英语论文 浅析《远大前程》主要人物性格变化的内外因素

英语阅读物《远大前程》读后感英文回答："Great Expectations" by Charles Dickens is acaptivating tale of orphaned Pip, who is thrust into aworld of wealth and ambition. As he navigates the complexities of social class and unrequited love, Pip grapples with the moral implications of his newfoundfortune and the true meaning of happiness.At first, Pip is both excited and overwhelmed by his newfound wealth. He eagerly embraces the trappings ofluxury and the social status it affords him. However, as he becomes more deeply entangled in the expectations of society, he begins to question the emptiness of his superficial existence.Pip's unrequited love for Estella further complicateshis journey. Estella, a beautiful but cold-hearted young woman, is initially attracted to Pip's wealth and potential.However, as Pip grows and matures, Estella's heart remains closed to him.Through a series of personal trials and tribulations, Pip ultimately learns the importance of self-acceptance and compassion. He realizes that true happiness comes not from external factors, but from within. He rejects the false expectations imposed on him and embraces his true self.In the end, Pip returns to his humble beginnings, a wiser and more fulfilled man. He learns the value of hard work, kindness, and the bonds of friendship. "Great Expectations" is a timeless story about the search for identity, the perils of ambition, and the enduring power of love.中文回答：《远大前程》这本书是狄更斯笔下一个孤儿皮普的精彩故事，他被推入了一个充满财富和野心的世界。

英语阅读远大前程读后感(中英文实用版)Title: Thoughts on Great ExpectationsTitle: 对《远大前程》的感悟After reading Charles Dickens" Great Expectations, I was left with a profound sense of reflection.The novel delves into the complexities of human nature, illustrating how our experiences and choices shape us into who we are.阅读查尔斯·狄更斯的《远大前程》后，我留下了深刻的反思。

这部小说深入探讨了人性的复杂性，展示了我们的经历和选择如何塑造我们成为现在的自己。

The story of Pip, the protagonist, takes him on a journey from innocence to maturity.He learns the hard way that true greatness lies not in social status or wealth, but in the quality of one"s character.主人公皮普的故事，带他从一个天真走向成熟。

他深知真正的伟大并非社会地位或财富，而是人品的质量。

Dickens" portrayal of Magwitch, Pip"s benefactor, serves as a stark contrast to the sophisticated and elegant Estella.It is Magwitch, the rough and uneducated convict, who teaches Pip the true meaning of love and friendship.狄更斯对麦克西斯，皮普的恩人，的描绘与高雅优雅的艾斯特拉形成鲜明对比。

