制药工程专业英语--1单元Unit 11.Depending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be splitinto three groups: Totally synthetic material (synthetics) Naturalproducts ,and Product from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products)依据其生产或来源，药物制剂可以分为三类：I.完全的合成材料（人工合成材料），II.天然产物，和III.源自部分合成的产品（半合成产品）。
2.The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compoundsof groups I and III-thus Drug synthesis.翻译：所以本书的重点是I和III部分的药物合成。
本书的重点是在于Ⅰ和Ⅲ类中最重要的化合物——药物合成。
3.This does not mean, however , that natural products or other agents areless important.然而这并不意味着，天然产物和其他试剂不重要。
4.they can serve as valuable lead structures, and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates fo r important synthetic products.它们可以作为有价值的先导结构，他们常常作为重要的合成产品的起始原料或中间体产品。
5：Table1gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.表1列出了获取药物制剂的不同方法的概述。
6. Several therapeutically significant natural products which were originally obtained from natural sources are today more effectively -i.e. more economically -prepared by total synthesis.最初从天然资源库获得的几个重要治疗作用的天然产品，今天可以通过全合成更有效地，即更经济地被制备出来。
7.Such example include L-amino acids, Chloramphenicol , Caffeine, Dopamine, Epinephrine, Levodopa, peptide hormorres, Prostaglandins,D-Penicillamine, Vincamine, and practically all vitamins.这样的例子包括L-氨基酸、氯霉素、咖啡因、多巴胺、肾上腺素、左旋多巴、肽类激素、前列腺素、D -青霉胺、长春胺，以及几乎所有的维生素。
8.Over the last few years fermentation–i.e. microbiological processes–has become extremely important.在过去的几年里，发酵，即微生物过程，变得极其重要。
9.through modern technology and results from genetic selection leading to the creation of high performance mutants of microorganisms, fermentation has already become the method of choice for a wide range of substances.通过现代技术和基因选择导致的微生物的高性能突异变种的结果，发酵已成为选择宽范围物质的方法。
10.Both Eukaryonts(yeasts and moulds) and Prokaryonts(single bacterial cells,and actinomycetes) are used as microorganisms.真核细胞（酵母菌和霉菌）和原核细胞（单细胞细菌，放线菌）都可用作微生物。
11.The following product types can be obtained: 1. cell material(single cell protein)，2. enzymes，3. primary degradation products(primary metabolites)翻译：下列产品类型可以得到：1。
细胞的物质（单细胞蛋白），2。
酶，3。
初级降解产物（初级代谢物），4。
二级降解产物（次生代谢物）。
12:Disregarding the production of dextran from the mucous mem branes of certain microorganisms e.g. Leuconostoc mesenteroides cl ass2and3are the relevant ones for the preparation of dru gs.尽管从诸如肠膜状明串球菌的某些微生物的黏膜可以生产葡萄聚糖，但第2和3类产品类型只与药品生产的有关。
13．Dextran itself , with a molecular weight of50,000~100,000, is used as a blood plasma substitute.葡聚糖自身的分子量5万〜10万，可用作血浆代用品。
14.Among the primary metabolites the L-amino acids from muta nts of Corynebacterium glutamicum and Brevibacterium flavum ar e especially interesting.而来自谷氨酸棒杆菌和黄色短杆菌突变体的初级代谢产物中，L-氨基酸尤其令人感兴趣。
15.From these organisms some350000tones of monosodium L-glutamate(foodadditive)and some70000tones of L-lysine(supplement for vegetable proteins)are produced.从这些生物体中，可以生产约35万吨L-谷氨酸单钠盐（味精，食品添加剂）和约70,000吨L-赖氨酸（用于植物蛋白补充物质）。
16．Further important primary metabolites are the purina nucleotides，organic acids，lactic acid，citric acid，and vitamins，for example vitamin B,12from Propionibacterium shermanii.此外，重要的初级代谢产物还有嘌呤核苷酸、有机酸、乳酸、柠檬酸和维生素，。
例如源自谢氏丙酸杆菌的维生素B1217、Among the secondary metabolites the antibiotics must be mentioned first.在次生代谢产物中首先必须提到的是抗生素。
18、The following five groups represent a yearly worldwide value of US-＄17billion:以下五组药品代表了全球每年价值170亿美元：penicillins (Penicillium chrysogenum),青霉素（青霉）cephalosporins (Cephalosporium acremonium),头孢菌素（头孢枝顶）tetracyclines (Streptomyces aureofaciens),四环素（金色链霉菌）erythromycins (Streptomyces erythreus),红霉素类（红霉素链霉菌）aminoglycosides(e.g.streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus).氨基糖苷类（如链霉素从灰色链霉菌）19.About5000antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms, but of these only somewhat fewer than100are in therapeutic use.从微生物中已分离出约5000种抗生素，但其中只有不到100种有治疗用途。
20.It must be remembered，however that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use some50,000agents have been semisythetically obtained fromβ-lactams alone in the last decade.但是，必须记住，许多衍生物已通过部分合成法来修饰以获得治疗用途；在过去的十年里，采用半合成方法已从ß-内酰胺获得了约50,000种制剂。
21. To avoid contamination of the microorganisms with phages etc , the whole process has to be performed under sterile conditions.为了避免受到噬菌体等微生物的污染，（发酵）全过程都必须在无菌条件下进行。
22. Fermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermenters with volumes up to400m^3.发酵是在体积高达400m3的不锈钢发酵罐中进行。
23.Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions a good supply of oxygen or air(sterile)is needed.由于更重要的是，发酵只在有氧条件下才能发生；因此，需要提供有足够量的氧气或（无菌）空气。
