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The Ethereal Beauty of Chinese PaintingChinese painting, a vibrant and diverse art form, is a testament to the profound cultural heritage and aesthetic sensibilities of the Chinese people. It is an expression of their connection with nature, society, and the universe, often infusing philosophical and moral ideas into its intricate compositions. The history of Chinese painting spans thousands of years, evolving and adapting to the changing social and cultural landscapes.The earliest forms of Chinese painting date back to the Neolithic period, with examples of rock paintings andpottery decorations. These early paintings were primarily functional, serving as records of hunting, farming, and religious activities. However, as civilization progressed, Chinese painting evolved into a more sophisticated art form, with its own unique techniques and styles.One of the most distinctive features of Chinesepainting is its emphasis on "Qi" or "life force". This concept, which is deeply rooted in Chinese philosophy, believes that everything in the universe is animated by a vital energy that flows and transforms constantly. InChinese painting, this life force is expressed through the brushstrokes, colors, and compositions, creating a sense of dynamism and vitality.Another notable aspect of Chinese painting is its use of brush and ink on paper. The brush, with its infinite variety of strokes and pressures, allows the artist to express a wide range of emotions and ideas. Ink, on the other hand, is a versatile medium that can be diluted to create subtle gradations of color and texture. Together, these tools enable the artist to create paintings that are both ethereal and profound.In terms of styles, Chinese painting can be broadly classified into several categories, including landscape, figure, bird-and-flower, and calligraphy painting. Landscape painting, in particular, is a genre that has been highly developed in Chinese art, emphasizing the harmony between man and nature. These paintings often feature mountains, rivers, trees, and clouds, rendered with a sense of tranquility and majesty.Figure painting, on the other hand, focuses on the portrayal of human figures, often in narrative or symboliccontexts. These paintings are characterized by their精细的线条和 realistic proportions, as well as their attention to detail and emotional expression. Bird-and-flower painting, meanwhile, specializes in the depiction of flowers, birds, and insects, often with a strong emphasis on natural observation and the beauty of nature.Calligraphy painting, unique to Chinese art, integrates the art of writing with painting. It emphasizes the aesthetic value of the written word, treating characters not just as symbols of language but also as elements of artistic composition. By manipulating the brush in specific ways, calligraphy artists can create beautiful and meaningful works of art that are both visually appealing and deeply cultural.The development of Chinese painting has been influenced by various factors, including the changing political and social landscapes, the influx of foreign cultures, and the emergence of new artistic movements. Over the centuries, Chinese painters have continuously experimented with new techniques, styles, and subjects, keeping the art form vibrant and relevant.In conclusion, Chinese painting is a profound and diverse art form that encapsulates the essence of Chinese culture and aesthetics. Its emphasis on life force, the use of brush and ink, and the exploration of various styles and subjects have made it a highly respected and influentialart form around the world. As we delve into the ethereal beauty of Chinese painting, we are not just admiring art; we are also experiencing a deeper understanding of Chinese culture and philosophy.。
04229 第一章1、投资：投资主体为获取预期效益或报酬而投入的不断转化为资产的一定量货币资金及资源。
2、投资运动过程本质上是价值运动过程。
包括资金筹措、分配、运用(实施）和回收增值。
3。
投资分类:按性质分固定资产投资，流动资产投资;按投资领域分生产经营性投资，非生产经营性投资；按投资方式分直接投资，间接投资。
按经营目标分经济性投资政策性投资;按投资主体分:国家企业个人投资国家授权投资主体投资;按投资来源的国别分类:国内国外投资。
4 投资分配是投资运动过程中的第二阶段. 我国现阶段的投资分配机制既靠计性项目、非经营性项目.按项目的产品属性分：公、非共项目。
按项目投资主体和管理按形式分类：政府投资、企业投资、利用外资的三资企业、各类投资主体联合投资项目。
投资主体的投资范围、融资方式和效益分：竞争性项目、基础性项目、公益性项目.12 项目周期是指：一个投资项目从提出项目思想、立项、决策、开发、建设、施工直到竣工验收、惊醒生产活动和总评的全过程。
13 项目周期一般需要经过项目设想、项目初选、项目准备、项目准备、项目评估、项目实施、项目投产经营和项目总结评价。
14 项目周期的工作过程从投资的角度大致可分为三个时期：投资前期、投资时期、生产时期.每个时期又包含若干个工作阶段,如投资前期包括项目设想、项目选定、项目准备、项目评估；投资时期就是项目实施阶段;生产时期包括项目投产经营和项目评价总结等工作。
其中投资决策和交工验收是各个时期的分界线。
15 可行性研究分为：分为机会研究、初步可行性研究、可行性研究和项目评估决策。
16 我国项目投资决策程序:一、由项目主管部门或建设单位依据国民经济和社会大战长远计划,结合行业和地区规划要求、资源条件与生产力布局情况、经过对项目建设必要性和建设可行性的初步分析，编制初步可行性研究报告并提出项目建议书，上报有关部门对项目惊醒初步决策。
二、项目建议书经过批准，纳入投资前期工作计划和贷款计划，有项目建设单位委托工程咨询公司对项目进行可行性研究,并编写可行性研究报告，上报有关部门进行最终决策。
