Framework of Testing & Production of Papars

Topics1. Introduction to language testing2. Functions of testing & different types of tests3. Criteria of tests4. Test specification5. Test tasks6. Testing reading comprehension7. Testing listening comprehension8. Testing the writing skills9. Oral production tests10. Test design & implementation11. Interpreting test scores12. Analysis of test scores (1)13. Analysis of test scores (2)14-16. Statistics analysis (e.g. T-test, correlation analysis)1. Four approaches of English testing:四种英语语言测试法1）写作-翻译法the essay-translation approach2）结构主义/心理测试法the structuralist-psychometric approach3）综合测试法the integrative approach:context4）交际测试法the communicative approach: use2. Measurement: process, quantitativeTest: method, quantitativeAssessment: a term often used interchangeably with testing, but it can be used more broadly to encompass the gathering of educational data. …interview, case study, questionnaire, and observation are often used. (王振亚，2009）Evaluation: test & value judgement, qualitative测量指的是根据明确的程序和规则量化研究对象特征的过程；考试是用来获取某些行为的方法，目的是从这些行为中推断出个人具有的某些铁证，与测量不同的是，考试是一种具体为获取某一行为样本而量身定做的定量分析方法；评估是为决策而系统地手机信息的过程，侧重信息收集和信息的系统性，涵盖范围广，信息来源没有局限性。

Accessibility test : 软体适用性测试Ad hoc testing : 随机测试Algorithm analysis : 算法分析Alpha testing : α测试Anomaly : 异常Artifact : 工件Automated Testing : 自动化测试Architecture : 构架Assertion checking : 断言检查Audit : 审计Application under test (AUT) : 所测试的应用程序Baseline : 基线Behaviour : 行为Benchmark : 基准Beta testing : β测试Best practise : 最佳实践Black box testing : 黑盒测试Blocking bug : 阻碍性错误Bottom-up testing : 自底向上测试Branch coverage : 分支覆盖Brute force testing : 强力测试Bug : 错误Bug report : 错误报告Bug tracking system : 错误跟踪系统Build : 工作版本(内部小版本)Boundary values : 边界值Buddy test : 合伙测试Buffer : 缓冲Bug bash : 错误大扫除Build-in : 内置Build Verfication tests(BVTs) : 版本验证测试Cause-effect graph : 因果图Capture/Replay Tool : 捕获/ 回放工具Character Set : 字符集Capability Maturity Model (CMM) : 能力成熟度模型Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) : 能力成熟度模型整合Closeout : 收尾Code coverage : 代码覆盖Code page : 代码页Code rule : 编码规范Code sytle : 编码风格Common sense : 常识Compatibility Testing : 兼容性测试Condition coverage : 条件覆盖Configuration testing : 配置测试Control flow graph : 控制流程图Concurrency user : 并发用户Configuration item : 配置项Core team : 核心小组Customer-focused mindset : 客户为中心的理念体系Crash : 崩溃Criticality analysis : 致命度分析Cyclomatic complexity : 圈复杂度Data Flow Analysis : 数据流分析Decision coverage : 判定覆盖Debug : 调试Defect : 缺陷defect density : 缺陷密度Deployment : 部署Desk checking : 桌前检查Dynamic analysis : 动态分析Entry criteria : 准入条件Equivalence class : 等价类Equivalence partition testing : 等价划分测试Error : 错误Error guessing : 错误猜测Error seeding : 错误播种Exception : 异常/ 例外Exception handlers : 异常处理器Exhaustive testing : 穷尽测试Exploratory testing : 探索性测试Event-driven : 事件驱动Envisioning Phase : 构想阶段Failure : 失效Fault : 故障Field testing : 现场测试Framework : 框架Functional testing : 功能测试Hard-coding : 硬编码Hotfix : 热补丁G11N(Globalization) : 全球化Gap analysis : 差距分析Garbage characters : 乱码字符Glossary : 术语表Glass-box testing : 白箱测试或白盒测试GUI(Graphical User Interface) : 图形用户界面I18N(Internationalization) : 国际化Incremental testing : 渐增测试Installing testing : 安装测试Integration testing : 集成测试Interface : 接口Inspection : 审查Issue : 问题Iteration : 迭代Iterative development : 迭代开发Key concepts : 关键概念Key Process Area : 关键过程区域Keyword driven testing : 关键字驱动测试Kick-off meeting : 启动会议Lag time : 延迟时间Lead time : 前置时间L10N(Localization) : 本地化Localizability testing : 本地化能力测试Localization testing : 本地化测试Load testing : 负载测试Maintenance : 维护Maintainability : 可维护性Master project schedule : 总体项目方案Measurement : 度量Memory leak : 内存泄漏Migration testing : 迁移测试Milestone : 里程碑Mock up : 模型，原型Monkey testing : 跳跃式测试Module testing : 模块测试Negative Testing : 逆向测试, 反向测试, 负面测试N/A(Not applicable) : 不适用的Off-the-shelf software : 套装软件Pair Programming : 成对编程Path coverage : 路径覆盖Peer review : 同行评审Performance : 性能Performance indicator : 性能(绩效)指标Performance testing : 性能测试Pilot : 试验Pilot testing : 引导测试Portability : 可移植性Positive testing : 正向测试Postcondition : 后置条件Pseudo code : 伪代码Precondition : 前提条件Priority : 优先权Prototype : 原型Quality assurance(QA) : 质量保证Quality Control(QC) : 质量控制Recovery testing : 恢复测试Refactoring : 重构Regression testing : 回归测试Release : 发布Release note : 版本说明Reliability : 可靠性Return of Investment( ROI ) : 投资回报率Review : 评审Requirements-based testing : 基于需求的测试Requirements management tool : 需求管理工具Risk assessment : 风险评估Root Cause Analysis(RCA) : 根本原因分析Robustness : 强健性Sanity testing : 健全测试Screen shot : 抓屏、截图Severity : 严重性Security testing : 安全性测试Shipment : 发布Smoke testing : 冒烟测试Software life cycle : 软件生命周期Software development plan(SDP) : 软件开发计划Static testing : 静态测试Simulation : 模拟Simulator : 模拟器SLA(Service level agreement) : 服务级别协议Software development process : 软件开发过程Source code : 源代码Specification : 规格说明书Spiral model : 螺旋模型Statement coverage : 语句覆盖Stepwise refinement : 逐步优化Stress Testing : 压力测试Structural coverage : 结构化覆盖Stub : 桩Synchronization : 同步Syntax testing : 语法分析System analysis : 系统分析System design : 系统设计System integration : 系统集成System Testing : 系统测试Test :测试Testing bed: 测试平台Test case : 测试用例Testing coverage : 测试覆盖Test design : 测试设计Test driver : 测试驱动Testing environment : 测试环境Test infrastructure : 测试基础建设Testing item : 测试项Testing plan : 测试计划Testing procedure : 测试过程Test scenario : 测试场景Test script : 测试脚本Test strategy : 测试策略Test suite : 测试包Test target : 测试目标Testability : 可测试性Testware : 测试工具Top-down testing : 自顶向下测试Thread testing : 线程测试Traceability : 可跟踪性Traceability matrix : 跟踪矩阵Trade-off : 平衡Unit testing : 单元测试User interface(UI) : 用户界面Usability testing : 可用性测试Usage scenario : 使用场景User acceptance Test : 用户验收测试User profile : 用户信息User scenario : 用户场景Version : 版本Virtual user : 虚拟用户Volume testing : 容量测试V&V (Verification & Validation) : 验证& 确认Walkthrough : 走读Waterfall model : 瀑布模型White box testing : 白盒测试Work breakdown structure (WBS) : 任务分解结构Web testing : 网站测试Zero bug bounce (ZBB) : 零错误反弹。

