陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(章节题库 第10章 英语语言变体(Ⅰ))【圣才出品】

第9章英语语言的应用（II）I. Fill in the blanks.1. H. P. Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maximum of _____ Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words，speak truthfully; do not lie.【答案】quality【解析】质量原则的内容。

2. In the light of the _____ principle, four maxims are specified. They are the maxim of quantity, maxim of _____, maxim of _____ and the maxim of _____.（人民大学2005年、吉林大学2004年研）【答案】cooperative; quality; relation; manner【解析】考查合作原则及四条次则：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。

3. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maximof_____.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?【答案】relation【解析】很显然Y的回答与X的问题“你昨晚跟谁在一起？”无关。

第7章英语语言意义（II）I. Fill in the blanks.1. Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents: _____, _____.【答案】argument; predicate【解析】述谓结构分析把述谓结构分析分割为论元和谓词。

其中谓词是控制论元的主要要素。

2. _____is a type of meaning-dependence between one sentence and another. In terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between the two sentences if a entails b: When a is true, b is necessarily true; when b is false, a is false; when b is true, a may be true or false.【答案】Entailment【解析】蕴含是具有独立意义的不依赖于句子所处的语境。

如果a蕴含b，那么它们存在着如下的真值关系：当a为真时，b也一定为真；当b为假时，a为假；当a为假时，b或真或假；当b为真时，a或真或假。

3. _____means two sentences may have the same meaning, that is, in terms of truth value, a has the same truth value as b: If a is true, b is true; also if a is false, b is false; and vice versa.【答案】Synonymy【解析】同义关系指两个句子拥有同样的意思，即在真值方面，a与b真值相同。

第10章英语语言变体（I）I.Fill in the blanks.1. Any discourse can be seen as a configuration of field，mode and _____.（中山大学2003年研）【答案】tenor【解析】话语包括语场、语式、语旨三个方面。

2. More qualifiers and intensifiers are used by _____.【答案】women【解析】语言使用的性别差异。

3. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, _____ language.【答案】vernacular【解析】凡属标准语之外的那些语言变体都被叫做非标准语或本地语。

4. A linguistic _____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite”society from general use.【答案】taboo【解析】禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因而避免使用的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替。

5. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _____ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.【答案】social【解析】语言本身是不存在性别歧视的，但当语言被不同的人使用时，则会反映出社会中存在的性别歧视现象。

6. In terms of sociolinguistics, _____ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language.【答案】idiolect【解析】从社会语言学的角度讲，个人习语指个人语言风格。

第8章英语语言的应用（I）I. Fill in the blanks.1. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the _____ of, or the _____the utterance. （人大2004研）【答案】consequence, change brought about by【解析】言外行为指说话的效果。

2. When a teacher says “The exam this year is going to be really difficult”, the sentence would have an _____force. （清华2001研，清华2000研）【答案】illocutionary【解析】言外行为，表达说话人的意图。

3. _____ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.【答案】Performatives【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。

II. Multiple Choices.1. The speech act theory was developed by _____.（对外经贸2006研)A. John SearleB. John AustinC. LevinsonD. G. Leech【答案】B【解析】言语行为理论是哲学家约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中提出的。

它从哲学意义上对语言交际的本质进行解释，其目的在于回答”用语言干什么”这个问题。

2. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest. (Focus on the type of illocutionary act) （南京大学2007研）A. threatenB. adviseC. beseechD. urge【答案】A【解析】A为命令性言语行为，而其他三项为指示性言语行为。