利用弗洛伊德人格结构理论分析《远大前程》皮普形象OUTLINEAbstractKey WordsI. IntroductionII. Analyzing Pip’s Character with the Id2.1. Pursuing the Luxurious Life2.2. Being Ashamed to Identify the Poor Relative III. Analyzing Pip’s Character with the Ego3.1. Helping Herbert to Run Business3.2.Helping Magwitch to Smuggle Abroad. IV. Analyzing Pip’s Character with the Superego4.1. Looking after Magwitch4.2. Anabiosis of LoveV. ConclusionBibliography中文标题、摘要、关键词An Analysis of Pip’s Character in Great Expectationsfrom t he Freud’s Theory of Personality StructureAuthor: Ouyang == Number: 0968==== Tutor: Li =Abstract: Charles Dickens is one of the most outstanding English writers in the 19th century. Great Expectations is one of Charles’ mature works. It is the sto ry of Pip’s deterioration from an innocent boy into an arrogant gentleman and his redemption as a good-natured person. The paper analyzes Pip’s Character in Great Expectations from the Freud’s Theory of Personality Structure and expresses the author’s atti c faith to the anabiosis of love.Key Words: Pip; Freud; Personality Theory; anabiosis of loveI. Introduction“As a novelist, Dickens is remembered first of all for his character-portrayal. Every character his creative finger touched came alive.”(Liu Bin gshan, 2007:302) Generally regarded as the greatest literary geniuses of his time in Victorian England, Charles Dickens enjoyed a wider popularity than any previous author had done during his lifetime.Dickens’ later work Great Expectations, which is considered as his artistic masterpiece, is the most perfectly constructed and mature one of all Dickens’s novels. All of his mature understandings about life are reflected in it. The protagonist Pip is an orphan brought up by his cruel and hypocritical sister. His brother-in-law Joe takes great care to protect Pip from Mrs. Joe’s maltreatment, but Joe’s efforts are in vain many a time, and Joe becomes Pip’s co-sufferer. Under Joe’s protection and his sister’s scolding, little Pip lives a hard life. In a fortuit ous chance, a secret benefactor wants to turn Pip into a gentleman. Pip’s wild fancy is surpassed by sober reality. After several years, the benefactor appears. Pip understands everything. “His illusions break into pieces. Pip finally realizes how wrong he was in the past. And he changes drastically. He regains his virtue with the help from his real friends. ”(Wang Ming, 2010:16) Actually, this novel explores the journey of an innocent common boy when his initial dreams result in disappointment and eventually lead him to become a genuinely good man. Dickens uses Pip’s descent of a naive, loving boy into an arrogant man and his redemption as a simple hardworking person to demonstrate that affection, loyalty and conscience are more important than social advancement, wealth, and class.Based on the three parts of individual psychology, SigmundFreud puts forward the basic structure of personalities to illustrate further how subconscious comes into being in his late study of the personality theory. This structure of personalities includes three parts: the id, the ego and the super-ego.The id is the unconscious part of personality. It contains the lustful aggressive and instinct urges. “The superego comprises the norms, values, and ideals that upbringing and education have instilled in us.”(Liu Yanjun, 2010:33)The id and superego often conflict with each other.The ego faces a threefold challenge that is from the external world, from the libido of id, and from the severity of the superego.II. Analyzing Pip’s Cha racter with the Id2.1. Pursuing the Luxurious LifeThe id is the sum of instinctive impulses and original wishes. It is the primary source of all psychic energy. The id is the source of all desire and instincts and supplies the energy for unconscious. “Wi thout any form, the id is dedicated to releasing instincts or impulses and satisfying wishes.”(Han Nianhua, 2009:15)Its objective is “happy principle”. It is irrational, inherent and the most primitive. The id doesn’t have a direct contact with the outsid e world. It needs the ego to contact with the outside world. Its objective is “pleasure principle”; therefore, it needs to get pleasure and love from the external objects and knows nothing about the influence that its behaviors bring about on objects. Taking Pip for an example, when he gets what he need, he knows nothing about the influence.Freud regards the id as human being’s primitive impulse, all kinds of instinct and repressed desires after the birth. It is the reflection of instinct and desire. When Pip goes to the Satis Manor at the first time, he is really attracted by the gorgeous andbrilliant decoration. Satis Manor truly reflects that noble ladies usually have a lot of wealth in Victorian times and Pip is full of worship to Miss Havisham. “When a rich man entrusts others to inform Pip that he can inherit a considerable property in future and the present master lets him terminate the contract of teacher and pupil with hisbrother-in-law immediately.”(Guo, 2009:48) Then he can go to London to accept the so-called “gentleman” education. Pip thinks that this is Miss Havisham especially arranged for him .His dream to become a “gentleman” can finally come true, so he totally accepts the arrangement.To be honest, Pip gets a deep impression of Satis Manor that has magnificent decoration, the atmosphere of the ghosts and the mystery of mournfulness, which makes Pip ashamed for his humble origin and has a new understanding of vulgar manners. Besides, the arrogant Estella often makes fun of his humble origin, which al makes him much ashamed, so he decides to change own social status to get Estella’s love. We can conclude that the love to Estella is the direct reason and motivation to be a gentleman. But Pip meets lots of obstruction in the process of pursuing Estella and the biggest one is Miss Havisham. She lives in the shadow of a tragic incident that she is abandoned by her boyfriend at the marrying day. From that day, Miss Havisham doesn’t go out of her hurt and broken heart. “The most prominent object was a long table with a tablecloth spread on it, as if a feast had been I preparation when the house and the clocks all stopped together. An epergne or centerpiece of some kind was in the middle of this cloth; it was so heavily overhang with cobwebs that its form was quite undistinguishable”(Dickens Charles, 2001:109) Miss Havisham becomes ruthless and thepurpose of adopting Estella is to use her to revenge on all men. Although Pip gets through kinds of difficulties, he still can’t get Estella’s love. To his surprise, Miss Havisham finally let Estella marries the rogue Andrew Moore. Her intentional revenge to the men has hurt Pip and Estella deeply, but she doesn’t recognize it. She herself and all people related to her suffer the hurt, as well as great pain. At the end, she realized that she has broken the Pip’s kind heart and she doesn’t come true her revenge desire. Instead, it brings great pain to herself. For a certain extent, the objective cause of the failure that Pip pursues Estella is Miss Havisham revenge mental.Miss Havisham is extremely eccentric in Pip’s eye. Her house, her clothing, her adopted daughter as well as her voice all these things confuses little Pip. During the eight months that Pip plays in the Satis Manor, Pip meets her relatives and lawyer, but Pip does not realize Miss Havisham’s cruelty. Pip even wrongly believes that MissHavisham is the patroness of his great fortune.At first, she is cruel to her relatives. Once she is cheated by Compeyson, she decides to maltreat those people around her. She believes in nobody but her lawyer. She let everything in her house stop and rot. In her mind, there is nothing but hatred and revenge. Every year on her birthday, her relatives would come to see her; on such occasions, she uses all kinds of sharp words to mock those relatives because of their greed for her wealth. By doing so, she can get satisfaction in seeing her relatives’ pretence, compliment and greed to no avail. She is also cruel to herself. Actually, she is the victim who suffered most. A woman using her whole life to revenge is so terrible and so pitiable. Everyone could experience setbacks in life and should learn fromthem; unfortunately Miss Havisham learnt nothing from her failure but hatred. Also her revenge is not for someone specific, but for the whole human race. She hates almost everyone just because she is wronged once. This is unreasonable. Thus, all the people around her suffered, especially those who were near her, like Pip and Estella. She seems to be a ghost in the bridal clothes with a wicked smile on her face. The revenge on men is also a revenge on herself. What she had gained is far more fewer than what she has given out her youth, happiness, common thoug ht…At last, even Estella treats her coldly. She is so disappointed and miserable. Just as the adage goes: As you brew, so you must drink.When Pip is in London, he begins to become arrogant and luxury, and looks down upon the rabble. This kind of psychological change reflects on his uncle Umblechook deadly. Uncle Umbl echook’s respect makes him further understand the power and the charm of money. Umblechook calls Pip “my dear friend” “my dear young friend” at the beginning, but after that, he calls him “officer person” “gentleman”, and so on. The kind of change portrays the Umblechook’s snobbish nature.2.2. Being Ashamed to Identify the Poor RelativeGenerally, the id is the most difficultly to control but the most necessarily to control. The reason is that people's thoughts and ideas will make the id lost the right regulation or take much constraint on it, which would make id develop in the direction of morbid.Pip who was born in a poor country loses his parents since childhood, and his sister and brother-in-law Joe put him up. “Although the country life is of poverty, he gets lots of childhood joys, deep friendship and infinite love from hisbrother-in-law.”(Tao, 2007:151) The only thing he can feel is the practical and spiritual pleasure. Smithy is his childhood paradise, but after seeing the beautiful and proud Estella adopted by Miss Havisham, Pip feels that he originally fell out of the bitter days. “And what coarse hands he has! And what thick boots! I had never thought of being ashamed of my hands before; but I began to consider them a very indifferent pair. Her contempt for me was so strong, that it became infectious, and I caught it.”(Dickens Charles, 2001:77) Pip is attracted by her beautiful appearance, but at the same time he is ashamed by her arrogant words and deeds.Pip lives an upper class’s life. He is accustomed to receiving “great expectations” and, as a result, he begins to go deeper and deeper in debt. He is beginning to squander his money, especially later when his expectation no longer exists. He becomes vanity, arrogant and false pride. Still, Pip is very defensive about his relationship with Joe. His sense of superiority keeps him at a distance from both Joe and Biddy. When Joe goes to London for a visit, Pip falls into the conflict between the duty and love which he owes to Joe and his own “uncommon”personal ambitions. His fear is based on the anxiety caused by the possibility that Drummed, Pip’s worst enemy, might catch a glimpse of the rustic Joe and therefore makes Pip an object of ridicule. And the thought of Estella intensifies Pip’s shame o f his origin, and his poor relatives. Pip is so tense about Joe’s arrives that he makes Joe tense also. Joe arrives, terribly self-conscious, that he can not find a suitable spot on which to dep osit his hat. Pip’s love to Estella has made him blind to the simple dignity of Joe and Biddy; and the life “upper class” brings Pip not real happy and confidence but enables himlost himself to some extend. Only when he learns the full truth of Estella’s parentage and the source of his own great expectation will he recognize the true worth of his old friends.Joe is Pip’s brother-in-law, but there is a big gap in their ages. He actually plays the role of Pip’s father. But this father is somewhat different because he in fact has authority in the family run by Mrs. Joe. “Compared with Pip, Joe is only afellow-sufferer of Mrs. Joe’s cruelty. Joe’s situation and influence is too feeble. He is an honest, industrious, mild, good-natured and easy-going dear fello w.”(Ruan Yajun, 2009:75) Pip always treats him as a large species of child, and as no more than his equal. He protects and loves Pip. Joe is not well educated and even has difficulty in spelling his own name, but Joe encourages Pip to learn.In general, Pip should be grateful to Joe, but since Pip is called into the Miss Havisham's Satis Manor and has seen the society’s things,especially after secretly falling in love with Estella, he was confused by the vanity. After that, Pip only wants to seek wealth, so cial status and Estella’s heart and gradually forgets Joe ben efit to him. In the eyes of Pip, Joe even becomes an obstacle to his success. Pip’s discontent to Joe starts to grow.In order to win the Estella’s favor and love, Pip must get rid of his humble status and low life as soon as possible and climb into the upper society to become a superior person to win money and position. At that time, a rich man who doesn’t wish to disclose the name is willing to funding him to accept the quality education in London, so he lives an ostentatious upper society life. Pip starts to detest his birth and the past life, and avoids contacting with his good friend brother-in-law Joe. Usually he would be afraid of Joe’s coming to London. The young conceitmakes Pip behaved very snobbish in front of Joe and Biddy. “When Joe arrives in London with great joy from the country to visit the little Pip made good luck, but Pip would think that: If I could have kept him away by paying money, I certainly would have paid money.”(Dicken s Charles, 2001:286) As a result, there is a certain distance between them. Driven by the vanity, Pip felt that they were no longer intimate like before. Instead, he is ashamed to identify the poor relativeⅢ. Analyzing Pip’s Character with the Ego3.1. Helping Herbert to Run BusinessThe ego contacts with the outs ide world directly. Its objective is “reality principle”. It is either rational or irrational, because “There was a conscious ego, which controlled the motor system and the senses, and an unconscious ego, which repressed upsetting thoughts and censored dre ams.”