情态动词和虚拟语气

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情态动词和虚拟语气

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情态动词主要用来表示说话人的情感、态度等,是中学英语语法的重点,也是高考的热点,是单项填空必考的一个知识点。情态动词在近五年高考中主要考查四点:情态动词表示推测和可能性的用法;情态动词与虚拟语气;情态动词表达“情感、态度、语气等”;情态动词表示 “必要性”等方面的用法。虚拟语气的考点主要集中在名词性从句、条件句中的用法,以及错综条件句中虚拟语气的应用。

一、概念

1.什么是情态动词

本身有一定词义,是表达说话人的情感、态度、语气的词,其作用是给动词增添感情色彩

表现形式:情态动词+动词原形/be

2.特点

没有人称和数的变化

不能直接跟宾语,必须搭配实义动词或be动词的原形

情态动词的过去式往往不表时态,而表示更加委婉的语气。

例句:

Can/could you help me?

2.情态动词的表现形式

1)情态动词+do

例句:We must help each other to overcome the difficulties. You shouldn’t be so careless.

2)情态动词+be doing

例句:She must be sleeping now.

My mother may/might be cooking now

3)情态动词+be done

例句:Difficulties can and must be overcome.

Something must be done to stop pollution.

4)情态动词+have done

例句:You ought to have come earlier.

They might have finished the work.

二、情态动词的分类

1.只能作情态动词:must, can/could, may/might

2.可作情态动词也可作助动词的:will/would, shall/should

3.可作情态动词有可作实义动词的:need, dare

4.具有情态动词特征的:ought to, have to, be able to

三、分类讲解

1.can /could

1)表示能力:会,在表示过去的能力时用could

例句:I can swim.

Lucy can dance well and her mother could dance well when she was young.

The cinema can seat 500 people. I could not read such an easy book when I was 7 years old.

2)表允许,许可常用在口语中,此时could 不表示过去式,而表示语气上比can更客气。

例句:-Could I use your dictionary?

-Yes,go ahead./Yes, you can.(不可以说Yes, you could.)

He asked me whether he could take the book out of

the reading room.

一、 情态动词表推测的用法

情态动词 意义 语气 句式 语境 例句 备注

must 一定 可能性最大 肯定句

实 ①A:Look,someone

is coming.

Who can

it be? B:

It may be

our headmast①对现在的行为或状态的推测:must/may/might/can/could+do ②对过去的行为或状态的推测:must/may/might/can/could have done may/might(might可能性小于may) 可能 可能性较小,尤其might最不肯定 肯定句、否定句(可能不) can/could

(could可能性小于can) 可能 疑问句、否定句(不可能)、(could有时也用于肯定句) 的

断 er. A: It

can’t be him. He has gone

to Shanghai. B:

It must

be Mr. Wang. He

looks like

our headmaster.

②That may

not be true. ③He

couldn't

have discovered the truth.

有时会 肯定句

情态动词 意义 语气 句式 语境 例句 备注

should

/ought to 应该 ,理应 理论上 ①It's 8 o'clock

now. He should be in the

office now.

②Hi, Mum! I'm on the bus. I should be home

in about ten

minutes. 常表示在一段时间内可能发生的事或某人的期望。一般句末有时间状语,或有语境暗示。所表示的猜测发生的可能性很大。

注意:should (ought to)表示推测是高考考查的重点和难点。如:

— When can I come for the photos?I need them tomorrow afternoon.

— They ________ be ready by 12:00.

A.can B.should C.might D.need

ﻩ【解析】 B A项表示推测时常用于否定句和疑问句中。C项表示推测语气不太肯定。should意为“按理说,理应”,既回答了顾客的询问,不失礼貌,又为照片有可能尚未洗好,顾客到时取不到留下了回旋的余地,体现了店主的精明与用词经过仔细推敲。

二、情态动词的其他用法

1.can, could, may, might

情态动词 意义 例句 备注

can/could 能力 ①I can see some

birds flying in

the sky.

②Could the girl

read before she

went to school? could表示泛指过去的某一能力。表示过去有能力并且成功地做了某事,通常用was/were able to

do,相当于managed to do/succeeded in doing。如:Because he practised hard, he

was able to pass the

driving test.

情态动词 意义 例句 备注

can/could 允许(有时可与may互换) Can/May I have a

look at your photos? can与could、may与might不表时态差异,只是语气上的差别,could/might比can/may更委婉。注意在回答时不能用could/ might。

请求 —Can/Could you

lend me a hand?—Yes, I can.

情态动词 意义 例句 备注 may/might 允许或请求 ①You may take this if you like.

②May/Might I ask

for a photo of your baby? can与could、may与might不表时态差异,只是语气上的差别,could/might比can/may更委婉。注意在回答时不能用could/ might。

2.must, should

情态动词 意义 例句 备注

must 必须 ①We must help each other to overcome the difficulties. ②—Must I finish the work today?—No, you needn't/you don't

have to./Yes, you must. ③You mustn't take photos here,

and it is forbidden. ①must表示主观意志,have to表示客观。如:They had to speed up, for the

weather turned terrible. ②Must I/we…?的否定回答不能用mustn't。

偏要

硬要 ①Why must you always interrupt me? 表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦。 非要 ②—Can I borrow your car,

Mum?—If you must.

情态动词 意义 例句 备注

should 应该(常与oughtto通用) You should be polite to the

old. ought to 的否定式:ought not to(oughtn't to);疑问式:Ought …to…?

竟然 It is strange that he should

react in this way. 表示惊讶、意外等语气。

万一 ①Should anyone phone, tell

them I will call back later.

(= If anyone should phone…)②If I should go there tomorrow, I would go to see her. 用于if从句中强调“万一”,或用于虚拟语气。

3. need, dare

情态动词 例句 注意事项