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中国沿海环境质量检测英语Coastal Environmental Quality Monitoring in ChinaChina, as a vast coastal nation with a significant marine territory, attaches great importance to the monitoring and management of its coastal environmental quality. Comprehensive and systematic efforts are undertaken to assess, preserve, and restore the ecological health of its extensive coastline, which plays a vital role in supporting biodiversity, economic activities, and the well-being of coastal communities. Here, we outline the key aspects of coastal environmental quality monitoring in China.1. Regulatory Framework and Institutional Responsibilities:The Chinese government has established a robust regulatory framework for coastal environmental protection, anchored in national laws such as the Marine Environmental Protection Law and the Coastal Zone Management Law. These laws mandate regular monitoring, pollution control, and the establishment of marine protected areas. Key institutions responsible for overseeing and implementing coastal environmental quality monitoring include the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE), the National MarineEnvironmental Monitoring Center (NMEMC), and their respective provincial and local counterparts. These agencies coordinate monitoring activities, set standards, and enforce compliance with environmental regulations.2. Monitoring Networks and Data Collection:A dense network of monitoring stations along the Chinese coast facilitates continuous and systematic data collection on various environmental parameters. These stations measure water quality indicators such as dissolved oxygen, pH, nutrients, heavy metals, and organic pollutants, as well as sediment quality, marine biota, and coastal air quality. Remote sensing technologies, drones, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are increasingly employed to augment ground-based monitoring, providing wide coverage and real-time data on oceanographic conditions, algal blooms, and marine debris.3. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM):China employs an ICZM approach, which emphasizes the holistic and interdisciplinary management of coastal resources and ecosystems. This involves coordinating across sectors, such as fisheries, tourism, industry, and urban planning, to minimize conflicts and promote sustainable development. Coastalenvironmental quality monitoring is a cornerstone of ICZM, providing essential data for informed decision-making, impact assessments, and the formulation of adaptive management strategies.4. Pollution Source Identification and Control:Monitoring efforts focus on identifying and quantifying pollution sources, both point sources (e.g., industrial discharges, sewage treatment plants) and non-point sources (e.g., agricultural runoff, atmospheric deposition). Regular inspections, emissions monitoring, and the implementation of pollution permits and discharge standards help regulate and mitigate pollution inputs from these sources. Special emphasis is placed on controlling and reducing nutrient loads, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, to combat eutrophication and associated phenomena like harmful algal blooms.5. Marine Biodiversity Monitoring and Habitat Assessment:Coastal environmental quality monitoring extends to the assessment of marine biodiversity and habitat conditions. This includes monitoring species abundance, distribution, and health, as well as evaluating the integrity of critical habitats like mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs. Long-term monitoring programs,such as China's National Marine Ecological Monitoring Network, provide valuable insights into ecosystem dynamics, inform conservation strategies, and enable the tracking of progress toward biodiversity targets.6. Early Warning and Emergency Response:Real-time monitoring data and predictive models enable the implementation of early warning systems for coastal environmental hazards, such as oil spills, harmful algal blooms, and extreme weather events. Rapid response plans are in place to mitigate impacts, protect sensitive ecosystems, and restore affected areas in the event of environmental emergencies.7. International Cooperation and Reporting:China actively participates in regional and global initiatives on coastal and marine environmental monitoring, sharing data, expertise, and best practices. It submits periodic reports to international bodies, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), detailing its coastal environmental quality status, management efforts, and progress toward meeting international commitments.In conclusion, coastal environmental quality monitoring in China is a multifaceted and dynamic endeavor, integrating advanced technologies, rigorous data collection, and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the long-term health and resilience of its coastal ecosystems. Through continuous improvement and adaptation, China strives to balance economic development with environmental stewardship, safeguarding the invaluable resources and services provided by its extensive coastline.。
疯狂英语（新读写）1On May 7,2022,“Eco⁃Mermaid ”Merle Liivand broke her own world record for swim⁃ming with a single fin.She swam the distance of a full marathon in the rough waters of BiscayneBay ,Florida.She even picked trash out of the water as she swam.2Ms Liivand was born in Estonia.As a child ,she had health problems ,and began swimming to help her lungs get stronger.She was soon taking part in open water swimming contests ,sometimes,even in icy water.In one training session ,she nearly wound up swallowing some plastic that was floating in the sea.3That experience made her think of all the sea animals that faced similar pollu⁃tion every day.She decided to make people more aware of plastic pollution,which she calls a “plastic pandemic ”.Thinking about sea creatures gave her the idea of swimming like one.She began swimming with a special single swimming rubbery “monofin ”at⁃tached to both of her feet,which allows her to swim by kicking both of her legs to⁃gether.4Ms Liivand first set the world record for swimming with a monofin in 2019.In 2021,she set a new Guinness World Record by swimming 18.6miles (30kilometers )again in Florida.Ms Liivand said she knew she could go farther.On May 7,2022,she swam the dis⁃tance of a full marathon in the rough waters of Biscayne Bay ,Florida ,with her new award为了遏制海洋塑料污染，一个来自爱沙尼亚的女孩绑上特殊的鳍来模仿海洋生物游泳，并在游泳的过程中收集塑料垃圾，以此来呼吁公众重视海洋塑料污染的问题。
