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药物与临床DOI：10.16662/ki.1674-0742.2024.04.087阿奇霉素不同给药途径治疗小儿支气管肺炎的不良反应研究刘艳春济宁市第三人民医院（济宁市兖州区人民医院）儿科，山东济宁272100［摘要］目的研究小儿支气管肺炎治疗中阿奇霉素不同给药途径的不良反应。
方法随机选取2020年2月—2023年2月济宁市兖州区人民医院收治的100例小儿支气管肺炎患儿为研究对象，依据阿奇霉素的不同给药途径分为静脉滴注后口服序贯治疗组（序贯治疗组）、静脉滴注组两组，每组50例。
比较治疗效果、肺功能和不良反应情况。
结果两组患儿的治疗总有效率比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。
序贯治疗组患儿的潮气量、呼气峰值流速、第1秒用力呼气容积、用力肺活量均高于静脉滴注组，差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05），血沉、白细胞介素-6、降钙素原、C反应蛋白、血清淀粉样蛋白A水平均低于静脉滴注组，差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。
序贯治疗组患儿的不良反应总发生率为16.00%，低于静脉滴注组的36.00%，差异有统计学意义（χ2=5.198，P<0.05）。
结论小儿支气管肺炎治疗中阿奇霉素静脉滴注后口服序贯治疗的不良反应较静脉滴注少。
［关键词］小儿支气管肺炎；阿奇霉素；静脉滴注；口服；肺功能；炎症因子；不良反应［中图分类号］R563 ［文献标识码］A ［文章编号］1674-0742（2024）02(a)-0087-04Study on the Adverse Reactions of Different Routes of Administration of Azithromycin in the Treatment of Pediatric BronchopneumoniaLIU YanchunDepartment of Pediatrics, Jining Third People's Hospital (Jining Yanzhou District People's Hospital), Jining, Shan⁃dong Province, 272100 China[Abstract] Objective To study the adverse reactions of different routes of administration of azithromycin in the treat⁃ment of pediatric bronchopneumonia. Methods A total of 100 children with bronchial pneumonia admitted to Jining Yanzhou District People's Hospital from February 2020 to February 2023 were randomly selected as the research ob⁃jects. According to different routes of administration of azithromycin, they were divided into oral sequential treatment group ( sequential treatment group) and intravenous drip group, with 50 cases in each group. The therapeutic effect, lung function and adverse reactions were compared. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the to⁃tal effective rate of treatment between the two groups of children (P>0.05). The tidal volume, peak expiratory flow rate, forced expiratory volume at the first second, and forced vital capacity of children in the sequential treatment group were all higher than those in the intravenous infusion group, the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The average levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, interleukin-6, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and serum amy⁃loid A were lower than those in the intravenous infusion group, the differences were statistically significant (all P< 0.05). The total incidence of adverse reactions in the sequential treatment group was 16.00%, lower than 36.00% in the intravenous infusion group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.198, P<0.05). Conclusion Ad⁃verse effects of azithromycin intravenous drip followed by oral sequential therapy in the treatment of pediatric broncho⁃pneumonia were less than those of intravenous drip.[Key words] Pediatric bronchopneumonia; Azithromycin; Intravenous drip; Oral; Lung function; Inflammatory factors; Adverse reactions小儿支气管肺炎是指支气管及肺泡的炎症性疾病，发病原因主要是病原体感染引起，比如细菌、[作者简介] 刘艳春（1974-），女，本科，副主任医师，研究方向为新生儿疾病。
