The Effects of Board Composition and Direct Incentives on Firm Perform ance

高一下学期七选五英语模拟模拟试题测试题（含答案）Toy Story, Cars, Finding Nemo, Wall-E, Up — you have probably watched all these films.____1____ Let’s go through the process of creating a cartoon film.Creating the storyboardThe first step is to write down the main ideas of the story. ____2____ Based on the storyboard, the art department creates the first draft for the characters, their clothing and emotions, and the design sets.Making characters using 3D modellingA special computer program is used to create 3D shapes of the characters, sets and props—this is called modelling. ____3____ Special equipment is used to record points on these shapes. This information is then sent to a software program which recreates the 3D shape.Making them moveThe layout crew (摄影构图组) decide how these characters should move and then the cartoonists take over. They use 3D software to create the movements of each character, the skeleton’s (骨架) movements, facial expressions and more, between key frames (帧) in the story.____4____Dressing up for the showThe sets and props are “dressed” according to the designs laid out by the art department. The skin and hair for the characters, their costumes as well as special lighting effects such as shadows, shining reflections are also created.Letting the show begin____5____ The computers draw each frame one by one, with each frame slightly different from the previous one. Each frame takes 5-6 hours to create — imagine how much computing power and time it will take to create 24 frames per second of a 2-hour film!A．From that, storyboards are drawn.B．All these films have cost a large amount of money.C．Remember too, that the movements have to be smooth!D．Some of these shapes are simple, but some are very complex.E．The decorations of the sets and props are created using a software.F．Have you ever wondered how these amazing cartoon films were made?G．All the 3D characters, their movements, and lighting are to be done by computers.Taking nature hikes is a lot of fun. No matter where you live, there is probably someplace nearby where you can enjoy nature.Step one in planning your nature hike is deciding where to go. You will also need to get an adult family member or friend to go along with you. Together you can learn about all the different types of habitats in your area and decide which one you want to explore first.____6____. This will give you more time to enjoy the place and cut down on travel time.Once you have chosen your location, it’s a great idea to spend some time learning about the plants and animals that live in that habitat. ____7____, you can have fun finding shells and types of seaweed that you recognize.If you want to make a full adventure, you could put together a little book of plants and animalsyou might find on your trip. ____8____.Before you go on a nature hike you also need to have the proper coat, good hiking shoes and gear. If you expect rain, please have rain gear. ____9____, bring a hat and sunscreen. Being prepared will make your nature hike much more fun.____10____. When hiking, you need to keep up your energy, so bring good foods. It is also very important to bring water for everyone. Water is one of the most important things you can bring. A．If it will be sunnyB．If you go to the beachC．If you reach the chosen habitatD．You should choose a place fairly close byE．You will also bring drinks full of energyF．It’s a good idea to bring a pack with snacks for everyoneG．Creating a book like this will help you remember the plants and animals you seeCalming skills bring about a stress-free life and are important for all individuals who live in today’s times. You can practice the following simple skills.____11____ Whenever you realize that you are getting angry, just stop everything else and breathe deeply. Mastering certain relaxation skills helps you to concentrate on something other than the stimulus (刺激物) that is causing anger.When you feel angry, try to give yourself positive self judgments and mental suggestions of calming yourself.____12____ Some people “order” themselves to get over the feelings of anger, while others persuade their minds to think about some other pleasanter thoughts. This calming skill works wonders.Concentrate on the different body parts and the tension that has gathered there—the neck, the arms, the worry lines on your forehead. ____13____ Attacking the tension of the various body parts will automatically lead to a slow release of tension and eventually, anger from the mind.Re-position your body and correct your body language. Don’t lean into the source o f anger, lean against it. This will send a mental signal to your brain to not react. Think about something completely different. And try to move your attention away to something completely unrelated to the situation at hand. Focus on another person or thing, or simply move away.____14________15____ Practice like neck stretches, arm stretches and the like. Make sure that your palms (手掌) are folded and facing downwards. These exercises will control the aggression (攻击性行为).A．See what works for you.B．Life is not how it once used to be.C．Do some deep breathing exercises.D．Try doing some physical exercises.E．This greatly helps to calm down and control anger.F．And then try and work to getting it down to normal.G．