(Han Nianhua, 2009:16) In theGreat Expectations, because of influence of the ego, the lost Pip still helps Herbert to run business and help Magwitch to smuggle abroad.Although Pip knows he shouldn’t be ungrateful and should not be against Joe, but his vanity drives he leave his hometown.When Pip comes back from the Satis Manor for the first time and lies to Mrs. Joe and Uncle Pumblechook, Joe advises that no lies in the future. Interviewed by Miss Havisham, Joe would not be lured by money. Joe is unselfish and warm-hearted. He is far away from Pip's London life because he never wants himself or his simple manners to embarrass Pip and to make Pip uncomfortable.In London, Pip experien ces many things he didn’t experience before. There are many things make him unprepared.Although he has become a gentleman, he becomes more and more unconfident and unhappy, so he begins to regret for what he did before. “Even if he waves gold as soil and is in a deep debt, he still secretly helps his friend Herbert to run business.”(Gao, 2011:55)According to the point, he doesn’t lose the good nature. Magwitch and Joe are important tasks to awake his conscience. Magwitch makes him realize that his benefactor is not Miss Havisham, but the escaped prisoner he used to rescue —Magwitch. Moreover, Miss Havisham doesn’t intend to betroth Estella to him, which makes him realize the conscience that he betrayed his brother-in-law Joe and own good nature. As for the fact that owns “Great Expectations” is from an escaped convict and the cruel reality that money is the highest standard, he realizes that the wealth is from a person's honest labor instead of heaven.3.2. Helping Magwitch to Smuggle Abroad.Ego is the rational part of the personality structure. Its characteristic is rationally, consciously control ego subconscious activities. Ego adjusting with the id makes the society better coordinate with the outside world, it can not be accepted by society and take some way to transfer id.Magwitch is a thread in this novel. His first appearance leaves unforgettable impressions on Pip as well as the readers. His most striking feature is his sincerity. Pip does him only small service, but he feels grateful for it all his life. His affection towards Pip is just like that of a father. During his exile, he asks another man to bringPip his hard-earned two one-pound notes, which makes Pip suspicious of the cause. His turning Pip into a gentleman's idea brings Pip drastic change and immense pain. His coming backmakes Pip almost scared to death. His being watched on makes Pip upset. His being arrested and sentenced arouses in Pip pain and sympathy. Pip's feeling towards him underwent several changes. At first, Pip is frightened because Magwitch threatens him. Then, Pip has pity for Magwitch. He has thought that Magwitch is lost or dead. When Magwitch suddenly comes back, Pip has repugnance, and wants to abandon him. Later, with the persuasion of his friend, Pip has sympathy to Magwitch. This sympathy at last develops into sincere respect. This is just the main idea of this book.At first, Pip is disgusted with Magwitch, because the criminal belongs to the same class and kind as him. “The great expectations he expected comes from such a person, so he immediately feels on thin ice and acts with extreme caution. Finally, his ideal mansion loses the foundation.” (Li, 2002:23) He said “The abhorrence in which I held the man, the dread I had of him, the repugnance with which I shrank from him, could not have been exceeded if he had been some terr ible beast.”(Dickens Charles, 2001: 426) However, Magwitch regards him as his son, “Look’ee here, Pip. I’m your second father. You’re my son—more to me nor any son.”(Dickens Charles, 2001:421)All of these show that there is a natural link between Pip and Magwitch. Pip’s original idea is to escape from Magwitch, but after the fierce struggle, he realizes the man has heavy grace to him and still cherishes the gratitude. In order to return the drippi ng of grace, he even doesn’t hesitate to lose his life. No w, Pip is specially moved and he forgive Magwitch’s past. The old man’s sin has offset and has experienced enough bitter life. Therefore, Pip does his best to help Magwitch to keep him from arresting.IV.Analyzing Pip’s Character with the Superego4.1. Looking after MagwitchThe super-ego stands for all moral restrictions and for the impulse towards perfection. “It is the psychological instrument, so to speak, of what people call the higher things i n life.”(Han Nianhua, 2009:17) Sigmund Freud defines it like this: It represents the requirement and restriction of morality, which not only comes from others such as parent, but also comes from the natural love of one for important others and the wish of protecting important others from one’s own cruel harm. I ts objective is “kind principle”. Driven by the super-ego, Pip looks after Magwitch and regains his nature.In Pip’s eye, Magwitch is a dreadful visitor; while in Magwitch’s eye, Pip is a real and co mplete gentleman. The sharp contrast makes Pip feel sorry. He should not treat his benefactor in such an indifferent way; he should not abhor him. He should not shrink from him with the strongest repugnance. He should show the love of a son to him in the way Wemmick treated his old father. He should protect him as Wemmick made his father happy. He should be grateful for the convict because his small kindness does not deserve the sincerity from Magwitch.Compared with Wemmick, Pip is not a filial son. Compared with Magwitch, Pip is too mean. Compared with Joe, Pip is not forgiving. Thus the sudden coming back of Magwitch indicate s the returning of Pip’s good nature. Without this incident, Pip would never understand himself. Magwitch gives Pip a kind of generous love. This, to the lonely orphan, is too precious.After Magwitch was arrested, Pip still keeps intimate contact with the dying old man and takes care of him. In the prison, Pip finds that although the prisoners are of crime, they also have theaffecti on heart. Pip gives Migwitch a promise: “I will never stir from your side, when I am suffered to be near you. Please God, I will be as true to you, as you have been to me!”(Dickens Charles, 2001:590) And he says to Herbert: “I am always with him to the full extent of the time allowed, and that I should be with him all day long, if I could. And when I come away from him, my thoughts are with him.”(Dickens Charles, 2001:592) In the whole process of opening sentence, Pip always nears the dock and takes Migwitc h’s hands tightly. In front of the world, he stands with him openly, which shows they are inseparable until the poor old man die. All of these prove that the love between each other will make a criminal become nobler and greater. About morality, both of them achieve a higher spiritual realm. Magwitch offers Pip money, but the purpose of this kind of behavior is not the material but the spirit. On the other hand, Pip offers Magwitch love, but the love hasnothing to do with his “great expectations”. On the contrary, the decision is made after the disillusionment, so it doesn’t have any color of gratitude on material. He has ruptured with the great expectations of bourgeois society. Instead, he regains the conscience and nature that only the poor children of w orking class have. Pip ever said: “It was for the convict, that I had deserted Joe.”(Dickens Charles, 2001:605) But it is the convict who arouses his nature. His expectations lose but nature regains. Magwitch is like a candle, for he lightened Pip’s future. Magwitch is like a book, for he educated Pip. Pip’s lat er unselfish protection for Magwitch is the best proof of Pip’s gaining good nature back.4.2. Anabiosis of LoveSuperego is the moral, social and ideal ego and it pursuesthe supreme good and beauty, guidance by conscience and sense of pride to limit the impulse of id, which is also unrealistic.The superego is the moral component of the psyche, which takes into account no special circumstances in which the morally right thing may not be right for a given situation. The rational ego attempts to exact a balance between the impractical hedonism of the id and the equally impractical moralism of the superego; it is the part of the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a person's actions. When overburdened or threatened by its tasks, it may employ defense mechanisms including denial, repression, and displacement.Magwitch is the one who makes Pip redefine himself as a dependable and honorable character. Although he is a convict in the novel, he is a person who is kind, hearted and respectable. For example, when he is catched by the policemen at the beginning of the novel, he confesses that the foods and file was stole by him in order to protect Pip. In addition, when he earns money in the new world; he sends money back secretly to make Pip to be a gentle man. Magwitch risk his own life to see him in London makes Pip discover that the convict from his youth was his benefactor. Pip is deeply moved by Magwitch’s behavior. And he changes to be brave and responsible. Compared with Magwitch’s behavior, Pip realizes how unfair he has been to Biddy and Joe. He goes back to his kind-hearted. We can say that it’s Magwitch who gives Pip the chance to show out his bad character traits, and also it’s Magwitch w ho makes Pip go make to himself and have a good realizati on of gentleman. He wakes up Pip’sgood character traits.After benefactors dies and heritage fails, tired Pip who is indeep debt fall ill and is in coma for a few weeks. After waking up from illusion, he realizes it is Joe who took care of him day and ni ght. “Not only did he recapture Pip from illness, but also he paid his life debt caused by luxury.”(Zhang＆Zhang, 2012:31) To this, Pip’s gratitude makes his moral consciousness return, and conscience overcomes vanity. His identity has fallen from high status and becomes a penniless poor man, but his spiritual world is rich. Then the hope rises out of his heart (that is his “second heart”): Marry Biddy and arrange for his future according to Biddy’s suggestion. When Pip gets the news that Joe is going to marry Biddy, he blesses them whole-heartedly. Besides, he apologizes for his ingratitude and express that he will make money to repay Joe. He says that: “Dear Joe and Biddy, that if I could repay it a thousands times over, I suppose I could cancel a farthing of the debt I owe you, or that I would do so if I could!”(Dickens Charles, 2001:630) It shows that Pip has been able to adjust the relation of money and friendship according to the norm of social morality.V. ConclusionGreat Expectations develops tightly around Dickens’outlook on life and morality. It criticizes Pip’s infatuation to the upper society, explores human nature’s losing in this kind of crush and also shows human nature’s regression and the discovery of conscience after walking away from losing. “The initial dream and all kinds of experience of the dream’s disillusionment let Pip regain consciousness and grow up, which makes him realize that the real great expectation is not wealth and status but having an upright and virtuous heart and dilig ent and intelligent hands.”(Xu, 2012:93) Driven by the super-ego, Pip’s love finally get anabiosis, which shows the great power oflove. Above all, it expresses the author’s attic faith to the anabiosis of love.Bibliography[1]Dickens Charles. Great Expectations[M].Yili People’s And Kewen Press,2001.[2]Han Nianhua.A Spiritual Journey —Analysis of The Age of Innocence withFreud’s Psychoanalytical Theory [D].Henan University,2009.[3]Liu Bingshan. A Short History of English Literature[M].Henan Peop le’sPress,2007.[4]LiuYanjun. 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《远大前程》的启示：梦想与现实的交织 "Great Expectations" is a profound novel that explores the complexities of human nature and the intricate dance between dreams and reality. Written by Charles Dickens, it tells a tale of Pip, a young boy who rises from humble beginnings to the heights of society, only to discover that the road to success is not always paved with gold. The novel, set in England during the 19th century, captures the essence of the social and economic divides that existed during that period, making it relevant and resonant even today.What struck me most about "Great Expectations" is the intricate portrayal of Pip's character development. Initially, Pip is a naive and impressionable boy, eager to escape his mundane life and pursue the allure of the upper class. His encounter with the escaped convict, Abel Magwitch, and the subsequent revelations about his own past shake the foundations of his world. These revelations force him to reevaluate his values and ambitions, leading him to a crisis of conscience.The novel also highlights the role of female characters, particularly Estella and Joe Gargery, in shaping Pip's destiny. Estella, the beautiful and aloof daughter of a wealthy family, represents Pip's unattainable dream, while Joe, a kind and loving blacksmith, embodies the values of hard work and humility. These characters, along with others like Miss Havisham and Herbert Pocket, provide valuable insights into the complexities of human relationships and the influence of society on individual identities.The theme of social class and its impact on people's lives is another noteworthy aspect of the novel. Dickens cleverly uses Pip's rise and fall to expose the hypocrisy and snobbery of the upper class, while also revealing the dignity and resilience of the working class. Thisexploration of class divides is not only relevant to the19th century context but also resonates with modern-day issues of social inequality and class Mobility.Moreover, "Great Expectations" is a powerful commentary on the nature of dreams and ambition. Pip's journey teaches us that dreams, while important, should not be pursued at any cost. The novel reminds us that success is not solelymeasured by external factors like wealth and status but also by our character and the values we hold dear.In conclusion, "Great Expectations" is a timeless novel that offers profound insights into human nature, social class, and the complexities of dreams and reality. It encourages us to question our values, ambition, and therole of society in shaping our lives. By examining Pip's journey from innocence to disillusionment and beyond, the novel reminds us that while dreams may guide us forward, it is our character and values that ultimately define our destiny.**《远大前程》的启示：梦想与现实的交织**《远大前程》是一部深刻探讨人性复杂性和梦想与现实交织关系的小说。

