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第11章科技翻译一、翻译下列科技词汇1. cryogenics【译文】低温学2. norepinephrine【译文】新肾上腺素3. nucleonics【译文】核子学4. semisomnus【译文】半昏迷5. autoradiography【译文】自动射线照相术6. excoriation【译文】表皮脱落7. radiophotography【译文】无线电传真8. anti-armored fighting vehicle missile【译文】反装甲车导弹9. cpd【译文】compound化合物10. FM【译文】frequency modulation调频11. telesat【译文】telecommunications satellite通讯卫星12. frame【译文】（机械）机架；（计算机技术）“帧”或“镜头”13. normal【译文】<化学>中性的；当量的；标准浓度<物理学>简正的<几>垂直的；法线的；法线<生物学>不受感染的14. AIDS【译文】获得性免疫缺乏综合症15. poliomyelitis【译文】脊髓灰质炎16. conjunctivitis【译文】结膜炎17. diarrhea【译文】腹泻18. pink eye【译文】红眼病19. the runs【译文】拉肚子20. heartman【译文】换心人21. fallout【译文】放射性尘埃22. photobotany【译文】光植物学23. salt former【译文】卤素24. hot press【译文】热压25. waterproof【译文】防水的26. heart burn【译文】胃灼热/心口灼热27. antiparticle【译文】反粒子28. antineutron【译文】反中子29. antibody【译文】抗体30. autocorrelation【译文】自相关31. semicorrelator【译文】自相关器【解析】科技词汇中有许多以verb+er/or构成的词指的是某一仪器而不是人。
英汉互译实用教程（郭著章）第二章翻译过程及词义确定本章内容概述：翻译过程:1. 理解原文2. 译文表达3. 校核阶段翻译过程：理解原文⏹1. 理解语言现象a.词汇现象b.语法现象⏹2.理解逻辑关系⏹3.理解所涉及事物理解原文：理解语言现象译者必须上下有联系地理解原文的词汇含义、句法结构和惯用法等理解原文：理解语言现象a.词汇现象：根据上下文确定词义⏹Eg.1. Life is full of ups and downs.人生充满了欢乐与痛苦。
⏹He has seen the ups and downs in the history of ⏹the relations between the two countries.⏹他经历了两国关系史上的分分合合。
a.词汇现象：根据上下文确定词义Eg. 2. The wedding ,which Heyward still remembered with pride ,was attended by a who's who of Boston Society.赫华德仍然记得，参加婚礼的人中有波士顿的一位社会名流，这使他感到十分得意。
a.词汇现象：根据上下文确定词义Eg.3. There was no lady about him. He was what the woman would call a manly man. That was why they like him.他这人没有一点女人气。
他是女人们称之为男子汉的那种人。
这正是他们喜欢他的原因所在。
a.词汇现象：根据上下文确定词义4. My handwriting was so bad that after taking dictation, I couldn’t translate it.辨识、辨认a.词汇现象：根据词性确定词义Eg.5. On his way home he bought some apples at a fruit stand.摊位他回家时，在路上的水果摊上买了些苹果。
郭著章、李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第1~6章【圣才出品】第1章翻译概述⼀、填空1. Yan Fu’s 3-word translation criteria are _____, _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance【解析】严复提出的翻译标准：信、达、雅。
2. Translation in China has a long history of some_____years.【答案】two thousand【解析】我国的翻译事业有约2000年的历史。
3. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, smoothness【解析】我国现今通⽤的两个翻译标准：“信”和“达”。
⼆、回答下列问题1. What is meant by translation?【答案】Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language, not only an art but also a science.2. What was Karl Marx fond of saying about the importance of a foreign language?【答案】Karl Marx was fond of saying: “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.”3. What are the prerequisites for a qualified translator?【答案】Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites:① a good command of the source language,② a good command of the target language,③ a wide range and scope of knowledge,④ a high political consciousness,⑤ a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation.4. How to define the literal translation and the liberal translation?【答案】Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original almost without any change of word-order or sentence construction. Liberal translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word-order of the original.5. What do you think should be the criteria of translation?