小学上册英语第5单元期末试卷考试时间：80分钟（总分:140）A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：My ___ (小鸟) loves to sing tunes.2. 选择题：What do you call the study of chemicals and their properties?A. BiologyB. ChemistryC. PhysicsD. Geology答案:B3. 选择题：What is the longest river in the world?A. Amazon RiverB. Nile RiverC. Yangtze RiverD. Mississippi River4. 选择题：Which instrument has strings and is played with a bow?A. FluteB. GuitarC. ViolinD. Drum5. 选择题：What do you call the area of land that is used for farming?A. FieldB. FarmC. RanchD. Garden答案: B6. 听力题：A battery can provide power for a variety of electrical ______.7. 听力题：I enjoy ______ (drawing) with crayons.8. 选择题：What do we call the time when it is cold?A. SummerB. WinterC. SpringD. Autumn9. 选择题：Which animal is known for its quills?A. HedgehogB. PorcupineC. ArmadilloD. Raccoon答案: B10. 选择题：Which color is a stop sign?A. RedB. GreenC. YellowD. Blue答案:A11. 填空题：The leaves on the _______ rustle in the wind.12. 填空题：I received a new _________ (遥控车) for my birthday. It is so _________ (快速的).13. 选择题：What is the primary ingredient in sushi?A. RiceB. NoodlesC. BreadD. Potatoes14. 选择题：What is the term for the study of ancient artifacts?A. ArchaeologyB. AnthropologyC. SociologyD. History答案:A15. 听力题：The Earth’s atmosphere protects us from harmful ______ (radiation).16. 填空题：I enjoy exploring with my toy ________ (玩具名称).17. 听力题：The playground is ___ (busy) with kids.18. 听力题：The earth's atmosphere is mostly made up of ______.19. 选择题：What do you call a baby cat?A. PuppyB. KittenC. CubD. Foal20. 听力题：The ______ helps people stay informed.21. 填空题：The _____ (植物学) studies different types of plants.22. 填空题：My friend is very __________ (具有同情心).23. 听力题：A ______ is an animal that can swim and fly.24. 选择题：What do you call a piece of furniture you sit on?A. TableB. ChairC. BedD. Couch25. 选择题：What is the name of the famous ancient city in Italy?A. PompeiiB. RomeC. HerculaneumD. All of the above26. 听力题：My sister enjoys listening to ____ (music) while studying.27. 选择题：What is the capital of the Republic of the Congo?A. BrazzavilleB. Pointe-NoireC. DolisieD. Ouesso28. 听力题：The chemical formula for styrene is _____.29. 听力题：The ______ is a large, slow-moving river of ice.30. 听力题：The chemical formula for ethylene glycol is ______.31. 填空题：中国的________ (history) 是由许多重要的事件构成的。
AccuMelt™ HRM SuperMixCat No. 95103-250Size: 250 x 20-µL reactions (2 x 1.25 mL)Store at -25ºC to - 15°C 95103-0121250 x 20-µL reactions (10 x 1.25 mL)protected from light DescriptionAccuMelt HRM SuperMix is a 2X concentrated, ready-to-use reaction cocktail for detection of genetic variations using high resolution melting (HRM) analysis. It includes all required components except for primers and DNA template. HRM is a closed tube, rapid and cost effective procedure for characterization of sequence differences immediately following PCR amplification. It is based on the melting (dissociation) behavior of a PCR product as it transitions from double-stranded to single-stranded DNA in the presence of a fluorescent dsDNA-binding dye. The melting properties of a given PCR product are dependent upon the base composition, length, and strand base-pairing. HRM analysis tools exploit differences in melt curve shapes and DNA melting temperature (Tm) to discriminate sequence differences between samples.AccuMelt HRM SuperMix contains the green-fluorescent dye SYTO® 9 in a stabilized master mix that eliminates the need for time consuming optimization of critical PCR components. This dye provides strong fluorescent signal upon binding to dsDNA at saturating concentrations without inhibiting PCR. The unique chemical composition of this SuperMix further enhances and maximizes the impact of sequence variations on melt curve behavior. This facilitates discrimination of all sequence variations including difficult to resolve base-neutral transversions such as A>T class 4 SNPs. The dNTP mix in AccuMelt HRM SuperMix