英语阅读物《远大前程》读后感英文回答：Great Expectations is a classic novel by Charles Dickens that explores the themes of identity, social class, and the pursuit of dreams. The protagonist, Pip, is a young orphan who is taken in by his wealthy benefactor, Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham raises Pip with the expectationthat he will one day become a gentleman and marry her adopted daughter, Estella. However, Pip's dreams are shattered when he discovers that Estella is cruel and heartless.Despite the hardships he faces, Pip remains a kind and compassionate person. He helps others in need, even when it means sacrificing his own happiness. In the end, Pip learns that true happiness comes from within, not from external circumstances.Great Expectations is a timeless novel that hascaptivated readers for generations. It is a story about the human spirit and the power of love.中文回答：《远大前程》是狄更斯的一部经典小说，探讨了身份、社会阶层和追求梦想的主题。

《远大前程》中皮普的人物性格分析Abstract:Great Expectation is one of the representative works of Charles Dickens’ critical realism outstanding delegates. His novel not only a true reflection of the whole generation of life experience. But vividly revealed the mid 19th century Britains'entire social reality. This thesis is the first academic attempt to apply the carnival theory to the analysis of Great Expectations. The hero Pip of it is regarded as the carnival king in the light of carnivalization. Through Pip’s crowning and decroowning, Bakhtin"s notion of joyful relativity is expressed. The characters are discussed as carnival collective on the basis of the conception of grotesque realism.Key words: report, Charles Dickens, great expectation, Pip, Estella《远大前程》（1861 ）是狄更斯在艺术上很受称道的一部小说，充分表现出人物心理矛盾发展过程，结构严谨。

《远大前程》英语读后感English:"Upon finishing the book "Great Expectations," I was struck by the tragic yet hopeful themes woven throughout the plot. The story follows the life of a young boy named Pip as he navigates the challenges of class, wealth, and love in 19th century England. One of the most poignant aspects of the novel is the exploration of ambition and its consequences. Pip's desire to rise above his humble origins leads him down a path of deceit, betrayal, and ultimately, self-discovery. The characters in the book are richly developed, from the kind-hearted Joe Gargery to the enigmatic Miss Havisham, each playing a crucial role in shaping Pip's journey. Through Pip's trials and triumphs, Charles Dickens masterfully explores the complexity of human nature, the fluidity of identity, and the redemptive power of love. Overall, "Great Expectations" is a timeless classic that resonates with readers of all ages, reminding us that true greatness lies not in material wealth or status, but in the kindness of our hearts and the authenticity of our actions."中文翻译:"在读完《远大前程》这本书之后，我被这部小说中编织的悲剧性但充满希望的主题深深触动。

远大前程Pip人物分析第一篇：远大前程Pip人物分析1,Pip’s Character Pip’s immature, romantic idealism and his kind in nature are the two most marked characteristic.On the one hand, Pip fell in love with Estella at the first sight, but he could not marry her because of his inferior status.From that on, he had a deep desire to raise his social status, got a better education and to became a gentleman.One day, Pip was told to get a great fortune and had a opportunity to be a gentleman.Without hesitation, he went to London to realize his great expectations.It is also easy to tell that Pip has a little greedy and desire to vanity.Then Pip changed extravagant and was ashamed of his friends even his family.However , on the other hand, Pip is kind in nature.When he was a little boy he helped an escaped convict.He also helped a good friend Herbert to be a partner in a company abroad with his fortune secretly.2, This title of the novel ,Great Expectations, is critical and ironic.Fate seems to play a trick on Pip.He have it one day and lose it one night.It was the convict, Magwitch, whom he once helped that gave him the large fortune and the great expectation, not Miss Havishame.However, Magwitch was arrested although he tried his best to hide him.At the same time, his beloved girl, Estella, married a bad man.At that time ,he realized his great expectations were bedashed.第二篇：远大前程主人公pip人物分析Pip: An Aggressive ManPip is the main character of the novel Great Expectations.Through the novel, we could know that he is an aggressive man.He always pursues the ambition and self-improvement, especially in moral, social and educational aspects.First, Pip desires moral self-improvement.He is extremely hard on himself when he acts immorally and powerful guilt spurs him to act better in the future.When he leaves for London, for instance, he torments himself about having behaved so wretchedly toward Joe and Biddy.Second, Pip desires social self-improvement.In love with Estella, he longs to become a member of her social class, and, encouraged by Mrs.Joe and Pumblechook, he entertains fantasies of becoming a gentleman.Significantly, Pip’s life as a gentleman is no more satisfying—and certainly no more moral—than his previous life as a blacksmith’s apprentice.Third, Pip desires educational improvement.This desire is deeply connected to his social ambition and longing to marry Estella: a full education is a requirement of being a gentleman.As long as he is an ignorant country boy, he has no hope of social advancement.Pip understands this fact as a child, when he learns to read at Mr.Wopsle’s aunt’s school, and as a young man, when he takes lessons from Matthew Pocket.Ultimately, through the examples of Joe, Biddy, and Magwitch, Pip learns that social and educational improvement are irrelevant to one’s real worth and that conscience and affection are to be valued above erudition and social standing.All in all, whenever he can conceive of something that is better than what he already has, he immediately desires to obtain the improvement.When he sees Satis House, he longs to be a wealthy gentleman;when he thinks of his moral shortcomings, he longs to be good;when he realizes that he cannot read, he longs to learn how.Pip’s desire for self-improvement has never been stopped.第三篇：《远大前程》《远大前程》文学导读狄更斯(1812-1870)生活在英国由半封建社会向工业资本主义社会的过渡时期。

关于远大前程的论文-浅析《远大前程》匹普性格变化的原因关于远大前程的论文:浅析《远大前程》匹普性格变化的原因-学术研究论文关于进大前程的论文:浅析《进大前程》匹普性格变化的原因查尔斯狄更斯是十九世纪英国最伟大的小说家,其作品的幸度和深度超过同时期的任何作家,《进大前程》是其代表作品之一,是狄更斯后期的作品,思想及表达上都更为成熟,作者通过对匹普生活经历和心理变化的发展揭示了他对过上等人的生活的种种期望和幷想破灭后的道德感受和精神反思过程。

本文将会对匹普性格变化的原因进行分析,从而达到对小说更深入的了解。

【关键词】查尔斯狄更斯;进大前程;性格变化;原因1 社会环境的影响，外因，狄更斯在这篇小说中,借匹普的变化讽刺了当时社会的邪恶一面,因而,虽然在哲学上我们强调外因通过内因起作用,内因是根本,在本文中,我的观点则是狄更斯将外因,主要指社会环境作为主人公性格变化的最重要因素来侧重表现,体现了他批判现实主义的写作风格。

故事开篇之时,匹普是一个连越狱犯人吓唬他的说辞，有一个更凶残的同伴藏在暗处,你不听我的话,他会杀了你，都深信不疑的天真少年,这和他一直由姐姐姐夫带大，姐夫乔是一个善良憨厚的人，,生活在特定的安逸平静生活条件密不可分,这个时期的匹普天真善良幵富有同情心,而匹普性格开始转变的转折点则是始于他迈出村子的那一天。