Anger leads to heart problems and several other such diseases.The Importance of Getting Kids to Be ActiveEveryone knows that kids should be physically active and need to exercise regularly to bephysically fit. ____16____, regular physical activity is considered by most experts to be an important part of a healthy lifestyle. However, that doesn’t mean every child needs to spend four or five hours a day exercising.How Much Exercise Do Kids Need?It is recommended that kids should be physically active for at least 60 minutes per day.____17____. For example, if your eight-year-old played soccer for 20 minutes during PE at school and then played basketball with his friends for 40 minutes after school, he would meet the recommendation of 60 minutes of physical activity for that day.Exercise and Calories____18____. It can help them build self-respect, sleep better, have more energy, and reduce depression. And as most people know, along with a healthy diet, regular exercise is the best way to lose weight and prevent childhood obesity (肥胖). Since your child is not likely to get his exercise using exercise equipment, it can be hard to always tell how many calories he is burning while exercising. ____19____, as long as your child is getting his 60 minutes or more of physical activity each day and maintaining a healthy diet.Youth Exercise and FitnessRemember that kids, even teens, don’t usually stick with exercise programs. ____20____. Instead, kids do better with lifestyle exercise programs, such as active free play and organized team sports. A．Fortunately, it doesn’t matterB．Regular exercise is good for kidsC．So they will be able to burn even more caloriesD．That’s why you don’t see many kids in health clubsE．Whether they are overweight or at a healthy weightF．If your child is very active and is still gaining weightG．But that doesn’t have to be 60 minutes of continuous activityU.N. Report Warns Nature CrisisA new U.N. report focuses on the negative effects of human activity on nature. It says one million plant and animal species on land, in the seas and in the sky are now in danger of extinction.The 1, 800-page report took three years to finish. ___21___ The Earth has always suffered from human activity, it says. However, these scratches (划伤) have become deep scars (伤疤) over the past 50 years. Species are going to extinct several hundred times faster than the average rate during the past ten million years. It’s something that has never happened before in human history. ___22___ Since 1970, the human population has doubled. The global economy has grown by four times. To feed, clothe and give energy to this fast-changing world, lots of forests have been cut down. ___23___ Furthermore, hunting, overfishing and pollution have also been killing species in great numbers.The problem can be fixed, the report says. ___24___ The amount of land and sea that is under protection needs to increase rapidly. The report suggests governments move away from using GDP as a key measure of development. Long-term effects must be considered, too.Professor Eduardo Bron dizio of Indiana University is an author of the report. He says, “We all know what needs to be done. The knowledge is there. ___25___ “A．However, this requires many changes.B．Over 120 wildlife species are facing extinction.C．Only experts know how to address the problem.D．The report listed several causes for the situation.E．There just needs to be a greater will to take action.F．It draws on the work of 450 scientists from dozens of countries.G．Between 1980 and 2000, one million square kilometers of tropical (热带的) forest were lost. It seems likely that you fought like cat and dog when you were young. But siblings (兄弟姐妹) can actually improve your physical and mental health. ____26____.Having brothers and sisters makes you kinder. ____27____. This is probably because you have a same-generation relative to make you care about others.____28____. Brothers and sisters, whether younger or older, help prevent you from feeling terrible, unloved, lonely, anxious and fearful. That can only be an advantage when you reach adulthood (成年时期).Having brothers and sisters can help you have a healthier lifestyle. As a survey shows, 43% of people believe their family and friends have the biggest effect on their health. ____29____. Having good friends can bring many of the same benefits. Not all of you have brothers and sisters, ____30____. Don’t worry. Research also shows that having close friends can boost your health and happiness. Make friends by signing up for groups or classes and finding people who enjoy the same things as you.A．Here are some benefits of having siblingsB．Siblings can be your healthy-eating partnersC．That makes you much more likely to help othersD．Having brothers and sisters helps remove bad feelingsE．Having siblings increases the chance of a happy marriageF．or you might not be in a good relationship with your siblingsG．and having brothers and sisters might well be worth the troubleBetween childhood and adulthood, you go through many changes — jobs, regrettable haircuts and relationships that come and go. But what about who you are at your core (核心)? ___31___ Personality is the pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviors unique to a person. People tend to think of personality as fixed. But according to psychologists (心理学家), that’s not how it w orks; personality doesn’t stay the same all your life. ___32___That’s not to say that you’re a different person each day you wake up. ___33___ In a study, researchers followed some adults for many years until their early 70s. They discovered that adultho od’s personality is actually stable in short time periods.