表达因果关系：
这一基本功能意念，是任何写作的最基本的任务之一。要掌握以下基本表达方式：
名词及词组：
cause for / reason for/ factor for / explanation of / result of / consequence of / effect on / influence on
副词及词组：
so / thus / therefore / as a result/as a consequence / accordingly / consequently / because of / due to / owing to
连接词：
because / as / since / so that / so
动词及词组：
make sb do sth / make sth happen / result in / result from / lead to / cause sb to do /
cause sth to happen / affect / have an effect on / have an influence on / have an impact on /
I.表达产生、引起、造成、使得：
例句：
1．自然化学反应造成食物软化或变色。
Natural chemical reactions cause foods to
become soft or discolored.
Natural chemical reactions make foods (become) soft or discolored.
2．这种化学物质引起的健康问题一般不严重。
The health problems caused by this chemical usually are not severe.
The health problems resulting from this chemical usually are not severe.
This chemical does not cause serious health
problems.
3．锻炼似乎可以减少体内雌激素（estrogen）的产生。
Exercise seems to reduce the body’s production of the hormone estrogen. Exercise seems to make the body produce less of the hormone estrogen.
Exercise seems to result in[lead to] the body’s less production of the hormone estrogen. Exercise seems to reduce estrogen in the body.
4．该病常常造成患者死亡。
This disease often causes its victims to die. This disease often makes its victims die.
This disease often results in [lead to]the death of its victims.
This disease often kills its victims.
5．这是因为它产生的症状与其它疾病相似。This is because it produces [causes / brings about / result in]signs like many other sicknesses.
II. 表达影响：
例句：
1.他们研究该蛋白如何影响动物。
They study how the protein affects animals.
They study what effects[impacts]the
protein has on animals.
2.心理的不正常严重影响了大学生的生活、学习。
Mental problems have already interfered with the normal life and work of college students.
Mental problems have already had a negative effect [impact / influence] on the normal life and work of college students.
Mental problems have already affected the
normal life and work of college students.
3.不良生活方式和行为受社会心理因素影响，要靠全科医学服务才能很好地解决。Since unhealthy living styles and behaviours are influenced [affected] by social and mental factors, they can be dealt with [corrected] only by general medical services.
Since unhealthy life styles and behaviours are under the influence of social and mental factors, they can be treated only by general
medical services.
Since unhealthy life styles and behaviours are linked to social and mental factors, they can be corrected only by general medical services.
4.其实早餐对人体健康、学习和工作效率有着直接的影响。
In fact, breakfast has a direct effect [impact / influence] on one’s health and the efficiency of one’s learning and working.
In fact, breakfast can directly affect one’s
