup i {ζi +1−µi }=con 1sup i {ζi +1−ζi }=con 2con 1con 2ηi =(µi −ζi )/(ζi +1−ζi )ϑ≥inf i ∈N {ηi }Remark 3: In Lemma 2, we give a synchronization criterion to achieve the Fd-TS of the systems under AIC for the first time. In the existing results [2], [9], some scholars mainly considered the asymp-totic synchronization or exponential synchronization for IC. More-over, the existing results have certain restrictions on the control and rest intervals, such as , ,where and are positive constants. In this letter, we use the average control rate instead of the infimum of the control rate , which is easier to satisfy the conditions of the theorem because of . In addition, the idea of using an average control rate in this letter also applies to the study of Fe-TS, which is more general. However, as far as we know, no author has considered the general case for Fe-TS under AIC by using the technique of this letter.T ∗ϑT ϑa 1a 2T ∗ϑT ∗Remark 4: We give an important differential inequality (7) in Lemma 2, which can deal with Fd-TS of CNs for AIC. Moreover, the fixed time depends on the average control rate and elasticity number . In addition, we find that the larger parameters and in (7), the smaller the fixed time . And when the average control rate is greater, the settling time will be smaller.Remark 5: Recently, some scholars have considered the Fd-TS for CNs under AIC [4]. For the IC, this letter allows the control function in the rest intervals of the IC to be zero. In the existing results [4], the control function in the rest intervals of IC is not zero, which may be regarded as a switching control. In addition, the average control rate of AIC is considered, which provides less conservative results.Application and numerical simulations: See Section IV in the Supplementary material.Conclusions: We considered the Fd-TS of CNs under AIC. The average control rate and a new Lyapunov function were proposed to overcome the difficulty of dealing with fixed-time stability/synchro-nization of CNs for AIC. Meanwhile, a Fd-TS criterion of CNs was given. Finally, we applied the theoretical results to study the Fd-TS of oscillator systems, and simulation results were given to verify the effectiveness of the results. Considering the influence of the delay factor, the Fd-TS of delayed CNs under AIC will be studied in the future.Acknowledgments: This work was supported in part by the Natu-ral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (BK20220811,BK20202006); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62203114, 62273094); the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the “Zhishan” Scholars Programs of South-WU et al .: INTERMITTENT CONTROL FOR FD-TS OF CNS 1489east University; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M 710684); and Excellent Postdoctoral Foundation of Jiangsu Provinceof China (2022ZB116).Supplementary material: The supplementary material of this let-ter can be found in links https:///est/d3296793221015/pdf.ReferencesF. Dörfler and F. Bullo, “Synchronization in complex networks of phaseoscillators: A survey,” Automatica , vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 1539–1564, 2014.[1]X. Liu and T. Chen, “Synchronization of complex networks viaaperiodically intermittent pinning control,” IEEE Trans. Automatic Control , vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 3316–3321, 2015.[2]A. Polyakov, “Nonlinear feedback design for fixed-time stabilization oflinear control systems,” IEEE Trans. Automatic Control , vol. 57, no. 8,pp. 2106–2110, 2011.[3]Q. Gan, F. Xiao, and H. Sheng, “Fixed-time outer synchronization ofhybrid-coupled delayed complex networks via periodically semi-intermittent control,” J. Franklin Institute , vol. 356, no. 12, pp. 6656–6677, 2019.[4]J. Liu, Y. Wu, M. Sun, and C. Sun, “Fixed-time cooperative tracking fordelayed disturbed multi-agent systems under dynamic event-triggered control,” IEEE/CAA J. Autom. Sinica , vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 930–933, 2022.[5]Z. Zuo, B. Tian, M. Defoort, and Z. Ding, “Fixed-time consensustracking for multiagent systems with high-order integrator dynamics,”IEEE Trans. Autom. Control , vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 563–570, 2018.[6]W. Yu, P. DeLellis, G. Chen, M. Di Bernardo, and J. Kurths,“Distributed adaptive control of synchronization in complex networks,”IEEE Trans. Autom. Control , vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2153–2158, 2012.[7]Y. Guo, M. Duan, and P. Wang, “Input-to-state stabilization ofsemilinear systems via aperiodically intermittent event-triggered control,” IEEE Trans. Control Network Syst., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 731–741, 2022.[8]Y. Wu, S. Zhuang, and W. Li, “Periodically intermittent discreteobservation control for synchronization of the general stochastic complex network,” Automatica , vol. 110, p. 108591, 2019.[9]M. Y. Li and Z. Shuai, “Global-stability problem for coupled systems ofdifferential equations on networks,” J. Differential Equations , vol. 248,no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2010.[10] 1490IEEE/CAA JOURNAL OF AUTOMATICA SINICA, VOL. 10, NO. 6, JUNE 2023。
雅思写作论证方法在雅思写作考试中大作文部分要求大家根据题目中所给出的观点，来描述自己的态度以及所持的观点，这就需要我们通过一些论据来论证自己的观点。
下面是小编整理的雅思写作论证方法，欢迎大家阅读分享借鉴。
雅思写作论证方法一、原因：原因论证是写作中常用的论证方法，可以通过写一个现象的原因来承接中心句，一般放在层逻辑衔接中使用比较多。
常用连接词：…because/since/as……due to sth(不放句首)常用句式：1. This is largely/partly due to…,…, which is largely/partly due to… 这主要/部分是由于什么。
2. The main reason for it is …N/that +完整的句子…, the main reason for which is… 主要的原因是什么。
二、结果：结果论证分为两种，种是指好的结果，第二种是指坏的结果，具体由中心句的内容决定。
结果论证在层逻辑和第二层逻辑中都可以使用。
