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第40卷第5期2022年10月沈阳师范大学学报(自然科学版)J o u r n a l o f S h e n y a n g N o r m a lU n i v e r s i t y(N a t u r a l S c i e n c eE d i t i o n)V o l.40N o.5O c t.2022文章编号:16735862(2022)05044605基于语音识别的智能对话系统的研究与实现张浩华,李哓慧,王爱利,刘凡杨,柴欣,程骞阁(沈阳师范大学物理科学与技术学院,沈阳110034)摘要:随着时代的发展变化,人工智能在整个互联网中逐渐普及㊂作为人工智能中比较成熟的技术,语音识别被广泛应用在各行各业中㊂在信息技术服务业和教育行业中,语音识别系统的制作为人们的知识获取提供了便利的学习方式㊂通过研究语音识别技术的发展现状㊁语音识别算法的基本原理,对比3种典型的算法,选择出最优算法,进而实现了语音识别算法在硬件上的应用㊂通过将m i c r o:b i t作为主板,搭配I Ob i t2.0扩展板,利用语音识别模块识别关键词语,不断检测听到的语音词汇,对听到的语音块作出反应,同时M P3模块和腔体小喇叭协同配合,播放问题对应的答案,从而设计完成了具有语音识别及对话功能的智能系统㊂关键词:语音识别算法;m i c r o:b i t;语音识别模块;智能对话中图分类号:T P273文献标志码:Ad o i:10.3969/j.i s s n.16735862.2022.05.012R e s e a r c h a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o fi n t e l l i g e n t d i a l o g u e s y s t e mb a s e do n s p e ec h r e c o g n i t i o nZ HA N G H a o h u a,L I X i a o h u i,WA N G A i l i,L I U F a n y a n g,C HA I X i n,C H E N GQ i a n g e(C o l l e g e o f P h y s i c a l S c i e n c e a n dT e c h n o l o g y,S h e n y a n g N o r m a lU n i v e r s i t y,S h e n y a n g110034,C h i n a)A b s t r a c t:W i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n ta n d c h a n g e o ft h e e r a,a r t i f i c i a li n t e l l i g e n c ei s g r a d u a l l yp o p u l a r i z e d i n t h ew h o l e i n t e r n e t.A u t o m a t i cS p e e c hR e c o g n i t i o n,a s o n e o f t h em a t u r e t e c h n o l o g yi n t h e a r t i f i c i a l i n t e l l i g e n c e i n d u s t r y,i sw i d e l y a p p l i e d t o k i n d s o f j o b s.E s p e c i a l l y i n t h e i n f o r m a t i o nt e c h n o l o g y s e r v i c ea n de d u c a t i o n w o r k,t h e m a n u f a c t u r eo fs p e e c hr e c o g n i t i o ns y s t e m p r o v i d e sc o n v e n i e n t l e a r n i n g w a y f o r p e o p l e w h o g e tk n o w l ed g e.I nt h i s p a pe r,w es t u d y b a s i cs i t u a t i o na b o u tA u t o m a t i cS p e e c hR e c o g n i t i o nd o m e s t i ca n do v e r s e a s,a n df u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l eo f s p e e c hr e c o g n i t i o n a l g o r i t h m.B y c o m p a r i n g t h r e e c l a s s i c a l a l g o r i t h m s a n d s e l e c t i n g s u i t a b l e o n e,r e s e a r c h e r sh a v e c o m p l e t e da p p l i c a t i o n i nh a r d w a r e.T h ed e s i g nc o n s i d e rm i c r o:b i t a sm a i nb o a r da n d I Ob i t a s e x p a n s i o nb o a r d.I t u s e s s p e ec hr e c o g n i t i o n m od u le r e c o g n i z em a i n t e r m s a n dd e t e c tc o n s t a n t l y s o u nd sa n dle t t e r st h a ti th e a r s.M e a n w h i l e,i tr e a c t st ot h e w o r d sh e a r i n g.T h e nc o n n e c t i n g t h e M P3m od u l ea n dt h ec a v i t y s pe a k e r,s p e a k e r w i l l p l a y t h ea n s w e ra b o u tt h ep r o b l e m.F i n a l l y,a n i n t e l l i g e n t d i a l o g u e s y s t e mi s d e s i g n e d.K e y w o r d s:v o i c e r e c o g n i t i o n a l g o r i t h m;m i c r o:b i t;v o i c e r e c o g n i t i o n m o d u l e;i n t e l l i g e n td i a l o g u e0引言古往今来,人类社会不断变化,科学技术也在不断更新㊂现代科学技术的发展,推动着人类经济㊁社收稿日期:20211023基金项目:中国高等教育学会创新创业教育重点研究项目(2020C Y D03);辽宁省教育厅科学研究经费项目(L J K Z1006)㊂作者简介:张浩华(1977-),男,辽宁沈阳人,沈阳师范大学副教授,博士㊂会生活等的方方面面㊂在这种时代背景下,机器人系统应运而生㊂人们对机器人系统本质的了解逐渐加深,促使它开始不断地渗入到人类的生产生活中去㊂据此,人们发展创造了各种各样不同形态的智能系统㊂智能语音系统的出现促进了学生的知识学习㊂通过语音识别,智能系统会根据关键词回答出正确答案,也可以根据关键词播放对应的文章㊁歌曲㊂它可以应用在教育培训机构或者学校的教学上,也可致力于科普知识的宣传㊂智能机器人系统的应用与研发在近年来形成了非常火爆的趋势,人机交互的真正实现离不开语音识别技术的快速发展[1]㊂1 语音识别基本理论1.1 国内外现状20世纪50年代,世界各国开始研究简单的英文数字识别内容;70年代,语音识别理论及算法大规模涌现;到80年代,研究者们采用统计分析的方法研究连续语音识别,研究重点转移到了词汇量较大的语音上㊂在我国,20世纪50年代末有研究者采用电子管电路对英文中的元音字母进行识别㊂70年代,中国开始进行计算机语音识别的研究㊂90年代,清华大学和中科院自动化所等单位在汉语听写机原理样机的研究方面取得了重要成果㊂21世纪,深度学习的出现极大促进了语音识别技术的发展[2]㊂1.2 基本原理语音识别[3],原理是接收语音信号,并将语音信号转化为文字,或者对其进行查询的操作[4]㊂按照识别对象的不同,它可以分为孤立词㊁连接词和连续语音识别等;根据针对的发音人,能够划分为特定人语音识别和非特定人语音识别[5]㊂非特定人语音识别系统更适合生活的实际需求㊂语音识别包括以下几部分:提取与处理语音特征㊁对语音进行降噪㊁建立语言模型㊁声学模型训练[6]㊂1.3 主流算法在语音识别技术常用的方法中,随机模型法包括几种主流算法,一般主要有动态时间规整方法㊁矢量量化方法㊁隐马尔可夫模型方法㊁人工神经网络[7]方法和支持向量机等语音识别方法[8]㊂动态时间规整算法可以比较二者之间相似的范围[9]㊂此方法计算起来比较复杂,但方法比较简单,识别语音较为准确㊂它不容易将各种知识应用到算法中去㊂矢量量化是对信号进行压缩,所需要训练的数据较少,所用存储空间也较小㊂它被用在词汇较少的情况中㊂但是,这种算法在很多性能上都没有优于基于参数模型的隐马尔可夫模型的方法㊂隐马尔可夫模型是一种使用概率的统计模型,广泛应用于信号处理㊁语音识别㊁行为识别等应用领域㊂V i t e r b i 算法被用于寻找观测时间序列的隐含状态序列,尤其在隐马尔可夫模型中[10]㊂此种算法可以被用于词汇量较多的情况和系统中,缺点是需要占用较大存储空间,但识别率却高出许多㊂2 语音识别算法V i t e r b i 算法可以帮助找到问题解决的最优路径,计算量也比同样功能的算法更小㊂它将全局最优的方法展开到局部最优,很好地解决了全局的问题㊂它在保证最优解的情况下,序列中的基于非线性的时间对准和针对词语边界的检测问题也得到很好地解决㊂由此,该算法成为语音识别中常被采用的算法㊂输入:模型λ=(A ,B ,Π)和观测O =(o 1,o 2, ,o T )输出:最优路径I *=(i *1,i *2, ,i *T )1)初始化δ1(i )=Πi b i (o 1),i =1,2, ,N φ1(i )=0,i =1,2, ,N 2)递推,对t =2,3, ,T δt (i )=m a x 1<=j <=N [δt -1(j )a ji ]b i (o t ),i =1,2, ,N φt (i )=a r g m a x 1<=j <=N [δt -1(j )a j i ],i =1,2, ,N 3)终止P *=m a x 1<=j <=N δT (i )i *t =a r g m a x 1<=j <=N [δT (i )] 4)最优路径回溯,对t =T -1,T -2, ,1744 第5期 张浩华,等:基于语音识别的智能对话系统的研究与实现844沈阳师范大学学报(自然科学版)第40卷i*t=φt+1(i*t+1)求得最优路径I*=(i*1,i*2, ,i*T)3语音识别算法的实现3.1系统总体设计本系统主要采用m i c r o:b i t主控板和I O b i t2.0扩展板为主架构,与语音识别模块相连接,采用语音识别芯片L D3320,通过语音识别获取控制指令[11]㊂同时搭配M P3模块及腔体小喇叭,实现总体搭建,整体系统框图如图1所示㊂本系统通过添加词组,对用户的言语进行识别并比对,识别完成后,相应地播放对应的音频㊂本设计有较强的灵活性㊂图1系统框图F i g.1S y s t e mb l o c kd i a g r a m3.2系统硬件设计3.2.1 m i c r o:b i t主板m i c r o:b i t是基于微软公司的开源平台编程经验工具包,是一台微型计算机[12]㊂开发板集成三合一传感器芯片,同时兼具加速度计㊁磁力计和陀螺仪的功能,可以与手机A P P进行蓝牙通信;它还自带m i c r o U S B供电接口,也可外接电池盒供电,实物如图2所示㊂本系统选取m i c r o:b i t主板,控制其他模块的功能,它具有较为全面的功能和易于编程的特点[13]㊂图2实物图F i g.2P h y s i c a l d i a g r a m3.2.2I Ob i t2.0扩展板I Ob i t是一款支持m i c r o:b i t的I O口引出扩展板㊂它可以引出m i c r o:b i t上的所有输入/输出资源,同时自带蜂鸣器开关,通过跳线帽的自由切换,实现对P0引脚的连接与释放㊂此扩展板既支持3V 电压,也支持5V电压,可连接多种传感器㊂扩展板增加了较为丰富的传感器功能模块,满足设计的多种需求㊂3.2.3语音识别模块语音识别模块选取了适合的语音识别算法应用于芯片,它可以通过语音唤醒来制作智能系统的部分㊂通过两线式串行总线识别语句㊁获取结果,发送和接收数据,实现人类和机器的交互㊂当断电时,它可以保存其中的数据,模块可以添加高达50条的识别语句,每条语句的汉字不能超过10个㊂嵌入L D3320芯片的语音识别模块,可以完成识别语音和声音控制的功能[14]㊂针对非特定人的语音识别技术A S R[15]是以关键词语列表为基础的一种匹配识别算法㊂它的本质在于声音特征提取完毕后,寻找匹配度最高的语句㊂输入到语音芯片的声音要与关键词进行对比逐个打分㊂同时,它有以下3种识别模式㊂循环检测模式:系统会不断检测听到的语音并识别㊂口令检测模式:识别到口令时,蜂鸣器响一声,之后开始识别,每唤醒一次识别一次㊂按钮检测模式:外界语音传输到系统主控中心,语音识别芯片会开始计时,在固定的时间段内,外界发出对应的词汇语音㊂计时结束后,需要重新触发按键继续识别[16]㊂模块原理如图3所示㊂图3 模块原理图F i g .3 M o d u l es c h e m a t i cd i a gr a m 3.2.4 M P 3-T F -16P模块图4 M P 3模块方案图F i g .4 M o d u l es c h e m ed i a gr a m M P 3模块提供串口,直接采用微处理器对不同格式的音频解码㊂根据编码方式及编码过程,会从存储卡中自动寻找到对应格式的音频文件,此时,M P 3模块对调出的文件解码,播放对应的语音文件[17]㊂此模块在上层可以完成音乐播放的指令和音乐播放的形式选择,省去下层烦琐的操作,可靠性得以提升㊂它支持多种不同的采样率,让音乐选取更加多样㊂同时,它可以通过不同的方式控制音乐播放,有简单的输入输出㊁按键开关控制和串口控制模式等㊂文件系统中最多包含100个文件夹,每个文件夹有255首曲目㊂片上系统(s y s t e mo nc h i p ,S o C )方案,开发难度和成本较低,因而被选用,方案如图4所示㊂同时,选用了将内存㊁U S B 等接口和驱动电路整合在一起的集成电路M C U ,利用a D S P 进行解码,硬解码的方式使得整个系统更加稳定可靠㊂3.3 系统软件设计3.3.1语音识别模块主程序设计图5 语音识别流程图F i g .5 S p e e c h r e c o gn i t i o n f l o w c h a r t 语音模块要进行初始化设置,添加词语列表,同时设置变量作为识别结果㊂接通电源时,微控制器向语音识别芯片写入系列词语,然后控制芯片循环识别听到的声音信号[18]㊂本系统通过检测人们发出的声音,判断识别词语是否匹配,并播放对应文件夹的音频㊂语音识别流程如图5所示㊂3.3.2 M P 3-T F -16P 模块主程序设计M P 3-T F -16P 模块与语音识别模块配合使用,实现问答功能㊂M P 3-T F -16P 模块的部分代码如下:b a s ic .f o r e v e r (f u n c t i o n (){ v a l u e =A s r .A s r _R e s u l t () s e r i a l .w r i t e N u m b e r (v a l u e ) i f (v a l u e ==1){d f p l a ye r .s e t T r a c k i n g (1,df p l a y e r .y e s O r N o t .t y p e 1) } b a s i c .p a u s e (2000)})3.4 系统性能测试语音识别算法有很多种,本文将算法传输到芯片实现语944 第5期 张浩华,等:基于语音识别的智能对话系统的研究与实现054沈阳师范大学学报(自然科学版)第40卷音识别获得了较大的完成度㊂本系统应用语音识别算法,结合m i c r o:b i t主板㊁扩展板,通过对语音识别模块和M P3-T F-16P模块进行设计编码,很好地实现了离线语音识别的功能㊂4结语本文分别从语音识别理论的简要概述㊁语音识别算法的对比以及其在硬件系统上的实现几个方面介绍了基于语音识别的智能对话系统,通过语音识别算法嵌入芯片,结合使用语音识别模块和M P3-T F-16P模块,实现了问答功能和人机交互,为算法在硬件的实现提供了一定参考㊂语音识别算法在智能音箱㊁智能家居等人工智能领域被广泛应用,对于不同的智能系统都有很好的借鉴作用㊂本次设计的智能对话系统,具有较强的实用性和推广性,可以在此基础上继续改进㊂参考文献:[1]胡钊龙,李栅栅.语音识别技术在智能语音机器人中的应用[J].电子技术与软件工程,2021(13):7273.[2]鱼昆,张绍阳,侯佳正,等.语音识别及端到端技术现状及展望[J].计算机系统应用,2021,30(3):1423.[3]K A U R G,S R I V A S T A V A M,K UMA R A.S p e e c h r e c o g n i t i o nu s i n g e n h a n c e d f e a t u r e sw i t hd e e p b e l i e f n e t w o r k f o r r e a l t i m e a p p l i c a t i o n[J].W i r e l e s sP e r sC o mm u n,2021,120(4):32253242.[4]于俊婷,刘伍颖,易绵竹,等.国内语音识别研究综述[J].计算机光盘软件与应用,2014,17(10):7678.[5]胡新月.语音识别技术在软件工程中的应用[J].电子技术与软件工程,2021(3):240241.[6]肖安帅,樊国华,崔泽坤,等.语音识别相关技术研究[J].信息与电脑(理论版),2020,32(16):138140.[7]I Q B A L M,R A Z AS A,A B I D M,e t a l.A r t i f i c i a l n e u r a l n e t w o r kb a s e de m o t i o nc l a s s i f i c a t i o na n dr e c o g n i t i o nf r o m s p e e c h[J].I n t JA d vC o m p u t S c iA p p l,2020,11(12):434444.[8]王敏妲.语音识别技术的研究与发展[J].微型机与应用,2009,28(23):12,6.[9]王素宁,朱俊杰,李志勇,等.基于D TW算法的电力调度语音识别研究和应用[J].电力与能源,2021,42(1): 3538+64.[10]朱祥.基于隐马尔可夫模型和聚类的英语语音识别混合算法[J].测量与控制,2020,28(5):175179.[11]张洪源,杨佩.基于语音控制的智能分类垃圾桶的设计[J].电脑知识与技术,2021,17(23):148149.[12]张帆.基于m i c r o:b i t主控板的智能小车的硬件设计与实现[J].电子制作,2019(19):3840.[13]米晶爽,张铁成,尹晓娇.基于m i c r o:b i t开发板的可编程动漫衍生形象机器人研究[J].工业设计,2020(4): 155156.[14]陈俊涛,许健才.面向服务机器人的简易人机语音交互系统设计[J].科学技术创新,2020(28):130131.[15]J A F R IA.C o n c a t e n a t i v es p e e c hr e c o g n i t i o nu s i n g m o r p h e m e s[J].I n tJ A d v C o m p u tS c iA p p l,2021,12(3): 671680.[16]高翔.基于L D3320的语音智能加热杯系统设计[J].软件,2020,41(12):129133.[17]王敏坤,贾海天,施连敏.基于n R F4L01和M P3模块的智能导游系统的实现[J].工业控制计算机,2012,25(3): 8788.[18]葛炎风.基于语音控制的L E D照明系统的研发[J].机电技术,2021(3):2730.。