在认识了哈维莎姆及其养女埃斯特拉小姐之后，埃斯特拉是一位非常漂亮幵骄傲的小姐，,匹普不可避免的对埃斯特拉产生了好感,幵深深意识到不同阶层人士的差距,但这时候的匹普幵没有能力改变这个现状,在以后的日子里也成为了一个学徒,但他心里的矛盾幵没有消失,而是不日俱增,折磨着他的心灵,他曾将其叙述给他的友人毕蒂小姐，后来他姐夫的妻子，,我的生活是如此的粗俗,如此低下,但因为好友的帮助,他最后认可了自己,觉得过一种平凡诚实的劳动生活无可厚非,幵且应该感到自尊和并福,在我看来,这时的匹普之所以能保持住自我,和淳朴的乡间风气不朋友有着非常直接的关联,在麦格维奇派贾格思先生来当匹普的监护人,将匹普带到伦敦时,最初的匹普对伦敦的的感觉也是脏乱晦暗的城市,但因为定居在了那里,外部社会环境产生了巨大的变化,才使得原本淳朴善良的匹普变得骄傲且虚荣,甚至嫌弃一直对他照顾有加的乔,在这个大都市,匹普丧失了青年时期的天真淳朴,为了社会地位和利益,放弃亲情,不知感恩，这一点还体现在他不麦格维奇的见面上,见到麦格维奇之后,匹普担心暴露,幵且不能接受一个逃犯资助自己,为此感到痛苦不难堪，,而在失去一切后,不回归了本心,找到了迷失的自己,可见,环境不人的成长是密不可分的,能够潜移默化的影响一个人。

英语阅读远大前程读后感Reading "Far Bright Star" in English opened my eyes to a different perspective on the human experience. 读英文版的《远大前程》让我对人类经历有了不同的看法。

The novel delves into the complexities of war and the toll it takes on individuals, both physically and mentally. 这本小说深入探讨了战争的复杂性以及它对个人身体和心理的影响。

One of the most striking aspects of the book is its raw and unflinching portrayal of the brutality of war. 这本书最引人注目的一点是它对战争残酷性的生动和毫不畏惧的描绘。

The author doesn't hold back in depicting the harsh realities faced by soldiers on the front lines, painting a grim picture of the physical and emotional wounds inflicted by battle. 作者毫不保留地描绘了士兵们在前线面临的严峻现实，描绘出了战争造成的身体和心理创伤的残酷画面。

Through the eyes of the protagonist, we see the internal struggles and moral dilemmas that come with being a part of a violent conflict. 透过主人公的眼睛，我们看到了参与暴力冲突带来的内在挣扎和道德困境。

《远大前程》中皮普的性格浅析《远大前程》是英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯的一部经典小说，讲述了一个贫穷少年从事劳动阶级工作，艰难地实现自己的远大梦想的故事。

其中一个重要人物是皮普（Pip），他的性格经历了不断的成长和转变。

皮普是一个孤儿，从小生活在谢德厦尔夫人（Mrs. Joe）和她的哥哥乔·格吕格尔斯（Joe Gargery）那里。

在他们的夫妻关系中，乔是唯一对皮普关心和关爱的人。

与乔形成鲜明对比的是，谢德厦尔夫人对待皮普十分苛刻和残酷。

皮普的性格一开始比较屈从和忍让。

在谢德厦尔夫人的家中，皮普总是要承受谢德厦尔夫人毒舌的责骂和殴打。

他在家中缺乏关爱，而在乔的陪伴下是充满温暖和快乐的。

这种环境下，皮普变得胆小、消极，对自己的境遇非常愤懑。

皮普的性格在遇见了两个人物后发生了巨大的变化。

首先是遇见了哈维什姆小姐（Miss Havisham），一个生活在凄冷废弃的古堡里的女人。

在哈维什姆小姐那里，皮普受到了不同于谢德厦尔夫人的关爱，他经历了一个逐渐觉醒的过程，在他的内心中产生了对未来的美好憧憬和热望。

第二个人物是马奎斯（Magwitch），一个逃亡囚犯。

马奎斯是皮普遥远的亲戚，并且与他建立起相互帮助和理解的关系。

皮普不断帮助马奎斯，而马奎斯也用他积攒的财富帮助皮普实现了他的梦想。

通过这段经历，皮普逐渐认识到，人的价值不仅仅在于社会地位和财富，更重要的是人的内在品质和对他人的关心与帮助。

随着故事的发展，皮普的性格逐渐成熟并变得积极向上。

他意识到自己追求财富和地位的行为是虚假和浮躁的，最终明白了人真正需要的是内心的满足和对他人的关怀。

他通过各种经历，包括经济的失败和痛苦的失望，逐渐培养了对生活的深刻理解和关爱。

最终，他放弃了自己虚荣的欲望，选择了真爱，体现出他善良、坚强和高尚的性格。

皮普是一个经历了磨难而成长的角色。

他从一个胆小、屈从的少年逐渐成为一个善良、坚强的人，通过各种经历，他学会了关心他人、珍惜友情和追求内心的美好。

The Circumstance Factors on the Development of Pip’sCharacters in Great ExpectationsContents Abstract (1)1. Introduction (2)1.1 Life and Experience of Charles Dickens (2)1.2 A Simple Introduction to the Victorian Age (2)1.3 Introduction to the Theme (3)2. Pip’s Character Development (4)2.1 Changing From Innocence to Snobbishness after His First Visit to Satis House Where HeMeets Estella (4)2.2 Changing from Arrogance to Sincerity after Knowing the Real Benefactor (6)3. The Circumstance Factors on the Development of Pip’s Characters (7)3.1 People around Him (7)3.1.1 The Dignity of Joe Cargery (7)3.1.2 The Cruelty of Miss Havisham (8)3.1.3 The Arrogance of Estella (9)3.1.4 The gratitude of Magwitch (10)3.2 His Terrible Educational Background (11)3.3 His Poor Family Background (12)4. Conclusion (12)References (14)The Circumstance Factors on the Development of Pip’sCharacters in Great ExpectationsAbstract: Charles Dickens is one of the most famous realistic novelists in England in the 19th century. He shows us different aspects of the time he lived in and the cruelty and hypocrisy of the capital society. Great Expectations is one of his later works, where he used the first person to describe Pip’s life experiences and psychological development, revealed vividly his anticipation of becoming a gentleman and the process of mental retrospection after disillusionment. Pip’s character changed greatly from innocence to snobbishness, then from arrogance to sincerity due to the influence of the circumstance factors. This paper studies the combination of the circumstance factors and Pip’s characters through the following three aspects: the people around him, his terrible educational background and poor family background. By analyzing these circumstance factors respectively, we can understand this novel better. Moreover, we can get inspiration on the outlook of value through Pip’s delusion in Great Expectations.Key words: Charles Dickens; Great Expectations; circumstance factors; educational background; family background摘要：查尔斯·狄更斯是19世纪英国最著名的现实主义小说家之一，他的作品从不同侧面揭示了他所处的那个时代，揭示了资本主义的残忍和虚伪。