includes an optimized blend of dTTP and dUTP. This feature supports the optional use of uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) to prevent amplification of carry-over contamination, while providing high product yield and reliable PCR performance.Highly specific amplification with high product yield from complex genomic DNA template is critical for successful HRM studies. A key component of this SuperMix is AccuStart™ Taq DNA polymerase, which contains monoclonal antibodies that bind to the polymerase and keep it inactive prior to the initial PCR denaturation step. Upon heat activation at 95ºC, the antibodies denature irreversibly, releasing fully active, unmodified Taq DNA polymerase. This enables specific and efficient primer extension with the convenience of room temperature reaction assembly. AccuMelt HRM SuperMix can be used with all currently available HRM analysis systems. For HRM applications and more detailed product information, please visit our web site at .ComponentsAccuMelt HRM SuperMix (2X): 2X reaction buffer containing optimized concentrations of MgCl2, dNTPs(including dUTP), AccuStart Taq DNA Polymerase, SYTO 9 green-fluorescentdye, and stabilizers.[free Mg ++] = 0.8 mM at 1X final concentrationStorage and StabilityStore components in a constant temperature freezer at -25°C to -15°C protected from light upon receipt.For lot specific expiry date, refer to package label, Certificate of Analysis or Product Specification Form.Guidelines for PCR amplification and HRM analysis:The design of highly specific primers is the single most important parameter for successful PCR amplification and HRM analysis. The use of computer aided primer design programs is encouraged in order to minimize the potential for internal secondary structure and complementation at 3’-ends within each primer and the primer pair. Primer T m should be between 56 to 63ºC and the T m difference between the forward and reverse primers should be less than 2ºC.Amplicon size should be less than 250 bp. Smaller amplicons (60 to 100 bp) generally facilitate HRM discrimination of homozygote samples. We recommend designing and evaluating multiple primer set designs for any given application.Optimal primer concentration may vary between 100 and 500 nM. A final concentration of 300 nM for each primer is effective for most applications.Some primer set designs may require asymmetric primer concentrations.Always include a negative or no template control to evaluate the specificity of a given primer set and amplification protocol. Sequence specificity of the PCR should be confirmed by a method other than generation of a single melt peak. This includes confirmation of PCR product size, diagnostic restriction endonuclease fragment pattern, or sequencing.Preparation of a reaction cocktail is recommended to reduce pipetting errors and obtain reproducible HRM results. Assemble the reaction cocktail with all required components, except template DNA, and dispense equal aliquots into each reaction tube. Add DNA template as a final step. A minimum of 3 technical replicates for each DNA sample is recommended. Include appropriate positive controls for each sequence variant.Guidelines for PCR amplification and HRM analysis continued:Use approximately 10,000 copies of template DNA. A suggested input quantity for human genomic DNA is 10 to 30 ng.After sealing each reaction, vortex gently to mix contents. Centrifuge briefly to collect components