plc在数控机床的应用 毕业论文(设计)

1 摘 要

随着信息化产业的高速发展，数控机床的功能日趋完善，数控机场取代普通机床已是一种必然的趋势。随着数控机床的发展，传统的继电器控制系统已经不能满足工业生产的需要，而可编程控制器（PLC）因其具有可靠性高，抗干扰能力强；功能强，性价比高；硬件配套齐全，用户使用方便，适应性强；编程方法简单易学的显著特点，已成为人们的首要选择。现代数控机床采用PLC代替继电器控制来完成逻辑控制，是数控机床结构更紧凑，功能更丰富，响应速度和可靠性大大提高。当今世界，大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各国加快经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。数控设备的控制与维修一直是企业组织生产的重要环节，而其中数控机床的PLC控制应用技术为关键技术之一。

本文先对数控机床、PLC进行了概述，接着介绍了PLC在数控机床中主轴的应用和故障检修方法，最后介绍了数控机床中PLC的系统设计。

关键词：可编程控制器；PLC；数控机床；主轴；故障

2 ABSTRACT

With the rapid development of information industry,the function of CNC machine tools is

becoming more and more perfect,CNC machine tools to replace ordinary machine tools is a

kind of inevitable trend.With the development of CNC machine tools,the traditional relay

control system cannot meet the need of industrial production,and programmable logic controller

(PLC) because of its high reliability,strong anti-interference ability;strong function,high ratio of

performance to price;a complete range of hardware,Convenience of use for consumer,strong

adaptability;simple and easy to learn the programming method and other significant

characteristics,has become the first choice of people.Modern CNC machine tools by using PLC

instead of relay control to perform logic control,make the structure of CNC machine tools more

compact,more feature rich,greatly improve the response speed and reliability.In today’s

world,vigorously develop the advanced manufacturing technology as the core of numerical

control technology has become an important way for the world to speed up economic

development,improve the comprehensive national strength and the national status.The control

and repair of CNC equipment has always been an important part in production of enterprise

organization,and the PLC control technology of CNC machine tools is one of the key

technologies.

The article first provides an overview of CNC machine tools and PLC,then introduces the

application of PLC in the spindle of CNC machine tools and fault maintenance methods.

Key words: Programmable logic controller;PLC;CNC machine tools;Spindle;faults

1 目 录

1 绪论 .................................................................... 3

1.1 数控机床概述 ...................................................... 3

1.2 数控机床的结构 .................................................... 3

1.2.1 控制介质 .................................................... 3

1.2.2 数控装置 .................................................... 3

1.2.3 伺服系统 .................................................... 4

1.2.4 反馈装置 .................................................... 4

1.2.5 机床本体 .................................................... 5

1.3 数控机床的工作原理 ................................................ 5

1.4 数控机床的控制对象 ................................................ 5

1.5 数控机床的特点 .................................................... 6

2 可编程控制器（PLC） ..................................................... 8

2.1 PLC概述 .......................................................... 8

2.2 PLC的结构 ........................................................ 8

2.2.1 PLC的硬件结构 .............................................. 8

2.2.2 PLC的软件结构 .............................................. 9

2.3 PLC的工作原理 .................................................... 9

2.3.1 PLC的工作方式 ............................................. 10

2.3.2 PLC的程序执行 ............................................. 11

2.3.3 PLC的扫描周期 ............................................. 11

2.4 PLC的特点 ....................................................... 12

3 PLC在数控机床的应用原理 ............................................... 13

3.1 PLC在数控机床中的作用 ........................................... 13

3.1.1 PLC与数控系统及数控机床间的信息交换 ....................... 13

3.1.2 PLC在数控机床中的某些控制功能 ............................. 14

3.2 PLC在数控机床中的应用分类 ....................................... 14

3.2.1 独立型PLC ................................................. 14

3.2.2 内装型PLC ................................................. 16

4 PLC在数控机床中的几点应用 ............................................. 17

4.1 PLC在主轴自动换挡的应用 ......................................... 17

4.1.1 主轴换挡机构 ............................................... 17

4.1.2 控制系统的信号与数据接口 ................................... 17

2 4.1.3 主轴自动换挡的PLC实现 ..................................... 18

4.2 PLC在主轴制动改造中的应用 ....................................... 18

4.2.1 主轴制动方式 ............................................... 18

4.2.2 主轴转速监测方案 ........................................... 19

4.2.3 PLC实现主轴能耗制动的控制方法 ............................. 19

4.3 PLC在数控机床故障诊断中的应用 ................................... 20

4.3.1 数控机床的常见故障和特点 ................................... 20