Translation Skills of EST

PPT 12 Translation of EST (Translation of English for Science &Tech.)1. 词缀法（Affixation）例：anti- 反对，反，抗antiallergenic 抗过敏的antibacterial 抗菌的antibody 抗体antidote 解毒剂antiemetic 止吐的antifungal 抗真菌的antihypertensive 抗高血压的antipruritic 止痒的antivirus （反）防病毒的anti-yellowing 防泛黄的anti-clockwise 逆时钟方向的antiager 抗老化剂的2. 首字母缩略法(Acronym)例:BASIC：Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BASIC语言BIOS: Basic Input/Output System 基本输入/输出系统FSB: Front Side Bus 前置总线，外部总线PCB：Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板USB: Universal Serial Bus 通用串行总线3.缩略法（Abbreviation）CT(Computer-aided Tomography)计算机辅助层析X射线摄影术BBS（Bulletin Board System电子公告牌系统），DNA（deoxyribonucleic acid脱氧核糖核酸），UFO（Unidentified Flying Object不明飞行物），VCD（Video Compact Disc激光视盘）等等，这些词汇已成为汉语的一部分，翻译时可直接照搬。

词首缩略:例: ABS= Absolute Value 绝对值GALV= galvanometer 电流计fax= facsimile 传真部分缩略:以辅音字母开头的单词,取单词的全部或部分辅音字母,省略元音字母部分。

浅谈科技英语的词汇特点以及翻译技巧陈玉【摘要】通过对科技英语词汇的特点进行分析,提出科技英语翻译过程中词汇的3种处理技巧,即对词汇的意义进行灵活处理、对词性进行恰当转化、对词汇进行适当增减.译者在掌握了科技英语词汇翻译技巧的同时,还需要对所涉及学科的基本知识进行了解,并且在日常翻译实践中善于积累有关科技词汇,才能使科技英语的译文更加准确、通顺、易懂,便于读者理解.%Through the analysis of word features of English for Science and Technology(EST),three translation skills were recommended,namely flexible treatment of word meanings,appropriate transformation of part of speeches,and rational increase or decrease of words. While grasping the translation skills for EST words,translators need to understand the basic knowledge of specific subjects and develop the capacity of accumulating related EST words through daily transla-tion practices. With all these efforts,translators may bringaccurate,coherent,and reader-friendly EST translation.【期刊名称】《天津科技》【年(卷),期】2015(042)007【总页数】2页(P103-104)【关键词】科技英语;词汇;翻译【作者】陈玉【作者单位】天津经济技术开发区管理委员会翻译室天津300457【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315.90 引言随着科技的进步与发展，科技全球化进程的加速，国与国之间的科学技术交流越来越频繁，人们开始越来越重视科技资料的翻译。

How to Translate English for Science and Technology(EST) MaterialsContentsBrief introduction of EST translationFeatures of EST in Vocabulary, Sentence, and Grammer and the specific translating methods Te conclusionI.Brief introduction of EST translation1.1 what is translationTranslation, essentiall ,is the faithful representation ,in on language ,of what is written or said in another language.(摘自钟述孔著，英汉翻译手册（增订版）)1.2. Principles of TranslationThe main principles of translation are faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance which were first proposed by Yan Fu. The English for Science and Technology (EST) emphasizes particularly the principles of faithfulness and elegance.1.3. The Characteristics of EST Translation1.3.1The principle of EST Translation:The translation target of EST is scientific documents. The scientific materials are characterized by preciseness. So EST translation is marked by objectivity, standardization, distinctive feature in literary form, regular syntax.Objectivity means that the translator cannot change the original ideas, neglect the information or put own comments in the process of translation. He must translate the original into Chinese version accurately.standardization means that we should always use some professional expressions like technical terms. As we know, newly created technical terms are pouring into English for science and technology. The accumulation of new words is quite important. The characteristics of EST will be discussed in following chapters.1.3.2 The Characteristic V ocabulary of EST:The most remarkable characteristic of EST is extensive use of technical terms. A great number of them come from the words used commonly in our daily life. But they have strict technical meaning in EST. EST borrows words in common use to explain the professional technical concepts.So during the translation we must pay attention to those common words.1.4 The requirements for EST translator1.4.1 lingustic prficiency: the translator must be good at both the English and Chinese. To cite a saying ― A good translator reads a foreign language but thinks in his own.‖ We have to bear always in mind that Chinese and English are two entirely diffenent languages, each having its ownusage and idiom, its own grammar and stylistic devices,own cultural and social background.1.4.2 encyclopedic knowledge: we all know that EST is different from generaly English for it has lots of technical terms, and relates to science and technology which is not familiar to us.Only when we have encyclopedic knowledge, can we fully understand the original material.1.4.3 Having a konwledge about the features of EST Science material unlikeessay ,narration,or any other kind of style has its own features, which we must bear in mind. Having a grasp of the features of EST will do good to EST translation.II.Features of EST in V ocabulary,Sentence,and GrammerThe general features of EST is objective,accuracy,conciseness.In order to achieve such kind of features, there are some special devices such as general use of nominalization ,extensive use of the passive voice ,long and complicated sentences,as well as more non-finite forms of verbs ,that we al should pay special attention during our translation.2.1 Features of EST in V ocabulary,2.1.1 As we have talked before some features of vocabulary before, now let us talk about the specific translation methods of EST vocabularies.Generally, there are two methods in the translation of EST vocabularies: literal translation and free translation. The literal translation includes transplant, transliteration and pictographic translation, etc. The free translation includes deduction, extension and explanation, etc.2.1.2 General Use of NominalizationAnother striking feature of EST vocabulary is the gereral use of nominalation. Then, what is nominalizationn? In linguistics, nominalization is the use of a verb or an adjective as a noun, with or without morphological transformation, so that the word can now act as the head of a noun phrase.As we all know,English is static, and nouns are frequently used to replace verbs, while Chinese is dynamic, using more verbs in a single sentence.Compared with general English, noun phrases are more frequently used in EST. This is because scientific literature contains more abstract concepts such as definitions, principles, laws, conclusions, etc., and manifold modification and restriction are required to elaborate these concepts or ideas. As the semantic meaning of a noun phrase that consists of several words is usually complicated, the translation should go beyond the surface structure.There is a variety of nominalization ,for example:a. Lexical nominalizationFor example:计算机在数据和信息处理中的应用PC applications in data and information processing声音识别设备voice recognition equipmentb. Expanded Noun Premodifiers水泵阀例：water pump valve3. 1) verb-nounThe paper analyzes the problem and solves it.The paper gives an analysis of the problem and offers a solution.2)adjective-nounIt is doubtful how accurate the results are.The accuracy of these results is doubtful.3) sentence-nounThus, we should have specific methods of translating in terms of differend kinds of ually ,we have some methods,as follows:1.translate Nominalization into verbAll substances will permit the passage of some electric current, provided the potential difference is high enough.只要有足够的电位差，电流便可通过任何物体。