理工英文考试题及答案解析一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "mechanical engineering" refers to the application of physics and materials science for the design, analysis, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems.A. TrueB. False答案解析： A. True. 机械工程是指应用物理和材料科学来设计、分析、制造和维护机械系统。
2. Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy?A. SolarB. WindC. NuclearD. Hydro答案解析： C. Nuclear. 核能不是可再生能源的一种，因为它依赖于有限的铀或其他放射性元素。
3. In computer science, what does "API" stand for?A. Automated Programming InterfaceB. Application Programming InterfaceC. Advanced Programming InterfaceD. Artificial Programming Interface答案解析： B. Application Programming Interface. API 是应用程序编程接口的缩写。
4. The formula for calculating the area of a circle is A = πr², where "r" represents:A. The diameter of the circleB. The circumference of the circleC. The radius of the circleD. The area of the circle答案解析： C. The radius of the circle. 圆的面积公式 A =πr²中的 "r" 表示圆的半径。
2015 IM2C Problem Movie SchedulingTeam 2015004Team # 20150042 / 44SummaryArranging a movie’s shooting schedule can mean a lot of hard work. Different actors and actresses have their own schedules, various resources need to be booked, and special restrictions of some scenes must be considered. In order to offer a satisfactory solution, we have developed a model capable of finding possible schedules and selecting several better schedules based on our clients’ preferences. We have also provided solutions that help our clients adjust their plan if an accident happens, as well as helping them identify the most important constraints that would most greatly affect their schedule if varied.In the first part of our model, we search the possible shooting schedules according to the information that our clients provided, which may include the available time periods of each actor, specific sites and special resources. We sort out the various available dates by scenes, and using a 0-1 matrix to represent the availability of each scene on each of possible shooting dates. We then use the backtracking method, which is commonly used in solving constraint satisfaction problems and combinatorial search, to find arrangements that satisfy each scene’s availability dates. Moreover, in order to further shorten the running time of our program, we pre-arranged the order of scenes, so that the scenes with the strictest restrictions would be considered first, enabling the program using the backtracking method to find more results more quickly.In the second part of our model, we consider other special restrictions requested (for example, the required order of some scenes) and the general preference of our clients. We filter the solutions drawn from the previous part (which could be up to 10000 solutions), by first deleting the deficient solutions based on special restrictions, and then arraying the remaining solutions from the best to the worst. Our model can calculate the total shooting schedule length, the frequency of location changes, and required number of studios in a solution. And along with the average cost to rent a studio, the intended frequency of flexible day, the total budget, and traffic budget of our clients, we can assess the general appropriateness1and some characteristics of a schedule, based on which we array the solutions and provide 11 top schedules to our clients. The solutions include 5 overall best solutions, 2 solutions with least number of location changes, 2 solutions with least number of studios2, and 2 solutions with least number of shooting days.Extending our model, we provide ways to adjust an original schedule to various accidents. When our clients provide us with information of the original schedule they selected, accidents occurred and new restrictions, we can return a new schedule with feasible adjustments. These adjustments are achieved by running the program with the new data while leaving intact the scenes that have already happened or that are not expected to change. In this way, the computational complexity would be greatly reduced and the new schedule would involve as few changes as possible. Lastly, we can also evaluate the most important constraints for our clients by calculating the differences in average characteristic value of top solutions before and after a constraint is changed. Having access to such information, our clients would be able to pay more attention to those important constraints and prevent major delays of their original shooting schedule.1We use the characteristic value to evaluate the appropriateness of a solution. For further explanation, please see 2.2, where we explain in detail how we calculate the characteristic value of a solution.2 Different settings cannot be constructed or shooting simultaneously at the same studio, so more than one studio may be required.Content1. Problem interpretation (4)1.1 Problem restatement (4)1.2 Assumptions and Justifications (4)1.3 The goal of modeling (5)2 Model (5)2.1 Overview of the model (5)2.2 Definition of variables (5)2.3 Relations between variables (8)2.4 Algorithm of finding all possible schedules (9)2.5 Algorithm of finding the best schedule (10)2.6 Adjustment for accidents (11)3 Programming Approach (11)3.1 Overview of the program (11)3.2 Introduction of the program (12)3.2.1 Inputs (12)3.2.2 Algorithm of finding (12)3.2.3 Algorithm of filtering (12)3.2.4 Outputs (13)4. Case Analysis (13)4.1 Overview of the case (13)4.1.1 Roles and the available times of their actors (13)4.1.2 Scenes (14)4.1.3 Available time of sites (15)4.1.4 Preparation time of settings (15)4.1.5 Restriction of specific orders (15)4.1.6 Other constraints (16)4.1.7 Other settings (16)4.2 Case solving (16)4.2.1 The optimal schedule (16)4.2.2 Schedule analysis (17)4.3 Adjustment for accidents (17)4.3.1 Assumed accidents (17)4.3.2 Adjustment realization (17)4.3.3 Results (18)5 The way of finding the most important constraints (19)5.1 Overview of the algorithm (19)5.2 Description of the algorithm (19)6 Reviews and Prospect (20)7 Reference Material (21)8 Appendix (22)1. Problem interpretation1.1 Problem restatementAs one of the major types of popular entertainment, motion picture has become a fast-growing industry. The constant demand for new excellent films makes effective filmmaking an important job. Therefore, it is necessary for every producer to develop a good filming schedule within certain constraints, such as the availability dates of stars and specific resources. We hope to use mathematical models to come up with this optimal schedule.1.2 Assumptions and Justifications1) The filming schedule has a limited time span whose starting point and ending point are both reachable.2) The filming schedule must conform to the following restrictions, which are inflexible and cannot be violated:i.The availability dates of some stars.ii.The availability dates of specific sites.iii.The availability dates for specific resources.iv.The time required to construct and film on a list of sets.v.Some scenes cannot be shot until after certain computer generated content is defined and other physical items are constructed.vi.Some scenes cannot be shot until other scenes are finished. For example, if a set is finally destroyed, all other scenes related to this set are supposed to be shot beforeit happens.vii.Extra time is needed for redoing some shots if they turn out to be inadequate after editing and review.viii.Extra time is needed for making up some delay or changes.ix.During the filming process, the director might decide to add some new scenes, which will influence the schedule.3) The schedule breaks down time into days for further allocation.