重点中学2021届高三英语12月月考试题制卷人：歐陽文化、歐陽理複；制卷時間：二O 二二年二月七日— 第一局部 听力〔一共两节，满分是30分〕第一节〔一共5小题;每一小题分，满分是7. 5分〕听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A 、B 、C 三个选项里面选出最正确选项。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间是来答复有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. How does the man probably feel?A.Regretful. B. Nervous.2. Where does the conversation probably take place?A.At home. B. In a hospital.3. How much do two shirts cost?A.$40. B. $50. 4. Why does the woman want to sell her car?A. To pay her school fees.B. To protect the environment,C. To practice riding a bike well. 5. What can we know about Jennifer?A.She likes talking. B. She lives hard.C. Happy. C. In a restaurant. C. $60. C. She is honest.第二节〔一共15小题;每一小题1. 5分，满分是22. 5分〕听下面5段对话或者独白。
每段对话或者独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最正确选项。
听每段对话或者独白前，你将有时间是阅读各个小题，每一小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的答题时间是。
每段对话或者独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，答复第6、7题。
6.What does the woman advise the man to do?A.Go skiing with her.B.Visit Zhangjiakou together.C.Celebrate the Spring Festival.7.What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. A working schedule.B. A trip.C. A festival.听第7段材料，答复第8、9题。
CAP 358R STATEMENT OF WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES (DEEP BAY WATER CONTROL ZONE)二摘要：本文主要介绍了CAP 358R STATEMENT OF WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES (DEEP BAY WATER CONTROL ZONE)的主要内容。
(c) The dissolved oxygen level should not be less than 5 milligrams per litre for 90% of the sampling occasions during the year; values should be taken at 1 metre below surface.(d) Waste discharges shall not cause the level of dissolved oxygen to be less than 4 milligrams per litre.Inner Marine Subzone excepting Mariculture SubzoneOuter Marine Subzone excepting Mariculture SubzoneMariculture SubzoneYuen Long & Kam Tin (Upper and Lower) Subzones, Beas Subzone, Indus Subzone, Ganges Subzone, Water Gathering Ground Subzones and other inland waters of the ZoneE. pH(a) The pH of the water should be within the range of 6.5-8.5 units. In addition, waste discharges shall not cause the natural pH range to be extended by more than 0.2 units.(b) Waste discharges shall not cause the pH of the water to exceed the range of 6.5-8.5 units.(c) The pH of the water should be within the range of 6.0-9.0 units.(d) The pH of the water should be within the range of 6.0-9.0 units for 95% of samples. In addition, waste discharges shall not cause the natural pH range to be extended by more than 0.5 units.Marine waters excepting Yung Long Bathing Beach SubzoneYuen Long & Kam Tin (Upper and Lower) Subzones, Beas Subzone, Indus Subzone, Ganges Subzone and Water Gathering Ground Subzones Other inland watersYung Long Bathing Beach SubzoneF. TEMPERATUREWaste discharges shall not cause the natural daily temperature range to change by more than 2.0 degrees Celsius.Whole ZoneG. SALINITYWaste discharges shall not cause the natural ambient salinity level to change by more than 10%Whole ZoneH. SUSPENDED SOLIDS(a) Waste discharges shall neither cause the natural ambient level to be raised by 30% nor give rise to accumulation of suspended solids which may adversely affect aquatic communities.(b) Waste discharges shall not cause the annual median of suspended solids to exceed 20 milligrams per litre.Marine watersYuen Long & Kam Tin (Upper and Lower) Subzones, Beas Subzone, Ganges Subzone, Indus Subzone, Water Gathering Ground Subzones and other inland watersI. AMMONIAThe un-ionized ammoniacal nitrogen level should not be more than 0.021 milligram per litre, calculated as the annual average (arithmetic mean).Whole ZoneJ. NUTRIENTS(a) Nutrients shall not be present in quantities sufficient to cause excessive or nuisance growth of algae or other aquatic plants.(b) Without limiting the generality of objective (a) above, the level of inorganic nitrogen should not exceed 0.7 milligram per litre, expressed as annual mean.(c) Without limiting the generality of objective (a) above, the level of inorganic nitrogen should not exceed 0.5 milligram per litre, expressed as annual water column average (arithmetic mean of at least 2 measurements at 1 metre below surface and 1 metre above seabed).Inner and Outer Marine SubzonesInner Marine SubzoneOuter Marine SubzoneK. 5-DAY BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND(a) Waste discharges shall not cause the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand to exceed 3 milligrams per litre.(b) Waste discharges shall not cause the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand to exceed 5 milligrams per litre.Yuen Long & Kam Tin (Upper) Subzone, Beas Subzone, Indus Subzone, Ganges Subzone and Water Gathering Ground SubzonesYuen Long & Kam Tin (Lower) Subzone and other inland watersL. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND(a) Waste discharges shall not cause the chemical oxygen demand to exceed 15 milligrams per litre.(b) Waste discharges shall not cause the chemical oxygen demand to exceed 30 milligrams per litre.Yuen Long & Kam Tin (Upper) Subzone, Beas Subzone, Indus Subzone, Ganges Subzone and Water Gathering Ground SubzonesYuen Long & Kam Tin (Lower) Subzone and other inland watersM. TOXINS(a) Waste discharges shall not cause the toxins in water to attain such levels as to produce significant toxic carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic effects in humans, fish or any other aquatic organisms, with due regard to biologically cumulative effects in food chains and to toxicant interactions with each other.(b) Waste discharges shall not cause a risk to any beneficial uses of the aquatic environment.Whole ZoneWhole ZoneN. PHENOLPhenols shall not be present in such quantities as to produce a specific odour, or in concentration greater than 0.05 milligrams per litre as C6H5OH.Yung Long Bathing Beach SubzoneO. TURBIDITYWaste discharges shall not reduce light transmission substantially from the normal level.Yung Long Bathing Beach Subzone(Enacted 1990)。