第1章导言课后习题详解Check your understanding.State whether each of the following statements is True or False.(1) There is universal agreement about the origin of language.【答案】F(2) Pet dogs can speak human language.【答案】F(3) All human infants can speak some language.【答案】F(4) By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets. 【答案】F(5) With different cultures there will be different languages.【答案】F(6) Not all uses of language are meant to convey new information.【答案】TIn-Class Activities1. “Language”, like “yuyan”in Chinese, is used for different meanings in different contexts, as shown below:a. Chinese is a language.b. Linguistics is the systematic study of language.e. Both Jane and John like Shakespeare’s language.d. the language of beesAsk(1) What does “language” mean in each of the contexts?Key: a. a natural language; language in particular.b. a human-specific tool for communication; language in general.c. individual style of language use.d. a metaphorical way of referring to bees’ system of communication.(2) Is there any other context in which the use of the word means something else?Key: Yes. Example: language for the computer like C+.2. There is a well-known story in the Bible that reflects the importance of language in human society. According to the Old Testament, mankind spoke only one language until Nimrod began to build a tower that was to reach heaven. The Lord said, “Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language, and nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them. Come, let us go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand each other’s speech.”Ask(1) What if there were no language?Key: If there were no language, human beings could not communicate with each other, the experience of great persons and the process of history could not be documented. All in all, without language, the society can not move forward.(2) What if there were only one language the world over?Key: It would be much more convenient for human beings to communicate with each other; however, on the other hand, there could not be such a prosperous development of different cultures.(3) What can we learn from this Bible story?Key: Language is powerful as a tool of human communication.3. The course of linguistics is aimed at bringing our conscious attention to language, something with which we are very familiar and which, paradoxically, we find strange. For instance, language is said to be creative. Consider the following two statements:a. I learned a new word yesterday.b. I learned a new sentence yesterday.Ask(1) Do you think the two statements are equally probable, and if not, why not?Key: (a) is more likely than (b), since as the basic unit of meaning, the word can occur independently in language is finite in number, whereas as composed of words ,the sentence, though is almost infinite in number, is madepossible by our knowledge of vocabulary and grammar. We can always produce and understand sentences that we never come across before. In that sense, no sentence is absolutely new.(2) In what context do we make the second statement?Key: When we focus our attention on the meaning of a sentence or when we are concerned with the form of a sentence as found in a language class.4. The following English words are what we call onomatopoeic words, words that are characterized by a natural correspondence between their physical property (like sound or form) and their content or meaning:bang; bark; crash; hissAsk(1) Are there onomatopoeic words in Chinese?Key: Yes. e.g.“哗啦”、“扑通”、“喀嚓”.(2) Does the existence of onomatopoeic words overthrow the claim that language is arbitrary?Key: No. Onomatopoeic words account for a very limited percentage in the vocabulary of a language5. The arbitrary nature of language does not suggest that individuals can use a language arbitrarily. In fact, once the members of a community agree on the meaning of words, they are supposed to abide by the convention. Look at thefollowing cartoon:Ask(1) Can one really invent a language of one’s own?Key: No.(2) If not, why?Key: A language comes into being and is used by convention or agreement among its speakers.6. Before the middle of the eighteenth century, theories of the beginning of language were widely discussed. According to these early theories, man was created almost instantaneously and speech was provided to him as a divine gift at the moment of creation. So goes the story of the Garden of Eden. God created Adam and speech simultaneously. God spoke with Adam and Adam answered him. The language they used was Hebrew.Andreas Kemke, a Swedish philologist, asserted that in the garden of Eden, God spoke Swedish, Adam spoke Danish, and the serpent spoke French. Goropius Becanus, a Dutch theorist, asserted that the language of the Garden was Dutch.The Egyptians considered themselves the oldest civilization, and therefore the original language was Egyptian.On the assumption that babies, if left alone, will grow up speaking “the original”language, Psammetichus (6 B. C.) had two babies taken at random from an ordinary family and given to a servant to raise. He ordered the servant not to speak a word to the babies. When they were two years old, the children one day abruptly greeted the servant with “Bekos!” The servant immediately reported this to Psammetichus. The king checked with his counselors, who informed him that “bekos”meant “bread”in Phrygian. So in true “scientific”spirit, Psammetichus announced that Phrygian was the original language.Ask(1) Is there any basic flaw in this experiment?Key: The process is not strictly controlled. There may have been some coincidence. The sample size is too small for the experiment to be valid. (2) Do you think we really can answer the question about the beginning of language?Key: No, at least in the present condition where/when we cannot perform experiments on the human brain, the key organ of speech.7. Below are samples of speech from children at three different stages in their acquisition process.。

陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》【章节题库】9-14章【圣才出品】第9章英语语言的应用（Ⅱ）Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.H.P.Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation.This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle.According to the maximum of_____,do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence.In other words,speak truthfully;do not lie.【答案】quality【解析】合作原则中质量准则内容：不要说自知是不真实的话；不要说缺乏足够证据的话。

2.In the light of the_____principle,four maxims are specified.They are the maxim of quantity,maxim of_____,maxim of_____and the maxim of_____.（人民大学2005年、吉林大学2004年研）【答案】cooperative;quality;relation;manner【解析】考查合作原则及四条次则：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。

3.Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _____.X:Who was that you were with last night?Y:Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?【答案】relation【解析】很显然Y的回答与X的问题“你昨晚跟谁在一起？”无关。

陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》（章节题库第6章英语语言意义（Ⅰ））【圣才出品】第6章英语语言意义（Ⅰ）Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.According to G.Leech,_____meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.（北二外2007研）【答案】affective【解析】利奇认为感情意义是指所传达的关于说话人/作者感情、态度方面的意义。

2._____=PARANT(x,y)&MALE(x)（北二外2005研）【答案】FATHER【解析】同时满足“父母亲”和“男性”的条件的只能是“父亲”。

3.According to G Leech,_____meaning refers to logic,cognitive,or denotative content.（北二外2005研）【答案】conceptual【解析】利奇认为概念意义是指逻辑的、认知的、外延的内容。

4.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to,or stands for,is known as the_____theory.（中山大学2008研）【答案】referential【解析】把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论。

5._____is the technical name for the sameness relation.（北二外2007研）【答案】Synonymy【解析】同义关系是相同关系的专业术语，完全的同义关系是很少的。

所谓的同义词都是依赖语境的，它们总是在这方面或那方面有所不同。

6.Terms like“apple”,“banana”and“pear”are_____of the term“fruit”.（北二外2007研）【答案】hyponyms【解析】上下义关系是指意义内包关系或者说一种类和成员间的关系。

第2章英语语音课后习题详解Check your understanding.State whether each of the following statements is True or False.(1) [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme.【答案】F(2) Not all English phonemes have allophones.【答案】T(3) The same set of vowels is used in all languages.【答案】F(4) All syllables must contain at least one vowel.【答案】F(5) The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English.【答案】F(6) English is a tone language.【答案】FIn-Class Activities1. In order to discover the phonemes used in the sound system of a language, scholars once designed a method based on the notion of minimal pairs, like “pat”vs. “fat”. Three requirements were proposed for identifying a minimal pair: (1) the two words are different in meaning; (2) the two words are different because of just one phoneme; and (3) the phonemes that make the two words different occur in the same phonetic environment. By phonetic environment we mean the sound(s) preceding and that/those following it, e. g. the phonetic environment of [I] in [pit] is [p_t] and that of [P] is [#_it] (#stands for a word or syllable boundary). The contrasting sounds in words forming a minimal pair are said to be in contrastive distribution, as in [bit] vs. [beit] and [pit] vs. [bit].Ask(1) What is the phonetic environment of [t] in [pit] ?Key: [i_](2) Are the following pairs of words minimal pairs?a. desk vs. task;b. leave vs. leakKey: a. No.b. Yes. ( li:v vs. li:k )2. Allophones as the realizations of the same phoneme are technically said to be in complementary distribution; in other words, they are found in different phonetic environments. For instance, the allophones of the phoneme /l/, clear [l] and dark [?], occur as follows:Clear [1]: occurs before vowels or after initial consonant(s) like /b/, /s/, /k/, //,/f/, /p/, /sp/.Dark [?]: occurs elsewhere.Ask(1) Characterize how the allophones of the phoneme/k/are complementarily distributed.Key: [k h ] in initial position; [k]after /s/; [k¬] in final position.(2) Is there any other way of characterizing the complementary distribution of clear [l] and dark [?]?Key: [l] before vowels; [ł] elsewhere.3. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of distinctive features. For example, /p/is defined as composed of such distinctive features as [plosive] + [bilabial] + [breathed] because each of them can distinguish/p/from some other phonemes. However, the property of aspiration contained in the allophone [P h] does not distinguish of meaning and therefore is not a distinctive feature in this case. Ask(1) What distinctive feature makes/f/and/v/different?Key: [voiced].(2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?a. /y/;b. /k/;c. /n/Key: a. /y/ [fricative] + [voiceless] + [palatal]b. /k/ [velar] + [voiceless] + [plosive]c. /n/ [nasal] + [voiced] + [alveolar]4. Suppose the distribution of [r] and [l] in the following words is characteristic of Korean: rupi; “ruby”; mul; “water”; kiri; “road”; pal; “leg”; saram; “person”; səul; “Seoul”; ratio; “radio”; ipalsa; “barber”(1) Are [r] and [l] in complementary distribution? In what environment does each occur?Key: Yes. [r] occurs before vowels; [l] occurs after vowels.(2) Do they occur in any minimal pairs?Key: No.(3) Suppose that [r] and [l] are allophones of one phoneme. State the rule that can derive the allophonic forms.Key: [r] is lateralized when it occurs after vowels.5. A sound may change by assimilating/copying a feature of a sequential/ neighboring sound; e. g. [] is realized as [], [] and [] respectively in “impossible”, “irresistible “, and “ illegal “ This is what we call the assimilation rule. Assimilation, particularly noticeable in ordinary conversational speech, occurs in a variety of contexts. For example, when you tell someone “I can go”, the influence of the following velar [] will almost certainly make the preceding nasal sound In [] come out as [] (a velar) rather than [] (an alveolar). Notice also that the vowel in “can” has also changed to schwa []from the isolated-word version [] through the process of weakening.Ask(1) Can you give more examples of assimilation?Key: compatriot, sing.(2) Can you find any exceptions?Key: input, unbeatable, Canberra.Now, study the following dialect of English carefully. There seems to be a predictable variant [] of the diphthong [].(3) What phonetic segments condition this change?Key: The consonant immediately after the vowel.6. If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another does not cause a change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation. For example, “economics” can be read as both[] and []. Here, // and //are in free distribution.Ask:(1) Can you give more examples of free variation?Key: advertisement [əd΄və:tismənt] [əd΄və:tizmənt]; association [əsəusi΄eiʃən] [əsəu i΄eiən](2) Why do you think such a phenomenon exists in a language like English?Key: Individual variation is responsible for this phenomenon.7. A certain sound in words like “sign”, “design” and “resign” may be deleted even though it may be orthographically represented, while their corresponding nominal forms, namely “signature”, “designation” and “resignation”, involve the articulation of the sound. The process involved here is the deletion rule.Ask(1) Which sound is deleted in “sign”, “design” and “resign”?Key: [g](2) Can you offer other examples of deletion?Key: paradigm (atic), condemn(ation)(3) Can you give some words that involve total deletion?Key: plumb, plumber; climb, climbing(4) Are there any other types of deletion in English?Key: debt, know8. English has a number of expressions such as “chit-chat” and “flip-flop” which never seem to occur in the reverse order (i.e. chat-chit, flop-flip). Here are more。

陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》考研模拟试题及详解（一）I. Fill in the following blanks1. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and _____ of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness.【答案】conventionality【解析】语言学习过程中学习者必须识记一些固定搭配或约定俗成的习语谚语等，因此使得语言学习比较费力。

2. The term _____ originates from Malinowski’s study of the functions of language performed by Trobriand Islanders. It refers to the social interaction of language. 【答案】phatic communion【解析】寒暄功能是指那些有助于确立和维持人际关系的表达，最先由Malinowski提出。

3. The present system of the _____ derives mainly from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), and his colleagues at University of London.【答案】cardinal vowels【解析】基本元音是指一系列约定俗成、固定不变的元音特质，目的是为语言中实际存在的元音描述提供一个参照框架。

(1) What is the Samoan for: (a) “they travel”, and (b) “he sings” respectively? Key: (a) savavali (b) pese
(2) Formulate a morphological rule regarding how to form the plural verb form from the singular verb form in Samoan.
Key: Positive terms can have negative morphemes added to them, as in “happy-unhappy”, but semantically negative ones rarely do, because unis deprecatory as well as negative.
Key: Duplicate the penultimate syllable.
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

3. English has a couple of affixes that serve to express the opposition of meaning, of which un- figures prominently. Observe the following sets of English words (words marked with are not allowed in English):
Ask (1) Which other affixes are there in English that function as markers of negation?

第3章英语语言单位Ⅰ.Fill in the blanks.1.In traditional grammar,_____is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item.（中山大学2006研）【答案】pronoun【解析】在传统语法中，代词是唯一一种可用来代替其他语言项目的词性。

2.Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an_____affix from a longer form already in the language.（中山大学2006研）【答案】imagined【解析】逆构词法是一种不规则的构词类型，即把一个语言中已经存在的较长单词删去想象中的词缀，由此造出一个较短的单词。

3._____is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers,whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.It is the minimum free form.（中山大学2005研）【答案】Word【解析】词是个语言表达单位，无论是在口语还是在书面语中，说母语的人都能够凭直觉识别这个语言单位。

它是最小的自由形式词，是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单位。

4.Take is the_____of taking,taken and took.【答案】lexeme【解析】词位是语言词汇的基本单位，taking，taken和took都是take这个词位的词位变体。

5.The_____is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar,a unit which cannot be divided a unit which cannot be dividedwithout destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether lexical or grammatical.（北二外2008研）【答案】morpheme【解析】语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。