‐Filming schedules always choose “Day” as their unit, which is pretty reasonable.First, it is small enough, because most scenes require one or several days to be shot.Second, it is still flexible, because in every single day small delays can becompensated by working overtime, and night shoots can be compensated by morerests in the daytime.4) Several scenes cannot be shot at the same time.‐Every time a scene is shot, the director must be present.5) The construction of sets does not interfere with the filming process.‐Workers can build the sets themselves without being monitored by the director.6) If multiple schedules are available, the studio will consider the continuity of locations.‐ Since the crews do not wish to move frequently, a small number of changes infilming locations is preferred.7) Since we can rent several filming studios, it is possible to build different settings at the same time. However, renting more filming studios will increase the cost, so we hope that these constructions do not conflict with each other.8) Although the crew may not work every day, we should pay for them as long as the shoot is not finished. Therefore, the whole time span is not likely to be too long.9) To deal with problems of delays and reshoots, the filming crews usually have a “flexible day” for every two weeks. On this “flexible day”, they can shoot the scenes that were not completely finished before. Each day without a shooting plan can be seen as a flexible day.1.3 The goal of modelingAccording to the assumptions given above, the optimal schedule derived from our model is an arrangement that:‐ satisfies all the inflexible restrictions in 2nd assumption;‐ promises relatively less changes in locations;‐ has relatively less conflicts in construction of different settings;‐ has an appropriate time span;‐ has enough flexible day for problems of delays and reshoots.In this model, we attempt to find a schedule that can excel in all these criteria.2 Model2.1 Overview of the modelThe whole model consists of two parts: “finding” solutions and “filtering” solutions. For each specific situation, our model first figures out all possible schedules, and then picks up the best ones among them. The model can also adjust previous schedules to deal with new accidents, such as delays in some aspects or changes in the availability of some assets.2.2 Definition of variablesIn order to build a reasonable model, we first introduced some variables:max T : The maximum time length of filming schedule, which is the difference between the latestdate and the earliest date appearing in the input sheets. A movie cannot be finished if the span of shooting schedule is longer than max T .min T : The minimum time length of filming schedule, which is the actual shooting time. k A : The personal schedule of actor k , which is a 0-1 array within the spread of max T . A ‘0’ as the n th element means that the actor cannot work on the n th day. Similarly, ‘1’ means the actor can join shooting on that day.l B : The availability dates of site l . We can simply regard a site as an actor, because toaccomplish a shooting task, we need both the actors and the sites available at the same time. If one element is unavailable, the shooting cannot be accomplished. Thus we describel B in the same way as that of k A ; that is, a 0-1 array with the length of max T . Additionally, we define B as the number of sites.m C : The availability dates of setting m . Similar to sites, a setting can be treated just like an actor. We define C as the number of the settings.n D : The availability dates of special resource n , such as a helicopter or a tank, which is only available at certain time intervals. Since resources also can be treated as actors, we use k A to record n D to simplify the model. We define A as the total number of actors and specialresources. (The reason why we do not combinel B and m C with k A is that information about sites and settings are required for other calculations in the “filtering” process.)o N : A set that records the time required (a.k.a. time length) to film scene o and the elements (e.g. actors, special resources, and a site or a setting) involved. o N cannot be an empty set; it has to contain at least one actor and one site or setting. Generally, its time length cannot be changed, which already contains a little flexible time for preparation and transportation. Moreover, we consider a scene the smallest part of shooting, which means that a scene cannot be divided. When all scenes are finished, the shooting task is done. We defineo N as the time length of this scene,which is an element of the set. i Q : A sequence showing a specific arrangement of all o N s. i Q is a time plan for all scenes. o N t : The number of possible ways to arrange scene o , regardless of arrangements of all otherscenes.i x : The actual shooting time length of i Q .*k A : An “Invisible actor” that has the same character as a real actor. We can use this idea to fulfill the special requirements, such as a specific scene that can be shot in several particular time intervals. This variable depends on requirements of the clients.p E : A special restriction p that i Q must conform to. For example, the restriction that 1Nmust be shot before2N are accomplished. This variable depends on requirements of the clients. P : A value between 0 and 1 that measures the ability of a schedule to deal with delays and reshoots. We define that in every 1P days, one flexible day is used to compensate delays and reshoots. Small delays or quick reshoots, which need only a few hours, can be adjusted on the very day it occurs, so that the whole schedule will not be affected. If delays or reshoots cost a longer time, we can resort remaining scenes into a new schedule. So that only when delays and reshoots need one day or several days, the flexible day in the 1P days is needed. P is an average value, which satisfies 01P £<. This variable depends on requirements of the clients.i K : The number of changes in sites or settings (a.k.a. location changes) that occur in an arrangement i Q .0K : The least possible number of location changes.i L : The number of required filming studios.i y : The extra number of i Q ’s location changes. Since we want to avoid unnecessary location changes, the smaller i y is, the better i Q is.i z : The extra number of filming studios that are required. We say that the more filming studios are used, the more money is spent, and the less efficient the schedule is.budget M : Total budget of the movie, which is given by our client.totaltraffic M : Total traffic budget of the movie, which is also decided by our client.itrafficpertime M : The average cost of a location change, which is the money spent on travelling andtransportation.studio M : The average cost of one studio, including the construction cost and art design cost. It is decided by client. h : The budget per day. This variable builds a connection between time and money, so that we can find the equivalent of a certain amount of money in some measure of time. However, it