英语作文-水生态环境保护与修复技术研究与应用案例The protection and restoration of aquatic ecosystems are paramount in preserving the delicate balance of our environment. Through extensive research and innovative applications of technology, significant strides have been made in safeguarding water habitats and repairing the damages caused by human activities. This article delves into various case studies showcasing the research and application of techniques aimed at conserving and restoring aquatic ecosystems.In recent years, the deterioration of water quality and the loss of biodiversity in aquatic environments have raised concerns globally. To address these challenges, scientists and environmentalists have turned to advanced technologies and holistic approaches. One notable case study revolves around the restoration of wetlands in the Everglades, Florida. Through collaborative efforts involving government agencies, research institutions, and local communities, comprehensive restoration plans have been implemented. These plans incorporate innovative techniques such as hydrological modeling, habitat reconfiguration, and invasive species management. As a result, the Everglades ecosystem is gradually recovering, with improved water quality and increased biodiversity.Furthermore, advancements in bioremediation techniques have revolutionized the restoration of contaminated water bodies. A compelling example is the cleanup of the Chesapeake Bay in the United States. By utilizing natural microorganisms and plants with inherent pollutant-absorbing properties, such as certain species of algae and bacteria, scientists have successfully remediated polluted waters. Additionally, the introduction of artificial wetlands and constructed treatment wetlands has proven effective in filtering out contaminants and restoring aquatic habitats.Moreover, the application of innovative monitoring technologies plays a crucial role in the conservation of aquatic ecosystems. Remote sensing techniques, such as satelliteimagery and aerial drones, enable researchers to assess water quality parameters and detect changes in habitat conditions over large spatial scales. Real-time monitoring systems equipped with sensors provide valuable data on water temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, and nutrient concentrations, facilitating early detection of environmental disturbances and prompt intervention measures.In addition to technological advancements, community engagement and public awareness initiatives are vital components of successful aquatic ecosystem conservation efforts. A notable case study is the restoration of urban waterways in cities like Copenhagen, Denmark, and Singapore. Through collaborative projects involving government agencies, non-profit organizations, and local residents, degraded rivers and canals have been rehabilitated into vibrant aquatic habitats. These projects not only improve water quality but also enhance the aesthetic value of urban landscapes and promote ecological awareness among the public.In conclusion, the research and application of technology in the protection and restoration of aquatic ecosystems have yielded promising results. Through interdisciplinary collaboration, innovative approaches, and community involvement, significant progress has been made in mitigating environmental degradation and preserving water resources for future generations. As we continue to face emerging challenges, it is imperative to prioritize the conservation of aquatic ecosystems and embrace sustainable practices to ensure the health and resilience of our planet's water environments.。
2024学年西藏省高考英语二模试卷注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考场号和座位号填写在试题卷和答题卡上。
用2B铅笔将试卷类型（B）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。
将条形码粘贴在答题卡右上角"条形码粘贴处"。
2．作答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。
答案不能答在试题卷上。
3．非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。
不按以上要求作答无效。
4．考生必须保证答题卡的整洁。
考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．---The prices of vegetables are going up madly. It’s really too much for us.---But for the situation where many vegetable producing areas _____ constant low temperature, things would not be like this.A．meet with B．have met withC．met with D．had met with2．Despite the fact that his scores were good, they were hardly as excellent as a student with his intelligence . A．achieved B．had achievedC．would achieve D．should have achieved3．---What do you do, Susan?---I am a clerk in a foreign company now. But I __________English in a high school for 8 years.A．teach B．had taughtC．have taught D．taught4．— The room looks bigger!— We ______ the furniture.A．have changed B．had changedC．changed D．are changing5．—Did Max go to the concert with his family yesterday?—The report scheduled to be handed in tomorrow, he _______ it.A．couldn’t have attended B．needn’t have attendedC．wouldn’t attend D．shouldn’t attend6．N ewly ________ chairman of the Chinese Basketball Association, Yao Ming has put reforming the domestic game’s management at the top of his agenda.A．appointing B．appointedC．being appointed D．having appointed7．—I’ve got something weighing on my mind. Could you give me some advice?—______. Tell me all about it and I’ll do what I can.A．Don’t mention it B．No wonderC．My pleasure D．No problem8．________ challenges in Chinas car-sharing economy, shared mobility still has a promising future.A．Despite B．BesidesC．Concerning D．Regarding9．Raising the incomes of the poor is likely to be ineffective in a wealthy society, ________ accompanied by other measures.A．once B．when C．if D．unless10．---I cannot _____ what I have done to annoy Jessica.---No worries. She is kind of sensitive.A．turn out B．make out C．put out D．leave out11．My mom once worked in a very small village school, which is__________only on foot.A．acceptable B．adequate C．accessible D．appropriate12．While interacting with people in India, I was ________ to a way of life completely different from my own. A．reduced B．exposed C．committed D．transferred13．—Do you know how I can ____ him?—On his mobile phone．A．learn B．reach C．seek D．touch14．Maybe it is time for the rest of society to _________ the fact _________ I may not be able to walk, there are many other great things I can do.A．adjust to; that B．get used to; that while C．adapt to; while D．go about; that while15．一"Peter, have you got your new flat furnished?—Yes. I ______ some used furniture and it was a real bargain.A．will buy B．have bought C．bought D．had bought16．---I hear you’ll cancel all your plans and appointments. Why?---They _____ my life. I just can’t stop.A．control B．controlledC．have controlled D．have been controlling17．Jack and Mike were found cheating in the exam, and_______by their teacher at the moment.A．were scolded B．are being scoldedC．have been scolded D．were being scolded18．At the back of the old temple __________ twelve huge stone statues together with __________ pagoda.A．does stand; a 8-storeyed B．do stand; a 8- storyC．stands; an 8-storey D．stand; an 8- storied19．Although the used car seems in good ______, it cannot run fast.A．state B．situationC．condition D．occasion20．I'm very grateful to my high school teachers，without _____________help I wouldn't be so excellent.A．their B．whomC．whose D．which第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
2023-2024学年高一下学期6月检测一英语注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名和座位号填写在答题卡上。
2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡的相应位置上。
写在本试卷上无效。