___34___ They will look at how a child reacts to the world. Research suggests that our childhood’s moods —for example, whether we’re easy-going or bad-tempered, willing or unwilling to approach strangers — shape our personality of older ages. ___35___ If a child is always shy and withdrawn (离群的), he may grow into an unhappy teenager. On the contrary, a happy childhood usually leads to a happy adulthood.A．Instead, it changes — develops with age.B．Growing into adulthood, what do you care about?C．As you grow older, does your personality change?D．However, you don’t have to be sad about the change.E．In fact, the change can’t even be noticed in the short term.F．Psychologists don’t study children’s personalities, however.G．And these early moods seem to be related to our later years of life.Learning English or any language is like anything that requires continuous effort, like training for a marathon, or trying to lose weight. Rather than doing 1 or 2 days of studying all day, it is much better to do a small amount of study or practice every day, or at least on a regular basis.______36______.It is important when learning English or any language not to be afraid of making mistakes. The important t hing is to be able to understand and communicate ideas. Even native speakers don’t speak with perfect grammar. If you do want to improve, ask your teacher to correct any mistakes you make. ______37______.Put yourself in an environment where you are surrounded by English. ______38______.Tell your friends and family about your goal or desire of learning English. Find friends with similar interests and who are supportive of your goals. It could also help to explain why you want to learn/improve your English, such as studying abroad or getting a new job.English has 4 skills: reading, writing, speaking and listening. ______39______. Spend time on areas which you have trouble with. Generally, skills required to produce language like speaking and writing will develop slower than listening and reading.______40______. Avoid trying to memorize long lists of vocabulary, unless you feel that this is the best way to learn.Try to learn words in a context. It will not only help you to remember the words, it will help you to use them correctly when you are writing or speaking.A．Here are some ways to improve your listening skillsB．Use mind maps to help remember vocabularyC．If you speak English with any close friends or family, ask them to correct any mistakes you makeD．Anyway, here is a list of some practical ways to improve your EnglishE．Writing is a big headache for many English beginnersF．Watch TV in English, listen to English musicG．Make sure to cover each skillYou've made it to the last round of interviews for your dream job! After all,this is the stage where you and the interviewer are making a final decision on whether or not you're a good fit for the company. ____41____ From preparation to following up after the meeting, well walk you through the best tips and tricks to succeed at your final interview.____42____Ask a friend or family member to practice giving you sample interview questions until you feel comfortable. Alternatively, practice talking through your answers while looking at yourself in themirror or recording yourself.Find common ground by researching your interviewer's background.____43____ In this way, you will find out how long they've been with the company, their career path, and interests. Having that knowledge will allow you to share common interests to make a great first connection, especially if you're now interviewing with a senior-level employee.Go into the interview with a salary number in mind.That way, you'll have a well-informed idea of what you're looking for in a potential offer. To find typical payment for the role, search online for average salaries at the company or average salaries for that particular type of role within the industry. ____44____ Otherwise, you might end up giving yourself away a a discount.Be prepared to talk about your career goals.Show commitment in answering “Where do you see yourself in 5 years?” ____45____ In this way, they rule out applicants who only wart to use the job as a quick stepping stone.A．Greet the interviewer with professional enthusiasm.B．Talk through answers to common interview questions.C．Make use of the STAR method to answer interview questions,D．With the right strategies, you can go into that last round confidently.E．With that question, interviewers are trying to check your attitude to work.F．Have a look at the company's homepage, or a professional site like Linkedln.G．If your interviewer asks what you expect for a salary, don't give the first number.In recent years, science fictions are becoming increasingly popular. Science fiction writers using their magical imagination create imaginary worlds that attract a great number of readers especially teenagers. But how can they make it so believable? ____46____The way things work in your imaginary worlds will be based on actual science. So you must be familiar with the scientific laws related to your creation. If you’re writing about humans living on a planet with zero gravity, then you need to know the effects of zero gravity on the human body. ____47____ Only in this way can yo u gain the readers’ trust.Then the rules in your creation can be different from our daily life, so you have to figure out the exact rules of your imaginary worlds. ____48____ For example, if humans in your creation are able to breathe underwater in Chapt er 1, your characters can’t drown(溺水)in a swimming pool or river in Chapter 3.