at the bottom of the reaction tube.PCR amplification can be carried out in a conventional or real-time thermal cycler. Monitoring the reaction in real-time allows one to access the quality and PCR performance of a sample before HRM. All samples should produce comparable Cqs and fluorescence signal. Samples with delayed Cq (>30) or aberrant fluorescence signal should be excluded from the HRM analysis. Optimal cycling conditions will depend on the properties of your primers. Hold assembled reactions on ice, protected from light, if not proceeding immediately to PCR.Reaction AssemblyComponent Volume for 20-µL rxn. Final ConcentrationAccuMelt HRM SuperMix (2X) 10.0 µL 1xForward primer Variable 100 – 500 nMReverse primer Variable 100 – 500 nMNuclease-free water VariableDNA Template 2-5 µL ~10,000 copiesFinal Volume (µL) 20 µLPCR Cycling Protocol2-Step Cycling Protocol 3-Step Cycling Protocol Initial Denaturation 95ºC, 5 min*95ºC, 5 min*PCR cycling (40 to 45 cycles)Denaturation 95ºC, 5 to 10 s 95ºC, 5 to 10 sAnnealing60ºC, 30 s†15 s at 55 to 65ºCExtension 10 to 30s at 70ºC†HRM analysis§Consult instructions for your instrument* Full activation of AccuStart Taq DNA polymerase occurs within 30s at 95ºC; however, optimal initial denaturation time is template dependent and will affect PCR efficiency and sensitivity. Amplification of genomic DNA or supercoiled DNA targets may require 5 to 10 min at 95ºC to fully denature the template.† If monitoring PCR in real-time, collect and analyze kinetic PCR data at the end of the extension step. Extension time is dependent upon amplicon length and minimal data collection time requirement for your qPCR instrument. Some primer sets may require a 3-step cycling protocol for optimal performance. Optimal annealing temperature and time may need to be empirically determined for any given primer set.§ High Resolution Melting Analysis should be carried out immediately following PCR amplification. Please consult the instructions for your HRM instrument for procedural details. If not proceeding immediately to HRM, store plates at +4C protected from light. Mix and centrifuge samples immediately before HRM.Quality ControlKit components are free of contaminating DNase and RNase. AccuMelt HRM SuperMix is functionally tested to amplify a single copy gene in human genomic DNA and resolve homozygote samples for class 4 (A>T) and class 3 (C>G) SNPs in a model test system.Limited Label LicensesUse of this product signifies the agreement of any purchaser or user of the product to the following terms:1.The product may be used solely in accordance with the protocols provided with the product and this manual and for use with components contained in the kitonly. QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. grants no license under any of its intellectual property to use or incorporate the enclosed components of this kit with any components not included within this kit except as described in the protocols provided with the product, this manual, and additional protocols available at . Some of these additional protocols have been provided by Quantabio product users. These protocols have not been thoroughly tested or optimized by QIAGEN Beverly, Inc.. QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. neither guarantees them nor warrants that they do not infringe the rights of third-parties.2.Other than expressly stated licenses, QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. makes