Unit 10 The V arieties of English (I)[Check your understanding]State whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. A language often has some dialects. T2. London Cockney is very prestigious in Britain. FNote: RP (Received Pronunciation) is very prestigious.3. Different social classes often have their own dialects. TNote: They have what we call social dialects or sociolects.4. Spoken English is informal in style. FNote: Spoken English can be very formal on some occasions involving prepared speech.■ In-Class Activities1. ASK:(1) Do you speak any local dialect(s)? Demonstrate a little bit.Omit.(2) How did dialects come into existence?People speaking the same language are long separated and then variations occur.(3) What do you think about the future of dialects? Should we take measures to protect ourdialects?Omit.2. ASK:(1) Can you identify any linguistic difference between Elizabethan and current Modern English?(e.g., in line 3, thou is now you.)The differences are underlined below:HAMLET: A man may fish with the worm that hath eat of a king, and eat of the fish that hath fed of that worm.KING: What dost thou mean by this?HAMLET: Nothing but to show you how a king may go a progress through the guts of a beggar. KING: Where is Polonius?HAMLET: In heaven. Send thither to see. If your messenger find him not there, seek him in the other place yourself. But indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nosehim as you go up the stairs into the lobby.(2) Since Shakespeare (1564-1616), do you think the English grammar has changedprofoundly? Justify your judgment with evidence from the above excerpt.Not much. The basic patterns are the same. A noticeable difference lies in the position of “not” as in “If your messenger find him not there”.(3) How does modern English differ from Old English and Middle English?Y ou may refer to George Y ule, The Study of English, pp. 218-2233. ASK:(1) What style or idiolect do you think characterizes Mark Twain? Justify yourself with evidencefrom the text.a. use of vernacularb. humorc. intimacy with the readersd. colloquialism(2) What style do you think characterizes Henry James? Justify yourself with evidence from thetext.a. high formalityb. use of long and involved sentencesc. seriousd. use of pompous language4. ASK:(1) How would you express each of the conversational fragments in formal English? Do theseinformal sentences express any feeling or idea that is not expressed in the formal style?a. What did you say? Y ou said I worry?b. What did you say? Y ou said John got a job?c. Did you say my boss gave me a raise?d. Did you say he wore a tuxedo?(2) How is the language of administrative regulations different from the conversational fragments?The informal style can be characterized as having a great amount of abbreviation, shortening, contraction, and deletion. By contrast, the regulations use long, complete, and complex sentences. Big words are frequently used.(3) Look at the following picture. Which style does the language used belong to, formal orinformal? Why?It is informal as signaled by the mixed use of regular language and an email symbol.5. ASK:(1) How does Mrs. Bennet’s speech reflect the general characteristics of women’s language?Illustrate with examples.a. Use intensifiers and exaggerationsb. Use emphatic tones like stressing “me”, “that”, and “his”c. Use formal language(2) What other features may characterize feminine discourse?Women love to use exaggerations as shown by wide distribution of intensifiers, like “awfully”and “terribly”. Women love to use endearment language. They love to express strong wishes.They love to use emphasis of various kinds.7. ASK:(1) How would you describe public signs as a unique genre?Highly elliptical; mostly representatives, directives and commissives (like informing, commanding, warning, prohibiting, etc.)(2) Are there features of signs that are not captured by these pictures?Omit.8. ASK:(1) What stylistic features can you associate with the cyber language as shown here?a. Use initials;b. Blend numericals with letters;c. Use capitals.(2) Can you give a few samples of Chinese cyber language?Omit.9. ASK:(1) How would you characterize the genre of fables as a sub-genre of narrative?a. Narrate things;b. Tell stories about animals, birds, etc. c. Carry a message.(2) How is this genre different from a children’s story?The latter is entertaining but may not convey an explicit message.10. ASK:(1) How is register different from genre?Within Halliday’s framework, register is defined in terms of functional categories.Traditionally, genre is defined in terms of formal categories. Within Halliday’s framework, genre is defined in terms of textual properties.(2) How would you define the register of a job interview or a court interrogation?For a job interview:Field of discourse: job applicationTenor of discourse: applicant-employer (formal, polite)Mode of discourse: oral (partly prepared and partly spontaneous)For a court interrogation:Field of discourse: a law suitTenor of discourse: judge (plus a jury)-suspect(s) (formal, antagonistic)Mode of discourse: oral (partly prepared and partly spontaneous)11. ASK:(1) Why do language users invent euphemisms?To Sound more pleasant or more polite. Sometimes for fun.(2) What other common euphemisms can you come up with?Omit.(3) During the V ietnam War occasionally the phrase “surgical strike” was employed in place of“bombing.” What are other euphemisms associated with war?“military intervention” for “invasion”(4) Instead of “first class,”“second class”, and “third class” accommodations, airlines now have“first class,”“tourist (coach),”and “economy.”What are the reasons for these changes in labels?To sound respectful for non-first-class passengers.T ask 3: Study Questions1. How will you distinguish between language and dialect?A language usu. has its writing system; it may include several dialects; it is often politically defined.2-6. Omit.7. What linguistic features characterize this fragment of football commentary?a. use of short sentences;b. use of elliptical sentences;c. dominant use of the simple present tense.8. Study the following pictures. Discuss their differences in terms of genre features.a. special layout; neutral and formal.b. conventional layout; more subjective.9. Omit.。