____49____ You should decide the following issues: the history of the world, the geography, what possibilities it offers, how everything works in this new reality, as well as how all of these factors affect the way your characters think, feel, and react. You don’t have to tell your readers all the rules in the first chapter. But you have to let readers know enough to understand what’s going on.When you are writing, remember to make it feel real. You are creating a new real world for the readers. ____50____ They are able to see, hear, feel, smell, and even taste what it’s like in the new world. Whether your novel is about a world without disease or an undiscovered planet, help y our readers feel like they’ re actually there.A．And you have to follow them.B．You are inviting them to visit the new world.C．You have to get rich imagination to create science fictions.D．Make sure what you are writing is not against basic science.E．Characters in the imaginary worlds always have super power.F．Here you will find the answer if you are longing to create one.G．Your preparation work also involves planning everything in great detail.【参考答案】***试卷处理标记，请不要删除1．无1、F牝2、A牝3、E牝4、D牝5、G【导语】本文是一篇说明文。

高二英语英语学术论文写作单选题30题答案解析版1.In academic writing, it is important to be _______ in presenting your arguments.A.preciseB.vagueC.casualD.hasty答案：A。

在学术写作中，精确地呈现你的论点很重要。

选项B“vague”（ 模糊的）不符合学术写作要求；选项C“casual”（ 随意的）和选项D“hasty” 匆忙的）也不适合学术写作的严谨性。

2.When writing an academic paper, you should avoid using _______ language.A.colloquialB.formalC.technicalD.sophisticated答案：A。

写学术论文时，应避免使用口语化的语言。

选项B“formal”正式的）、选项C“technical”专业的）和选项D“sophisticated”（复杂的）在学术写作中有其特定用途，而口语化语言不适合学术写作。

3.A good academic paper is characterized by its _______ analysis.A.superficialB.thoroughC.hastyD.cursory答案：B。

一篇好的学术论文以其全面的分析为特点。

选项A“superficial”（ 肤浅的）、选项C“hasty”（ 匆忙的）和选项D“cursory” 粗略的）都不能体现学术论文的高质量分析。

4.In academic writing, you should use _______ sources to support your arguments.A.reliableB.dubiousC.unreliableD.questionable答案：A。

在学术写作中，你应该使用可靠的来源来支持你的论点。

公司章程翻译Company BylawsChapter I: General ProvisionsArticle 1: Purpose and Scope1.1 The purpose of these bylaws is to clarify the organization, management, and operation of the company, as well as to protect the rights and interests of stakeholders.1.2 These bylaws apply to the shareholders, directors, supervisors, and employees of the company.Article 2: Company Name and Legal Address2.1 The company's name is [Company Name].2.2 The legal address of the company is [Legal Address], as approved by the relevant government authorities.Article 3: Business Scope3.1 The company operates within the legal framework of the People's Republic of China and is engaged in [Business Scope]. Chapter II: Shareholders' MeetingArticle 4: Composition and Voting Rights of Shareholders' Meeting4.1 The shareholders' meeting consists of all shareholders who hold valid shares.4.2 Each shareholder is entitled to one vote for every share held. Article 5: Convocation of Shareholders' Meeting5.1 The shareholders' meeting shall be convened by the Board of Directors at least once a year.5.2 Shareholders holding at least 10% of the total shares may request the Board of Directors to convene an extraordinary shareholders' meeting.Article 6: Notice of Shareholders' Meeting6.1 The shareholders' meeting shall be notified to all shareholders at least 15 days in advance, and the notice shall include the date, time, place, and agenda of the meeting.Article 7: Powers and Functions of the Shareholders' Meeting7.1 The shareholders' meeting shall have the following powers and functions:a) Reviewing and approving the company's annual reports, including financial statements and profit distribution plans.b) Electing and removing members of the Board of Directors and Supervisory Committee.c) Determining the remuneration of the Board of Directorsand Supervisory Committee.d) Making decisions on matters within the company's scope prescribed by law and the bylaws.e) Amending the bylaws of the company.f) Dissolving, liquidating, and terminating the company. Chapter III: Board of DirectorsArticle 8: Composition and Term of the Board of Directors8.1 The Board of Directors consists of [Number] members, including [Number] executive directors and [Number] non-executive directors.8.2 The term of the Board of Directors is [Number] years. Article 9: Election and Removal of Directors9.1 The directors shall be elected by the shareholders' meeting.9.2 A director may be removed by resolution of the shareholders' meeting.Article 10: Powers and Functions of the Board of Directors 10.1 The Board of Directors shall have the following powers and functions:a) Formulating and implementing the company's business plans and policies.b) Approving major investment and financing decisions ofthe company.c) Appointing and dismissing senior executives of the company.d) Convoking and preparing for the shareholders' meeting.e) Reporting to the shareholders' meeting on the company's operation and financial status.f) Other powers and functions as prescribed by law and the bylaws.Chapter IV: Supervisory CommitteeArticle 11: Composition and Term of the Supervisory Committee 11.1 The Supervisory Committee consists of [Number] members, including [Number] employee representatives.11.2 The term of the