读Peter Verdonk的Stylistics一书中Perspective的概念及其应用
摘要：Peter Verdonk的Stylistics一书中，Perspective是文体学文本分析的一个重要概念。本文将解读Perspective原始意义，并介绍这一概念是如何引入文体学中；同时，在文本分析中这一概念的意义及在文本解读、新闻解读、文学评论、翻译、案犯供词分析等方面的应用。
关键词：Perspective 文本分析 案犯供词分析
一、Perspective的原始意义
在the free dictionary 中（），perspective的意思解释如下：
1. A view or vista。
2. A mental view or outlook：“It is useful occasionally to look at the past to gain a
perspective on the present.”（Fabian Linden）。
该词的原始意义即风景、视野，该意义和苏轼的《题西林壁》相契合：横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同，不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。或说，苏轼所题诗正揭示出了perspective最早的概念，即看景的不同角度。而后，卞之琳的《断章》，亦有同旨：你站在桥上看风景，看风景的人在楼上看你。明月装饰了你的窗子，你装饰了别人的梦。只是卞诗中的角度，比苏轼更多了一层意思，即看事情的角度。可见中国诗人早已对Perspective这个抽象概念有所觉察。
在绘画中，也早已有画者利用这个概念，画出神秘的画，如那幅有的人第一眼看是位老人，有的人第一眼看是一位姑娘的画。在此类画作中，不同视角看同一幅画，却有不同的解读，不同的是看画的perspective。
而电影作品，最早对此概念有所揭示的，当属日本导演黑泽明的《罗生门》：12世纪的日本，在平安京，一名武士金泽武被人杀害在丛林中。案件相关的人，樵夫、强盗多囊丸、死者的妻子、借女巫来说话的死者的魂都在纠察署，提供了不同的证词。电影揭露了基于不同的立场，不同的人在叙述的时候是如何提供了不同版本的叙述。
Chapter 2 The Need for Stylistic Study
Review
STYLE是使用语言的一种方式，它属于言语(parole)，而不属于语言(langue)。
STYLE体现在语言运用的各个层面，体现在语音、书写、词汇、句法结构乃至语篇类型的选择上。
任何类型的语篇都具有特定的文体特征；任何一个语篇也都具有特定的文体特征。
STYLE的涵义颇多，既可指“文体”，“语体”，也可指“风格”或“文风”。广义的文体学成为普通文体学或语体学，狭义的文体研究称作文学文体学。
不论是从事广义的文体研究，还是进行狭义的文体研究，我们都需要借助于相关学科的理论和知识、尤其是修辞学、语用学、余篇分析和文学批评领域的知识。
What is context?
Definition:
Context refers to the conditions in which something exists or occurs.
Linguistically, this is the part of a discourse surrounding a word or passage that helps
make its meaning clear.
语境是人们运用语言进行言语交际的言语环境。言语交际有成效的进行（即说话人恰当地表达话语的意义和听话人准确地理解话语意义）必须依赖言语环境。
Classifications:
Classification 1:
1)内部语境(lingual/ linguistic context)
Rules concerning the language itself such as grammar
2)外部语境(extra-lingual/non-linguistic context)
The speaker‟s and the audience‟s mood, age, position, occupation, cultural
201213010114 Joy庞君颖英语一班
ONEAt the Phonological Level
1 Alliteration
“slipped to a stop” use the repetition of “s” in initial sound. It is alliteration that wrote
powerful pronunciation and beautiful rhythm in this sentence. The pattern usually
close to accurate expression and antithetical phrase. Also “testing and treating” use
the same figure, both alliteration and off-rhyme.
2 Onomatopoeia
“popped at the very sight of a traveler” “grinned at me” “screeched to a halt” “heaved
a long almost musical sigh” “murmured the company”etc. contain sounds similar
noises, which is onomatopoeia. These words imitate phonating sounds, achieving
vivid, exciting and interesting effects. That why the special journey has a variety of
busy sounds.
TWO At the Graphological Level
3 Punctuation (Dash)
Unexpectedly, a dash lead to oysters, not atomic explosion, though Hiroshima is
WHAT IS
STYLISTICS? INTRODUCTION
Some years ago, the well-known linguist Jean-Jacques Lecercle published a short but
damning critique of the aims, methods and rationale of
contemporary stylistics. His
attack on the discipline, and by implication the entire endeavour of the present book, was
uncompromising. According to Lecercle, nobody has ever really known what the term
'stylistics' means, and in any case, hardly anyone seems to care (Lecercle 1993: 14).
Stylistics is 'ailing'; it is 'on the wane'; and its heyday, alongside that of structuralism, has
faded to but a distant memory. More alarming again, few university students are 'eager to
declare an intention to do research in stylistics'. By this account, the death knell of
stylistics had been sounded and it looked as though the end of the twentieth century