AfPS GS2019:01PAKProduct Safety Commission(AfPS)产品安全委员会（AfPS）GS Specification Testing and assessment of Polycyclic AromaticHydrocarbons(PAHs)多环芳烃(PAHs）的GS规范测试和评价in the awarding of GS Marks-Specification pursuant to Article21(1)No.3of the Product Safety Act(ProdSG)在授予GS标志时-根据产品安全法（ProdSG）的第21(1)条的No.3的规范-AfPS GS2019:01PAKDate of issue:15May2019发行日期：2019年5月15日Management:部门：Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health联邦职业安全与健康研究所Table of Contents目录Preliminary observations初步观察1Purpose/Intention目的/意图2Basics基本原理3Procedure过程3.1Risk assessment风险评估3.2Categorisation分类3.3Test and Assessment测试和评估4Transitional regulations/periods过渡性法规/时期4.1GS mark certificates,issued from1July2020onwardsGS标志证书，自2020年7月1日后颁发4.2GS mark certificates,issued before1July2020GS标志证书，在2020年7月1日之前颁发Annex:Test附件：试验Instructions说明1Aim and purpose目标和目的2Procedure过程2.1Brief description简要说明2.2Equipment设备2.3Chemicals and solutions化学品和溶液3Preparation and measurement准备和测试3.1Sample preparation样品制备3.2Measuring procedure测量程序3.3Special characteristcs特殊特征Annex:Gas-chromatographic conditions(informative)附件：气相色谱法条件（提供有用信息的）Testing and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)inthe awarding of GS marks在GS认证中多环芳烃（PAHs）的测试和评估Preliminary observations初步观察On4August2014the Product Safety Commission(AfPS)has determined the requirements of PAH testing in the awarding of the GS mark as specification according to Article21(1)No.3of the Product Safety Act(ProdSG).2014年8月4日，产品安全委员会（AfPS）根据《产品安全法》（ProdSG）第21(1)No.3条，在授予GS标志时确定了PAH测试的要求On15May2019the requirements were reviewed and revised.The GS specification AfPS GS2014:01PAK shall be replaced by this document.The implementation is achieved by means of this PAH document.2019年5月15日，我们对这些要求进行了审查和修订。

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS Table 1Measurement Accuracies (4)Table 2Shock Levels and Durations (5)Table 3Penetration Characteristics (6)Table 4Thermal Heatup Rates and Durations (9)Table 5Number and Type of Devices to be Shorted (12)Table 6Test Conditions Sequence and Required Actions (13)1.Scope—This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject tochange to keep pace with experience and technical advances. It describes a body of tests which may be used as needed for abuse testing of electric or hybrid electric vehicle batteries to determine the response of such batteries to conditions or events which are beyond their normal operating range. This document is derived from a similar document originally developed by the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium. (See 2.2.1.)1.1Purpose—These tests are intended to simulate abuse conditions and potential internally initiated failures thatmay be experienced in electrochemical storage systems. These tests were derived from Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, user input and historical abuse testing. The outcome of testing shall be documented for use by potential users of the tested properties. It is not the intent of this procedure to apply acceptance criteria; each application has its own unique requirements and ancillary support systems. Users of these technologies shall make their own determination as to what measures to take to ensure a sound application of said technology.The tests are designed to provide a common framework for various Electrochemical Storage Systems (ECSS) technologies. The primary purpose of the tests is to gather response information to external/internal inputs.Some tests and/or measurements may not be required for some ECSS technologies and designs if it can be demonstrated that the test is not applicable and the measurement will yield no useful information.Note that the device to be tested using any of the procedures in this document is referred to as an Electrochemical Storage System (ECSS); this terminology may refer to an electrochemical cell, module or complete battery system, depending on the particular test.2.References2.1Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. Unless otherwise specified, the latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1SAE P UBLICATIONS—Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J1715—Electric Vehicle Terminology2.2Related Publications—The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not arequired part of this document.2.2.1USABC P UBLICATION—Available from NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.Electrochemical Storage System Abuse Test Procedure Manual, February 1999 Version 1.0,T. Unkelhaeuser & D. Smallwood, published as Sandia Laboratories report SAND99-04972.2.2AIHA P UBLICATION—Available from American Industrial Hygiene Association, 1997, AIHA Publications,Department #796, Alexandria, VA 22334-0796.Emergency Response Planning Guidelines, Level 23.Definitions3.1Electrochemical Storage Systems (ECSS)—A device for storing electrical energy in a reversibleelectrochemical form for use in mobile or stationary applications. In this document, the ‘device under test’is always referred to as an ECSS whether it consists of a single cell, a multiple cell assembly or module, or a complete battery pack or system.3.2Emergency Response Planning Guidelines, Level 