3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分：听力（共两节，满分20 分）1．What will the man do on Friday night?A．Eat out.B．Study.C．Have a picnic.2．Why is Ms. Jenkins leaving the school according to the man?A．She is bored of teaching.B．She enjoys traveling everywhere.C．She wants to stay near her parents.3．What does the woman think of the math modeling course?A．It deserves praise.B．It’s well organized.C．It needs improvement.4．How does the man find the problem?A．Very interesting.B．Too simple.C．Quite difficult.5．What does the woman mean?A．Mary had the car filled up.B．Mary had car trouble on the way home.C．Mary’s car ran out of gas halfway home.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
6．What happened to the man?A．He hurt his nose.B．He broke his leg.C．He slipped over.7．How will the woman help the man?A．Fix his bone.B．Cover his nose.C．Stop the bleeding.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
湖南师大附中2025届高三月考试卷(二)英语第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
AThe Virgin Islands National Park is a tropical(热带的)paradise on the island of St. John,which covers more than half of the small island.It is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the Caribbean Sea to the south,where the climate is warm all year.The island's white sand beaches and clear blue seas are considered to be among the most beautiful in the Caribbean,gaining reputation and popularity among visitors across the world.How the national park was formedLaurence Rockefeller was an American millionaire,businessman and conservationist.He visited St.John in the 1950s. He quickly fell in love with the island's clean,pure beauty.He first purchased a small resort there, Caneel Bay. He also purchased more than 2,000 hectares of the island and donated it to the government.That donation created the U.S.Virgin Islands National Park.It was officially opened as a national park on December 1,1956.How to get to the parkThe only way to reach the park is by boat.Some people arrive on their own sailboats.Others come in on large cruise ships.Visitors also arrive on water taxis from the island of St.Thomas.What to do at the parkFrom the tropical hills to the blue waters there are many things to do at the Virgin Islands National,Park.Visitors enjoy fishing,camping,sailing,scuba diving, snorkeling (浮潜),and bird watching.Of all of the park's beaches,Trunk Bay Beach is said to be the most striking.Below the clear blue water is a 200-meter snorkeling path. Hawksnest Beach is also a popular place for snorkeling.Near the shore are three small reefs of Elkhorn Coral.The Elkhorn Coral gets its name from its shape.The reef looks similar to the huge horns(角)of an animal called elk.It is a very rare kind of reef.Scientists say it is in danger of becoming extinct.The Virgin Islands National Park is often called America's paradise.It protects St. John's pristine nature,and preserves the record of human history in the Caribbean.Don't hesitate! Come here and put yourself in the paradise!1. What is most likely attractive to tourists when they visit the Virgin Islands National Park?A. Its tropical climate.B. Its location.C. Its beautiful scenery.D. Its activity.2. What can we learn about the Virgin Islands National Park?A. An animal called elk is at risk of becoming dying out.B. Visitors can choose any means of transportation to get to the park.C Laurence's donation greatly contributed to the foundation of the park..D. There is a 200-meter snorkeling path beneath the water of the Hawksnest Beach.3. Where is the text probably taken from?A. A speech script.B. A travel brochure.C. An academic essay.D. A geographic journal.BBoeing’s Starliner spacecraft landed in a New Mexico desert late on Friday,months after its original departure date and without the two astronauts it carried when it launched in early June.The Nasa astronauts Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore should have flown the Starliner back to Earth in June, a week after launching in it.But thruster (推进器) failures and helium (氦气) leaks marred their ride. Instead, they will remain at the International Space Station (ISS) for the rest of the year and will return in February aboard the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft.their empty seats and blue spacesuits along with some old station equipment.After Nasa’s space shuttles were retired more than a decade ago, Nasa hired Boeing and SpaceX for orbital (轨道的) taxi service. Boeing ran into so many problems on its first test flight with no one onboard in 2019 that it had to repeat it. The 2022 do-over uncovered even more flaws and the repair bill topped $1.5bn.The Starliner finally blasted into space on 5 June from Florida’s Cape Canaveral Space Force Station after unsuccessful launches on 6 May and 1 June. On the first launch attempt,a problem was found with a valve (阀门) on the second stage,or upper portion, of the rocket. On the second,a computer tripped an automatic hold just three minutes and 50 seconds from liftoff. That was later attributed to a single ground power supply fault within one of the launch control computers.Even after it successfully launched,helium leaks continued to trouble the spacecraft. As the Starliner approached the ISS, two leaks were detected but Nasa determined the spacecraft remained stable. What started as an eight-day mission dragged on for three months after the leaks and faulty thrusters raised safety concerns.However, Nasa and Boeing officials insisted that the astronauts were not trapped and that the technical difficulties did not threaten the mission. “We’ll come home when we’re ready,” Steve Stich, Nasa’s commercial crew program manager, said in the press conference in July.4. What does the underlined word “marred” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Underwent.B. Stimulated.C. Facilitated.D. Blocked.5. What do we know about Boeing’s spacecraft launches?A. They were filled with delays and setbacks.B. Starliner’s initial launch went smoothly.C. The 2019 manned spaceflight was a failureD. Reasons of the problems were still unidentified.6. Why didn’t the two astronauts come back to Earth on time?A. Because the project went over the original budget.B. Because they were both in serious health conditions.C. Because it was dangerous to take the Starliner then.D. Because Nasa officials failed to reach an agreement.7. What can be implied according to the last two paragraphs?A. The two astronauts would come back soon.B. Officials considered the situation within control.C. Nasa officials were pessimistic and pressed.D. The mission would be completed in 3 months.CActor Alicia Silverstone worried fans on social media recently. While on a trip to England, she posted a TikTok video of herself tasting a kind of poisonous berries she found