【答案】To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulness and smoothness, or even only one word: faithfulness.三、英译汉1. Source language and target language【答案】译出语和译⼊语2. the Oriental and Occidental languages 【答案】东⽅语⾔和西⽅语⾔3. Alexander Fraser Tyler【答案】亚历⼭⼤?弗雷泽?泰勒4. Georges Mounin【答案】乔治?穆南5. Feedorov【答案】费道罗夫6. Indu Dharmarakcha【答案】竺法护7. Kumara’3iva【答案】鸠摩罗什8. Paramartha(Gunarata)【答案】真谛/波罗末陀（拘那罗陀）【答案】利玛窦10. Euclid’s Elements【答案】《⼏何原本》11. La Dame aux Camelias【答案】《茶花⼥》12. A History of Politics(by E. Jenks)【答案】《社会通诠》（甄克思著）13. On Liberty(by J. S. Mill)【答案】《群⼰权界论》（约翰?穆勒著）14. An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations(by A.Smith) 【答案】原富》（亚当?斯密）15. Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays(by T. H. Huxley)【答案】《天演论》（赫胥黎）四、汉译英【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance2. “宁顺⽽不信。
第12章中西译史和译论基本知识一、选择题1. 下列四句中表述不正确的是_____？A. 鲁迅提出过“宁信而不顺”的翻译观点。
B. 钱钟书认为文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。
C. 傅雷认为文学翻译的最高标准是“形似”。
D. 彼得·纽马克强调上下文(context)在翻译中的重要性。
【答案】C【解析】傅雷所主张的文学翻译的最高标准是“神似”，而非“形似”。
“In terms of effect, translating is supposed to be like painting. What it sought for is not formal resemblance but spiritual resemblance.”（以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而是神似。
）2. 下列四位翻译家中，英译《红楼梦》的是_____。
A. 林语堂B. 杨宪益C. 杨必D. 鲁迅【答案】B【解析】《红楼梦》的英译本有很多，代表性的译本当为中国杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇的译本和英国大卫·霍克斯的译本。
前者多是从中文直译过去，力求最大程度地忠实原文；后者多考虑国外读者的阅读习惯和审美感受，行文更符合英语的话语方式。
3. _____翻译了莎士比亚的全部戏剧作品。
A. 朱生豪B. 卞之琳C. 梁实秋D. 林语堂【答案】A【解析】朱生豪子1936年着手翻译《莎士比亚戏剧全集》，为便于中国读者阅读，打破了英国牛津版按写作年代编排的次序，而分为喜剧、悲剧、史剧、杂剧4类编排，自成体系。
1937年日军进攻上海，辗转流徙，贫病交加，仍坚持翻译，先后译有莎剧31种，新中国成立前出版27种，部分散失，后因劳累过度患肺病早逝。
4. 多用被动语态是_____的一个比较明显的语法特点。
A. 广告英语B. 科技英语C. 新闻英语D. 法律英语【答案】B【解析】为了保证科技文本陈述的客观性、突出信息重心和关注焦点，科技英语往往大量使用被动语态。
郭著章、李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第3、4章【圣才出品】第3章翻译常⽤的⼋种技巧⼀、翻译下列各段。
注意翻译术语的适当运⽤，尤其是有关翻译技巧的定义1. There are in the main eight techniques and principles in translation, either from English into Chinese or from Chinese into English. They are: diction, amplification, omission, conversion, inversion, negation, division and repetition.【答案】不管是英译汉还是汉译英，主要有⼋条翻译技巧(和原则)，即选词⽤字法，增译法，减译法，词类转移法，词序调整法，正说反译法、反说正译法，分译法和重译法。
2. By “diction” we mean proper “choice of words” in translation on the bas is of accurate comprehension of the original.【答案】所谓“选词⽤字法”，就是在正确理解原⽂的基础上适当地选择词语。
3. Repetition is useful chiefly for clearness, which is of course the first quality to be acquired in a discourse. Secondly, words are repeated also for the sake of emphasis or force, which is another important quality in expression. Lastly, repetition will give life to the discourse and make it more attractive.【答案】重译法之所以有⽤，第⼀是它可使译⽂明确(明确是衡量语⾔质量的第⼀个标准)；第⼆是为了强调，使语⾔有⼒(这是衡量语⾔质量的另⼀重要标准)；第三是为了使译⽂⽣动形象，引⼈⼈胜。
第8章文化与翻译8.1 复习笔记第1节概述一、文化概念1. 广义文化广义论者认为：文化是个几乎无所不包的大范围、大概念，既有属于物质领域的，也有属于意识形态领域的。
据此广义定义，美国著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达将语言文化特性分为五类：(1) Ecology生态学；(2) Material Culture物质文化；(3) Social Culture社会文化；(4) Religious Culture宗教文化；(5) Linguistic Culture语言文化。