2 (ERPG-2)—ERPG-2 levels are defined as themaximum airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 h without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms which could impair an individual’s ability to take protective action. This guideline is taken from the American Industrial Hygiene Association. Other world standards with like intent may be substituted, because use of these concentration levels is for comparison purposes only.3.3Fully Charged—100% State of Charge. The state of an ECSS after a full charge cycle as specified by theECSS manufacturer. For purposes of this document, an ECSS is considered fully charged up to 4 h after the completion of the charge cycle provided that the state of charge is not expected to fall below 95%.4.Technical Requirements4.1General Test Guidelines—Subjecting batteries to conditions outside their intended operating rangenecessarily involves some risk of unintended failures. The responsible testing organization should consult the battery manufacturer for information regarding the possible consequences of such failures, including the potential release of hazardous substances, so that appropriate precautions can be taken for the safety of testing personnel.4.1.1H AZARDOUS S UBSTANCE M ONITORING—The release of hazardous substances should be measured andreferenced to the ERPG-2 levels. ERPG-2 refers to the Emergency Response Planning Guidelines, Level 2, from the American Industrial Hygiene Association. ERPG-2 levels are defined as the maximum airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 h without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms which could impair an individual’s ability to take protective action. Use of these levels as a reference is done for comparison purposes only.Tests which require hazardous substance monitoring should be conducted in a closed volume of appropriate size to accommodate the test article and provide adequate air space to ensure a “normal”atmosphere. Any released gas concentration in that volume shall be normalized to a 1 m3 volume for quantitative analysis. If it is not practical to perform any test in a closed volume due to test article size, it is permissible to perform the test out of doors provided that wind speed is 3 mph or less. A minimum of three hazardous substances monitors, approximately equally spaced around the unit, should be placed as close as reasonable to the test and moved as close as practical to the ECSS after the test. (The rollover test is an exception to this.) Hazardous substance monitors shall be selected with respect to anticipated release products;manufacturer’s input will generally be required to determine this. If it is reasonable to expect that a specific technology will not vent during a particular test, or that gas collected will not be significantly different from that previously collected, gas collection and analysis are not required. The time resolution of such sampling is not specified because of the wide variability in test dynamics and release amounts/rates expected.The flammability of any expelled materials must be determined. The lower limit of flammability in air is used for flammable gases and liquids. For example, the lower limit of flammability in air for H2 is 4%.For substances not considered hazardous, the EPA reportable release limits are used as a reference for comparison purposes only. A release means any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment.4.1.2T EST C ONDITIONS AND M EASUREMENT A CCURACIES—All ECSS test articles shall be in a fully charged state, atnormal operating temperature with any cooling media in place and thermal control systems running unless specifically stated otherwise. All test articles will be observed for a time period of at least 1 h or until such time that said test article is judged safe to handle after each test unless specifically stated otherwise.Except where specifically stated otherwise (e.g., temperature abuse tests), the ambient temperature for any tests defined in this document shall be 25 °C ± 3 °C, and the ECSS environment shall be stabilized at this temperature prior to the start of testing.Measured data shall be acquired at rates and with accuracies adequate to assure that the usefulness of the test data is not compromised. In the absence of more specific requirements by the test sponsor, the measurement accuracies in Table 1 shall be considered acceptable. Because of the wide variety of test dynamics, it is not possible to specify absolute data rates. However, the required data for a particular test shall be acquired at a rate such that errors due to test dynamics will not exceed the required measurement accuracies. For example, if the required accuracy for a given test is 10 °C, the temperature shall be measured sufficiently often that measurement delays will not contribute more than 10 °C error to the resulting data during the important parts of the test.TABLE 1—MEASUREMENT ACCURACIESParameter AccuracyTemperature±2 °C ± 5% of readingVoltage, Current, Resistance1% of readingVibration, Deformation4% of readingHazardous Substance Concentration10% of reading4.1.3N UMBER, C ONDITION, AND S IZE OF B ATTERIES TO BE T ESTED—Initial testing will probably be with a new ECSS,as systems or subsystems which have seen part of their useful life will not be available. Future efforts may include an ECSS well into, or near the end, of its useful life. Permutations of state of charge, system age, and temperature