On Chinese English translation of attributive clauses in science and technology AbstractWith the development of science and technology communication in our country, more and more people pay attention to science and technology English. It plays an important role as a tool of communication. This paper discusses the main methods and techniques of EST translation. The translation of EST plays an important role in the development of society, economy, culture and science and technology. In order to achieve the effectiveness of information exchange, in the process of translation of scientific and technical English documents, we need to translate the scientific and technical English clauses accurately, reasonably, smoothly and refined.I. Introduction1.1 research purpose and significanceIn English, attributive clauses are divided into two types: restrictive clause and against restrictive clause. Their position in the English language is usually in the context of the antecedent. The restrictive attributive clause and against restrictive attributive clause do not limit the meaning. As modifiers, the attributive in Chinese is usually in front of the word. It does not limit the meaning of strength. Therefore, the limitation and against restriction do not play an important role in translation. The complex structure of the attributive clause in the use of English Chinese modifiers is not bloated Therefore, when translating attributive clauses, we must take into account the idiomatic expressions of Chinese. If the attributive clause is translated in the first word, in the "smooth, complete" premise, we sometimes can not repeat the antecedent.1.2 research methods and content（一）Method for synthesizing translationIt refers to the original two or more than two words translated into one word, two or more than two simple sentences translated into a sentence or a complex sentence in the translation with a single sentence to express. There are great differences in syntactic structure between the two languages. English is based on the "form fit". Connectives are more developed. Sentence structure is a layer of a layer of. The sentence is a big tree structure in space. There are many long sentences. Chinese is the meaning of "fit" as the most important. There is no necessary connection between sentences and sentences. People are used to accumulating words into sentences and sentences. There are many sentences. They are arranged in linear order. There are many small sentences, and the sentence structure is bamboo. In addition, the post modifier is sometimes very long, while the Chinese modifier is generally. It should not be too long. Therefore, in order to conform to the Chinese expressions and to express the meaning of the original text more clearly, we need to adjust the structure of the original sentence.（1）Repeated antecedentAs the antecedent of attributive clause usually acts as a sentence in the attributive clause, we often need to repeat the antecedent if we translate the attributive clause. At this point, we can also use pronouns instead of antecedent to repeat.（2）Omit antecedentIf the attributive clause is translated in the first word, in the "smooth, complete" premise, we sometimes can not repeat the antecedent.(二) The method for resolving translationThe method refers to a method of separating and translation. It is mainly used in the longer non restrictive attributive clauses. There are many differences between English and Chinese inthese two languages. Therefore, in translation we have to retain the original structure, we have to be faithful to the original meaning is often difficult. When the two can not have both, we tend to change the original structure to retain the original meaning. In order to achieve this goal, one of the common methods we use is the translation method. That is to say, a component of the original text is separated from the original structure. For example: “We tried in vain to persuade her to give up her wrong idea.” can be divided into “我们尽力劝说她放弃错误的观点，但是没有成功。

科技英语中动名词的应用和翻译070520209 朱博摘要随着科技的进步和中国与世界的交流日趋密切，科技英语的翻译也显得越发重要。

科技英语在词法和句法等的运用上和普通英语不同，词法上主要表现在名词化结构的大量使用。

科技文章的任务是叙述事实和论证推断，因而科技文体要求行文简洁，表达客观，内容确切，信息量大，名词化结构正好符合科技文体的要求。

这其中，动名词的应用尤为突出，本文旨在总结归纳科技英语中动名词的应用和翻译技巧。

关键词科技英语动名词翻译AbstractAs the development of the science and technology and China communicates with the world more closely, the translation of EST is becoming more and more important. EST differs from common English in accidence and syntax. In accidence, it mainly shows in the phenomenon of nominalization. It is EST’s target to expound and demonstrate, so it necessary for an EST article to be brief, object, exact and abundant. Nominalization exactly has this function. Among these, gerunds used a lot, this article is to summarize the use and technique of translation of gerund in EST.KeywordScience and technology English gerund translation动名词是动词的非限定形式之一，在科技英语中有大量的应用。