is just an estimation variable, time is always invaluable.i q : Penalty coefficient of i y (illustrated below).a : Penalty coefficient of i z (illustrated below).2.3 Relations between variables According to the definitions of these variables, we can come up with some basic relationships:min =o T N å (2.3-1)min max i T x T ££ (2.3-2)0=1K B C +- (2.3-3)0i i y K K =- (2.3-4)when 0i L ¹,1i i z L =-; when 0i L =, 0i z = (2.3-5)=i totaltraffic trafficpertime i M M K (2.3-6) min budgetM T h = (2.3-7)We believe that a large number of changes in locations are “bad” for a shooting schedule; too many filming studios are “bad”, too. In order to describe the how bad they are, we can transform their financial cost into time of equal value. So we have=itrafficperday i M q h(2.3-8) =studio M a h (2.3-9)Moreover, when the constraints are too loose, most of possible solutions will be far from optimal. To prevent this condition, we add another limit:max min 21T T P êú£êúêú+ëû(2.3-10) This means that max T cannot be too long. max T should be longer than min T by a period of time no more than min 2PT , or there will be too much idle time. Since too much idle time causes the increase of possible solutions, if the case holds false to the formula, we know that there are too many i Q s.2.4 Algorithm of finding all possible schedulesFinding possible schedules is a process of trial and error, which is meant to include both successes and failures. However, in order to reduce the mass of calculation, we hope to obtain all solutions with the least number of failures. To achieve this, we can determine the relatively inflexible times first, and leave the flexible ones for permutations later.Since o N t , the number of possible ways to arrange scene o (regardless of all other scenes), is anindication of o N ’s flexibility in time, we can arrange all o N s by ascending order of o N t{}*****1231,,,......,,q q N N N N N -This arrangement enables us to settle these scenes in an efficient order.Then we use backtracking algorithm to find all of i Q .In fact, the finding process is like finding all**1q N N path -s in a directed graph:First, we choose one *o N . Then we pick oneof the available choices of *1o N +. If wecannot find a *1o N +, which means that thechosen *o N is unfeasible, we will go backto the last order and find another *o N . Wewill continual to repeat this procedure untilwe get a complete **1q N N path -. Everytime we obtain a path, we record it and go back to the last order.Even though the crotches of tree are numerous and unknown, we have promised the least number of crotches by arranging o N by o N t . After reducing a large amount of computations, the newlyderived *o N is suitable for finding i Q .2.5 Algorithm of finding the best scheduleAfter all possible schedules are found, we need to evaluate each of them to find the top solutions. First, we have to follow the restrictions in E . If i Q does not accord with p E , it should be eliminated from our consideration.Second, we need to assess how good i Q is. In an optimal situation, we can assume a numerical relationship among several variables:min min i i i i x T y z T P q a ---» (2.5-1)i x is the whole time span of i Q , while min T is the real shooting time, and i q and a are the time spent on transportations and constructions. Therefore, the left side of the equation stands for the actual flexible time ready to deal with delays and reshoots, which is expected to be min PT Based on formula (11), we introduce a new index ()i S Q :min min min ()()=ln i i i i i T P x T y z S Q T Pq a ----() (2.5-2) The function ()i S Q , a characteristic value, indicates the superiority of each i Q . The less ()i S Q is, the more orderly i Q is, and the better the schedule is.In the best solution whose free time is just appropriate, min min ()=0i i i i T P x T y z q a ----, and ()-i S Q ®¥.If free time is too little, and flexible days are just enough to cover the penalty time (time spent on transportations and constructions) but not enough to compensate for delays and reshoots, we will have min ()0i i i i x T y z q a ---=, and ()0i S Q =.If free time is too much, and the time for delays and reshoots are twice as much as needed, we will have min min ()2T i i i i x T y z P q a ---=, the characteristic value ()i S Q also equals to 0. Eventhough the two cases above are different, they are both considered as mediocre choices, and their()i S Q values are the same.2.6 Adjustment for accidentsIf the clients encounter an accident that cannot be solved by existing flexible days (for example, significant delays in one aspect or the availability of some asset changes) during the filming process, we can provide a model for them to rearrange the future plan. The rearrangement can be achieved through a similar program, so they could quickly obtain the new schedule after changing some basic information and running the program.This adjustment is based on information in several aspects:1) The change in constraints (if any). For example, if the delay is caused by change in availability of an actor, a site or a resource, the new available time must be known.2) The present achievements. Since some tasks are already finished, the schedule before the present day cannot change anymore.3) The future dates that are hard to change. Some appointments with actors and specific resources (such as a helicopter) cannot be cancelled or changed, so the related scenes have to stay at the same date.After these information are entered, the program will add new constraints {}****123,,,......,r A A A A and the unchangeable scenes {}''''123,,,......,r N N N N (unchangeable scenes will be considered as “Invisible actors”, and the detailed procedure is discussed in 2.2) and give solution based on the new circumstances. Therefore, if these information are known, the program can provide an optimal future schedule for the clients when an accident happens.3 Programming Approach3.1 Overview of the programBased on our model, we developed a computer program that is capable of generating possible schedules as well as determining the priority of each schedules according to their characteristic values and sorting them by the priority in descending order.3.2 Introduction of the program3.2.1 InputsOur program contains a function that can read an Excel file so that it is very convenient for clients to input data. The Excel has 6 sheets which contain the information of actors, places, sets, scenes and two kinds of restrictions.The input function named ‘Read’ works by transferring information in Excel into four variables (Data form: double) named Ifm_Actors, Ifm_Places, Ifm_Sets, Ifm_Scenes and Cmd_Time.3.2.2 Algorithm of finding3.2.2.1 Preliminary filteringFirst of all, the program will check whether a possible solution exists. If there’s obviously no possible solution3, it will display an error and terminates the program.3.2.2.2 Estimation and tipsUse the formula (10) to determine whether the restrictions are too loose so that the quantity of possible schedules might be too large. If the case holds false to the formula, the program would display a warning.3.2.2.3 Searching for possible schedulesThe program generates 0-1 matrixes Ifm_Actors, Ifm_Places, Ifm_Sets and Ifm_Scenes with 1 representing available days and 0 representing occupied days. In this way we can figure out the intersection of available time by multiplying the correspondent row.Then, by rearranging the 0-1 matrix in order of the method that was mentioned in 2.4, the computational complicity is significantly reduced.Finally, we use the backtracking method to search for all possible schedules within the 0-1 matrix. Solutions are saved in variable All_Solutions (data form: cell).During the searching, if the number of solutions is too large, the program simply stops searching when 1000 solutions are recorded.3.2.3 Algorithm of filteringAfter generating all solutions, our program will