no warranty that this kit and/or its use(s) do not infringe the rights of third-parties.3.This kit and its components are licensed for one-time use and may not be reused, refurbished, or resold.4.QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. specifically disclaims any other licenses, expressed or implied other than those expressly stated.5.The purchaser and user of the kit agree not to take or permit anyone else to take any steps that could lead to or facilitate any acts prohibited above. QIAGEN Beverly,Inc. may enforce the prohibitions of this Limited License Agreement in any Court, and shall recover all its investigative and Court costs, including attorney fees, in any action to enforce this Limited License Agreement or any of its intellectual property rights relating to the kit and/or its components.The use of this product is covered by at least one claim of U.S. Patent No. 7,687,247 owned by Life Technologies Corporation. The purchase of this product conveys to the buyer the non-transferable right to use the purchased amount of the product and components of the product in research conducted by the buyer (whether the buyer is an academic or for-profit entity). The buyer cannot sell or otherwise transfer (a) this product, (b) its components, or (c) materials made by the employment of this product or its components to a third party or otherwise use this product or its components or materials made by the employment of this product or its components for Commercial Purposes. Commercial Purposes means any activity for which a party receives or is due to receive consideration and may include, but is not limited to: (1) use of the product or its components in manufacturing; (2) use of the product or its components to provide a service, information, or data; (3) use of the product or its components for therapeutic, diagnostic or prophylactic purposes; or (4) resale of the product or its components, whether or not such product or its components are resold for use in research. The buyer cannot use this product, or its components or materials made using this product or its components for therapeutic, diagnostic or prophylactic purposes. Further information on purchasing licenses under the above patents may be obtained by contacting the Licensing Department, Life Technologies Corporation, 5791 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad, CA 92008. Email: *************************©2018 QIAGEN Beverly Inc. 100 Cummings Center Suite 407J Beverly, MA 01915Quantabio brand products are manufactured by QIAGEN, Beverly Inc.Intended for molecular biology applications. This product is not intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a disease.AccuMelt and AccuStart are trademarks of QIAGEN Beverly, Inc. SYTO is a registered trademark of Life Technologies Corporation (Molecular Probes Labeling and Detection Technologies).。
热点11 PCR技术专项专练,突破高考热点大关,冲刺满分!1.如图表示PCR技术中DNA变性和退火过程,下列相关说法正确的是 ( )A.向右表示DNA加热(94 ℃左右)变性的过程B.向左表示DNA双链迅速制冷退火过程C.变性与在生物体内解旋过程的条件和实质都相同D.图中DNA片段共有四个游离的磷酸基【解析】选A。
在94 ℃左右温度范围内,DNA的双螺旋结构解体,双链分开,这一过程称为变性,则A项正确。
变性后的DNA在缓慢降温后才会退火,则B项错误。
变性与在生物体内解旋过程的条件不同,但实质相同,即氢键断裂,双链解开,则C项错误。
任何一个DNA片段都有两个游离的磷酸基。
2.凝乳酶能够使乳汁中的蛋白质凝聚形成奶酪,主要来源为未断奶的小牛胃黏膜。
随着社会发展,传统来源的凝乳酶已不能满足生产需要。
研究人员利用PCR技术扩增了目的基因,并培育了能合成凝乳酶的转基因酵母菌,从而获得足够的凝乳酶。
回答下列问题:(1)利用PCR技术扩增目的基因的前提条件是要有________________________用来合成引物。
(2)利用PCR技术扩增目的基因后需要构建基因表达载体,其目的是______________________________________________。
构建的基因表达载体中通常含有标记基因,其作用是___________________。