IntroductionCharles Dickens, pen-name “B oz”, is acclaimed as one of history’s greatest novelists and the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era. He has created some of literature’s most iconic characters, with the theme of social reform running throughout his work.Charles Dickens is much loved for his great contribution to classical English literature. He is the quintessential Victorian author: his epic stories, vivid characters and exhaustive depiction of contemporary life are unforgettable. And that’s the reason why his novels and short stories enjoy such a continuing popularity that they have never gone out of print.Considered as the greatest critical realism writer in British in the 19th century, Charles Dickens has left us a great work,one of his later period representative works, Great Expectations. Set in Victorian England, a time when great social changes were sweeping the nation, this is a novel of education and describes the growth and personal development of Pip, the protagonist. At that time, because social class was rigid and preexisting in London , where a teeming mass of humanity, lit by gas lamps at night and darkened by black clouds from smokestacks during the day, formed a sharp contrast with the nation’s sparsely-populated rural areas. More and more people moved from the country to the city in search of greater economic opportunity. However, feudal ideas died hard in England at this time; the manners of the upper class were very strict and conservative: gentlemen and ladies were expected to have thorough classical educations and to behave appropriately in innumerable social situations.In Great Expectations, Charles Dickens introduces the reader to many intriguing and memorable characters, including the eccentric recluse, Miss Havisham, the shrewd and careful lawyer, Mr. Jaggers, and the benevolent convict, Abel Magwitch. However, without a doubt, Great Expectations is the story of Pip and his initial dreams and resulting disappointments that eventually lead to him becoming a genuinely good man. The significant changes that Pip’s character goes through are very important to one of the novel’s many themes.Throughout the novel Great Expectations, Pip gradually changes from a kind and humble character to a character that is bitter, then snobbish and finally evolves into the kind and loving character which he was at the beginning of the story. It shows Dickens’s sharpcriticism to the upper-class society of England. Great Expectations also reflects his depiction of the depth and breadth of characters. It can conclude that Dickens is a great master in portraying great literary images. By describing the image of Pip, Dickens has showed us the contradictions and the conflicts of the capitalist society in Victorian era. He has exposed the corruption of money in the upper-class society.I. A Brief introduction of Charles Dickens and Great ExpectationsCharles Dickens is the greatest representative of English critical realism in 19th century in England. The main stylistic feature of Dickens is his use of critical realism. Dickens’s novels are set in realistic environments such as in the factory or in the street. His characters represent all aspects of society from beggars, criminals and orphans to factory owners. This critically realistic description of Victorian working class life is perhaps the very essence which makes Dickens one of the greatest authors of all time. His works reveal various malpractices of the capitalist society and reflect the misery of the lower-class people. One of his excellent works, Great Expectations, is his post-stage critical realistic works, which is a novel describing the growth and personal development of Pip. Through the analysis of Pip’s character and the turning of his fate, Dickens gives the reader a moral lesson and informs people of the importance of having a proper outlook on life. In order to understand the novel well, here, we will look into the back-ground information about Charles Dickens and the great novel.1.1 Charles DickensCharles Dickens (1812-1870), the greatest representative of English critical realism, was born in 1812 at Portsmouth, and. died in 1870. He was born of humble origin and lived a hard life during childhood and suffered a lot. As a little boy, he once worked in a blacking factory 12 hours a day for 6 shillings a week, a place where shoe polish was made. For Dickens, that experience—those lonely and hungry days—represented the first step toward his full integration into the misery and tedium of working-class life, and this also indicates why in most of his works he has showed his intense sympathy with the oppressed poor, especially with the hopeless children. Then he worked as a journalist, which enabled him to get acquainted with the inside knowledge of the British legal and political system and kept him in close contact with the darker social conditions of the Industrial Revolution. As proved later inhis life, his bitter life experience has become a source of inspiration for his literary career. Later in the year 1836, a collection of semi-fictional sketches entitled Sketches by Boz earned him recognition as a writer. He claimed a universal reputation and wrote so many works during his lifetime that Dickens became famous and began to make money from his writing when he published his first novel, The Pickwick Papers. Dickens remained a prolific writer to the end of his life, and his novels—among them Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities, A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, and Bleak House, The Old Curiosity Shop, Dombey and Son, Hard Times—continued to earn critical and popular acclaim. Coming from the lower middle class, and fairly acquainted with the life of the poor people, he is one of their most moving spokesmen.Charles Dickens is a master of story-teller, and he is also remembered for his character-portrayal. Besides, his language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare’s. His humor and wit seem inexhaustible. Among all these features, his Character-portrayal is the most outstanding one of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.)and some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.)are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in h is works. Dickens’s works are also characterized by a mixture of humor and pathos. He has a tendency to depict the grotesque (very odd or unusual, fantastically ugly or absurd) characters or event. This is true in his characterization and in his description of scenes. Most of Dickens’s characters have a peculiar habit, manner, behavior, dress, and catch phrase of his or her own. For example, the children in his novels are instinctive: they have strong imaginations, vivid sensations; they see life as black and white, and bigger than reality; their enemies seem demons and their friends angels; their joys and sorrow absolute and eternal. Some of the most unforgettable characters like Oliver Twist , Little Nell, Paul Dombey, David Copperfield and little Pip, these characters are full of vitality and can demonstrate the type of personality.1.2 Great ExpectationsGreat Expectations (1860-1861) is one of Dickens’s most mature works, and it’s said that after Dickens had experienced large part of meaningful life, he had a deeper cognition for people, environment, as well as the life which he had gone through, and that all the mature cognitions are included in this novel—Great Expectations.The novel, as one of Dickens’s most popular novels, can also be considered semi-autobiographical of Dickens, like much of his work, drawing on his experiences of life and people. In this novel, Dickens uses the limited perspective to introduce Pip’s position, and makes “crime and punishment”and “nobility and award” as its deeper structure, which is the interpretation of dialectical relationship between good and evil.Great Expectations has described a child Pip whose parents died when he was very young. He is brought up by his sister who is unpleasant as well as cruel and his friendly brother-in-law—Joe. The friendship between Joe and him is very deep before he becomes a gentleman. Pip is satisfied with this life and his warm friends until he is hired by an embittered wealthy woman, Miss Havisham, as an occasional companion to her and her beautiful but haughty adopted daughter, Estella. From that time on, Pip aspires to leave behind his simple life and be a gentleman. After years as companion to Miss Havisham and Estella, he spends more years as an apprentice to Joe, so that he may grow up to have a livelihood working as a blacksmith. This life is suddenly turned upside down when he is visited by a London attorney, Mr. Jaggers, who informs Pip that he is to come into the “great expectations” of a handsome property and be trained to be a gentleman at the behest of an anonymous benefactor. Pip entrusts the lawyer to help him make his dream come true. Pip’s love is Estella. Miss Havisham tries her best to make Estella become an attractive girl to fascinate all kinds of men, because she is deceived by her lover who units her brother to cheat her property. Her lover escapes on the wedding party. Then Miss Havisham closes herself in a gravely wedding room until she dies. However, it turns out that the good fortune is given by a convict. Pip helps him when the convict escapes from the prison. From then on, the convict does many businesses to earn enough money in order to make a gentleman. As the convict is arrested, the property is despoiled of him. Pip is back to a poor man. The novel shows the disillusion of Pip’s great expectations and the idea that unrealistic hopes and expec tations can lead to undesirable traits.Although the atmosphere of this novel is a little upset and heavy, it is well structured, and the plot is full of turnings and suspensions, which surprises the reader. Besides, when it comes to the significance of this novel, it is also far-reaching. It has many themes, such as the power of love, the role of environment in shaping people’s character, and the importance ofbeing oneself. In a word, Great Expectations is of great value both in literary appreciation and research.II. Pip’s characters in four different periods of timeAs a novelist, Dickens is remembered first of all for his character-portrayal. The image of Pip he portrays in Great Expectations leaves unforgettable impressions on the reader’s mind. The significant changes that Pip’s character goes through are very important as one of the novel’s many themes, through which we can get a better understanding of the aim of this novel. In this paper, when analyzing Pip’s character, I will mainly divide it into four period of time: Period of childhood; Period of before going to London; Period of staying in London; Period of knowing his true benefactor. Now, let’s move to the first period—childhood.2.1 In ChildhoodIn his childhood, Pip is characterized as a harmless, caring boy, who draws much sympathy for his parents are “dead and buried”and that the orphan has never seen “any likeness of either of them”, (Charles Dickens, 1998:1). Pip lives a humble existence with his ill-tempered older sister and her strong but gentle husband, Joe Gargery. Though their life is hard, he is at that time content with his common life. Pip do esn’t wish to be a first-class person, instead, his vision is to be a blacksmith, which is also a common hard but satisfied path arranged for him by Joe. He has strong feelings of guilt but an inadequate system by which to judge right and wrong; unable to determine the value of his own actions, he feels guilty even when he does the right thing. He beholds this as his highest goal to achieve. Later, Pip’s confrontation with the convict presents his harmless, innocent nature. Pip is forced into submitting to the convict’s demands, mainly due to his naive fear of Magwitch’s fictitious companion who “has a secret way to himself of getting at a boy, and at his heart, and at his liver”(Dickens, 1998: 4). The second meeting of Pip and the convict is much more civil and sympathetic than the first. Even while he is afraid, Pip instinctively displays a sympathetic reaction. Approximately one year after his encounter with the convict, Pip is still shown to be an innocent, caring boy. One night, when Pip and Joe are alone at the forge, Joe explains his various reasons for enduring Mrs. Joe’s constant abuse. After their conversation, Pip realizes that he cares deeply for Joe and appreciates everything that the blacksmith does for him. Also, he develops “a new admiration of Joe from that night” and “a new sensation of feelingconscious that I was looking up to Joe in my heart” (ibid: 48). This presents a relationship between Joe and Pip which is growing in love and respect. Joe is at the bottom of the social hierarchy, and, particularly, at the bottom of his household’s hierarchy but Pip finds new respect for his position.From the above, his character can be concluded as his humbleness, kindness, and lovingness. That is, at the beginning of the story, Pip is a mild-mannered little naive boy who goes on with his own humble life.2.2 Before going to LondonThe expectations that cause Pip’s character to beco me less likable are those that he develops after being introduced to Miss Havisham and Estella and some other complex people. With the changing of environment, he gradually changes his mind and is eager to be a first-class person. During his first visit to the Satis House, Estella, who considers herself much too refined and well-bred to associate with a common boy, scorns Pip. After just one afternoon at the Satis House, Pip develops a desire to become more acceptable to Estella, in hopes that her callous attitude toward him would change. As a result, while walking back to the forge, Pip begins to feel ashamed of his life. His mind is filled with regretful thoughts such as “that I was a common laboring-boy; that my hands were coarse; that my boots were thick; and generally that I was in a low-lived bad way” (ibid: 63). Pip realizes that his personality and outlook on his life is changing as he states, “That was a memorable day to me, for it made great changes in me” (ibid: 70). When his visits to the Satis House cease and he is apprenticed to Joe, Pip becomes even more deeply ashamed of his position in society because he believes that it will ruin his hopes of Estella loving him. Then, when Mr. Jaggers informs Pip of the “great expectations” that have been pla ced on him, Pip thinks, without a doubt, “Miss Havisham was going to make my fortune on a grand scale” (ibid : 139). Also, he begins to believe that Miss Havisham has destined him to be married to Estella. Almost immediately, Pip’s ego grows tremendously, and he becomes arrogant as he looks down on his “common” yet caring and loyal friends. For example, in a private conversation with Biddy, Pip tells his good friend that Joe “is rather backward in some things, for instance, in his learning and his manners” (ibid: 149). In addition, when Pip is finally ready to depart for London, he tells Joethat he “wished to walk away all alone” because he privately fears the “contrast there would be between me and Joe” (ibid: 159).Pip’s first taste of “higher society” is a bitter one, and it leaves him ashamed and embarrassed rather than justifiably angry. Pip, torn between being insulted and his attraction to Estella, opts to feel ashamed of his upbringing. His new found respect and love for Joe is being spoiled by his embarrassment of being brought up in a lower class family. He is ashamed of his home, ashamed of his trade. He wants to be uncommon. He wants to be a gentleman. He wants to be a part of the environment that he has a small taste of at the Satis House. His greatest fear allies his greatest shame.2.3 In LondonAspiring to be a gentleman despite his humble born, Pip fortunately or unfortunately received a fund of wealth from an unknown source and being sent to London with a lawyer. From then on, he became a gentleman without question at the price of losing everything.As the arrogant and ungrateful Pip continues to believe that Miss Havisham has chosen him to be the recipient of her money and, hopefully, of Estella’s hand in marriage, he also continues to be ashamed of and look down on his past life. On one occasion, Pip receives word that Joe will be visiting London and would like to see him. However, Pip is not at all overjoyed to receive this news. In fact, he looks forward to Joe’s visit “with considerable di sturbance, some mortification, and a keen sense of incongruity”, and he states that he “certainly would have paid money in order to keep Joe away” (ibid: 217). Pip is so concerned with gaining Estella’s favor that he visits Miss Havisham’s home and returns to London while never stops at the forge. The negative attitudes and traits that Pip develops as a result of his unrealistic expectations are portrayed in ways other than his view of his past life in this period. In London, while living as a “gentleman”, Pip has trouble managing his new way of life. A symbol of his emptiness is indicated by his joining a men’s club called “Finches of the Grove”. The only true friend Pip has met is Herbert, and Pip is betraying even that relationship by living the high life with a man who cannot afford it. Both he and Herbert “went on from bad to worse, in the way of increasing our debts, looking into our affairs, leaving margins, and the like exemplary transactions” (ibid : 287).He has chosen a lifestyle which alienates himself from the people he loves, and even alienates him from his true self. Pip is in the height of his own vanity in this period.2.4 After knowing his true benefactorFor many years, Pip has believed that he and Estella are destined to be married, but now his hopes and expectations are just beginning to fade. When Pip finally learns that Abel Magwitch, not Miss Havisham, is his benefactor, his unrealistic expectations cease and his genuinely good nature begins to overcome the negative traits that he has developed. Also, he realizes that he is at fault for his unrealistic hopes. Pip’s positive characteristics are also evident in his treatment of his benefactor, the convict Magwitch. Initially after the revelation, Pip’s reaction has been one of shock, disbel ief, and even repugnance. However, he realizes and somewhat appreciates that Magwitch has tried to greatly repay him for the practically insignificant favor that Pip has provided for the convict as a child. Over time, Pip’s hard feelings toward his benefactor fade. Pip puts himself through great personal risks and inconveniences to save Magwitch. He is unsuccessful in fleeing the country with Magwitch, but his caring and devotion for the kind convict are unwavering, even though he will not receive any money after Magwitch’s death. Pip believes that his visits are somewhat cheering to Magwitch, and he goes to the infirmary every day until the convict’s tranquil death which is almost a blessing. Just as Pip’s feelings toward Magwitch soften, so does his attitu de toward his old life after the burden of his expectations is lifted. On the other hand, Pip begins to feel as if he has never left the forge. He realizes and appreciates that “There was no change whatever in Joe. Exactly what he had been in my eyes then, he was in my eyes still; just as simply faithful, just as simply right” (ibid : 472). At the forge, Pip no longer shows any feelings of shame or arrogance. He even requests, “Now let me go up and look at my old room. And then when I have eaten and drunk with you, go with me as far as the finger post, dear Joe and Biddy, before we say good-bye” (ibid : 484).Earlier in his life, he is an innocent, caring boy, but gradually he changes into an arrogant young man as a result of his unrealistic hopes and expectations. Apparently the gentleman’s education and life have turned Pip from a simple, honest, kind-hearted country boy into a vain, selfish, snobbish man. The revelation of the source of his money and of the identities of Magwitch and Estella, and the realization of the drastic changes in himself leave himdishearted and disillusioned. However, when those expectations come to an end, so do his undesirable traits, as he is shown to be a truly good-natured person.III. Factors causing Pip’s transformation of c haracterAs we all know, people’s character is very likely to be influenced by different kinds of factors. When it comes to Pip, the hero in Great Expectations, social factors and the love from people around him, as well as Pip’s own ideology play an important role in Pip’s moral transformation.By describing the image of Pip, Dickens shows us the contradictions and the conflicts of the capitalist society in Victorian Era and the strong power of human love. It shows Dickens’ sharp criticism to the upper-class society of England and the idea that unrealistic hopes and expectations can lead to undesirable traits.3.1 Social factorsThroughout the novel, social class provides an arbitrary, external standard of value by which the characters (particularly Pip) judge one another. Great Expectations is set in Victorian England, a time when great social changes were sweeping the nation. The Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries had transformed the social landscape, enabling capitalists and manufacturers to amass huge fortunes. Although social class was no longer entirely dependent on the circumstances of one’s origin, the divisions between rich and poor remained nearly as wide as ever. So it is an attractive standard for every character who lacks a clear conscience with which to make judgments—Mrs. Joe and Pumblechook, for instance .At that time, people tends to use a material point of view to tell the difference between the upper and the lower class, but not to use the vision of observing the spirit of the whole community from the strength, determination, wisdom and moral impetus. And because high social class is associated with romantic qualities such as luxury and education, it is an immediately attractive standard of value for Pip. After he is elevated to the status of gentleman, though, Pip begins to see social class for what it is: an unjust, capricious standard that is largely incompatible with his own morals. There is simply no reason why Bentley Drummle should be valued above Joe, and Pip senses that fact. The most important lesson Pip learns in the novel—and perhaps the most important theme in Great Expectations—is that no external standard of value can replace the judgments of one’s own conscience.3.2 The love from people around himIn this novel, when depicting Pip’s arrogant and ungrateful, the author does not deny his kind and innocent nature. Through his narration, we can find that he still remains pure and innocent in his deep heart. Pip’s honestly tells the readers the frustrations in his life and the contradictions in his inner world, which itself represent his nature and manifest his moral impetus. And just because of the love from his beloved ones, he finds himself and gets his character purified and refined.The transformation of Pip’s character and the recovery of his love mainly come from the love from Magwitch and Joe. Both of them can be called Pip’s“father”. Pip’s attitude towards Magwitch marks the turning point of his moral transformation. Magwitch is very kind to Pip, and this is because Pip is the only one who gives him warmth and helps in need, when he himself was a prison breaker and Pip a child. He once said to Pip:“Loo k’e here, Pip. I’m your second father. You’re my son–more to me nor any son. I’ve put away money, only for you to spend. When I was a hired-out shepherd in a solitary hut, not seeing no faces but faces of sheep till I half forgot wot men’s and women’s faces wos like, I see yourn. I drops my knife many a time in that hut when I was a eating my dinner or my supper, and I says to myself, ‘Here’s the boy again, a looking at me whiles I eats and drinks!”(狄更斯, 2000:288)All these words are from Magwitch’s deep heart, and his love for Pip is beyond words. So after that he tries whatever he can do to help Pip, including sponsoring Pip to receive better education without letting him know the truth, even coming a long way back to London from Australia only in order to see Pip, at the cost of losing his life. After knowing that Magwitch is his true benefactor, Pip feels ashamed and dreadful, thus wants to keep a distance to him. However, Magwitch still treats him as his son. In spit of the desire to get away from him at first, after bitter struggles, Pip finally forgives Magwitch’s past and treats him better. During this course, Pip learns how to be tolerant and grateful, which is a process of growing.Joe, another man in Pip’s life, who gives all his unselfish love to Pip, has also played an important role in the change of Pip’s character. He has never left Pip no matter when Pip was a naive boy or a “the so-called upper class gentleman”. He not only gives Pip what he has materially, but also provides him with mental help and encourages him on the road of beingmature. In the novel, when Magwitch has died, Pip falls ill seriously. After gonging through those bitter days, he nearly breaks down. It is Joe that comes back to him and takes care of him at the very tough time. Joe’s unselfish love touches Pip to tears. Pip is full of emotions. When Joe is by his side, it seems to him that he was a little boy again. Just as he says in the novel:“For me, the tenderness of Joe was so beautifully proportioned to my need that I was like a child in his hands…as if I were still the small helpless creature to whom he had so abundantly given of the wealth of his great nature.”(狄更斯, 2000:421)These words obviously reveals that the return of Pip’s nature. It’s true that Pip has ever lost himself and betrayed Joe, but the love from Joe brings him back to conscience. Pip’s moral journey has been brought to a higher level, during which his character is purified and refined. Therefore, the growing up of Pip can not be talked without mentioning the love from the two men, Magwitch and Joe.3.3 Pip’s own ideologyThe first two parts are mainly concerned with the external factor, but sometimes the internal reasons may exert a bigger influence. So, in the transformation of Pip’s character, his own ideology has also played a considerable part which can not be overlooked. Therefore it is very necessary for us to look into Pip’s inner world.In the novel, Pip has a strong desire to improve himself and attain any possible advancement, whether educational, moral, or social. His longing to marry Estella and join the upper classes stems from the same idealistic desire as his longing to learn to read.Pip becomes ashamed of his position in society because he believes that it will ruin his hopes of Estella loving him.He constantly worries that Estella will see him at the “unlucky hour” wh en he is at his “grimiest and commonest” (ibid: 107), but he endures his shame with an irrational hope, “that perhaps Miss Havisham was going to make my fortune when my time was out” (ibid: 133). Also, he begins to believe that Miss Havisham has destined him to be married to Estella.Pip, on the other hand, is trapped and cannot choose freely, but his lack of independence is wholly his own fault. Pip is not free to follow “his own devices” because he has trapped himself in how he thinks he needs to act, think, and feel. He believes himself to have great expectations, among these, someday, the hand of Estella, and this belief has forcedhim into acting in a certain way (snobbishly, especially toward his past), feeling in a certain way (that he is happy with Estella even if he is not), and thinking in a certain way (proud and wasteful).Pip is not a perfect man, so he absolutely has some merits and shortcomings in his character. On one hand, he has a strong desire for knowledge and he is very persistent the pursuit of his dream, but on the other hand, he attaches too much importance to money, and is too passive in his life. So, to some extent, it is just because the interaction and counterbalance between the merits and drawbacks of his own ideology that lead to Pip’s multi-character. ConclusionAs a novelist, Dickens is remembered first of all for his character-portrayal. The image of Pip he portrays in Great Expectations leaves unforgett able impressions on the readers’minds.The significant changes tha t Pip’s character goes through are very important as one of the novel’s many themes.At the beginning of the novel, Pip is just a little innocent and carefree boy, whose feelings of conscience are determined largely by his fear of what others might think a state of mind no doubt reinforced by Mrs. Joe’s “Tickler.” He has strong feelings of guilt but an inadequate system by which to judge right and wrong; unable to determine the value of his own actions, he feels guilty even when he does the right thing. He acts with compassion and sympathy when he helps the convict, but he nevertheless feels deeply guilty and imagines that the police are waiting to take him away. As the novel progresses, Pip comes closer to trusting his own feelings; when he helps Magwitch at the end of the novel, he feels no guilt, only love, and he remains with the convict even after the police arrive to take him away. Throughout the novel, social class provides an external standard of value irrespective of a person’s inner worth, but in that “money–talks” society, in spite of having been at lost, Pip continues to be very hard on his own shortcomings, he has moved closer to a reliance on his own inner conscience—which is the only way, as Joe and Biddy show, that a character can truly be “innocent.”At the same time, the process of his transformation in character marks the recovery of Pip’ conscience and his success on his moral journey. Finally, he grows up as a real gentleman.。