follow time restrictions to delete those solutions that don’t fit in. Then, the program determines the changing times of places and sets, and calculates the characteristic values with function (12) to judge whether a solution is practical enough. The solutions are rearranged according to their characteristic values.3 For example, if the schedules of two actors who cooperate in a specific scene do not have intersection, the scene obviously cannot be shot.3.2.4 OutputsFinally, the output function of the program creates an Excel file and writes 11 possible scheduleswith the top priority in four different criteria. They include 5 overall best schedules, 2 scheduleswith least number of location changes, 2 schedules with least number of studios, and 2 scheduleswith least number of shooting days. In each schedule, scenes are arranged chronologically.4. Case Analysis4.1 Overview of the caseFor most movies, the detailed information about the preparing process are not open to public,which makes it hard to find a realistic case to test our model. However, we gathered some basicfacts about film shooting from internet and libraries, and used them to create a mostly reliable caseto test our model.This movie tells the stories of a group of physicists. It contains 18 roles, 9 sites, 11 settings, and 29 scenes. The studio wants the whole filming to be finished within 60 days. They also give some constraints, which are all displayed as below.4.1.1 Roles and the available times of their actorsThe following chart displays all the roles included in the film and the available dates of theiractors:Role Available dates of actorRydberg 13-14 Thomson 26-2824-25,29-30 Rutherford 1-5,29-30 Chadwick 4-5,Planck 11-12, 16-17, 23, 29-30Bohr 1-3,7,9,26-28, 34-35, 51-54Landau 21 Fermi 41-50 Oppenheimer 22, 41-47, 51-52Feynman 44-4734-35 Schrödinger 18-20,34-35 Compton 24-25,De Broglie 34-35, 40-60Einstein 6, 8, 16, 17, 21, 34-40Heisenberg 7-9, 23, 31-36, 53-60Dirac 31-35,51-52 Pauli 10,34-35 Born 10,19-20,34-35 4.1.2 ScenesThe following chart displays all the scenes in the film, the locations of and roles in them, and thetime needed to shoot them. There are two types of locations, sites and settings, which will bespecifically discussed in following paragraphs.Scene Location Roles Time(day)Solvay Conference Brussels Einstein, Bohr, Planck, Dirac,Born, Pauli, Schrödinger,Compton, De Broglie, Heisenberg2Experiment 1 Lab 1 Rydberg, Bohr 2 Experiment 2 The University of Manchester Rutherford, Bohr 3 Experiment 3 The University of Cambridge Thomson, Chadwick 3 Story 1 The University of Manchester Rutherford, Chadwick 2 Story 2 The University of Cambridge Rutherford, Einstein 2 Story 3 Humboldt University of Berlin Planck, Einstein 2 Story 4 Auditorium 1 Landau 1 Story 5 The University of Chicago Fermi, Oppenheimer, Feynman 4 Story 6 The University of Cambridge Dirac, Heisenberg 2 Story 7 Humboldt University of Berlin Schrödinger 1 Story 8 House 1 Einstein, Heisenberg 1 Story 9 House 2 Planck, Heisenberg 1 Story 10 Auditorium 2 Einstein 1 Story 11 Meeting room 1 Einstein 1 Experiment 4 University of Copenhagen Dirac, Bohr, Oppenheimer 2 Experiment 5 Lab 2 Compton, Rutherford 2 Story 12 Auditorium 2 Heisenberg, Bohr 1 Story 13 University of Copenhagen Heisenberg, Bohr 2 Story 14 University of Göttingen Pauli, Born 1 Experiment 6 Lab 3 Planck 2 Story 15 Meeting room 2 Heisenberg, Bohr 1 Story 16 Princeton University Einstein 2 Story 17 House 1 Einstein 2 Story 18 Humboldt University of Berlin Schrödinger, Born 2 Story 19 House 3 Oppenheimer 1 Story 20 Lab 4 Oppenheimer, Fermi 2 Story 21 National Library Fermi 3 Story 22 University of Copenhagen Heisenberg 24.1.3 Available time of sitesFor some specific reasons, a few sites cannot be shot all the time. The following chart displays theavailable dates of each site:date Place Available University of Copenhagen 50-60Humboldt University of Berlin 15-20Brussels 1-60 The University of Manchester 1-7The University of Cambridge 25-33The University of Chicago 44-60University of Göttingen 1-57Princeton University 1-42National Library 48-604.1.4 Preparation time of settingsThe time of preparation for settings is a determinant of the number of filming studios. Thefollowing chart displays this preparation time:time(day) Set PreparationHouse 1 4House 2 3House 3 6Meeting room 1 0Meeting room 2 0Lab 1 0Lab 2 0Lab 3 0Lab 4 0Auditorium 1 0Auditorium 2 0We assume in this way because compared to filming in meeting rooms, labs and auditoriums, it isharder to film in a realistic house (For example, a high filming position cannot be reached).Therefore, we must build some “houses” in the filming studio, which requires several days toprepare.4.1.5 Restriction of specific ordersThe studio also requires some specific orders of scenes to be shot:“Story 20” must go after “Experiment 1”.“Story 13” must go after “Experiment 5”, and “Experiment 5” must go after “Experiment 2”.。
Detection Verification: A Comprehensive OverviewIntroductionDetection verification is a crucial process in various fields, including security, technology, and healthcare. It involves the identification and confirmation of detected objects or events to ensure accuracy and reliability. This article provides a comprehensive overview of detection verification, including its definition, applications, techniques, challenges, and future prospects.DefinitionDetection verification refers to the process of confirming the presence or absence of an object or event identified by a detection system. It aims to minimize false positives and false negatives by validating the detection results through additional analysis or human intervention. The ultimate goal is to enhance the reliability and trustworthiness of detection systems.ApplicationsSecurityDetection verification plays a vital role in security systems such as surveillance cameras, access control systems, and intrusion detection systems. By verifying detected events like potential threats or unauthorized access attempts, security personnel can quickly respond to real incidents while minimizing false alarms.TechnologyIn the field of technology, detection verification is used in various areas such as computer vision, natural language processing (NLP), and machine learning. For example, in computer vision applications like object recognition or facial recognition systems, verification techniques are employed to confirm the accuracy of detected objects or individuals.HealthcareIn healthcare settings, detection verification is essential for medical imaging techniques such as X-rays and MRIs. Radiologists useverification methods to ensure accurate identification of abnormalities or diseases in patients’ scans. This helps in providing precise diagnoses and appropriate treatments.Techniques for Detection Verification1.Manual Verification: Human experts manually review the detectedobjects or events to confirm their presence or absence. Thistechnique ensures high accuracy but can be time-consuming andsubjective.2.Rule-based Verification: Predefined rules are applied to verifythe detected objects or events based on specific criteria. Forexample, an intrusion detection system may verify an alarm bychecking if multiple sensors have triggered simultaneously.3.Machine Learning Verification: Machine learning algorithms aretrained to verify the detection results based on a labeled dataset.The algorithms learn patterns and characteristics of truepositives and negatives, improving the accuracy of verification. 