Supervisory Committee is [Number] years. Article 12: Election and Removal of Supervisors12.1 The supervisors shall be elected by the shareholders' meeting.12.2 A supervisor may be removed by resolution of the shareholders' meeting.Article 13: Powers and Functions of the Supervisory Committee 13.1 The Supervisory Committee shall have the following powers and functions:a) Supervising the company's financial affairs andimplementation of laws and regulations.b) Reviewing the company's financial statements.c) Inspecting the company's assets, liabilities, and internal control systems.d) Reporting to the shareholders' meeting on the company's operation and financial status.e) Other powers and functions as prescribed by law and the bylaws.Chapter V: Employees' Rights and InterestsArticle 14: Employees' Rights14.1 The company shall protect employees' rights and interests according to law. Employees have the right to remuneration, social insurance, labor protection, and other benefits.14.2 The company shall establish an employee representative system to safeguard employees' rights and interests.Chapter VI: Financial AffairsArticle 15: Financial Statement15.1 The company shall prepare and submit financial statements in accordance with laws and regulations.15.2 The financial statements shall be reviewed and verified by an independent auditor.Chapter VII: Amendments and TerminationArticle 16: Amendments to the Bylaws16.1 Amendments to these bylaws shall be approved by the shareholders' meeting.Article 17: Termination of the Company17.1 The company may be terminated by resolution of the shareholders' meeting or by court order.17.2 The liquidation process shall be conducted in accordance with laws and regulations.Chapter VIII: Supplementary ProvisionsArticle 18: Interpretation18.1 The interpretation of these bylaws shall be governed by the laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China.These bylaws consist of eight chapters and eighteen articles, with the Chinese version as the primary legal document.。

2021年托福阅读模拟试题考点分析（卷十九）From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork. Where stone was the local building material, a mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for "goods in kind" from the customer's field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer; wove cloth of yarn spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood cut in the customer's own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm.Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy scene, by one historian, as "an orchestra conducted by nature." Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisanstried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality —and few in rural areas were. Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.1. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Farming practices(B) The work of artisans(C) The character of rural neighborhoods(D) Types of furniture that were popular2. The word "inception" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) investigation(B) location(C) beginning(D) records3. The word "fabricating" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) constructing(B) altering(C) selecting(D) demonstrating4. It can be inferred from the passage that the use of artificial light in colonial times was(A) especially helpful to woodworkers(B) popular in rural areas(C) continuous in winter(D) expensive5. Why did colonial artisans want to "regularize their schedules and methods" (line 18)?(A) to enable them to produce high quality products(B) to enable them to duplicate an item many times(C) to impress their customers(D) to keep expenses low6. The phrase "resort to" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) protecting with(B) moving toward(C) manufacturing(D) using7. The word "few' in lines 23 refers to(A) woodworkers(B) finished pieces(C) customers(D) chests8. It can be inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that were(A) simple(B) delicate(C) beautifully decorated(D) exceptionally long-lasting参考答案：BCADD DCABy far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber —or lint —from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fiberswere long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States —west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time when(A) the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products(B) mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry(C) cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process(D) cotton became the most important American export product2. The word "favored" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) preferred(B) recommended(C) imported(D) included3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT(A) cotton's softness(B) cotton's ease of processing(C) a shortage of flax and wool(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.4. The word "laborious" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) unfamiliar(B) primitive(C) skilled(D) difficult5. According to the passage , one advantage of Sea island cotton was its(A) abundance of seeds(B) long fibers(C) long growing season(D) adaptability to different climates6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United States after the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?(A) More cotton came from Sea island cotton plants than before.(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before.