新编简明英语语言学教程整理

第一章：绪 论

1． 什么是语言学？

1．1定义

语言学常被定义为是对语言进行系统科学研究的学科。语言学研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有的语言。为了揭示语言的本质，语言学家首先要对语言实际使用进行观察，并在此基础上形成有关语言使用的概括性假设，这些初步形成的假设要在语言使用中进行进一步的检验，最终形成一条语言理论。

1．2语言学的研究范畴:

语言学研究有不同的侧重。对语言体系作全面研究的语言学研究称为普通语言学。语音学主要是对语言声音媒介的研究，它不只是研究某一特定的语言的声音媒介，而是所有语言的声音媒介。音系学与语音学不同，它主要研究特定语言的语音体系，即音是如何结合在一起产生有意义的单位。形态学主要研究单词的内部语义结构，及这些叫做词素的语义最小单位是如何结合构成单词。句法学主要研究构成潜在句子的句法规则。语义学以研究语义为目的，传统语义学主要研究抽象的意义，独立于语境之外的意义，语用学也是研究语义，但是它把语义研究置于语言使用语境中加以研究。

语言不是一个孤立的现象，而是一种社会现象，各种社会因素都会对语言的使用产生影响。从社会的角度来研究语言的科学被称之为社会语言学。语言和社会之间的关系是社会语言学研究的主要内容。心理语言学主要从心理学的角度来研究语言。它要研究人们在使用语言时大脑的工作机理，如人是如何习得母语的，人的大脑是如何加工和记忆语言信息等问题。把语言学的研究成果应用到实践中的科学形成了应用语言学。狭义上，应用语言学指把语言理论和原则运用于语言教学的科学，在广义上，它指把语言理论与原则应用于解决实际问题的科学。除此之外还有人类语言学、神经语言学、数学语言学、计算语言学等。

1．3语言学研究中的几对基本概念

1．3．1规定性和描述性

语言学研究是描述性的，不是规定性的。这是语言学和传统语法的一个重要区别。语言学研究的目的是对人们使用的语言进行客观描述与分析，而不是对语言的使用作出规定。传统语法是规定性的，它主要建立在笔头语言基础之上，旨在规定一系列的语法规则，并且把这些语法规则强加给语言使用者。一切符合规定规则的被认为是“正确的”，否则就被冠为“错误的”。

实用标准文案

精彩文档Chapter 1: Introduction 1.Linguistics:语言学It is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ( Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but it studies language in general) 2.General linguistics:普通语言学The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics. (language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets ) nguage:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 4.descriptive (描述性):A linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use. 5.prescriptive(规定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard”　behaviors. i.e. what they should say and what they should not to say. 6.synchronic(共时语言学): the description of language at some point of time in hiatory 7.diachronic (历时语言学):the description of language as it changes through time 3) speech（口语）Writing（书面语）These the two media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. (speech is prior to writing)

Chapter one Introduction

一、定义

1.语言学Linguistics

Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

2.普通语言学General Linguistics

The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.

3.语言language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human

communication.

语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design Features

It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it

from any animal system of communication.

语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性

Productivity多产性

Duality双重性

Displacement移位性

Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness

There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.