should be implemented at the test sponsor’s or manufacturer’s discretion based on the most susceptible condition of the technology. Note that information will generally be needed from the ECSS manufacturer to determine what types of hazardous substances (if any) may be expected to be released during a given test.Abuse testing is to be performed to characterize the ECSS response to undesirable conditions or environments associated with carelessness, poorly informed or trained users or mechanics, failure of specific ECSS control and support hardware, or transportation/handling incident or other accidents involving the ECSS. Some of these conditions can reasonably be expected to be encountered infrequently, but nevertheless represent conditions for which the ECSS was not designed or intended for use. Some of the tests are not applicable to all candidate ECSS technologies. Many of these tests may result in intentional destruction of the device under test. The required number of batteries to be subjected to testing will depend on actual performance (e.g., a single ECSS of some types may be capable of surviving all but the crush test, whereas for other technologies, as many as 3 to 4 batteries may be required). It is acceptable to use a new ECSS for each test. However, in many cases, it may be economically or technically desirable to subject a single device to multiple tests, either to reduce the number of test articles required or to study the interaction of multiple events (e.g., mechanical shocks followed by penetration, immersion, or high temperatures.)In general these tests should be conducted at the lowest level of assembly for which meaningful data can be gathered, i.e., cell, multi-cell module, or complete battery pack or system. The recommended lowest level of assembly to be used for each test is indicated on the title line for each test. Tests are grouped into three categories: mechanical, thermal, and electrical abuse. Some tests have been arbitrarily classified as they contain more than one of these elements.4.2Mechanical Abuse Tests—The mounting and support of the ECSS shall be as similar as possible to themanufacturers recommended EV installation requirements for mechanical shock and vibration tests. If the support structure has any resonance below 50 Hz, the input will be determined by the average of the acceleration at each of the major support points.4.2.1S HOCK T ESTS (M ODULE L EVEL OR A BOVE )4.2.1.1Test Description—Subject the ECSS to shock events at one or more defined shock levels. The low level shock is a robustness test which an ECSS will generally survive without damage. The mid-level shocks are more severe and the ECSS may be inoperable after the test. Shock levels and durations are defined in Table 2. Each shock level is specified in terms of a velocity change and a corresponding maximum duration. (Shock duration is defined as the time between 10% and 90% of peak value.) Achieving this velocity change over this maximum duration is the goal of the test; however, the characteristics of the acceleration (deceleration) pulse are limited by the test equipment used.The maximum duration places lower limits on the peak acceleration which must be seen during the test.For example, for the low level test, the lowest possible acceleration meeting the requirements would be achieved if the acceleration was an ideal square wave of about 12.5 g. The minimum peak acceleration in Table 2 is specified at about twice this level, recognizing that an ideal square wave cannot be achieved in a real test. It is expected that a simple pulse shape (such as a half-sine) will be used for the test, but the pulse shape is not specified to allow as much flexibility as possible in the testing laboratory. Advanced techniques which more accurately simulate actual deceleration time histories are not excluded. It is generally in the interest of the ECSS manufacturer to keep the pulse duration as long as possible while meeting the specification. However, if the ECSS is robust, it may be desirable to increase the peak acceleration and/or reduce the duration if this reduces test complexity and cost.4.2.1.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Air concentrations of hazardous gases, or concentrations of hazardous liquids or solids, expected to be released shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time. b.Acceleration input to ECSS case, with a minimum of 2 kHz bandwidth.c.Measurements of the ECSS deformation after the test.d.Temperature of the ECSS case as a function of time.e.Potential and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals before and after the test.f.Still photographs, of the test setup, and the ECSS before and after the test.g.High-speed motion pictures of test, 400 frames/s.4.2.2D ROP T EST (P ACK L EVEL O NLY )4.2.2.1Test Description—Drop the ECSS (free drop) from 10 m (33 ft) onto a centrally located, cylindrical object(telephone pole or equivalent) having a radius of 150mm. The ECSS shall impact across the radius (not the end) of the cylindrical object. A horizontal impact with an equivalent velocity change is acceptable.The ECSS should be observed for a minimum of 1 h after the test. Note that this test may not be suitable for use with batteries whose enclosures are not independent structural components.TABLE 2—SHOCK LEVELS AND DURATIONSLevelVelocity (m/s)Max Duration (ms)Minimum Acceleration Acceptable Pulse Form Low6.7 5520 g for 11 ms 25 g 30 ms halfsine Mid-111.1 6530 g for 16 ms 35 g 51 ms halfsine Mid-213.3 11020 g for 22 ms 25 g for 60 ms halfsine4.2.2.