(C) Most cotton produced was sold domestically.(D) Most cotton produced was exported to England.7. The word "surge" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) sharp increase(B) sudden stop(C) important change(D) excess amount8. The author mentions "wheat and wheat flour" in line 23 in orderto(A) show that Americans exported more agricultural products than they imported.(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported.(C) demonstrate the importance of cotton among American export products.(D) demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable.9. The word "unprecedented" in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) slow(B) profitable(C) not seen before(D) never explained10. According to the passage , the Mississippi River was(A) one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place(B) a major source of water for agricultural crops(C) the primary route by which agricultural crops were transported(D) a main source of power for most agricultural machinery参考答案：DACDB BACCAIn 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The intent of this legislation wasto provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar to that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of an area's marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park is. People are permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may not be harmed or removed.The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce. Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after 1978. They range in size from the very small (less than 1 square kilometer) Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744 square kilometers.The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new management practices in which whole communities of species, and not just individual species, are offered some degree of protection from habitat degradation and overexploitation. Only in this way can a reasonable degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting that also maintains the natural interrelationships that exist among these species.Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the UnitedStates and other countries. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, managed by the United States government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries. Outside the United States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery of the Caribbean Sea. Others range from the well-known Australian Great Barrier Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures on fragile coral reef systems. As state, national, and international agencies come to recognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas. whether as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an increasingly important role in preserving that diversity.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Differences among marine parks, sanctuaries, and reserves(B) Various marine conservation programs(C) International agreements on coastal protection(D) Similarities between land and sea protected environments2. The word "intent" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) repetition(B) approval(C) goal(D) revision3. The word "administered" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) managed(B) recognized(C) opposed(D) justified4. The word "these" in line 11 refers to(A) sites(B) candidates(C) decades(D) sanctuaries5. The passage mentions the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (lines 13-14) as an example of a sanctuary that(A) is not well know(B) covers a large area(C) is smaller than the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary(D) was not originally proposed for sanctuary status6. According to the passage , when was the National Marine Sanctuaries Program established?(A) before 1972(B) after 1987(C) one hundred years before national parks were established(D) one hundred years after Yellowstone National Park wasestablished7. According to the passage , all of the following are achievements of the National Marine Sanctuaries Program EXCEPT(A) the discovery of several new marine organisms(B) the preservation of connections between individual marine species(C) the protection of coastal habitats(D) the establishment of areas where the public can observe marine life8. The word "periphery" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) depth(B) landmass(C) warm habitat(D) outer edge9. The passage mentions which of the following as a threat to marine areas outside the United States?(A) limitations in financial support(B) the use of marine species as food(C) variability of the climate(D) increases in tourism参考答案：BCADB DADDThe Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsiblefor sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts. Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce United States museums and private collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Founded in the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of art. In a rapidly industrializing society, most Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art, Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of good quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques. These criteria were interpreted in a variety of styles, ranging from rational and geometric to romantic or naturalistic. Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically treated, the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts design is nature.The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it was a philosophy of domestic life. Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home and its appointments, then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic effects. For both artisan and consumer, the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization. 1. The passage primarily focuses on nineteenth-century arts and crafts in terms of which of the following?(A) Their naturalistic themes(B) Their importance in museum collections(C) Their British origin(D) Their role in an industrialized society2. According to the passage , before the nineteenth century, artisans were thought to be(A) defenders of moral standards(B) creators of cheap merchandise(C) skilled workers(D) artists3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Arts and Crafts Movement would have considered all of the following to be artists EXCEPT(A) creators of textile designs(B) people who produce handmade glass objects(C) operators of machines that automatically cut legs for furniture(D) metalworkers who create unique pieces of jewelry4. The word "revered" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) respected(B) described(C) avoided(D) created5. According to paragraph 2, the handcrafted objects in the homes of middle- and working-class families usually were(A) made by members of the family(B) the least expensive objects in their homes(C) regarded as being morally uplifting(D) thought to symbolize progress6. The word "extolled" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) exposed(B) praised(C) believed(D) accepted7. The author mentions all of the following as attributes of handcrafted objects EXCEPT(A) the pride with which they were crafted(B) the complexity of their design(C) the long time that they lasted(D) the quality of their materials8. The word "consistent" in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) conservative(B) considerable(C) constant(D) concrete9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred at the same time as the Arts and Crafts Movement?(A) The creation of brighter and more airy spaces inside homes(B) The rejection of art that depicted nature in a realistic manner(C) A decline of interest in art museum collections(D) An increase in the buying of imported art objects10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?(A) Private collectors in the nineteenth century concentrated on acquiring paintings.(B) The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States, unlike the one in Britain, did not react strongly against mechanized processes.(C) Handcrafted objects in the United States and Britain in the nineteenth century did not use geometric designs.(D) The Arts and Crafts Movement believed in the beneficial effect for people from being surrounded by beautiful objects.参考答案：DCCAC BBCADArchaeological literature is rich in descriptions of pot making. Unlike modern industrial potters, prehistoric artisans created each of their pieces individually, using the simplest technology but demonstrating remarkable skill in making and adorning their vessels.The clay used in prehistoric pot making was invariably selected with the utmost care: often it was traded over considerable distances. The consistency of the clay was crucial: it was pounded meticulously and mixed with water to make it entirely even in texture. By careful kneading, the potter removed the air bubbles and made the clay as plastic as possible, allowing it to be molded into shape as the pot was built up, When a pot is fired, it loses its water and can crack, so the potter added a temper to the clay, a substance that helped reduce shrinkage and cracking.Since surface finishes provided a pleasing appearance and also improved the durability in day-to-day use, the potter smoothed the exterior surface of the pot with wet hands. Often a wet clay solution, known as a slip, was applied to the smooth surface. Brightly colored slips were often used and formed painted decorations on the vessel. In later times. Glazes came into use in some areas. A glaze is a form of slip that turns to a glasslike finish during high-temperature firing. When a slip was not applied, the vessel was allowed to dry slowly until the external surface was almost like leather in texture. It was then rubbed with a round stone or similar object to give it a shiny, hard surface. Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.Most early pottery was then fired over open hearths. The vessels were covered with fast-burning wood; as it burned, the ashes would all around the pots and bake them evenly over a few hours. Far higher temperatures were attained in special ovens, known as kilns, which would not only bake the clay and remove its plasticity, but also dissolve carbons and iron compounds. Kilns were also used for glazing, when two firings were needed. Once fired, the pots were allowed to cool slowly, and small cracks were repaired before they were ready for use.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Why archaeologists study prehistoric pot making(B) How early pottery was made and decorated(C) The development of kilns used by early potters(D) The variety of decorations on Prehistoric pottery2. The word " meticulously" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) heavily(B) initially(C) carefully(D) completely3. Which of the following was a process used by prehistoric potters to improve the texture of the clay?