along a sidewalk. Silverstone, who appeared in the 1995 movie Clueless, said she thought the fruit was a tomato. But when she bit into it and found that it had an unusual taste, she realized that it was not the common food.Plant expert, Jessica Damiano, recently wrote about poisonous plants that look like common foods for the Associated Press. She said the fruit that looked like a tomato appears to have been a Jerusalem cherry.Often sold as a houseplant, all parts of the Jerusalem cherry are poisonous.The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals says the plant is not only harmful to humans but also to dogs, cats and horses.Eating large amounts can be deadly. Silverstone was lucky because she did not swallow the berries. She was also lucky because the berries were reddish orange, which meant they were ripe. While all parts of the Jerusalem cherry are poisonous, the plant’s unripe berries can be especially dangerous.They can cause problems with the central nervous and gastrointestinal (肠胃的) systems.The Jerusalem cherry is not the only toxic plant that looks like a safe one.The poisonous Carolina horsenettle fruit also looks like a tomato. It is also known as devil’s potato to add to the confusion.The Virginia creeper fruit also looks like blueberries, and it can be deadly if eaten.Wild parsnip has flowers like a carrot and leaves like parsley (欧芹). Simply touching it can cause a skin problem. Creeping buttercup looks like flat-leaf parsley. It can cause severe stomach pain,vomiting (呕吐) and heart problems. And Canadian moonseed can be confused with wild grape. However, its taste is so bitter that you would likely spit it out before swallowing it. This is a good thing because eating it can lead to death.If you think you have swallowed a toxic plant by mistake, contact a poison control center in your area or your doctor immediately. There is additional information on the website .Damiano advises using common sense with plants you find in the wild. If you are not completely sure that something is food, do not eat it.8. What is the purpose of the first paragraph?A. To present the author’s argument.B. To introduce the topic of the article.C. To raise the public’s attention of wild plants.D. To popularize the knowledge of medical science.9. Why was Silverstone thought to be fortunate?A. The berries she had a bite were ripe.B. She found the fruit she ate was a tomato.C. She had a good knowledge of wild plants.D. The amount of the berries she consumed was large.10. According to the description,what plants can be most harmful to people?A. Carolina horsenettle and wild parsnip.B Virginia creeper and creeping buttercup..C. Wild parsnip and Canadian moonseed.D. Canadian moonseed and Virginia creeper.11. What may be the suitable measure if someone mistakenly swallows a poisonous plant?A. Spitting it out as quickly as possible.B. Making an appointment with their doctor.C. Getting in touch with the local authority instantly.D. Searching for the relevant information on the Internet.DSuperhuman artificial intelligence has played a role in our life. When it comes to playing games like chess, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of humans. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering:mind reading.We are blessed with a mysterious ability to reason the goals,desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own.If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life — to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a bouncing ball — we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people's minds.In psychology, the ability to infer another’s mental state is referred to as theory of mind. In humans, this capacity develops at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though.One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences.Besides, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from one’s own learning process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind.In addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory of mind that we don’t know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a certain ability to think.But we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain their goals to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI,plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI.It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines.Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen. But along the way thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves.12. According to the passage,which of the following contexts can AI understand well?A. When asked where an object is, a naughty kid points in the wrong direction.B. When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework,he answers “my dog ate it” .C. When you are treated with a hotpot for dinner, you reply “a sore throat” .D. When a mom tells her kid milk is good for health, the kid drinks it up.13. Which statement will the author agree with most about theory of mind?A. Humans’ theory of mind is far from perfect.B. Humans limit AI’s theory of mind to an extent.C. AI’s theory of mind development has been totally decoded.D. Shared forms of theory of mind result in more powerful AI.14. What is the author’s attitude toward truly self-aware machines?A. AmbiguousB. Conservative.C. Skeptical.D. Approving.15. Which would be the best title for the passage?A. AI’s Theory of Mind Will Define Our FutureB. AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is ExpectedC. AI’s Theory of Mind — a Blessing or Suffering to HumansD. Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
CAP 358U STATEMENT OF WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES (MIRS BAY WATER CONTROL ZONE)摘要：CAP 358U STATEMENT OF WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES (MIRS BAY WATER CONTROL ZONE)的主要内容。