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Air concentrations of hazardous gases, or concentrations of hazardous liquids or solids, expected tobe released shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time.b.Acceleration input to ECSS case, with a minimum of 10 kHz bandwidth.c.Measurements of the ECSS deformation after the test.d.Temperature of the ECSS case as a function of time.e.Potential and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the test.f.Still photographs, of the test setup, and the ECSS before and after the test.g.High-speed motion pictures of test, 400 frames/s.4.2.3P ENETRATION T EST (C ELL L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.2.3.1Test Description—Penetrate the ECSS with a mild steel (conductive) pointed rod. The rate of penetrationshall be 25 cm/s or less. The diameter of the rod and the depth of penetration can be found in Table 3.The orientation of the penetration shall be perpendicular to the electrode plates.TABLE 3—PENETRATION CHARACTERISTICSSize of Test Object Diameter of Rod Minimum Depth of PenetrationCell 3 mm Through cellModule/Pack20 mm Through 3 cells or 100 mm4.2.3.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Air concentrations of hazardous gases, or concentrations of hazardous liquids or solids, expected tobe released shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time.b.Measurements of the ECSS deformation after the test.c.Temperature of the ECSS case as a function of time.d.Potential and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the test.e.Still photographs, of the test setup, and the ECSS before and after the test.f.High-speed motion pictures of test, 400 frames/s.g.The ECSS should be observed for a minimum of 1 h after the test with the rod remaining in place.4.2.4R OLL-OVER T EST (M ODULE L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.2.4.1Test Description—Rotate the ECSS one complete revolution in 1 min in a continuous slow roll fashion, andobserve whether any material leaks from the ECSS. Then rotate the ECSS in 90 increments for one full revolution. Observe the ECSS for 1 h at each position and for a minimum of 1 h after the test.4.2.4.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Air concentrations of hazardous gases, or concentrations of hazardous liquids or solids, expected tobe released shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time.b.Temperature of the ECSS case as a function of time.c.Potential and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the test.d.Still photographs of the test setup and the ECSS before the test and at each rotational position.e.Analysis of any substance that may leak from the battery, particularly its flammability.4.2.5I MMERSION T EST (M ODULE L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.2.5.1Test Description—With the ECSS in its normal operating orientation, immerse the ECSS in salt water(nominal composition of seawater) for a minimum of 2 h or until any visible reactions have stopped. The water depth must be enough to completely submerge the ECSS.4.2.5.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Temperature of the ECSS case as a function of time.b.Air concentrations of extremely hazardous substances as a function of time, measured above theECSS with one or more hazardous substance monitors.c.Potential and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the test.d.Still photographs, of the test setup, and the ECSS before and after the test. The entire test shall bevideo taped.e.If there are clearly visible releases of substances from the ECSS in the water, samples of these shouldbe analyzed for toxicity.4.2.6C RUSH T EST (C ELL L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.2.6.1Test Description—The ECSS shall be crushed between a fixed surface and a textured platen. The platenshall have semi-cylindrical intruders that have a 75 mm radius and placed 30 mm from one another across the face of the platen. Figure 1 illustrates the approximate shape of the platen.FIGURE 1—CRUSH TEST PLATENThe ECSS shall be at nominal operating temperature. It shall have all integrated control and interconnect circuitry (if provided--may not be applicable at the cell level) in place and operating. An ECSS is to be crushed once in each of the three axes (using a different ECSS for each crush), with the irregular surface of the platen at the most vulnerable location. For each unit, crush to 85% of the initial dimension and hold for 5 min. After the hold period, continue the crush to 50% of the initial dimension. The crush force may be limited to a maximum of 1000 times the weight of the ECSS. If the test is performed outside, the wind speed should be <3 mph. A minimum of three hazardous substances monitors, approximately equally spaced around the unit, should be placed as close as reasonable to the test and moved as close as practical to the ECSS after the test.4.2.6.