(A) adding temper(B) removing the water(C) beating on the clay(D) mixing the clay with plastic substances4. The word "durability" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) quality(B) endurance(C) adaptability(D) applicability5. Prehistoric potters applied slips and glazes to their vessels in order to do which of the following?(A) Improve the appearance of the vessels(B) prevent the vessels from leaking(C) Help the vessels to dry more quickly(D) Give the vessels a leather like quality6. Which of the following was a method used by some potters to give vessels a glassy finish?(A) Smoothing them with wet hands(B) Mixing the clay with colored solutions(C) Baking them at a very high temperature(D) Rubbing them with a smooth hard object7. The word "incised" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) designed(B) carved(C) detailed(D) painted8. The word "they" in ling 27 refers to(A) kilns(B) firings(C) pots(D) cracks9. According to the passage , the advantage of kilns over open fires was that the kilns(A) required less wood for burning(B) reached higher temperatures(C) kept ashes away from the pots(D) baked vessels without cracking them10. Look at the terms "temper" (line 10), "glazes" (line 16), "kilns" (line 24), and "compounds" (line 25). Which of these terms is NOT defined in the passage ?(A) temper(B) glazes(C) kilns(D) compounds11. The passage mentions that when pottery is fired under burning wood, the ashes help(A) prevent the clay from cracking(B) produce a more consistently baked pot(C) attain a very high temperature(D) give the vessel a glasslike finish参考答案：BCCBA DBCBD B【Introduction】Doctors have long known that vitamin D is essential to good health. Get enough of it and it ensures strong bones and teeth. But a new study this week suggests an even more extraordinary benefit：a lower risk of death.【Section One】ArticleVitamin D Lowers Risk of DeathThe new paper，published in the Sept. 10 issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine，is a meta-analysis of 18 previously published studies on the vitamin. None of the original experiments was specifically designed to study how vitamin D affects mortality —the trials involved conditions such as bone fractures，bone mineral density，congestive heart failure and colorectal cancer —but all of them tracked participants‘death data. Overall，researchers found，people who took daily vitamin D supplements were 7% less likely to die during the study —from any cause —than people who didn‘t.The study‘s authors still don‘t know exactly how the vitamin may reduce people‘s death risk，but their findings are in line with a spate of recent research linking the vitamin to a wide range of health benefits. Not only does it promote calcium absorption and bone maintenance，but vitamin D also appears to stimulate the immune system，inhibit cellular proliferation and spur cell differentiation —in turn，those processes could reduce the aggressiveness of cancer tumors or keep artery-clogging plaques from growing. Indeed，studies have suggested that low levels of vitamin D may be associated with a higher risk of death from certain cancers，heart disease and diabetes.The current analysis looked at data on 57，311 participants，most of whom were middle-aged or elderly and in generally good health.Those in intervention groups took daily doses of vitamin D —ranging mostly from 400 IU to 833 IU per day，with a study size–adjusted mean intake of 528 IU a day. Compared with people who weren‘t given supplements，the test groups had up to a five times greater blood level of vitamin D and a significantly reduced risk of death. Though there‘s no medically recommended optimum level of the vitamin，"throughout human evolution when the vitamin D system was developing，the ‘natural‘level... was probably around 50 ng/mL or higher，" writes Dr. Edward Giovannucci，a professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health，in an accompanying editorial. "In modern societies，few people attain such high levels，and levels below 10 ng/mL or 15 ng/mL are not uncommon."If people can‘t get enough natural vitamin D from food or sun exposure，which synthesizes it in the skin，then daily supplements may be a good alternative —and the current study shows that an intake of up to 800 IU a day is safe. In the 18 studies that researchers analyzed for the current report，none of the participants taking supplements —even at a 2，000 IU daily dose —surpassed the 50 ng/mL mark. According to Giovannucci，people should reasonably shoot for levels of 30 ng/mL to 40 ng/mL，and doctors should consider testing patients who are at risk for deficiencies in vitamin D.【Section Two】Vocabulary1. mortalityn. 死亡率2. fracturen. 破裂，骨折;v. (使)破碎，(使)破裂3. congestiveadj. 充血的4. diabetesn. [医] 糖尿病，多尿症5. evolutionn. 进展，发展，演变，进化6. bone fractures 骨折7. bone mineral density 骨密度8. immune system 免疫系统9. cell differentiation 细胞分化【Section Three】Homework1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese."Not only does it promote calcium absorption and bone maintenance，but vitamin D also appears to stimulate the immune system，inhibit cellular proliferation and spur cell differentiation."2. What is the main idear of this Article?3. A intake of how many vitamin D a day is safe from the current study?4. The article mentioned "Researchers found，people who took daily vitamin D supplements were 7% more likely to die during the study —from any cause —than people who didn‘t." Right?参考答案：1. 维生素D不仅能促进钙的吸收、骨骼的保养，还能激活免疫系统、抑制细胞扩散、刺激细胞分化。