浅析《远大前程》皮普的心路成长历程Contents1.Introduction1.1 Introduction to the author Dickens1.2Introduction to the novel2. Literature Review3. Analysis of Pip’s Grow ing Experience and the Character3.1Pip’s childhood3.2 Pip’s adulthood3.3 Pip’s character3.3.1 The stage of innocence3.3.2 The stage of sins3.3.3 The stage of redemption4. Analysis of the Factors that M old Pip’s Character4.1 Internal factors4.1.1 Terrible educational background4.1.2 Poor family background4.2 External factors4.2.1 Cruelty of the bourgeoisie4.2.2 Vengeful and wealthy Miss Havisham5. ConclusionReferencesAcknowledgementsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Zhang Lanzhen, my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She is very patient andhas walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my teacher Zhang Lingling, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: all of my teachers who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past three years.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.摘要查尔斯·狄更斯是英国十九世纪最具代表性的作家和社会评论家。

《远大前程》中皮普的性格浅析《远大前程》是英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯创作的一部小说，小说中有许多不同的角色，其中之一便是皮普（Pip），他是小说的主人公，也是一个非常复杂而有趣的角色。

本文将对皮普的性格进行深入浅出的分析。

皮普是一个非常敏感和容易受伤的人。

从小说一开始，我们就可以看出这一点。

他的童年并不愉快，常常受到姐姐以及姐夫乌杰内利斯（Joe Gargery）的恶意欺负。

从这些环境中，他形成了一种对外界的敌意和防卫心理。

他学会了隐藏自己的真实感受，并且习惯性地避免与他人分享自己的内心世界。

这种敏感和胆怯的性格特点，成为了皮普形成专注于自己内心感受的性格特点的基础。

皮普渴望接纳和尊重。

尽管他生活在一个贫穷、粗俗和无礼的社会环境中，皮普却保持着一种追求身份和地位的焦虑。

他渴望成为一个上流社会的绅士，拥有高尚的品味和教养。

他深深地渴望成为赫歇尔（Estella）的同等伴侣。

这种渴望使得皮普不停地追求事业和财富，努力提高自己的社会地位。

皮普却常常因为自己的底层出身而感到自卑和无能，在与上层社会人士的交往中感到非常不自在。

这种渴望和焦虑构成了皮普性格的一个重要特点。

皮普也是一个坚持不懈和有韧性的人。

虽然他经历了许多困难和挫折，但皮普始终没有放弃自己的梦想。

他通过勤奋和努力，最终实现了成为一个绅士的目标。

在他的成长过程中，皮普遭受了很多困难和痛苦，但他从未丧失理想和勇气。

他的毅力和坚持使得他在面对挑战时能够继续前进。

皮普也是一个善良和同情心泛滥的人。

他对姐姐和乌杰内利斯表达了深厚的关爱和感激之情。

他慷慨地为乌杰内利斯介绍伙伴，并为伙伴创造了一个安全和舒适的生活环境。

皮普的同情心也体现在他对麦格维（Magwitch）的感情上。

尽管麦格维是一个曾经犯罪的人，但皮普能够看到他内心真实的善良和悔过之心，因此对他充满了同情和爱护。

皮普是一个敏感、渴望接纳和尊重、坚持不懈和有同情心的角色。

这些性格特点使得他成为一个复杂而有趣的人物，也使得读者在阅读过程中能够产生共鸣。

远大前程毕业论文AbstractCharles Dickens is one of the greatest British realistic novelists He played a crucial role in the development of fiction and contributed greatly to the development of the writing style in British Literature Through his numerous works he presented to the readers different aspects of the times he lived in and explored the unfairness and hypocrisy of the capitalist societyThis thesis carefully analyzes the relationship between social circumstances and the develpoment of Pips character in Dickenss Great Expectations to achieve a better understanding of this novel as well as Charles Dickenss great power in criticism of societyThis thesis includes four chaptersChapter One is a breif introduction to this book as well as the author Charles DickensChapter Two dicusses the six factors of social circumstances on the development of Pips characterChapter Three focuses on the relationship between each otherOn the one handthey are closely associatedon the other handthe development of Pips character is not determined by the social circumstancesbut also by Pip himselfThe last chapter concludes that the development of a persons character is greatly influenced by the social circumstancesFacing thechallenges in lifeone should keep calm and get rid of illusions KEY WORDSCharles Dickensrelationshipsocial circumstancescharacter摘要查尔斯狄更斯是英国最伟大的批判现实主义作家之一在小说的发展进程中他担当了关键角色对英国小说写作风格贡献巨大他的众多作品从不同侧面向人们展示了他生活的时代揭露了资本主义社会的不公道与伪善本文旨在对他的后期作品《远大前程》中主人公一匹普的性格发展与社会环境之间的关系进行分析以达到对作品更好的理解并更清楚的看到狄更斯作品中批判现实主义的强大力量全文分四大部分第一章是引言部分简要介绍本书内容和作者狄更斯第二章是针对狄更斯在《远大前程》中描述的社会环境进行的分析将影响主人公性格发展的环境因素归结为六大类并指出其影响第三章侧重介绍社会环境与主人公性格发展的关系一方面两者密切相关主人公的性格发展离不开社会环境另一方面主人公的性格发展并非完全是社会环境的结果也有他自身的原因最后一章为结论即性格的发展与社会环境是紧密相连的面对生活一个人不应抱有幻想而应踏实冷静迎接挑战关键词查尔斯狄更关系社会环境性格ContentsAbstract 1摘要 2Contents 3Chapter 1 Introduction 411 Introduction to the Book 412 The Inimitable Boz-Life and Career of Charles Dickens 5Chapter 2 The Factors of Social Circumstances on the Development of Pips Character 621The Hypocrisy of the Victorian Countryside 6com Pips Sister-Mrs Gargery 7com Uncle Pumblechook 722The Pride and Dignity of the Working People 8com Joe Gargery 8com Biddy 923 The Cruelty of the Bourgeoisie 9coms Havisham 10com Jaggers 1024 The importance of social class 1125 The Genuine Friendship and the Fatherly Love 13com Herbert 13com Wemmick 13com Magwitch 1426 Pips Great Expectations and His Nature 15Chapter3 The Develpoment of Pips Character and the Social Circumstances Are Closely Connected 1731The Childhood in Tears 1732The Gentleman life of Pip 18Chapter 4 Conclusion 21Acknowledgement 22References 23Chapter 1 Introduction11 Introduction to the BookGreat Expectations is the 13th Dickens 15 novels In this very late novel the usual features of his artproliferating sub-plots legions of minor grotesques-are almost entirely absent The simplicity is that of an art form that belongs to ancient type and concentrates on permanently significant issues Great Expectations is conceived as a moral fable it is a story of a young mans development from his first self-awareness to that of his mature acceptance of the human conditionSo natural a theme imposes an elemental form on the novel the over-all pattern is defined by the process of growth and Dickens employs many of the motifs of folklore The story of Pip falls into three phases which clearly display a dialectic progression We see the boy first in his natural condition in the country responding and acting instinctively and therefore virtuously The second stage of his career involves a negation of child-like simplicity Pip acquires his expectations" renounces his origins and moves to the city He rises in society but since he acts through calculation rather than through instinctive charity his moral valuesdeteriorate as his social graces improve This middle phase of his career culminates in a sudden fall the beginning of a redemprive suffering which is dramatically concluded by an attack of brain fever leading to a long coma It is not too fanciful to regard this illness as a symbolic death Pip rises from it regenerate and percipient In the final stage of growth he returns to his birthplace abandons his false expectations accepts the limitations of his condition and achieves a partial synthesis of the virtue of his innocent youth and the melancholy insight of his later experience then with a more mature knowledge of himself and the world works out his regenerationThe book manifests a very modern theme through its descriptions of the hero in search of his identity It includes "the several meanings of humanity" the opposition between social customs institutions and mans natural instincts and the nature of sin and guilt At the same time it displays the power of love loyalty and conscience which proves to be more important than social advancement wealth and class Due to its profound enduring theme it is no wonder that it may well turn out to be the most for the fastidious reader of all the works of Dickens"12 The Inimitable Boz-Life and Career of Charles DickensCharles Dickens one of the most influential writers of the 19th century played a crucial role in the development of fiction He contributed greatly to the development of the writing style in British LiteratureCharles Dickens was born at 13 Mile End Terrace Landport Portsmouth on February 2 1812 His parents did have some limited funds put aside to send one of their children to a university or an academy Unfortunately that child was not Charles Dickens but his elder sister Fanny Charles Dickens lived in such shabby-genteel world and knew at an early age that there were no safety nets for failures At the age of twelve Charles Dickens was sent to work at a blacking factory This period was crucial to his life He worked hard to turn his dream into realityAt the age of fifteen he enrolled as a student at Wellington House Academy and also in that year he began to make a living He had worked as a solicitors clerk a freelance shorthand reporter at the law courts of Doctors Commons a reporter of parliamentary debates All these early experiences provided rich materials for his future writing and left him with a hatred of the "toadyism" and pretence produced by the English class systemShortly before his was twenty-two his professional writing career began when a comic fictional sketch was accepted by the Monthly Magazine He started to use the pseudonym "Boz" Charles Dickens married Catherine Hogarth and began his married life two days after the publishing of his first number of Pickwick Papers After publishing his next two novels The Old Curiosity Shop and Barnaby Rudge Dickens set out a tour to North America in 1842 During his stay in North America he met most of the Americanimportant literary figures of that time As soon as he returned England he began his American NotesIn all of his books Dickens showed his great concern toward the society he lived in He had the courage to change it even though he wrote "I lose belief in the possibility of the progress or even of the long existence of an Empire with such a mighty crime and danger at its heart" Dickens 193-94 And because of his immense popularity he had an influence on the shaping of social policy Politicians read him and knew they had to take into account what he wrote He was also active in social activities He advocated public action on social made numerous speeches at charity dinners and undertook private benefactions argued for an Act of Parliament to regulate the employment of women and children in mines visited the "Ragged schools" and campaigned on their behalfChapter 2 The Factors of Social Circumstances on the Development of Pips CharacterThe British society is experiencing profound changes which generates a variety of sharp contradictionsso to a certain extentPips charact is the product of the society In this sense analysis of the social factors that lead to Pips character is obviously indispensible in order to better understand the thesis21The Hypocrisy of the Victorian CountrysideThe word hypocrisy means the act or practice of pretending to believefeel or be something very diferent from and usually beter than what one actually believes feels or isGreat Expectations we see this force was prevailing The best examples of this are Pips sister and Uncle Pumblechook com Pips Sister-Mrs GargeryMrs Joe Gargery Pips hot-tempered adult sister who raises him after the death of their parents but complains constantly of the burden Pip is to her Orlick a blacksmith attacks her and she is left disabled until her death Mrs Gragery is the first woman we encounter that possesses a destructive personality She does not see motherhood as anything she should enjoy In fact she despises it She tells Pip "Id never do it again I know that I may truly say Ive never had this apron of mine off since born you were Its bad enough to be a blacksmiths wife and him a Gragery without being your mother" Dickens 7 Here we see how she resents the responsibility of caring for her broth er as well as her lot in life We also read that she not only raised Pip by hand but that she also ruled Joe with her hand as well We read that she was "much in the habit of laying it upon her husband as well as upon me I suppose that Joe Gragery and I were both brought up by hand" 5 She is not happy being a housewife and she does not regard motherhood as a worthy responsibility In fact she seems to make Pip pay for the fact that she must raise him by wearing an apron that is "full of pins and needles" 6 so she is not easily accessible Here we can see how Mrs Gragery is many things none of which resemble atraditional wife and mother In the novel she is maimed With her character Dickens is painting the portrait of a woman that has deliberately stepped outside her traditional role as wife and mother Mrs Joe essentially created Joe to be the character that he allowed himself to be With the slow death of Mrs Joe Joe reclaimed his life from his earlier insecurity Mrs Joes importance in tying Joe to Pip made the relationship between the two significantly more beliveable and without her the great expectation of this book would never have been metcom Uncle PumblechookMr Pumblechook Joe Gargerys uncle an officious bachelor and corn merchant While holding Pip in disdain he tells Mrs Joe how noble she is to raise Pip As the person who first connected Pip to Miss Havisham he even claims to have been the original architect of Pips precious fortune Pip despises Mr Pumblechook as Mr Pumblechook constantly makes himself out to be better than he really is He is a cunning impostor When Pip finally stands up to him Mr Pumblechook turns those listening to the conversation against PipHe is the local seedsman he sells seeds and stuff and is charged with escorting Pip to Miss Havishams house for the first time Because of this Mr Pumblechook believes forevermore that he had a big hand in helping Pip to his fortune He tells everyone he meets this and Pip is thoroughlyannoyed with him because as he brags Joe is silent He hordes food hes greedy and he likes to pour water into Pips milkPumblechook offtered his hand in Pips new prosperity and hid indifference towards his sufferings22The Pride and Dignity of the Working PeopleIn the capitalist society the working people usually suffer more but the virtures of human beings are frequently found in themIn Great expectationswe can find the pride and dignity from Joe and Biddy com Joe GargeryJoe is a kind-hearted young man who loved Pip very much as you will now see Joe always stood up for Pip He married Pips sister Mrs Joe only because he wanted to have Pip with him Joe withstood all of Mrs Joes meanness just to be with Pip even though Pip does not show love towards Joe Joe is not very intelligent but he is a strong man He takes satisfaction in being a blacksmith and he has pride in himself He believes in integrity and he always treats people politely An example of how Joe treats people i s at the beginning of the story when Pips criminal is apprehended When the criminal says that he is sorry for eatin g the pie Joe says "God knows youre welcome to it-so far as it was ever mine" Pg 573 Joe helps Pip with anything he is always with Pip when needed Joe is one of the characters in this story that Pip will always recollectJoe has little education His father was an alcoholic and preventedJoe from going to school He had to go to work at a young age to help support his family Joe loves Pip as though he were his own son but as Pip gets too big for his britches thanks to his fortune Joe becomes less and less a part of Pips lifeJoe is proud and we hear his lifes philosophy in the advice he gives a young humiliated Pip Joe tells Pip that if he wants to be extraordinary he has to be ordinary first He tells Pip that every king has to learn the basics first In essence everyone puts their pants on one leg at a time When Jaggers tries to buy Pip from Joe Joe nearly knocks his block off Unlike Pip Joe cares nothing for money Joe can fight a man like Orlick but he also cries at the drop of a hat Pip says of him "I have often thought him since like the steam-hammer that I can crush a man or pat an egg-shell in his combination of strength