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Air concentrations of hazardous gases, or concentrations of hazardous liquids or solids, expected tobe released shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time.b.Internal and external ECSS temperature.c.ECSS voltage, as appropriate.d.Video and still photographs of the ECSS before, during, and after the test.4.3Thermal Abuse Tests4.3.1R ADIANT H EAT T EST(C ELL L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.3.1.1Test Description—With the ECSS at 80% SOC, expose it to high temperature for 10 min by placing itinside a radiant heating fixture. The fixture shall be programmed to reproduce the temperature experienced in a fuel fire (890 °C nominal). The programmed temperature shall be achieved within 90 s and held for a period of 10 min or until another condition occurs which would prevent the completion of the tests. The ECSS should be in its normal operation orientation and will not be insulated or protected unless this is the standard configuration for the test article. If the ECSS ignites, it may be extinguished with a method appropriate for the technology.The test fixture for this test is a cylindrical metallic fixture whose inside is coated such that it will radiate approximately like a black body. The exterior is radiated with radiant heat. The test temperature is controlled by thermocouples mounted on the interior surface of the fixture, with the device under test placed in the center of the fixture such that it does not contact the fixture walls. A sketch of such a test fixture is shown in Figure 2. If such a fixture is not available, this test can be conducted using some other means (e.g., a tube furnace and conveyer mechanism) that would expose the ECSS to non-contact heat from a cylindrical radiating surface at 890 °C, where the surface temperature which the ECSS sees increases from ambient to the test value within 90 s.FIGURE 2—TEST FIXTURE4.3.1.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Air concentrations of hazardous gases, or concentrations of hazardous liquids or solids, expected tobe released shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time.b.Temperature of the ECSS case as a function of time.c.Potential and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the test.d.Video and still photographs, of the test setup, and the ECSS before, during and after the test.4.3.2T HERMAL S TABILITY T EST (C ELL L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.3.2.1Test Description—The ECSS shall be in a fully charged state and at normal operating temperature at thebeginning of the test. If the temperature at which a major exothermic reaction occurs is known, the test may begin at 10% less than this temperature to save time. Place the ECSS in a device or chamber capable of heating the ECSS to 200 °C above its operating temperature. For cells, it is desirable for this device to be capable of maintaining a near adiabatic state (Accelerated Rate Calorimeter (ARC) apparatus or similar). Increase the temperature in increments as shown in Table 4, and hold at each temperature step for the minimum time shown in Table 4, or until any self heating is detected. If self heating is detected, it is desirable for the chamber temperature to track the ECSS temperature until it stabilizes; this will minimize the test duration. The temperature is then increased to the next increment and continued as described previously until either (a) additional self heating is detected, (b) the temperature reaches 200 °C above the operating temperature of the ECSS or (c) a catastrophic event occurs (e.g., venting or major damage to the ECSS.)If the ECSS experiences a thermal runaway, the test should be repeated to further define the exact thermal stability limit. Increase the temperature at a constant rate to the first step below the event temperature. The temperature will then be increased in 2 °C increments and held for a minimum of 1 h until the event is repeated and the thermal stability limit is defined.This test should be repeated with cells that have been overcharged to 150% of the rated capacity (using the conditions of Procedure 4.4.3) and cells that have been cycled to 50% and 100% of nominal life. The overcharge may be limited to a value that will not physically damage the cell (e.g., by venting or rupture) prior to conduct of the thermal stability test.4.3.2.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Temperature(s) at which venting occursb.Temperature(s) of any smoke generation or other major eventsc.Cell temperature profile with respect to timed.Oven/chamber temperature profile with respect to timeTABLE 4—THERMAL HEATUP RATES AND DURATIONSECSS Assembly Level Heatup Rate Increment(°C)Hold Time at EachTemperature Step(min)Cell530 Module or higher (exothermtemperature known)10120Module or higher (exothermtemperature unknown)201204.3.3C OMPROMISE OF T HERMAL I NSULATION(M ODULE LEVEL OR ABOVE)4.3.3.1Test Description—With the ECSS at nominal operating temperature and fully charged, compromise theinsulation system integrity or other applicable device and allow the case external temperature to reach steady state.4.3.3.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Internal and external temperature distribution4.3.4O VERHEAT/T HERMAL R UNAWAY T EST (M ODULE L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.3.4.1Test Description—With the ECSS at nominal operating temperature, fully charged, contained in a closedvolume, and all thermal controls (primary and secondary) disabled, perform C/1 cycling utilizing the manufacturers defined charge algorithm for 20 cycles with no rest period between charge or discharge.Perform three baseline C/3 cycles after the test with thermal control active to determine the effects on the ECSS.4.3.4.