4.Statistical Analysis: Statistical methods are used to analyze thedetection results and calculate probabilities or confidence levels.By setting appropriate thresholds, verification can be performedbased on statistical significance.Challenges in Detection Verificationplex Environments: Detection verification becomes challengingin complex environments with high levels of noise, occlusions, oroverlapping objects. These factors can lead to false detectionsand require sophisticated techniques for accurate verification.2.Real-time Verification: In applications where real-time responseis critical, such as security systems, performing efficientverification within tight time constraints can be challenging.Fast and reliable algorithms are required to ensure timelyresponses.3.Adversarial Attacks: Malicious actors may attempt to deceivedetection systems by introducing adversarial inputs thatmanipulate the detection results. Detecting and verifying suchattacks pose significant challenges for detection verificationtechniques.4.Scalability: As the volume of data increases, scalability becomescrucial for efficient detection verification. Handling largedatasets in real-time while maintaining high accuracy is achallenge that needs to be addressed.Future ProspectsDetection verification is an evolving field with promising future prospects. Advances in machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence will contribute to more robust and accurate verification techniques. Additionally, the integration of multiple sensors and data fusion techniques will enhance the reliability of detection systems.Furthermore, research efforts should focus on addressing the challenges posed by complex environments and adversarial attacks through innovative algorithms and robust architectures. Collaborative studies between academia, industry, and government entities can accelerate advancements in detection verification technology.In conclusion, detection verification plays a critical role in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of detected objects or events across various domains such as security, technology, and healthcare. By employing different techniques and overcoming challenges, detection verification contributes to enhanced decision-making processes and improved overall system performance.Note: This article provides a comprehensive overview of detection verification. However, due to the requirement of avoiding sensitive topics or vocabulary in China, some specific examples or discussions related to these topics have been omitted.。
视听说期末复习Unit 1Questions1. What is this interview mainly about?It is about McDonald’s business lessons revealed by Paul.2. What was McDonald’s recently voted for?It was voted one of the best places to work.3. Aside from being the author of the book, what else do you know about Paul from the interview? He was a former McDonald’s Executive.4. Why did Paul decide to write a book for other business people and clients?He wanted to teach them business lessons because they lacked basic principles.5. What question is Paul constantly asked?"Tell me how you did it in McDonald's."Home listeningInternational business is a term used to collectively describe all commercial transactions (private and governmental, sales, investments, logistics, and transportation) that take place between two or more nations. Usually, private companies 1)undertake such transactions for profit; governments for profit and for political reasons. It refers to all business activities which involve cross 2)border transactions of goods, services and resources between two or more nations. Transaction of economic resources include capital, skills, people, etc. for international production of physical goods, and services such as finance, banking, 3) insurance construction, etc.The increase in international business and in foreign 4) investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in 5) negotiation in an international arena as their foreign counterparts. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to 6) participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation.In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been 7)identified that undermine the negotiator’s position, two of which, in particular, are directness and 8) impatience. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. 9)In order to solidify the relationship, they may choose indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.Clearly, perceptions and differences in values affect the outcomes of negotiations and the success of negotiators. 10)For Americans to play a more effective role in international business negotiations, they must put forth more effort to improve cross-cultural understanding.Unit2T&FT 1.Sara Bongiorni lived a year without buying Chinese goods.F 2.Sara refused to buy ―Made in China‖ products for political reasons.(It’s nothing against China) T 3.Sara didn’t replace the broken coffeemaker becaus e all inexpensive ones came from China.F 4.Sara spent 35 dollars on a non-China pair of shoes. ( A non-China pair cost them 65 bucks )T 5.Normally Sara would not spend much money on sunglasses.Questions1. Why was CBS News invited to the factory?To convince America that China is cleaning up its toy making act.2. What can give consumers confidence?Good quality.3. How many times are supplies like paint checked?Three times4. How many toy manufactures were shut down?800.5. Who else is to blame for the use of cheaper lead paint?American companiesHome listeningToday’s leading Chinese brands must learn how to create and manage their brand value on a global scale. It is time for them to re-think their global brand 1) strategy, and follow the best practices of the world’s most powerful multi-national brands. While we are still several years away from a Chinese brand appearing on Interbrand’s Best Global Brands, the lessons from the 2)annual ranking are clear —great brands know their strengths and weaknesses and plot effective strategies to 3)_sustain and improve their value in the future. With the downturn of the global economy, the transformation of the ―Made in China‖ label and the acceptance of Chinese brands overseas can not be made 4) overnight. The first challenge is to improve the quality and safety of all Chinese products. The definition and enforcement of strict 5) standards and the active engagement in environmental protection is a social responsibility for any global player, and a pre-requisite for changing consumer 6) perceptions overseas.The Chinese government can play a very special role in these difficult times. Leadership means taking short term actions to spur 7) domestic demand and enhance the competitiveness ofexports. But leadership also means creating a national agenda — like 8) innovation in Japan, design in Korea or engineering in Germany —that serves as a guiding light for Chinese companies eager to make their brand mark on global markets. Now is the 9) _critical moment for Chinese government and business leaders to consider the next stage of growth. This transformation must not only take place in areas such as technology, quality control and international cooperation, but in brand creation and brand management. Asian companies like Toyota, Sony, Samsung and Hyundai 10) which have already traveled the globalization path know that brand value is the key to unlocking shareholder value.Unit 3T&FT 1.A recent survey showed that average salaries in US companies have experienced the smallest increase this year in more than 30 years.T 2.If the bos s doesn’t agree to a negotiated future raise, set a date for your next discussion.F 3.If the boss says that he can’t give you money, ask for less work time.F 4.When talking with your boss about the salary raise, emphasize how hard you have beenworking.T 5.Showing your other offers to your boss would be a bad idea.Questions1. Does Lakshman Achuthan agree with the common definition of recession? Why?No, because he thinks ―recession‖ is really a sequence of events. He believes it is necessary to look at the sequence of indicators to define recession.2. What are the consequences of falling wages?People can’t buy that much and sales fall. /People spend less and sales fall.3. How many people made jobless claims last week?400,0004. According to the reporter, what signs show that a recession is actually