2. 狭义文化狭义论者却认为文化只指精神文明，这是中外大多数人比较一致的看法。
二、翻译与文化关系1. 任何翻译都离不开文化。
历来有经验的译者或翻译研究者都比较注意文化与翻译的关系。
2.在学习一种语言的过程中认真研究与该语言相关联的文化，大量的文化信息可以等值传递，这就是两种文化共性的东西。
与两种文化的差异相联的内容构成了翻译中的难题，这种难题任何译者都会经常遇到。
第2节大众审美心理与广告翻译一、大众审美心理与广告翻译的关系审美心理是一种综合的文化意识，涉及到政治观点、宗教观念、生活方式和风俗习惯等各个方面，大众审美心理更是如此；而广告又是一种面对大众的重要宣传手段，本身就是一种重要的社会文化，它不仅要遵循社会文化习惯和投合大众审美心理，而且在影响和形成社会文化和审美心理方面起着重要作用。
二、翻译方法1. 熟悉外族文化，了解异域人民审美心理；否则的话，就会在出口商品的商标翻译中出现败笔。
如：“蜜蜂”牌洗澡香皂被直译为“Bees”，看来也是完全对应的英译，但英文读者却不欢迎这个译名，因为蜜蜂身上有几乎看不见的绒刺，擦在身上自然感觉不到舒服。
2. 为向译文读者忠实地转达原文信息，有时要作适当的文化转换。
如：“玉兔”这一商标为什么英译成“Moon Rabbit”而不译成“Jade Rabbit”?原因在于：“玉兔”乃我国神话中陪伴吴刚生活在月宫桂花树下的兔子，因此，它又成为月的代称。
附录翻译练笔材料及详解一、英文短篇1A faint whinny, ①penetrating her dreams, woke the little girl on the veranda. When she opened her eyes it was still not quite light and the tall gums crowding the steep rise to the road ②loomed up darkly over the house, only leaving a pale strip of sky. ③Dew lay heavy on everything -the bark woodshed, the wheelbarrow by the stump, the bracken on the edge of the bush. From the spouting trickled beads of water, dimming the flywire that netted the veranda.Warm in her blankets, the little girl looked drowsily up at ④the dark shape that always frightened her at bedtime; it had the beard and hunched shoulders of an old man and stretched out a dead hand. Now, in the growing light, it was only a tree, no different from the other trees. Noises were beginning to seep through the woolly mist -⑤the yellow robin’s plucked string, clop-clop and jingle of a farmer’s cart on the road above, snort of the pony that was always brought into the paddock near the house at night-time.【参考译文】一阵轻微的马嘶声①闯进了睡在阳台上的小妞的梦乡，把她惊醒了。
附录翻译练笔材料及详解一、英文短篇1A faint whinny, ①penetrating her dreams, woke the little girl on the veranda. When she opened her eyes it was still not quite light and the tall gums crowding the steep rise to the road ②loomed up darkly over the house, only leaving a pale strip of sky. ③Dew lay heavy on everything -the bark woodshed, the wheelbarrow by the stump, the bracken on the edge of the bush. From the spouting trickled beads of water, dimming the flywire that netted the veranda.Warm in her blankets, the little girl looked drowsily up at ④the dark shape that always frightened her at bedtime; it had the beard and hunched shoulders of an old man and stretched out a dead hand. Now, in the growing light, it was only a tree, no different from the other trees. Noises were beginning to seep through the woolly mist -⑤the yellow robin’s plucked string, clop-clop and jingle of a farmer’s cart on the road above, snort of the pony that was always brought into the paddock near the house at night-time.【参考译文】一阵轻微的马嘶声①闯进了睡在阳台上的小妞的梦乡，把她惊醒了。
第10章大写、标点符号与英汉互译
一、将下列各条译成英语。
注意大小写
1. 地中海中的岛屿和加那利群岛
【答案】Mediterranean islands and Canary Islands
2. 我准备去西部度假。
【答案】I am going to the West for my vacation.
3. 基辛格的父亲是个德国人。
【答案】Kissinger’s father is a German.
4. 你提到的那座天主教堂和圣爱德华天主教堂不同。
【答案】hat Catholic church you mentioned is different from St.Edward’s Catholic Church.
5. 《双城记》是狄更斯的一部小说，而《人生颂》是朗费罗的一首诗。
【答案】A Tale of Two Cities is a novel by Dickens and "The Psalm of Life" is a poem by Longfellow.