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.Note any venting of the ECSSb.Internal (if possible) and external ECSS temperaturec.Voltage and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the testd.Still photographs of the ECSS before, during, and after the teste.ECSS voltage and current as a function of time4.3.5T HERMAL S HOCK C YCLING (C ELL L EVEL OR A BOVE)4.3.5.1Test Description—With the ECSS at 50% State of Charge, contained in a closed volume, and all thermalcontrols (primary and secondary) disabled, thermally cycle the ECSS with ambient air cycling between 80°C to –40 °C. The time to reach each temperature extreme shall be 15 min or less; this test may be performed either through the use of a fast-response chamber, or by moving test articles between two chambers at the two test temperatures. The ECSS shall remain at each extreme for a minimum of 1 h at the cell level, 6 h at the module level, or as required to reach uniform temperature at the pack level. A total of five cycles shall be performed. After thermal cycling, inspect the ECSS for any damage, paying special attention to any seals that may exist. Also, determine whether control circuitry, if any, is operational.Perform three C/3 discharge cycles at 25 °C ambient air temperature (using the manufacturers recharge algorithm) to determine immediate effects of the thermal cycling.4.3.5.2Measured Data—The following data shall be collected as part of this test:a.ECSS voltage during thermal cyclingb.Note any venting of the ECSSc.Voltage and resistance of the ECSS case with respect to the positive and negative terminals beforeand after the testd.Still photographs of the ECSS before and after the test。

第33卷第4期江西师范大学学报(自然科学版)Vol .33No .42009年8月　JOURNAL OF J I A NGX INOR MAL UN I V ERSI TY (NAT URAL SC I E NCE )　Aug .2009收稿日期:2009204201基金项目:国家“863”计划预研项目.作者简介:韩采芹(19822),女,四川苍溪人,硕士研究生,主要从事数字CCD 相机光电特性研究.文章编号:100025862(2009)0420398203不同光照条件下数字CC D 相机响应不均匀性研究韩采芹1,　陶跃珍1,　李　华2,　沈忙作2(1.四川理工学院机械工程学院,四川自贡　643000;2.中国科学院光电技术研究所,四川成都　610209)摘要:从理论上分析了数字CCD 相机光电响应不均匀性的原因,通过建立数字CCD 相机响应不均匀性测试系统和三维模型,推导出了数字CCD 相机响应不均匀性的计算公式,对数字CC D 相机的响应不均匀性进行测量与分析,给出了测试系统的结构框图和部分测试结果.关键词:CC D 相机;响应不均匀性;32D 模型中图分类号:T N 206 文献标识码:A在新型光电传感器中,电荷耦合器件(CCD )[1]由于本身具有优良的光电和机械特性而在电视摄像、现代办公设备、机器人视觉、目标跟踪和工业检测等领域得到了广泛应用.但是在实际应用中,特别是在高精度的测量中,CCD 各像元光电特性的不均匀会给测量结果带来较大的误差.为了提高测量精度,必须对CCD 器件本身的响应不均匀性进行测量[223],以便在测量过程中能对检测结果进行校正.CCD 是一种大规模半导体集体器件,生产工艺相当复杂,在生产制造过程中,难免产生掺杂浓度的不均匀、淀积厚度的差异,以及光刻误差.一旦制成成品,这种先天性的缺陷就无法改变,从而引入了固定模式的噪声,表现为暗电流及响应率的不均匀性[4210].1　响应不均匀性分析图1　T 帧图像输出信号在CCD 成像系统中,CCD 各光敏单元对相同照度产生的不同输出信号称为CCD 响应的不均匀性.该参数表征了CCD 各像元响应度的不一致性.它不仅与器件的制造工艺有关,而且还与入射光的波长和衬底材料性能有关.由于近红外光在硅中穿透能力较强,所以用近红外光所测得的还包含了衬底材料性能对不均匀性的影响.由于响应不均匀性PRNU 的随机性很大,没有一定的规律,而且因器件而异,所以,对于某些弱信号检测或高精度应用而言,必须进行实际测量,然后加以补偿才能达到均匀性要求.一般说来,CCD 像元数越多,不均匀性越严重.采集CCD 相机输出端数据,然后对采集的数据按照三维模型进行处理.设在一定均匀照明下,连续采集T 帧具有X ×Y 个像素的图像.每一幅二维图像具有Y 列X 行,共X ×Y 个信号值,T 帧图像共有X ×Y ×T 个具有三维坐标的输出信号值,如图1所示.为区别于三维立体图,把这种图像称为三维结构图像.任一点的坐标为(x,y,t ),x =1,2,…,X;y =1,2,…,Y ;t =1,2,…,T;任一点的信号值记为S (x,y,t ).CCD 相机响应不均匀性被定义为在50%饱和曝光量条件下,各像元输出信号的标准差与平均值之比,符号为PRNU ,即PRUN =1珔S 1X Y ∑X x =1∑Y y =1(珔S (x,y )-珔S )2,(1)其中:珔S (x,y )=1T ∑T t =1S (x,y,t )为第(x,y )光敏元的时间序列平均值;珔S =1X YT ∑X x =1∑Y y =1∑Tt =1S (x,y,t )为所有像素的灰度平均值.运用上述公式可以得到某照度下图像输出信号的时间序列平均值珔S (x,y )和响应不均匀性PRNU.图2　CCD 相机响应不均匀性测量系统2　测量系统图2为CCD 相机相应不均匀性测量系统原理框图.光源由25个发光二极管(LE D )组成,用来提供均匀光场,测量得到光照度的不均匀性为0.1%,时间稳定性为0.74%.通过改变稳压电源的电压,从而在CCD 相机光敏面处获得变化的光照度.CCD 相机和光照度计放在导轨上,测量时,先将光照度计的探头放置在光源所对应的中心处,测出光照度,移走光照度计,在不改变光照度的情况下,再将待测CCD 相机的光敏面放置在相同位置处.CCD 相机输出的信号通过图像采集卡转换成数字信号后送入计算机,从而获得CCD 相机在该照度下各光敏元实际测得的灰度值.3　响应不均匀性测量与分析运用上述测试装置测试了在不同光照条件下Kodak 相机、Dalsa 相机和Coolsnap 相机的响应不均匀性.首先使CCD 相机无任何光输入,连续采集100帧图像;然后改变入射到CCD 相机的光照度,连续采集100帧图像.采集完后根据(1)式计算CCD 相机的时间序列平均值珔S (x,y )和响应不均匀性,结果如图3所示.(a )Kodak 相机(b )Dalsa相机(c )　Coolsnap 相机图3　响应不均匀性三维结构图993第4期韩采芹,等:不同光照条件下数字CCD 相机响应不均匀性研究004江西师范大学学报(自然科学版)2009年图3的z轴表示所在像点时间序列平均值,而且图中每一点代表此点在所在的行列坐标点上,CCD相机对应位置所具有时间序列平均值的情况.(a)是Kodak相机在33.281lx・m s曝光量下时间序列平均值三维分布,时间序列平均值在空间水平方向呈左低右高分布,并且各像点的时间序列平均值相差很大,是由于Kodak相机是行间转移结构;图3(b)是Dalsa相机在12.070lx・m s曝光量下时间序列平均值三维分布,时间序列平均值在空间水平方向呈左高右低分布,并且存在多处明显小于其余各点,这些点为Dalsa相机光敏面上的奇异点,Dalsa相机是由两块光敏面组成的帧转移结构;图3(c)是Coolsnap相机在66.910lx・m s曝光量下时间序列平均值三维分布,时间序列平均值在空间水平方向呈四周的信号强于其它地方,并且存在3处明显低于其余各点,这3点就为Coolsnap相机光敏面上的奇异点.这说明,在一定曝光量下,面阵CCD相机每个像敏单元的时间序列平均值是不相同的,即CCD相机的响应是不完全均匀的.由公式(1)计算得到,在图3对应的曝光量下,Kodak相机的响应不均匀性为4.36%,Dalsa相机的响应不均匀性为2.53%,Coolsnap相机的响应不均匀性为0.73%.这表明:Coolsnap相机的响应不均匀性最好.由于Coolsnap相机采用了致冷技术,响应不均匀性得到一定的改善.4　结论此方法测试是采用发光二极管产生均匀光场,具有很好的均匀性.在实验室内,根据成像系统响应不均匀性理论,对CCD相机器件进行评价,得到较为满意的结果,而且具有很好的重复性.这种方法不但能评价科学级CCD相机噪声,对普通CCD相机也完全适用.本工作对进一步研究CCD相机相应不均匀性具有实际意义.参考文献:[1]陈迎娟,张之江,张智强.CCD像素相应不均匀性的校正方法[J].光学精密工程,2004,12(2):2162220.[2]张鑫,林家明,张哲,等.大视场CC D成像系统像面均匀性测试技术研究[J].光学技术,2005,31(6):8462848.[3]李恩德,段海峰,杨泽平,等.电荷耦合器件光电响应特性标定研究[J].强激光与粒子束,2006,18(2):2272229.[4]李同保,万光毅,张淑智,等.光探测器响应度均匀性的自动测量装置[J].光电工程,1993,20(3):34240.[5]李永远,谢小平.CCD输出信号处理[J].应用光学,1997,18(1):21223.[6]Ja mes R.Janesick.Present and future CCD’s f or UV and X2tay scientifie measure ments[J].I EEE Trans,1985,32(1):4092416.[8]Patric M,Eppers on.Electr o2op tical characterizati on of tektr onix TK512M2011charge2coup led devices[J].Op t Engng,1987,26(8):7152723.[9]O rbock J D.Charge transfer efficiency measure ments at l ow signal levels on STI S2S OHO TK1024CCD’s[J].SP I E,1990,12423:1052112.[10]张保民.成像系统分析导论[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1992.Research for Respon se Nonun i form ity of D i g it a l CCD Cam erai n D i fferen t I n ten sity of Illu m i n a ti onHAN Cai2qin1,　T AO Yue2zhen1,　L I Hua2,　SHEN Mang2zuo2(1.School of Mechanical Engineering,Sichuan University of Science and Engineering,Zigong Sichuan643000,China;2.The I nstitute of Op itics and Electr onics,the Chinese Acade my of Sciences,Chengdu610209,China)Abstract:I n this paper,the causes f or digital CCD ca mera’s op tics2electr on res ponse nonunif or m ity is theoretically analyzed.Thr ough establishing digital CCD ca mera res ponse nonunif or m ity testing syste m and32D model,this pa2 per deduces the calculati on f or mula of the res ponse nonunif or m ity,res ponse nonunif or m ity of digital CCD camera was measured and analyzed.A t the sa me ti m e,the fra me work of the testing syste m and a part of the tested results was given.Key words:CCD ca mera;res ponse nonunif or m ity;32D model(责任编辑:冉小晓)。