常用连接词：Consequently,As a consequence/result,…therefore… 因此…, so that 一句话，以至于…常用句式：Some students are used to finishing learning tasks all alone, which may result in an unpleasant consequence that theirinterpersonal skills will deteriorate.一些学生习惯于自一人完成学习任务，这可能会导致一个不好的结果，他们的人际交流技能可能会变差。
三、举例：雅思写作中的举例论证用得不像托福写作那么多，可以是personal experience, 但尽量举一些比较客观的例子，并且例子不要太长，一两句话概括即可，适当对例子进行评论。
北京市朝阳区高三年级第二学期质量检测二英语2024.5(考试时间90分钟满分100分)本试卷共10页。
考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A nurse named Aly Hogarth has reunited with a mother and daughter at the same hospital ship 30 years after saving their lives.In 1993, Ms Hogarth was touring a hospital ship in Sierra Leone when she knew that a patient Catherine Conteh needed a Caesarean section (剖腹产手术), but she couldn’t 1 it. Ms Hogarth contacted her colleagues and they paid for the £70 surgery, so that Catherine’s daughter, Regina, could be 2 . Later, Ms Hogarth volunteered to take care of her in the hospital, 3 her wound and teaching her how to feed the baby. In this way Ms Hogarth formed a 4 with the mother and the baby, but they lost 5 when she returned home to New Zealand.Ms Hogarth, now 52, volunteered for charity Mercy Ships. Surprisingly, she 6 Catherine and Regina at the same hospital ship. They both became nurses, inspired by Ms Hogarth, and Regina now has a child of her own.Ms Hogarth said, “To see Catherine in person again, it’s very unreal really. It’s not something I 7 expected until we made contact again. For me, I felt 8 at the moment when we met and didn’t know how to react.” “We just cried and cried,” Catherine said. “Regina and I would have died without Ms Hogarth’s pure love.”“It’s really 9 to see Catherine again,” Ms Hogarth shared. “I thought about her every time I told that story for the last 30 years. I know it was a significant time—realizing that you can make a real 10 by doing something.”1. A. cancel B. bear C. afford D. accept2. A. examined B. delivered C. adopted D. attended3. A. receiving B. removing C. dressing D. discovering4. A.habit B. tradition C. plan D. bond5. A. touch B. control C. hope D. direction6. A. called on B. came across C. looked after D. kept off7. A. ever B. still C. even D. just8. A. inspired B. disappointed C. concerned D. excited9. A. impossible B. amazing C. challenging D. simple10. A. effort B. commitment C. decision D. difference第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分）第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。
托福阅读TPO25(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:ThesurfaceofMarsTPO是我们常用的托福模考工具，对我们的备考很有价值，下面我给大家带来托福阅读TPO25(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:The surface of Mars。
托福阅读原文【1】The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including huge volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact cratering. Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge, an enormous geologic area near Mars’s equator. Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all: Olympus Mons, with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base. The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller-a “mere”18 kilometers high.【2】None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on Mars. Instead, they are shield volcanoes — volcanoes with broad, sloping slides formed by molten rock. All four show distinctive lava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on Earth. Images of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds of volcanoes. Most of the largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge, but many smaller ones are found in the northern plains.【3】The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet’s low surface gravity. As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano, the volcano’s eventual height depends on the new mountain’s ability to support its own weight. The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain. It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10 kilometers) above their respective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface gravity. Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth, so volcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as high. Are the Martian shield volcanoes still active? Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active. Millions of years, though, may pass between eruptions.【4】Another prominent feature of Mars’s surface is cratering. The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars, as well as that of its two moons, is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space. As on our Moon, the smaller craters are often filled with surface matter-mostly dust-confirming that Mars is a dry desert world. However, Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar counterparts. On the Moon, ancient craters less than 100 meters across (corresponding to depths of about 20 meters) have been obliterated, primarily by meteoritic erosion. On Mars, there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in diameter. The Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent, with Martian winds transporting dust from place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone can obliterate them.【5】As on the Moon, the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicator forthe Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way.【6】The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece of information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost, or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.