(Cap 358 Section 5)[30 November 1990](L.N. 382 of 1990)Cap 358U para 1The water qualify objectives set out in column 1 of the Schedule are established for those parts of the Mirs Bay Water Control Zone set opposite those water qualify objectives in column 2.(Enacted 1990)Cap 358U para 2In this statement-"Fish Culture Subzone" (鱼类养殖分区) means the area delineated as such on maps MBWCZ 1, MBWCZ 2 and MBWCZ 3;"map MBWCZ 1" (地图 MBWCZ 1), "map MBWCZ 2" (地图 MBWCZ 2), "map MBWCZ 3" (地图 MBWCZ 3), "map MBWCZ 4" (地图 MBWCZ 4) and "map MBWCZ 5" (地图 MBWCZ 5) mean a series of maps numbered as such and signed by the Secretary for Planning, Environment and Lands on 23 November 1990 and deposited in the Land Registry, Victoria; (8 of 1993 s. 30)"marine waters" (海洋水域) means all waters below the high water mark within the boundaries of the Mirs Bay Water Control Zone; "Secondary Contact Recreation Subzone" (次级接触康乐活动分区) means the area delineated as such on maps MBWCZ 1, MBWCZ 2, MBWCZ 3, MBWCZ 4 and MBWCZ 5;"Water Gathering Ground Subzone" (集水地区分区) means the area delineated as such on maps MBWCZ 1 and MBWCZ 3.(Enacted 1990)Cap 358U SCHEDULE[paragraph 1]Water Quality ObjectivePart or Parts of ZoneA. AESTHETIC APPEARANCE(a) Waste discharges shall cause no objectionable odours or discolouration of the water.(b) Tarry residues, floating wood, articles made of glass, plastic, rubber or of any other substances should be absent.(c) Mineral oil should not be visible on the surface. Surfactants should not give rise to a lasting foam.(d) There should be no recognisable sewage-derived debris.(e) Floating, submerged and semi-submerged objects of a size likely to interfere with the free movement of vessels, or cause damage to vessels, should be absent.(f) Waste discharges shall not cause the water to contain substances which settle to form objectionable deposits.Whole ZoneWhole ZoneWhole ZoneWhole ZoneWhole ZoneWhole ZoneB. BACTERIA(a) The level of Escherichia coli should not exceed 610 per 100mL, calculated as the geometric mean of all samples collected in one calendar year.(b) The level of Escherichia coli should be zero per 100 ml, calculated as the running median of the most recent 5 consecutive samples taken at intervals of between 7 and 21 days.(c) The level of Escherichia coli should not exceed 1000 per 100 ml, calculated as the running median of the most recent 5 consecutive samples taken at intervals of between 7 and 21 days.Secondary Contact Recreation Subzones and Fish Culture Subzones (L.N. 456 of 1991)Water Gathering Ground SubzonesOther inland waters of the ZoneC. COLOUR(a) Waste discharges shall not cause the colour of water to exceed 30 Hazen units.(b) Waste discharges shall not cause the colour of water to exceed 50 Hazen units.Water Gathering Ground SubzonesOther inland waters of the ZoneD. DISSOLVED OXYGEN(a) Waste discharges shall not cause the level of dissolved oxygen to fall below 4 milligrams per litre for 90% of the sampling occasions during the year; values should be calculated as water column average (arithmetic mean of at least 3 measurements at 1 metre below surface, mid-depth and 1 metre above seabed). In addition, the concentration of dissolved oxygen should not be less than 2 milligrams per litre within 2 metres of the seabed for 90% of the sampling occasions during the year.(b) The dissolved oxygen level should not be less than 5 milligrams per litre for 90% of the sampling occasions during the year; values should be calculated as water column average (arithmetic mean of at least 3 measurements at 1 metre below surface, mid-depth and 1 metre above seabed). In addition, the concentration of dissolved oxygen should not be less than2 milligrams per litre within 2 metres of the seabed for 90% of the sampling occasions during the year.(c) Waste discharges shall not cause the level of dissolved oxygen to be less than 4 milligrams per litre.Marine waters excepting Fish Culture SubzonesFish Culture SubzonesWater Gathering Ground Subzones and Other inland watersE. pH(a) The pH of the water should be within the range of 6.5-8.5 units. In addition, waste discharges shall not cause the natural pH range to be extended by more than 0.2 units.(b) Waste discharges shall not cause the pH of the water to exceed the range of 6.5-8.5 units.(c) The pH of the water should be within the range of 6.0-9.0 units. Marine watersWater Gathering Ground SubzonesOther inland waters of the ZoneF. TEMPERATUREWaste discharges shall not cause the natural daily temperature range to change by more than 2.0 degree Celsius.Whole ZoneG. SALINITYWaste discharges shall not cause the natural ambient salinity level to change by more than 10%.Whole ZoneH. SUSPENDED SOLIDS(a) Waste discharges shall neither cause the natural ambient level to be raised by 30% nor give rise to accumulation of suspended solids which may adversely affect aquatic communities.(b) Waste discharges shall not cause the annual median of suspended solids to exceed 20 milligrams per litre.Marine watersWater Gathering Ground Subzones and Other inland waters of the Zone I. AMMONIAThe un-ionized ammoniacal nitrogen level should not be more than 0.021 milligram per litre, calculated as the annual average (arithmetic mean). Whole ZoneJ. NUTRIENTS(a) Nutrients shall not be present in quantities sufficient to cause excessive or nuisance growth of algae or other aquatic plants.(b) Without limiting the generality of objective (a) above, the level of inorganic nitrogen should not exceed 0.3 milligram per litre, expressed as annual water column average (arithmetic mean of at least 3 measurements at 1 metre below surface, mid-depth and 1 metre above seabed).Marine watersK. 5-DAY BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND(a) Waste discharges shall not cause the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand to exceed 3 milligrams per litre.(b) Waste discharges shall not cause the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand to exceed 5 milligrams per litre.Water Gathering Ground SubzonesOther inland waters of the ZoneL. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND(a) Waste discharges shall not cause the chemical oxygen demand to exceed15 milligrams per litre.(b) Waste discharges shall not cause the chemical oxygen demand to exceed30 milligrams per litre.Water Gathering Ground SubzonesOther inland waters of the ZoneM. TOXINS(a) Waste discharges shall not cause the toxins in water to attain such levels as to produce significant toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic effects in humans or fish or any other aquatic organisms, with due regard to biologically cumulative effects in food chains and to toxicant interactions with each other.(b) Waste discharges shall not cause a risk to Whole Zone any beneficial uses of the aquatic environment.Whole ZoneWhole Zone (Enacted 1990)。
2024届高考辽宁省实验最后一次考试试卷英语一、听力选择题1．Why does the man recommend a purely English dictionary?A．For easy approach.B．For precise definitions.C．For language environment. 2．What does the woman mean in the end?A．Ganzhou is cool in spring.B．People in Nanchang is friendly.C．Nanchang is hotter than Ganzhou.3．What are the speakers doing?A．Welcoming some guests.B．Buying several chairs.C．Arranging a meeting.4．What does the man want to do now?A．Lose weight.B．Go to bed.C．Order food.5．What does the man advise the woman to do?A．Stop wasting her life.B．Follow her inner choice.C．Enjoy the fun of debate.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