iec29119软件测试国际标准IEC 29119: Software Testing International StandardIntroduction:Software testing plays a crucial role in ensuring that software products meet the necessary quality standards before they are released to the market. To ensure uniformity and consistency in software testing procedures, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has developed the IEC 29119: Software Testing International Standard. This standard provides a comprehensive framework for software testing processes, techniques, documentation, and terminology. In this article, we will explore the key aspects of the IEC 29119 standard and its significance in the software testing industry.1. Overview of IEC 29119:The IEC 29119 standard consists of five parts, each focusing on different aspects of software testing. These parts include:- Part 1: Concepts and Definitions- Part 2: Test Processes- Part 3: Test Documentation- Part 4: Test Techniques- Part 5: Keyword-Driven Testing2. Part 1: Concepts and Definitions:Part 1 of the IEC 29119 standard provides a clear understanding of the fundamental concepts and definitions related to software testing. It establishes a common vocabulary that ensures uniformity in communication among testers and stakeholders. This section covers key terms such as test case, test plan, test execution, and test management, among others.3. Part 2: Test Processes:Part 2 focuses on the test processes involved in software testing. It defines a systematic approach to software testing, covering various stages such as test planning, test analysis, test design, and test implementation. This part emphasizes the importance of traceability, risk-based testing, and the need for continuous improvement in the testing process.4. Part 3: Test Documentation:Part 3 provides guidelines for the creation and maintenance of test documentation. It emphasizes the importance of clear and concise documentation to ensure effective test planning, test execution, and test reporting. This section covers various documentation types, including test plans, test cases, test scripts, and test logs.5. Part 4: Test Techniques:Part 4 focuses on different test techniques that can be employed during software testing. It provides detailed guidance on various techniques such as black-box testing, white-box testing, boundary value analysis, equivalence partitioning, and decision table testing. This section aims to assist testers in selecting appropriate techniques based on their specific testing objectives and requirements.6. Part 5: Keyword-Driven Testing:Part 5 introduces the concept of keyword-driven testing, which is an approach that allows testers to create reusable test scripts using keywords and associated test data. This section provides guidelines on how to develop and maintain keyword-driven test scripts, enabling efficient and effective test automation.7. Benefits of IEC 29119:The implementation of IEC 29119 brings several benefits to the software testing industry. Some of the key benefits include:- Improved consistency: The standard ensures consistent testing processes, techniques, and documentation, leading to improved communication and collaboration among testing teams.- Increased reliability: By following the standard's guidelines, organizations can enhance the reliability of their software products, resulting in reduced defects and improved customer satisfaction.- Industry-wide recognition: Adhering to the IEC 29119 standard demonstrates an organization's commitment to quality and professionalism in software testing, enhancing its reputation in the industry.- Facilitates international cooperation: Since the standard is internationally recognized, it promotes cooperation and mutual understanding among organizations from different countries, leading to the exchange of best practices and continuous improvement in software testing processes.8. Criticisms and Controversies:Despite its many benefits, the IEC 29119 standard has faced criticism and controversies within the software testing community. Some critics argue that the standard is too prescriptive and limits innovation and flexibility in testing approaches. Additionally, there have been debates about the standard's relevance in agile and DevOps environments, where iterative and continuous testing methodologies are prevalent.Conclusion:The IEC 29119: Software Testing International Standard serves as a comprehensive guideline for organizations in the field of software testing. By establishing uniformity in processes, techniques, and documentation, the standard aims to enhance the quality and reliability of software products. While it has faced criticisms, the standard's widespread recognition and adoption within the industry underline its significance in ensuring consistent and effective software testing practices.。