with gentleness" com Joe is embodied with both strength and softness abrasiveness and gentilityJoe is out of place in London and calls Pip "sir" instead of "Pip" He knows that Pip is beyond his reach and so never visits Pip ever again Joe has a powerful understanding of his place and role in society and leaving that role is a very difficult thing Joe loves Pip unconditionally and is a beacon of friendship and loyalty throughout Pips life It is this steadfast love that seems to really break Pips heartcom BiddyBiddy Mr Wopsles second cousin she runs an evening school from herhome in Pips village and becomes Pips teacher A kind and intelligent but poor young woman she is like Pip and Estella an orphan She is the opposite of Estella Pip ignores her obvious love for him as he fruitlessly pursues Estella After he realizes the error of his life choices he returns to claim Biddy as his bride only to find out she has married Joe Gargery Biddy and Joe later have two children one named after Pip who Estella mistakes as Pips child in the original ending Orlick was attracted to her but his affection was unreciprocated Biddy granddaughter of Mr Wopsles great-aunt the latter runs an evening school in her home in Pips village and Biddy becomes Pips teacher23 The Cruelty of the BourgeoisieIn Great Expectations we can encounter many bourgeois In this part we mainly discuss Miss Havisham and MrJaggercoms HavishamMiss Havisham is very wealthy and with her lives a young girl named Estella Estella is very pretty and intentionally rude to Pip Pips purpose of being sent to Miss Havisham is not exactly to play but rather to see how much stronger Estella is in comparison to Pip and also to hurt Pip the way she was hurt by her loved one many years ago Estella behaves this way because she learned it from her mother figure Miss Havisham Miss Havisham used Estella to avenge wrongs done to her At this point in the novel Pip is the target of avenge He is hurt by Estellas brutality towardshim She makes nasty comments about his life style his clothes and his future For example she calls him a common laboring-boy with coarse hands and thick boots She thrives on these remarks and Pips reactions to them But with each hurtful remark she throws at him he begins to learn to bury the pain inside so she would not be able to see it Pip is a loyal boy to his sister and to Joe He demeans himself and takes the insults thrown at him He becomes vulnerable to Miss Havisham because he has no other choice He becomes vulnerable to Miss Havisham because she is rich uncommon well-learned and because Pip is hoping that she will pay for his education Although he submits himself to discomfort he gets nothing in return He is still harassed by his sister and is scarred from the insults The novel portrays Pip as an abused child He is very faithful to the people that surround him Especially to his sister and Miss Havisham Through his experience with the uncommon people he becomes selfish and mad for the way he was raised up and no longer wants to learn Joes trade This change of attitude makes life for Pip harder and somehow unbearable com JaggersMr Jaggers prominent London lawyer who represents the interests of diverse clients both criminal and civil He represents Pips benefactor and is Miss Havishams lawyer as well By the end of the story his law practice is the common element that brushes many of the characters Mr Jaggers plays a pivotal role in the novel We are first introducedto him in Chapter 11 where Pip encounters the rather condescending lawyer on the stairs of Satis House Pip describes Mr Jaggers as "a burly man of an exceedingly dark complexion" We cannot help but notice that he is extremely pontificating by virtue of him holding Pips chin and being almost sure that Pip was of "a bad set of fellows" although he had scarcely known Pip for two minutesMr Jaggers silent and terrifying ambiguity conjures mystery and enigma all around him We find that very little is mentioned of his background and that he has no family He is the epitome of callousness and displays the very least human feelings and affection Through his desperate attempts to remain on the pedestal and away from social company he is also Dickens classic example of isolationism in line with the theme of Great Expectations24 The importance of social classSocial class played a major role in the society depicted in Charles Dickenss Great Expectations Social class determined the manner in which a person was treated and their access to education Yet social class did not define the character of the individualMany characters were treated differently because of their social class in Great Expectations Seeing the contrast between how the poor and the rich were treated will give a clearer understanding of how much social class mattered In chapter 27 when Joe comes to see Pip he treats Joe ina different manner than before because Joe was now in a lower social class His feelings about Joes arrival were "Not with pleasure I had the sharpest sensitiveness as to his being seen by Drummle" p 203 He was afraid that Drummle will look down on him because of Joes lower class Not only does Pip treat Joe differently Joe also treats Pip differently because of their difference in social class He begins to call Pip "sir" which bothered him because "sir" was the title given to people of higher class Pip felt that they were still good friends and that they should treat each other as equals Joe soon leaves and explains his early parting "Pip dear old chap life is made of ever so many partings welded together as I may say and one mans a blacksmith and ones a whitesmith and ones a goldsmith and ones a coppersmith Diwisions among such must come" p 209 He creates this metaphor than he is a common blacksmith and Pip is a goldsmith This difference in social class had brought upon their separation Other characters that were also judged by their social class were Magwitch and Compeyson They were both on trial for the same crime but Compeyson got off easier than Magwitch because of his higher social class Magwitch describes Compeysons defense speech "here you has afore you side by side two persons as your eyes can separate wide one the younger well brought up one the elder ill brought up which is the worst one" p 325 The decision of the trial was solely based upon social class appearance These cases show how much social class really matteredIn Great Expectations a persons social class determined the amount of education they had It is important to perceive this relationship between education and social class to clearly understand the importance of social class A person like Joe who was a common blacksmith had no education at all Pip in the early days when he was low class had a poor education at a small school The school was not the best of schools but its all that the lower class had The teacher spent more time sleeping than teaching and Pip had learned more from Biddy than from the actual teacher Even though he had an education when he was low class his education as a gentleman with Mr Pocket was much greater Another example of how social class affects education is the difference of education between the two convicts Magwitch born poor and low class had no education at all while Compeyson born rich was high class and a gentleman with an education Education is a factor in showing how social class greatly determined peoples livesEven though social class determined many things it did not establish a persons true inner character Realizing this will play a part in proving that social class did matter in most but not all cases For example the lowest class people were Joe Biddy Magwitch and Orlick Joe and Biddy were very poor but had very good hearts Joe was always there for Pip and Biddy had moved in to help Mrs Joe Magwitch was a dirty convict of the lowest class but he turned out to be a very caring and generous man Orlick waslow class and his character also turned out to be very low because he was a murderer The fact that there are both good and cold hearted people in the lower class shows that class has no connection with how people really are Another example is the richer class This includes Ms Havisham Estella Herbert Jaggers and Wemmick Ms Havisham and Estella were both very wealthy but they had no heart and their intentions were to bring hell to all men While Herbert was the opposite he was a true friend to Pip and always stayed by his side Jaggers and Wemmick also in the higher class had supported Pip through his gentleman years Being aware that not all of the high class were necessarily good people states the fact that class does not determine character Even though class mattered in most things this is an example it did not take part in25 The Genuine Friendship and the Fatherly LovePip experieced much biterness and got litle inner-satisfaction A sense of guitywas always with him But in Pips London life he made friends with Wemrnick and Herbert and got help and encouragement from them when he was in doubt Magwitch Pips real benefactor gave Pip sincerity and fatherly loveFirstlet us talk about Herbertcom HerbertHerbert Pocket a member of the Pocket family Miss Havishams presumed heirs whom Pip first meets as a "pale young gentleman" who challenges Pipto a fist fight at Miss Havishams house when both are children He is the son of Matthew Pocket Pips tutor in the "gentlemanly" arts and shares his apartment with Pip in London becoming Pips fast friend who is there to share Pips happiness as well as his troubles He has a secret relationship with a woman called Clara Herbert keeps it secret because he knows his mother would say she is below his "station" Shes actually a sweet fairy-like girl who takes care of her dying drunk of a father Herbert is Pips best friend The two first meet when they are little boys at Miss Havishams house Herbert challenges Pip to a gentlemanly fight there are rules and everything which Pip easily wins As luck would have it many years late they become roommates in London and they have a great time together Herbert shows Pip the London ropes and helps him learn how to become a gentleman If left to his own devices Herbert lives a simple frugal life However under Pips influence he starts spending more money than he owns and goes to parties and things Though Pip doesnt feel like Herbert will ever be very successful in life he loves his idealistic attitude Herbert wants to be an insurer of ships He falls in love and eventually marries Clara Barley a ship pursers daughter and they move to Cairo with Pipcom WemmickMr Wemmick is Jaggerss clerk com sidekick who lives in a self-built castle He has two very different personalities depending on where he isWhen he is in London he is all business and a bit gruff When he is at home in Walworth he is warm welcoming and generous of spiritPip likes to hang out with him at the castle because thats where Wemmick gives the best advice Inside of the castle Pip finds a number of Wemmicks inventions like little flags that function kind of like modern-day caller ID While he does not deviate from the rules in London Wemmick is constantly tinkering and being creative at the castleWemmick likes to keep his work very separate from his home and when Pip tells Jaggers that Wemmick lives in a castle with an Aged Parent Jaggers is utterly dumbfounded Immediately following this revelation Wemmick and Jaggers are very awkward around one another and it is only when they are able to collectively yell at a client that the equilibrium of their relationship is restored Wemmick provides a complicated yet interesting separation of his home life and work life His home and work lives are as different in physical appearances as they are in personality differences Many of his home habits allow him to express his care and decency which contrasts with his mechanical work which lacks good value Wemmick dedicates himself to separating the two so that he may keep his virtues intact while he works in the filth of Newgate Wemmick is alone in his success of separation when compared to others such as Jaggers and Pip Such dedication to keeping good values alive gives Wemmick so much integrity that he immediately becomes a favorite charactercom MagwitchAbel Magwitch is a fictional character from Charles Dickens novel Great ExpectationsIn the story Magwitch doesnt know where or when he was born However Pip estimates him to be around 60 when they meet in around 1829 which would place his date of birth at about 1769In the marshes ashore he meets young Pip at a graveyard He tricks the seven-year-old boy into believing that he has an accomplice who is a terrible young man who would tear out and eat Pips heart and liver if Pip didnt help them Pip terrified steals a savory pork pie brandy and a file from his house and brings them to Magwitch the next morning On his way he encounters another convict bruised in the face who he initially thought was Magwitch and then believes to be the young man Magwitch had told him about Magwitch upon hearing about the other escapee realises that Compeyson has also escaped and after having eaten drunk and filed his leg iron off he sets off to search for him He finds him and decides not caring for his own fate to take him back to the Hulks The pair are still struggling when soldiers find and seize themPip finally considers Magwitch a friend He makes frequent visits to the ailing Magwitch and holds his hand throughout Magwitchs new trial where Magwitch receives a death sentence Magwitch is declining in health and is being held in the infirmary when Pip at last tells him that his child Estella is alive Pip goes on to tell him that shes a beautiful ladyand that he Pip was in love with her Pip has found this information out as Wemmick told him Mollys story and he recognized her to be Estellas mother With a last pressure on Pips hand Magwitch dies a good and very content man26 Pips Great Expectations and His NatureFor much of Great Expectations Pip seems to believe in a stark division between good and evil and he tends to classify people and situations as belonging to one extreme or the other for instance despite their respective complexities he believes that Estella is good and the convict is evil Yet both socially and morally Pip himself is often caught between extremes his own situation rarely matches up to his moral vision The story is divided into three phases of Pips life expectationsIn the first expectation Pip lives a humble existence with his ill-tempered older sister and her strong but gentle husband Joe Gargery Pip is satisfied with this life and his warm friends until he is hired by an embittered wealthy woman Miss Havisham as an occasional companion to her and her beautiful but haughty adopted daughter Estella From that time on Pip aspires to leave behind his simple life and be a gentleman After years as companion to Miss Havisham and Estella he spends more years as an apprentice to Joe so that he may grow up to have a livelihood working as a blacksmith This life is suddenly turned upside down when he is visited by a London attorney Mr Jaggers who informs Pip that he is to come into。