6．Where does the conversation probably take place?A．On the plane.B．At the boarding gate.C．At the ticket counter. 7．What is needed for changing a ticket?A．Additional charges.B．Trade records.C．Agreement letter.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。
1996 Florida Bay Science Conference AbstractsKey Largo Florida * December 10-12, 1996The Florida Bay water quality monitoring program: assessing status and trends (1989-1995).Joseph N. Boyer and Ronald D. Jones, Florida International University, Southeast Environmental Research Program, Miami, FL.Environmental monitoring programs are essential for our understanding and management of ecosystems. Before one can recognize environmental changes, some idea of baseline variability must be established against which to evaluate gross deviations. In addition to temporal changes, it is vitally important to understand spatial patterns of water quality in these systems in an effort to direct management efforts. One of the purposes of any monitoring program should be to use the data gained by routine sampling to extend our understanding of the system by developing new hypotheses as to the governing processes. Florida Bay is on the marine receiving-end of the Everglades, one of the largest wetland ecosystems in the world. Recent ecological changes in Florida Bay, i.e. periods of prolonged hypersalinity, a poorly understood seagrass die-off, sponge mortality events, and elevated phytoplankton abundances have focussed attention on this ecosystem. In response to these warning signs, a network of 28 fixed monitor-ing stations was established in July 1989 to address trends in water quality (Fig. 1).The shallow mud banks which divide Florida Bay into relatively discrete basins serve to restrict water movement between basins, attenuating both tidal range and current speed. Sampling sites were distrib-uted throughout the bay near the centers of these basins. Monthly sampled parameters included salinity (ppt), temperature (°C), dissolved oxygen (DO; mg l-1), DO saturation (%), NO3- (µM), NO2- (µM), NH4+ (µM), total nitrogen (TN; µM), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN; µM), total organic nitrogen (TON;µM), total phosphorus (TP; µM), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP; µM), total organic carbon (TOC;µM), SiO4 (µM), alkaline phosphatase activity (APA; µM hr-1), chlorophyll a (Chla; µg l-1), turbidity (NTU), TN:TP ratio (molar), and TIN:SRP ratio (molar).Stations were grouped into distinct spatial zones of similar influence (ZSI) by a multivariate analysis outlined in Boyer et al. (in review). Briefly, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract composite variables (principal components) which were then rotated (using VARIMAX) and the factor scores saved for each data record. Mean and SD of factor scores were used in a cluster analysis to aggregate stations into distinct ZSI (Fig. 1). The result was 3 statistically different ZSI: Eastern Bay (19 sta.) - the most freshwater dominated, acts most like a “conventional” estuary; Western Bay (6 sta.) -influenced mostly by SW Florida Shelf waters; and Core Bay (4 sta.) - located in the N-central area, physically isolated, acts as an evaporative basin.Three different analysis types were performed on the 6 year dataset in an effort to both visualize and test for temporal trends: a seasonal approach of graphing the monthly median and range of a parameter for all years using box-and-whisker plots; a 12 month moving average for the period of record; and a sea-sonal Kendall-tao test. The box-and-whisker plot depicts the distribution around the median (in quartiles) as well as the 95% confidence interval of the median, allowing it to be used as a graphical, nonparametric ANOVA. Pooling all data by month showed the presence of seasonal effects in the data.The significance of these seasonal effects were also tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The 12 month moving average over the period of record was used to filter out annual fluctuations and thereby disclose any interannual oscillations of longer periodicity. The seasonal Kendall-tao test is a nonparametric statistic which tests for monotonic trends (whether increasing or decreasing) by determining the signifi-cance of the trend and generates a trend slope estimate (TSE; units yr-1) for the period of record. This test cannot detect reversals of direction, such as might be seen in the case of interannual oscillations, nor is it applicable with discontinuous data.In Eastern Bay, the seasonal Kendall-tao analysis showed that salinity, DO saturation, TP, and Chla declined significantly, whereas NH4+, NO2-, TON, turbidity, TN:TP and TIN:SRP increased (Table 1). Salinity, temperature, and DO saturation declined in the Core Bay while NO2-, TOC, APA, Chla, and turbidity increased. For the Western Bay there were significant declines in both salinity and temperature with increases in NH4+, NO2-, TOC, Chla, turbidity, and TN:TP.These short term trends must be put in perspective with more long term climate changes. The 6 year period of record corresponds with a shift to wetter conditions from the dry period of the 1980’s. Our next step is to determine the relative importance of precipitation, freshwater inflow, and water manage-ment activities on these water quality trends in Florida Bay.————————————————————————————-The onset, persistence and fate of algal blooms in Florida Bay.Larry E. Brand and Gary L. Hitchcock, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Uni-versity of Miami, Miami, FL.One of our research goals is to determine the source of the nutrients that promote microalgal blooms in Florida Bay. The two primary potential sources our research is focussing on are benthic sediments and human activities on land. Another part of our research is focussing on the extent to which Florida Bay water with high nutrients, suspended sediments, and/or phytoplankton is transported as far as the coral reefs. If such transport occurs often enough, the ecological structure of the reef community could be altered.Shallow tropical marine ecosystems are generally characterized by clear waters (low nutrients and microalgal biomass in the water column) and by much of the productivity being associated with the benthos (seagrasses, macroalgae, and microalgal turfs and films). Most of the nutrients in these ecosys-tems are sequestered in either the biota or in the sediments. In the case of Florida Bay, the system may have become destabilized by the loss of a major portion of the benthic producers (Thalassia testudinum, with a release to the water column of excessive nutrients from plant decay). Loss of seagrass cover can also lead to more sediment resuspension. The blooms observed today may be