(3)分子水平上检测目的基因是否成功导入酵母菌的方法是___________________________________。
(4)工业生产过程中,使用酵母菌作为受体,而不选用大肠杆菌的原因是________________________________。
【解析】(1)利用PCR技术扩增目的基因的前提条件是要有一段已知目的基因的核苷酸序列用来合成引物。
(2)利用PCR技术扩增目的基因后需要构建基因表达载体,其目的是使目的基因在受体细胞中稳定存在并遗传给下一代,同时使目的基因能够表达和发挥作用。
某大学生物工程学院《普通生物化学》课程试卷（含答案）__________学年第___学期考试类型：（闭卷）考试考试时间：90 分钟年级专业_____________学号_____________ 姓名_____________1、判断题（140分，每题5分）1. 一般说来，真核生物的mRNA与它的DNA模板是等长的。
（）[厦门大学2014研]答案：错误解析：mRNA在翻译完毕后会进行加工，切除内含子，修饰等，所以与模板DNA不等长。
2. 机体在缺乏能源物质的情况下，可以通过将胆固醇氧化成CO2和H2O，产生ATP。
（）答案：错误解析：3. 嘌呤霉素作为氨酰tRNA的类似物，与肽酰tRNA进行不可逆反应，从而终止蛋白质的合成。
（）解析：4. 天然存在的不饱和游离脂肪酸大多具有反式结构。
（）[山东大学2017研]答案：错误解析：天然存在的不饱和游离脂肪酸大多具有顺式结构，少部分具有反式结构。
5. 真核细胞中的RNA聚合酶仅在细胞核中有活性。
（）答案：错误解析：RNA聚合酶在细胞质中也有活性。
6. 核苷中碱基和糖的连接一般是CN连接的糖苷键，不存在CC连接的糖苷键。
（）[华东理工大学2007研]答案：错误解析：假尿嘧啶核苷中含有CC连接的糖苷键。
7. 凡有抑制剂存在都会降低酶与底物的亲和力。
（）答案：错误解析：非竞争性抑制剂和反竞争性抑制不会降低酶与底物的亲和力。
8. tRNA的二级结构中的额外环是tRNA分类的重要指标。
（）解析：不同tRNA中的额外环大小差异很大，因此可作为tRNA分类的指标。
9. 某些DNA序列既可以作为增强子也可作为沉默子。
（）答案：正确解析：某些DNA反式作用因子需要通过其他的。
当和一种转录因子结合是作为增强子时，而和另一种转录因子结合则是作为沉默子。
10. 所有的原核细胞都是单倍体，而所有的真核细胞都是二倍体。
（）答案：错误解析：11. 酶在细胞内的半寿期主要取决于它的降解速率而不是合成速率。
栀子的psbA-trnH序列分析与鉴别张兵锋;周秀玲【摘要】对栀子的psbA-trnH片段进行PCR扩展、测序,利用MEGA 6.0进行序列分析,计算样本的遗传距离(Pair-wisedistance法)和发育系统树(neighbor-joining法).结果表明,10种栀子属的psbA-trnH序列长度为250～297 bp,A+T 平均含量74％,变异位点占24.76％;简约信息位点占6.43％.Pair-wise distance(PW)法计算遗传距离,平均遗传距离为0.058;邻接法(NJ)对栀子属种间的系统发育进行聚类分析,成功鉴别供试样本.psbA-trnH片段可作为栀子属物种分子鉴别的候选序列.%The study aimed to investigate the variation of psbA-trnH intergenic region sequences in Gardenia species.The DNA sequences of psbA-trnH were amplified,sequenced,and then analyzed by the software MEGA 6.0.The Genetic distances were calculated through using Pair-wise distance method,and molecular authentication analysis was constructed by Neighbor-joining (N J) method.The results showed that the total lengths of psbA-trnH were 250-297 bp,the content of A+T was 74％,higher than that of G+C.The percentage of variation sites was 24.76％ and parsimony informative sites up to 6.43 ％;the average genetic distances was 0.058;the phylogenetic tree demonstrated that all samples of Gardenia species were identificated.Therefore,the psbA-trnH sequence was an efficient region for molecular identification of Gardenia species.【期刊名称】《种子》【年(卷),期】2017(036)003【总页数】5页(P33-37)【关键词】栀子;psbA-trnH;分子鉴定;DNA条形码【作者】张兵锋;周秀玲【作者单位】宜春学院化学与生物工程学院,江西宜春336000;宜春学院化学与生物工程学院,江西宜春336000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S567.1+9中药栀子为茜草科(Rubiaceae)栀子属(Gardenia)栀子的果实，其性苦寒，归心、三焦、肺经，无毒，具清热泻火之功效[1]。
高三英语植物遗传修饰单选题50题1. The process of plant genetic modification often involves ____ genes from one organism to another.A. transferringB. transformingC. transmittingD. transplanting答案：A。
解析：本题考查与植物遗传修饰相关的动词辨析。
A选项transferring有转移、传递（ 尤指将某物从一个地方、人或事物转移到另一个地方、人或事物）的意思，在植物遗传修饰中，经常涉及将基因从一个生物体转移到另一个生物体，符合概念。
B选项transforming主要表示改变、转变，强调的是形态、性质等方面的彻底改变，而不是基因的转移这个概念。
C选项transmitting侧重于传播、传送（ 信号、信息等），不太适用于基因的操作。
D选项transplanting 主要指移植 器官、植物等），通常是比较宏观的物体，与基因的操作不符。
2. In plant genetic modification, a ____ is a small circular piece of DNA that can be used to carry new genes into a plant cell.A. plasmidB. plastidC. plasmodiumD. plasma答案：A。
解析：A选项plasmid（质粒）在植物遗传修饰中是一种小的环状DNA，可以用来携带新基因进入植物细胞，这是植物遗传修饰中重要的工具。
B选项plastid（质体）是植物细胞中的一种细胞器，与携带基因进入细胞的概念不同。
C选项plasmodium（ 疟原虫）与植物遗传修饰毫无关系。
D选项plasma（血浆、等离子体）也与植物遗传修饰概念不相关。
3. Which of the following is a common method for plant genetic modification?A. Cross - breedingB. Mutation breedingC. Gene editingD. All of the above答案：D。
