张奎武《英美概况》(第4版)笔记和课后习题详解-下册(加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰)【圣才出品】

英美国家概论路人整理2011-7-27目录第一章英国的国土与人民LAND AND PEOPLE (3)第二章英国的起源THE ORIGINS OF A NATION (9)第三章英国的形成THE SHAPING OF THE NATION (16)第四章向现代英国的过渡TRANSITION TO THE MODERN AGE (22)第五章大英帝国的兴衰THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE (28)第六章英国经济THE ECONOMY (40)第八章法律与司法机构JUSTICE AND THE LAW (49)第九章英国社会SOCIAL AFFAIRS (55)第十章体育运动SPORTS (60)第十三章美国地理位置GEOGRAPHY (66)第十四章美国人口种族POPULATION.RACE AND ETHNIC GROUPS (70)第十五章美国历史（一）AMERICAN HISTORY(I) (73)第十六章美国历史（二）AMERICAN HISTORY(II) (77)第十七章美国历史（三）AMERICAN HISTORY(III) (81)第十八章美国经济THE ECONOMY (84)第十九章政治制度POLITICAL INSTITUTION (88)第二十章美国教育EDUCATION (93)第二十一章文化建筑和音乐LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE AND MUSIC (98)第二十二章节日和假期HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS (102)第二十二章节：HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS 节日和假期 (102)第一章英国的国土与人民Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

第1章教育1.1 复习笔记I. A Brief Introduction to American EducationII. Elementary EducationIII. Secondary EducationIV. Higher Education—College and University1. General Introduction2. Types of Institutions3. Faculty Members4. Part-time Working and Student’s Organization V. Admission, and Academic Levels1. Admission2. Academic Levels and Academic Calendar3. CreditsVI. Graduate StudyVII. Well-known Universities in America1. Ivy League2. Harvard University3. Yale UniversityVIII. LibrariesI. A Brief Introduction to American Education (美国教育的概况)1. Education has been greatly respected throughout the history of the United States.在美国的历史进程中，教育受到了很高的重视。

2. At the turn of the twentieth century, public education developed more rapidly and more people got the opportunity of going to school.20世纪之交，公共教育发展迅速，越来越多的人得到了受教育的机会。

II. Elementary Education (初等教育)1. Many children begin their school education at the age of six and children usually graduate from high school at the age of 18.很多孩子6岁开始上学，18岁高中毕业。

英美概况笔记1、英国最高山---本尼维斯山2、英国最大湖----内伊湖-----位于北爱3、苏格兰最重要的河----克莱德河4、威尔士最高山---斯诺多尼亚山5、伊比利来人----英国第一个已知的殖民者，在3000bc-----巨石阵6、英国有记录的历史始于---罗马入侵---凯撒-----55BC-----把基督教带到英国7、罗蒙湖------苏格兰最大的湖泊8、泰晤士河----英国第二大、最重要的河流。

9、英国最高峰-----斯科菲尔峰10、英国移民主要来自-----西印度群岛、印度、巴基斯坦11、英联邦建立于----1931年，1991年已有50个成员国。

12、皮克特人-----苏格兰和威尔士人最早已知的祖先13、南部---英吉利海峡；东部----北海14、英格兰占整个---百分之六十15、凯尔特人最早来自于---德国16、安格鲁萨克逊入侵----5世纪----带来日耳曼宗教17、多佛海峡-----英吉利海峡最窄处18、凯尔特人----盖尔人、布立吞人（不列颠人）、比利其人19、凯尔特人的宗教------德鲁伊德教20、条顿部族----朱特人、撒克逊人、安格鲁人21、英国之父-----埃格伯特22、奠定英国的基础-----安格鲁萨克逊23、北欧海盗和丹麦人-----8世纪末24、诺曼征服----1066年----建立封建制度---英国土地志25、大宪章---1215年英国定的宪法，限制约翰国王的绝对权力---开始迈向君主立宪第一步26、英法百年战争-----导火索是王位继承问题27、1381年---泰勒起义。