in process?Inflation is going up at the fastest rate in 17 years, while wages are not keeping up; and last week 400,000 people made jobless claims.5. What is Lakshman Achuthan’s opinion on the current economic situation?It is in a shallow recession and there are no signs/foundations of a recovery.Home listeningGraduate unemployment has increased by 44% in 12 months and is now at its 1) highest in 12 years, according to research released today.Some 7.9% of students who left university in 2008 were out of work in January, the Higher Education Careers Services Unit (HECSU) found, up from 5.5% the 2) previous year. HECSU warned the picture could be even worse for those graduating this year. The last time levels of3)joblessness were so high was in 1995–96.The research found that 4) recruitment in the public sector bucked the downward graduate employment 5)_trend, with the number of graduates entering 6)_healthcare teaching and social work increasing.But 7) architecture and building graduates were hit particularly badly, 8)_reflecting the slump in the construction industry, with unemployment nearly tripling from 2.9% in 2007 to 8.5% for those who left in 2008. The proportion of civil engineering graduates without a job increased from 2.4% to 7%.9) The proportion of graduates employed in business or financial work fell to 7.5%, compared with 8.7% the year before. And the number working as financial and investment advisers or mortgage consultants dropped 19%, with only 1,700 of the220,065 graduates surveyed getting that kind of job, compared with 2,100 in 2007.10)_Among those who revealed how much they earned, the average salary was_£19,677 —up 2% from 2007. But Scotland saw a rise of 5.6%, to an average of £19,953 — higher than the £19,561 reported in the south-east, traditionally the highest-paid region after London.Unit 4T&FT 1.The smallest climate change can break the natural balance of the Great Barrier Reef.F 2.Turtles may be extinct in 14 years. ( and the turtle population is in decline. In 40 years theremay be none left.)F 3.A change of one or two degrees will not disturb the coral reef’s normal life. ( A change of justone or two degrees can wipe it out)F 4.Coral reefs can lower the temperature on hot days. ( If temperatures get too hot, coral respondsby trying to change the weather.)T 5.The process of bleaching will eventually lead to the death of the coral.Questions1. Why is the crown-of-thorns starfish one of the reef’s greatest enemies?Because it can eat the coral alive.2. How many children can crown-of-thorns starfish produce every year?Six million3. What allows the starfish population to explode?Fertilizers from inland farms.4. How can we effectively control the number of crown-of-thorns starfish?Pick them off reef or inject them with poison.5. Why has the population of crown-of-thorns starfish decreased in recent years?Because the pollution levels have dropped.Home listeningThe study, from Stanford University in the United States, makes gloomy assessments about the future health of the world’s coral reefs. It finds that carbon dioxide 1)_emissions are making seawater so acidic that coral reefs could begin to disintegrate within a few 2)_decades._The report states that even ambitious plans to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions, thought by many to be the main 3) cause of a warming climate, will not be enough to save the reefs. About a third of carbon emissions is soaked up by the world’s oceans, where it 4)_combines with seawater to form carbonic acid.The research comes as the Queensland state government in Australia 5)_announces a new plan to protect the Great Barrier Reef from 6)_agricultural pollution. The iconic reef is being damaged by pesticides and sediment from farms that seep into waterways. The Queensland government is to spend an 7)_extra $30,000,00 to reduce this hazardous run-off. Farmers also will face tougher 8)_environmental regulations. Queensland Premier Anna Bligh says that man-made threats present serious challenges to the reef, which is a world heritage site.Coral reefs are common in warm southern and equatorial oceans, and provide homes and feeding grounds for thousands of species, 9)_including fish that are important to the diets of millions of people in the developing world. In Asia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea are among the many countries that rely on reefs to provide food and to draw in tourists eager to explore the ocean.Environmental groups welcome the Queensland plan to protect the Great Barrier Reef.10)Farmers, however, argue that they have already taken significant steps to stop the spread of pollutants from their lands.Unit 5T&FF 1.Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, is now Co-Chair of the world largest education foundation.(is now Co-Chair of the world’s largest charitable foundation)F 2.Bill Gates was born on Oct.26th, 1995. ( Bill Gates was born Oct. 28th, 1955)F 3.Bill Gates’ father was a lawy er and his mother a politician.( His mother was very engaged inpublic matters)T 4.In his childhood Bill Gates was smarter than most children.T 5.Card games at a young age helped Bill Gates develop a competitive spirit.Questions1. What career did Obama eventually decide to pursue?A career as a community organizer.2. What had troubled Obama for most of his life?Racism and poverty.3. Where did Obama move to work?The city's (Chicago) South Side.4. What did much of the struggle of people who had been left behind involve?Laws5. How did Obama pay his tuition in Harvard?By taking out hefty student loans.Home listeningA person’s motivation is combination of desire and energy directed at achieving a goal.1)influencing someone’s motivation means getting him or her to want to do what you know must be done.People can be motivated by beliefs, values, interests, fear, 2) worthy causes, and other such forces. Some of these forces are 3)internal, such as needs, interests, and beliefs. Others are external, such as danger, the environment, or 4) pressure from a loved one. There is no simple formula for motivation —you must keep an open viewpoint on human nature. There is a 5)complex array of forces steering the direction of each person, and these forces cannot always be seen or studied. Also, if the same forces are steering two different people, each one will act differently. Knowing that different people react to different needs will 6)guide your decisions and actions in certain situations.As a leader you have the power to influence motivation. You should allow the needs of your people to coincide with the needs of your organization. Nearly all people are influenced by the need for job 7)_security promotion, raises, and approval from their peers and leaders. Internal forces such as values, morals and ethics also influence them. Likewise, the organization needs good people in a wide variety of jobs. Ensure that your people are trained, 8)_encouraged, and provided the opportunity to grow. Ensure that the way you conduct business has the same values, morals and ethical principles that you seek in your people. 9)_If you conduct business in a dishonest manner, your people will be dishonest to you.You should also reward good behavior. 10)_Although a certificate, letter or a thank you may seem small, they can be powerful motivators. The reward should be specific and prompt. Do not say, ―for doing a good job.‖ Cite the specific action that made you believe it was a good job. In addition, help your people who are good. We all make mistakes or need help to achieve a particular goal.Unit 6T&FF 1.Mr. and Mrs. Scarola feel very lucky since both of them have tickets. (She got a ticket. He didnot.)F 2.Many fans of Michael Jackson feel upset that they can’t enter the Staples Center. (knowingthat I wasn’t going to get in, you know, just to be here for the atmosphere I love)T 3.The number of police officers is larger than at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.F 4.According to the police, the crowds outside the Staples Center are almost out of control.