P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it

makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions

1 / 101 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 第10章 语言习得 10.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. Theories of child language acquisition 儿童语言习得的理论 2. Cognitive development in child language development 儿童语言发展中的认知因素 3. Language environment and the Critical Period Hypothesis 语言环境和临界期假说 4. Stages in child language development 儿童语言发展的阶段 5. Atypical development 非典型发展 本章考点： 行为主义者预言习得观； 语法天生主义者的习得观；语言环境和临界期假说。 本章内容索引： I. Theories of child language acquisition 1. A behaviourist view of language acquisition 2 / 101 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 2. An innatist view of language acquisition 3. An interactionist view of language acquisition II. Cognitive development in child language development III. Language environment and the Critical Period Hypothesis IV. Stages in child language development 1. Phonological development 2. Vocabulary development 3. Grammatical development 4. Pragmatic development V. Atypical development I. Theories of child language acquisition（儿童语言习得的理论） 1. A behaviourist view of language acquisition（行为主义者的语言习得观） (1) Main content（主要观点） ①A behaviourist view of language acquisition Traditional behaviorists view language as behavior and believe that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation. A child imitates the sounds and patterns of the people around him; people recognize the child’s attempts and reinforce the attempts by responding differently, the child repeats the right sounds or patterns to get the reward(reinforcement) ②So imitation and practice are preliminary, discrimination and generalization are key to language development in this theory. Imitation: word for word repetition 3 / 101 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 of all or part of an utterance. ①传统的行为主义者把语言看作是行为，并且相信语言学习仅仅只是一个模仿和习惯形成的问题。儿童模仿其周围的人的声音和模式;人们识别儿童的努力，并且通过不同的反应来强化这种努力，儿童重复正确的语音或模式来获得奖励(强化)。 ②在这个理论中，模仿和实践是基本的，进行区别和总结对于语言的发展至关重要。 (2) Significance（意义） The behaviorist theory of child language acquisition offers a reasonable account of how children acquire some of the regular and routine aspects of the language, yet how they acquire more complex grammatical structures of the language requires a different explanation. 行为主义者关于儿童语言习得的理论为儿童是如何习得一些语言规则和惯例的方面提供了合理的解释。然而，要了解他们是如何习得更为复杂的语言语法结构的则需要一个不同的解释。 2. An innatist view of language acquisition（语法天生主义者的语言习得观） 【考点：名词解释，概念阐述】 (1) Definition（定义） Noam Chomsky claims that human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions, such as walking. 诺姆·乔姆斯基声称人天生就具有语言能力，而且语言的发展是和儿童的其他生物功能的发展一样的，如行走。 (2) Development（发展） 4 / 101 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 Originally Chomsky referred to this innate ability as Language Acquisition Device, (also known as LAD). Later Chomsky prefers this innate endowment as Universal Grammar(UG) and holds that if children are pre-equipped with UG, then what they have to learn is the ways in which their own language makes use of these principles and the variations on those principles which may exist in the particular language they are learning. 最初，乔姆斯基把这种天生的能力称为语言习得机制。 后来，乔姆斯基偏向于将这种内在天赋称为普遍语法(UG)，并且认为，如果儿童天生具备 UG，那么，他们所要学习的，就是他们的语言运用这些原则的方式和他们正在学习的特定语言中可能存在的那些原则的变体。 (3) Main content（主要观点） The innatists argue that children could not discover the rules of reflexive pronouns by trial and error. Instead children’s acquisition of these grammatical rules is guided by principles of an innate UG. Different languages have different rules about reflexives, and children seem to be able to “know” the rules by being exposed to a limited number of examples. 语法天生主义者认为，儿童并不能通过试用和错误发现反身代词的规则。相反，儿童对于这些语法规则的习得是受内在UG原则的指导的。不同的语言有不同的反身代词规则，而且通过接触有限的例子，儿童似乎就能够“知道”这些规则。 3. An interactionist view of language acquisition（互动主义者的语言习得观） The interaetionist view holds that language develops as a result of the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in 5 / 101 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 which the child develops. Integrated with the innatist view，the interactionist further claims that the modified language which is suitable for the child’s capability is crucial in his language acquisition. 互动主义者观认为语言的发展是儿童身上人类的特点与儿童发展所在的环境之间复杂的相互作用的结果。与语法天生主义者观构成一个整体，互动主义者进一步声称适合儿童能力的经过限定的语言在他的语言习得中是至关重要的。 II. Cognitive factors in child language development（儿童语言发展中的认知因素） The cognitive factors relate to language acquisition mainly in two ways. 1. Language development is dependent on both the concepts children form about the world and what they feel stimulated to communicate at the early and later stages of their language development. 2. The cognitive factors determine how the child makes sense of the linguistic system himself instead of what meanings the child perceives and expresses. Many careful studies of children’s acquisition sequences and errors in various languages have revealed that children have some “operating principles” for making sense of language data. 认知因素与语言习得主要在两种方式上相关。 1．语言发展既依赖于儿童对周围世界形成的概念，也依赖于在他们语言发展的早期和晚期所感到的剌激他们进行交际的事物。 2．认知因素决定了儿童如何自己弄清语言系统的意义，而不是儿童所感受和表达的意义。在不同语言中的许多对儿童的习得序列和错误的仔细研究已经揭示出，儿童具有某些"