二、翻译下列各条。
注意正确使用撇号
1. 牙医的诊所
【答案】the dentist’s office
2. 我表兄弟们的房子
【答案】my cousins’ houses
3. 女士们的帽子
【答案】the ladies’ hats
4. 琼斯一家的汽车
【答案】the Joneses’ car
5. 我几位嫂子的信件
【答案】my sisters-in-law’s letters
6. 五美元的价值
【答案】five dollars’ worth
7. 基辛格和尼克松的计划
【答案】Kiss inger and Nixon’s plan
8. 尼克松和罗杰斯各自的计划
【答案】Nixon’s and Rogers’s plans
三、将下列句子译成汉语。
注意标点符号的使用
1. The teacher said. “I will accept your excuse.”
【答案】这位老师说：“我同意你的请假。
”
2. “There’s a good movie at the Hower.” he said.
【答案】“在豪尔有一部好电影上演，”他说。
3. “The men are late.”he said. “They will arrive at noon.”
【答案】“这些人迟到了，”他说。
“他们将于午间到达。
”
4. “Will the men arrive at noon?” he asked.
【答案】“这些人将在午间到达吗？”他问。
5. “Watch out!” she screamed.
【答案】“注意！”她尖声叫道。
6. I have lived in Shanghai;Nanjing;Hangzhou,Zhejiang;Qingdao,Shandong;and
Nanchang,Jiangxi.
【答案】我曾在上海，南京，浙江杭州，山东青岛和江西南昌住过。
四、运用标点符号的适当转换。
在下列五句英译文句子中的括号内加上标点符号
1. “不是，”老太太笑着说。
“我来向你打听个人：有位江华先生你认识吗？”
“Oh, no!” the woman laughed. “I’ve come to ask about someone ()
Do you know a Mr. Jiang Hua?”
【答案】(. )
2. 十来个十二三岁的孩子——有男有女，先后簇拥着她和另外一个教员在乡村的大道上走
着。
About a dozen school—children( )girls and boys of twelve and thirteen, were walking down a country road with her and another teacher.
【答案】(,)
3. 在七年内，将省、地、县、区、乡的各种必要的道路按规格修好(其中有些是公路，有些
是大路，有些是小路)。
Within seven years. build according to specific requirements the different kinds of roads (highways，roads and paths) needed in the provinces( ) prefectures( )counties( )districts and townships.
【答案】(,)(,)(,)
4. 道静竭力使自己镇静下来。
一种油然而生的尊敬与一种隐秘的相见的喜悦，使得她的眼
睛明亮起来。
Daojing did her best to calm down( )but an uprush of respect and indefinable pleasure at this meeting made her eyes sparkle.
【答案】(,)
5. 她默默无言；他举起拳头用力在铺板上击了一下，突然伏在铺上哭了。
She was silent ( ) but he banged his fist upon the wooden bed and burst
out weeping as he fell face downward.
【答案】(,)
五、把下列句子译成英语。
注意适当转换标点符号
1. 妈妈笑了。
我也跟着笑了。
【答案】Mother smiled, and I smiled too.
2. 秀妮惊呆了。
接着大哭着，撞着头。
【答案】Xiuni was stunned and, weeping bitterly, dashed her head against the wall.
3. 她除了喜欢文学也很喜欢音乐。
她雇了洋车从学校回家时，车上还带了一堆乐器。
【答案】Besides music she was also fond of literature, and when she hired a rick-sha to go home she took with her an assortment of instruments.
4. 时候既然是深冬，渐近故乡时，天气又阴晦了，冷风吹进船舱中，呜呜地响。
【答案】It was late winter. As we drew near my former home the day became overcast and a cold wind blew into the cabin of our boat.
5. 他写的人物没有“穿着工农兵衣服的小资产阶级”；他写的农民就是农民。
【答案】The characters he presents are not “petty bourgeoisie dressed in the clothes of workers, peasants or soldiers”. His peasants are real peasants.
6. 他又向摆好麻将牌的八仙桌上一扫，坐在桌旁的另外三个人—一个女的两个男的也全看
着他含着笑意点点头。
【答案】He glanced at the square table with the mahjong set where a woman and two men were sitting. They nodded and smiled at him.
7. 孤在江南，即慕大名，今来拜访，要先生指示：浙人久反之后，何以能服其心?
【答案】When I was still in Jiangnan your fame reached my ears, and now I have come to consult you. The people of Zhejiang have rebelled many times. What can I do to win their love?
8. 因为自己当了班长要爱兵，背着自己的背包、米袋、步枪、子弹、手榴弹等一共二十一斤半，还得再背着新战士张德来的一条枪。
【答案】Being a section cadre he had to look after his men and so, in addition to his own pack, rice-bag, rifle, ammunition, grenades and so on, weighing in all twenty-one and half catties, he also had to carry the recruit Zhang Delai’s rifle.
9. “这样稀奇的事？活了几十年，还没见过嘞！”
【答案】“Do such strange things really happen? I’ve lived more than half a century,。