( Thecrowds have been respectful, they have been orderly, no issues with that …)F 5.Faithful fans of Michael Jackson have raised funds to help organize the memorial service.Questions1. How many soccer fans went to Germany to support their team for the last World Cup?Over 100,0002. How long did British fans stay in Germany to support their team?Three weeks.3. What are the major concerns of England fans about going to South Africa?High costs and security.4. What does Neil Maclaurin say about British fans?They are big followers of sports. /They are very passionate.5. Why did British fans travel to South Africa in June 2009?To support the Lions Rugby Team.Home listeningWe all know of cases where negative fan behavior has driven some athletes to perform at less than their best or perhaps even knock them completely out of a competition. ―Athletes want to live up to a high paying 1) contract as well as fan expectations. It is the same with Olympians who 2)strive to live up to expectations. Athletes may say they are immune to fans, but we know better. They are like teenagers who say they don’t care what their parents think,‖ said Daniel L.Wann, who heads the Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP) Special Interest Group on Fandom.According to Wann, there has been a good deal of research on fans and their ability to pump up the home team or negatively 3) impact on the visiting team. ―Some athletes thrive under this pressure and others don’t. This is where a sports psychology 4) consultant can help.‖ Wann has been studying the psychology of sports spectators since the mid 1980s, with a particular interest in fan identification (i.e., a fan’s psychological connection to a team), spectator 5) violence, and the actions of parents as spectators at youth sporting events.A Professor of Psychology at Murray State, Wann works with athletes, teaching them how to6) address fan behavior. He helps them develop their mental abilities, while the coaches focus on their physical skills. ―The key is for 7)athletes to learn to compartmentalize what they pay attention to, to be able to tune out the fans but not the coaches. They need to be 8)selective between valuable information (from coaches or teammates) ver sus noise (from fans).‖Just as athletes are involved in their sports for a variety of reasons, fans are motivated for different reasons. 9) It is important to remember that fans are driven by a variety of motives. You can’t paint them with one brush strok e. Some are driven by the entertainment of the sports, some want to see a good contest. 10) Some are there for social reasons, while others are there to see beautiful plays.Unit 7T&FT 1.For most Japanese retirement means the start of a second life.F 2.Many senior citizens in Japan continue working mainly due to labor shortage. (contribute tothe society)F 3.People who work in government jobs usually retire at the age of 55.（in their late 50s）F 4.Japan’s model can’t be applied to China due to different welfare systems. (can offer somesuggestions to China )T 5.Senior citizens in China are suggested to find a new life after retirement.Questions1.What percentage of China’ population are over 65？Over 8.3%2. How does Mrs. Zhou benefit from her stay at Sijiqing?Thanks to the therapy there，her leg problem has become better.3. Why was it not easy for Mrs. Zhou to get into Sijiqing?She had to wait for several years to get a spot because demand for a place there was so high.4. How many senior citizens Beijing want to live in a nursing home?Over 3oo,ooo5. According to the video, what is the ratio of nursing home beds to the senior population in China?1.6 to 100.Home listeningTraditionally, retirement communities and nursing homes have been the destination of senior citizens. But more and more older Americans want to grow old in familiar 1) surroundings To them, the focus is on staying in their own homes and living in a community with neighbors who have babies or school age children.It is a 2) trend called aging-in-place. But, many people recognize, to remain in their home as long as possible, they are going to need some help. So, they have joined a group called Capitol Hill Village.This is a fee-based organization aimed 3) primarily at senior citizens. Its executive director, Gail Kohn, organizes volunteers to help members, and if they need 4) additional services, she manages a referral list of reliable 5) contractors. ―We have a vendor and that vendor is going to provide a service and then we 6) arrange with the vendor to call our member,‖ she explains.Kohn coordinates volunteers and finds 7)reliable plumbers, electricians and other repairmen for her senior citizen members. ―We aim at helping them do what needs to be done in order for them to live as 8) comfortably as possible.‖Capitol Hill Village is one model of innovative programs designed to 9)allow senior citizens to remain in their homes and part of their communities. William Daroff of United Jewish Communities says, ―10)Our older Americans can be seen as a great resource. If you look back at how we dealt with folks who were aging 20, 30 years ago, it wasn’t very creative, not very innovative. But today’s 70 year old is more like yesterday’s 50 year old.‖ Unit8T&FT1. You can find free safety software on the internet.F2. Viruses rarely change into new forms. (not rarely)T3. A stomach virus may make us lose a few pounds.F4. We can install spyware to avoid some computer problems.T5. A firewall can help us avoid some problems brought by the internet.Question1. What do we need to do when signing up for online services?Scan privacy policies.2. What should we do after making sure an e--mail is fake?Delete the message.3. When did spam comprise more than 80% of all sent email according to Symantec?In May 20084. What should we do after adding some highly rated anti-spam software?Update it as often as possible.5. Who can provide us with free spam filters?Our e-mail or internet service provider.Home listening1)Traditional computer viruses were first widely seen in the late 1980s, and they come about because of several factors. The first factor was the spread of personal computers (PCs). Prior to the 1980s, home computers were nearly non-existent or they were toys. Real computers were rare, and they were locked away for use by 2) experts. During the 1980s, real computers started to spread to businesses and homes because of the 3) popularity of the IBM PC (released in 1982) and the Apple Macintosh (released in 1984). By the late 1980s, PCs were widespread in businesses, homes and college 4) campuses.The second factor was the use of computer bulletin boards. People could dial up a bulletin board with a modem and download programs of all types. Games were extremely popular, and so were simple word 5)processor spreadsheets and other 6)productivity software. Bulletin boards led to the precursor of the virus known as the Trojan horse. A Trojan horse is a program with a cool-sounding name and 7) description, so it tricks people into downloading it. Whenyou run the program, however, it does something ―uncool‖ like erasi ng your disk. You think you are getting a neat game, but it wipes out your system. Trojan horses only hit a small number of people because they are quickly discovered, the 8) infected programs are removed and word of the danger spreads among users.The third factor that led to the creation of viruses was the floppy disk. In the1980s, programs were small, 9) and you could fit the entire operating system, a few programs and some documents onto a floppy disk or two. Many computers did not have hard disks, so when you turned on your machine it would load the operating system and everything else from the floppy disk. 10)Virus authors took advantage of this to create the first self-replicating programs.。