托福阅读试题1.The word “enormous”(paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.importantB.extremely largeC.highly unusualD.active2.According to paragraph 1, Olympus Mons differs from volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge in that Olympus MonsA.has more complex geologic featuresB.shows less impact crateringC.is tallerD.was formed at a later time3.The word “distinctive”(paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.deep.plex.C.characteristic.D.ancient.4.According to paragraphs 1 and 2, which of the following is NOT true of the shield volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge?A.They have broad, sloping sides.B.They are smaller than the largest volcano on Mars.C.They have channels that resemble the lava channels of volcanoes on Earth.D.They are over 25 kilometers tall.5.The word “roughly” in the passage is closest in meaning toA.typically.B.frequently.C.actually.D.approximately.6.In paragraph 3, why does the author compare Maxwell Mons on Venus to the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth?A.To help explain the relationship between surface gravity and volcano height.B.To explain why Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent of Earth’s.C.To point out differences between the surface gravity of Earth and the surface gravity of Venus.D.To argue that there are more similarities than differences between volcanoes on different planets.7.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaningin important ways or leave out essential information.A.Although direct evidence of recent eruptions is lacking, scientists believe that these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago.B.Scientists estimate that volcanoes active more recently than 100 years ago will still have extensive impact cratering on their slopes.C.If, as some evidence suggests, these volcanoes erupted as recently as 100 million years ago, they may continue to be intermittently active.D.Although these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago, there is no direct evidence of recent or ongoing eruptions.8.The word “considerably”(paragraph 3)in the passage is closest in meaning toA.frequently.B.significantly.C.clearly.D.surprisingly.9.According to paragraph 4, what is demonstrated by the fact that cratersfill in much faster on Mars than on the Moon?A.Erosion from meteoritic impacts takes place more quickly on Mars than on the Moon.B.There is more dust on Mars than on the Moon.C.The surface of Mars is a dry desert.D.Wind is a powerful eroding force on Mars.10.In paragraph 4, why does the author point out that Mars has few ancient craters that are less than 5 kilometers in diameter?A.To explain why scientists believe that the surface matter filling Martian craters is mostly dust.B.To explain why scientists believe that the impact craters on Mars were created by meteoroids.C.To support the claim that the Martian atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent.D.To argue that Mars experienced fewer ancient impacts than the Moon did.11.According to paragraph 5, what have scientists been able to determinefrom studies of large impact cratering on Mars?A.Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought.B.The age of Mars’s surface can vary from area to area.rge impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanic activity.D.Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are.12.According to paragraph 6, the ejecta of Mars’s crater Yuty differs fromthe ejecta of the Moon’s Copernicus crater in that the ejecta of the Yuty craterA.Has now become part of a permafrost layer.B.Contains a large volume of dust, soil and boulders.C.Suggests that liquid once came out of the surface at the crater site.D.Was thrown a comparatively long distance from the center of the crater.13. Look at the four squares【■】that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. This surface feature has led to speculation about what may lie under Mars’s surface.The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important pieceof information about conditions just below the planet’s surface. Martian craters are surrounded by ejecta (debris formed as a result of an impact) that looks quite different from its lunar counterparts. A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with the (fairly typical) crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the differences. The ejecta surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting a large volume of dust, soil, and boulders. ■【A】However, the ejecta on Mars gives the distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater. ■【B】Geologists think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost,or water ice, lies just a few meters under the surface. ■【C】Explosive impacts heated and liquefied the ice, resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click VIEW NEXT.Volcanoes and impact craters are major features of Martiangeology.A.Plate motion on Mars, once considered to have played no role in shaping the planet’s surface, is now seen as being directly associated with the planet’s earliest volcanoes.B.Mars has shield volcanoes, some of which are extremely tall because of the planet’s low surface gravity.C.Although the erosive power of the Martian atmosphere ensures that Mars has fewer craters than the Moon does, impact craters are prominent on Mars’ s surface.D.Scientists cannot yet reliably estimate the age of the Martian surface because there has been too much erosion of it.E.Scientists have been surprised to discover that conditions just below the surface of Mars are very similar to conditions just below the surface of the MoonF.Studies of crater ejecta have revealed the possibility of a layer of permafrost below the surface of Mars.托福〔阅读答案〕1.enormous 巨大的，所以正确答案是B，extremely large。