原因---反对人头税28、梦福尔---重建大议会-----现代英国议会的雏形29、坎特伯雷故事集----香客朝拜贝克特的坟墓30、英国在罗马人控制下将近-----400年31、玫瑰战争------白玫瑰象征约克家族；红玫瑰象征兰开斯特家族-----封建主义受到打击，贵族消弱32、大英帝国的奠基人-----伊丽莎白33、世界近代史的开端-----1640年----英国内战34、长期议会中，投票赞成初四查理一世的议员-----残余国会35、辉格党-----反对王权、支持新教36、托利党-----支持王权、不愿废除国王，保守党的前身37、辉格党在19世纪组成---自由党38、1900年----英国已经建成日不落帝国，殖民地占世界的-----25%39、一战同盟国----德国和奥匈帝国；协约国-----英法俄；凡尔赛条约40、绥靖政策----张伯伦41、1973年----英国加入欧洲经济共同体----罗马条约-----共同市场42、撒切尔主义---国有工业私有化43、文艺复兴------始于意大利14世纪初，传到英国1485年44、英国三大政党-----工党、保守党、自由党45、在英国1970s0---北海---发现了石油46、英国两种主要的粮食-----大麦、小麦47、罗马人修建了----哈德良长城48、13世纪初-----牛津大学和剑桥大学建立49、玫瑰战争-----导致都铎王朝的建立50、1603年詹姆士一世----开始斯图亚特王朝的统治51、1642-1651------英国内战爆发52、1640年------英国第一次爆发资产阶级革命，革命先驱53、光荣革命----确立君主立宪政体54、1760-1830------英国工业革命55、1775-1783---美国独立战争56、1607----英国在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立第一个永久居留地57、阿拉斯加----美国第49个州；夏威夷------第50个州58、哈佛大学位于-----马萨诸塞州的剑桥(Cambridge)镇59、Stonehenge ----在英国，是古代城池的遗迹60、密西西比河-----是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线61、最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是---大西洋及其沿岸平原。

第2章美国独立战争2.1 复习笔记I. The Sharpening Contradictions between Britain and the Colonies1. The Situation Before 17632. The Stamp Act and the T ownshend Acts3. The Boston Massacre and Committees of Correspondence4. The Boston “Tea Party”and the “Intolerable Acts”II. The Unity of the ColoniesIII. The Fire of Lexington and the Declaration of IndependenceIV. Progress of the WarV. The Significance of the WarVI. The Confederation and the ConstitutionI. The Sharpening Contradictions between Britain and the Colonies (殖民地与英国的尖锐对立)1. The Situation Before 1763 (1763前的状况)Before 1763, the colonial people had to depend much upon England. However, as the colonies grew in population and wealth, they depended less and less on England.1763年前，殖民地人民非常依赖英国。

然而，随着殖民地人口和财富的增长，对英国的依赖度逐渐减少。

2. The Stamp Act and the T ownshend Acts (印花税和唐森德税法)(1) The Stamp Acta. In 1765, Stamp Act was made. According to this act stamped paper must be used for all legal documents and other articles.b. The people of the colonies rose to oppose it. Facing so much opposition both in America and in England, the Parliament had to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.(2) Townshend Actsa. All the goods imported into the country must be taxed.b. In 1770, the T ownshend taxes were all repealed except the tax on tea.(1) 印花税a. 1765年，印花税出台。

第6章美国的电影6.1 复习笔记I. HollywoodII. The Hollywood Walk of FameIII. Beverly HillsIV. “Oscar”and Academy AwardsV. “Golden Globe Awards”and “The HFPA”VI. Some of the Well-known Directors and Film Stars1. Marilyn Monroe2. Elizabeth T aylor3. Julia Roberts4. Steven SpielbergI. Hollywood (好莱坞)1. In 1886, H. H. Wilcox bought an area and his wife then christened it “Hollywood.”1886年，威尔克斯特买了一块地，他的妻子命名为“好莱坞”。

2. In 1911, the Nestor Company opened Hollywood’s first film studio.1911年，内斯特公司创建了好莱坞第一个电影制片厂。

3. In 1985, the Hollywood Boulevard commercial and entertainment district was officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places.1985年，好莱坞星光大道正式列为国家历史名胜。

4. Many best known American films have been produced in Hollywood: Gone with the Wind (1940), The Sound of Music (1966), The Godfather (1974), etc.很多著名的美国电影都是好莱坞制作的，包括《飘》(1940)，《音乐之声》(1966)和《教父》(1974)等等。