第9章英语语言的应用（II）课后习题详解Check your understanding.State whether each of the following statements is True or False.(1) Maxim of quantity requires one to provide as much information as possible. 【答案】F(2) In order to be polite, one needs to cooperate in all possible ways.【答案】F(3) Every normal speaker needs to mind his own and others’ face.【答案】T(4) Politeness is a matter of degree.【答案】T(5) Cultures vary as far as politeness issues are concerned.【答案】TIn-Class Activities1. The meaning of “and” in English seems to be rather diversified in different contexts. Compare:a. The film is long and boring.b. Jane found John was handsome and fell in love with him.c. Jane called John and told him the news.Ask(1) How would you interpret “and” in each of the cases?Key: In a, “and” is a pure conjunction that coordinates two parts. In b, “and”signals cause-effect relation. In c, “and” indicates the sequence of events, meaning “and then”.(2) Do you vote for the argument that “and” is polysemous, or the argument that“and” has just one basic meaning and the other “meanings” areimplicatures derived from the context?Now, focus on the use of “or” in English:d. His birthday is in June or July.e. For the new post, a diploma in mathematics or computer science is a must.Key: “and” has one basic meaning. Other interpretations are derived from this basic meaning plus contextual information by way of implicature.(3) It seems that “or” has two conflicting meanings. What are they? Do you thinkone meaning is basic and the other is derivable in context by virtue ofimplicature?Key: They are exclusive “or” and inclusive “or”. The inclusive “or” is more basic. The exclusive “or” is realized by way of implicature.2. Being underinformative or overinformative in daily conversation is not rare. When either happens, some implicature is intended. Look at the followingfragment of talk:Jane: What’s your stepmother like?John: She’s a woman and she married my father.Ask(1) What does John want to say in actuality?Key: The stepmother is no good.(2) Why does John answer that way, you suppose?Now consider the following:Jane: When did you come back last night?John: Two o’clock in the morning. The meeting was just too long.Key: He does not want to say directly that his stepmother is bad.(3) What does John imply in the second part of his reply?Key: He did not mean to be late.(4) Why does John give that additional information?Public signs and ads also employ additional information sometimes. Look at the following pictures:Key: He wants to explain why he was late so that Jane would pardon him, if she minded.(5) What is the extra information in each of the cases?Key: In the first picture, the additional information is that “there is ice falling”.In the second picture, the additional information is “Heart disease is the#1 killer of African Americans”. In the third picture, the additionalinformation is “水是生命的源泉。

第1章导言I. Fill in the following blanks:1. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and _____ of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness.（大连外国语学院2008研）【答案】conventionality【解析】语言学习过程中学习者必须识记一些固定搭配或约定俗成的习语谚语等，因此使得语言学习比较费力。

2. In Sau ssure’s view, the relationship between signifier(sound image) and signified (concept) is _____.（北二外2005研）【答案】arbitrary【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。

3. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _____it is associated with.（人大2007研）【答案】meaning【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。

4. The features that define our human languages can be called _____ features.（北二外2006研）【答案】design【解析】人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。

第二部分章节题库第1章导言Ⅰ. Fill in the following blanks:1. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and _____ of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth noticing than its arbitrariness.（大连外国语学院2008研）【答案】conventionality【解析】语言学习过程中学习者必须识记一些固定搭配或约定俗成的习语谚语等，因此使得语言学习比较费力。

2. In Saussure’s view, the relationship between signifier(sound image) and signified (concept) is _____.（北二外2005研）【答案】arbitrary【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。

3. The term _____ originates from Malinowski’s study of the functions of language performed by Trobriand Islanders. It refers to the social interaction of language.（中山大学2006研）【答案】phatic communion【解析】寒暄功能是指那些有助于确立和维持人际关系的表达，最先由Malinowski提出。

4. The features that define our human languages can be called _____ features.（北二外2006研）【答案】design【解析】人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。