第1章教育1.1 复习笔记I. Systems of primary and secondary education1. State school2. Independent or “public” schoolII. Elementary education1. State school system2. Independent school systemIII. Secondary education1. State school system2. Independent school systemIV. Higher educationV. Oxford and Cambridge1. Oxford University2. Cambridge UniversityI. Systems of primary and secondary education (中小学教育制度)1. State school(the majority) (公立学校(大多数))(1) The Department of Education and Science establishes standards to whichschools ought to conform and it sends out one of Her Majesty’s Inspectors to visit and make thorough reports on the work of every school.(2) The central government provides a large part of the money, but there is onlya fairly loose state control over the schools throughout the country.(3) Compulsory education①All children must receive a full time education from 5 to 18.②If a child fails to attend school, a School Attendance Officer will come to his house to find out why.③Parents can educate the child themselves under the approval of an inspector.(4) The head teacher has plenty of autonomy in deciding what is to be taught and how the teaching is to be carried out.(1) 中央教育与科学部为学校设置规范并派督学到学校进行详细检查。

第3章经济3.1 复习笔记I. The Characteristics of the British EconomyII. IndustryIII. AgricultureIV. Trade and Finance1. Trade2. FinanceI. The Characteristics of the British Economy（英国国家经济的特点）1. Britain is one of the world’s most advanced manufacturing and trading nations.2. British agriculture does not produce enough food to meet the country’s basic needs.3. British industry is operated by many different types of firms.4. The British labor force is remarkably homogeneous.1. 英国是世界上最发达的制造业和贸易国家。

2. 英国的农业满足不了国家的基本需求。

3. 英国的工业由很多不同类型的公司操纵。

4. 英国的劳动力是同质的。

II. Industry（工业）1. Most of the industries were concentrated in specialized industrial areas: cotton in eastern Lancashire; wool in the West Riding of Yorkshire; linen in Northern Ireland: ship building on the Clyde, the northeast coast, and Northern Ireland; and iron and steel and chemicals in the north, the Midlands, and South Wales.2. Machine industries were more widely distributed. The specialized manufacturing regions were also the chief coal-mining districts.1. 英国工业较为集中在一些特殊地区：兰开郡东部的棉花区，约克郡西莱丁的羊毛区，北爱尔兰的亚麻区，克莱德河上、东北海岸和北爱尔兰的造船区、英国北部、中部和威尔士南部的钢铁和化学区。

第3章封建制度的衰落3.1 复习笔记I. The First Half of the Hundred Years’ WarII. The Economic Changes and Wat Tyler’s Rising1. The Economic Changes2. Wat Tyler’s RisingIII. The Second Half of the Hundred Years’ WarIV. The Wars of the RosesI. The First Half of the Hundred Years’ War (百年战争的前期)1. T he Hundred Years’ War began in 1337 and ended in 1453. It was a series of wars, with victory now on one side, now on the other.2. T he first half of the Hundred Years’ War saw English loss. Later, black death killed one third of the English people and halted the war.1. 百年战争开始于1337年，结束于1453年。

它指的是一系列的战争，双方都各有输赢。

2. 百年战争的前期，英国处于劣势。

黑死病使人口锐减三分之一，一度中断了战争。

II. The Economic Changes and Wat Tyler’s Rising (经济形势的变化和瓦特·泰勒的起义)1. The Economic Changes (经济形势的变化)(1) Feudalism in England began to decline in the nearly 14th.(2) The vigorous economic progress of the 13th-century petered out early in the 14th century. A natural economy gradually gave way to a money economy.(3) The shortage of labor caused by the Black Death gave a chance for agricultural laborers in villages.(1) 14世纪早期，英国的封建制度开始衰落。

第10章两次世界大战中的英国10.1 复习笔记I. Crisis Before the First World WarII. Britain in the First World WarIII. Aftermath of the WarIV. Depression and AppeasementV. Britain in the Second WorldI. Crisis Before the First World War (一战前的危机)1. The Liberals were returned to power in December 1905.2. The English working-class movement reached new heights with a wave of strikes between 1911 and 1914.3. The old capitalist countries, such as Britain, France, Spain and Portugal, gradually lagged behind.4. The First World War was an imperialist war.1. 1905年11月，工党重新掌权。

2. 1911—1914年，英国的工人运动达到了新的高潮。

3. 老牌资本主义国家英国，法国，西班牙和葡萄牙逐渐落后。

4. 第一次世界大战是帝国主义的战争。

II. Britain in the First World War (一战时的英国)1. England participated in the First World War with national efforts. Millions of soldiers were dead and English people suffered a lot. Although England won the war, the powerful empire was gone.2. The Germans signed an armistice, which came into force on November 11, 1918.1. 英国倾其国力参加一战，士兵伤亡渗重，人民倍受苦难。