supported by nutrients formerly in the benthic sediments and biota.Another potential source of nutrients is human activities that generate nutrients that enter the marine ecosystem by surface runoff or groundwater. It has been estimated that there are 25,000 cesspools and septic tanks, 281 injection wells, 4 active and 10 inactive landfills, 182 marinas with 2707 wet slips, and 1410 live-aboard boats in the Florida Keys. These sources, along with several sewage outfalls, are thought to be injecting nutrients into local waters, but in most cases are not yet proven to be significant.We are investigating the extent to which these nutrients may be reaching various coastal ecosystems.To address these issues, the following questions are being asked.How large is the pool of nutrients in the sediments of Florida Bay relative to that in the water column above? Depending on the size of the sediment pool, it could potentially sustain a phytoplankton bloom long after the initial nutrients in the water column are removed.Over a wide range of habitats, is there a general correlation between benthic and planktonic nutrient concentrations, between benthic nutrient concentrations and benthic microalgal biomass, and between benthic nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton biomass? Such correlations would provide some evidence of the strength of coupling between sediment-water column nutrient cycling and microalgal population dynamics.Is it possible that episodic resuspension of sediments is a major mechanism for transporting benthic nutrients into the water column (where they can support microalgal blooms) and out to the reefs?Instead of nutrient rich groundwater flow into coastal waters being uniform along the coastline, does it occur in local “hotspots” because of preferential flow along structural faults and solution holes?Are nutrient inputs and the resulting chlorophyll concentrations higher after large amounts of rainfall, particularly after a long period of no rain because of nutrient concentration build up on land during the dry period that is then flushed out by the rain?To address questions of water column-sediment interactions, 10 stations along the southeastern part of Florida Bay are being sampled every 3 months. To address questions concerning ephemeral inputs of nutrients and sporadic transport offshore to the reefs, as many water samples as possible are being taken from both bayside and oceanside waters from Elliott Key down to Key West, particularly after storms. Water samples are also being taken in the western area of Florida Bay to examine its interaction with the Gulf of Mexico.To date we have collected over 600 samples throughout the Florida Keys and analyzed them for tem-perature, salinity, chlorophyll and turbidity. Salinity has ranged from 8 to 38 ppt. Chlorophyll concen-trations have ranged from 0.12 ug/l to 9.55 ug/l. The overall trend in the observations in Hawk Channel out to the reefs so far is for lower chlorophyll concentrations in the upper Keys and higher concentra-tions in the lower Keys. Chlorophyll concentrations are also considerably higher in Florida Bay than on the ocean side of the Keys. Another clear trend is for higher chlorophyll concentrations in deadend canals than in the water basins to which they are connected. It also appears that chlorophyll is consis-tently lower in areas with extensive benthic plant communities than in nearby areas of similar depth that have no significant benthic plants. We have not observed higher chlorophyll concentrations immedi-ately next to the coastline compared to a kilometer away. Further offshore, chlorophyll concentrations decline to “oceanic” levels, but how far offshore the decline occurs is highly variable, depending on wind and current patterns. High concentrations of chlorophyll and turbidity have been observed on occasion over the reefs and several kilometers beyond.Turbidity ranges from as high as 99 NTUs in Florida Bay to as low as 0.01 NTUs offshore. Turbidity is much more variable, due to the influence of winds. It is persistently high in many parts of Florida Baybut quite different in different parts of the bay. In Hawk Channel and out to the reefs, it is fairly spo-radic, with generally lower turbidity in the upper Keys compared to the lower Keys, and as one moves offshore.Dissolved phosphate concentrations in the water column range from 0.01 to 0.16 uM, nitrate from 0.02 to 4.68 uM, ammonia from undetectable to 28.85 uM, and silicate from 1.83 to 127.91 uM. Nutrients are considerably higher in Florida Bay than at the offshore stations. Silicate decreases linearly from Shark River to the Keys with increasing salinity, indicating a freshwater source. Porewater ammonia concentrations range from 15.86 to 1531.15 uM, porewater nitrate from 0.09 to 2.25 uM, and porewater phosphate from undetectable to 10.75 uM. The highest porewater nutrient concentrations are at stations in Florida Bay closest to Upper Matecumbe Key.To date, our work has focused on developing and testing methods, setting up sampling programs, sur-veying Florida Bay for selection of sampling stations, and collecting and analyzing samples. Now that we have about six months worth of data, we are beginning to analyze them for correlations. We plan on using those correlations to develop more specific hypotheses and then design both field and laboratory experiments to test them more rigorously.————————————————————————————-The biotic record of change in Florida Bay and the south Florida ecosys-tem.G. Lynn Brewster-Wingard, Scott E. Ishman and Debra A. Willard, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA; and Robert B. Halley and Charles W. Holmes, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL.The Florida Bay environmental record, as indicated by the biotic remains within the sediments, is one of change. Analyses of three cores from Florida Bay and the fringe environments of the Bay show that fluctuations in salinity, substrate, and other critical physical, and chemical parameters, have occurred throughout the history of the bay. During this century, an increase in average salinity and an increase in benthic faunal diversity is recorded.The principle objective of the U.S. Geological Survey’s South Florida Ecosystem History projects is to use paleoecologic tools to reconstruct the history of Florida Bay, Biscayne Bay, and the terrestrial Everglades over the last 150-200 years, as well as the last few millennia. The data gathered from these projects are being compiled to develop a broad regional and temporal picture of changes in the south Florida ecosystem. At selected sites in Florida Bay, data are gathered on modern faunal and floral distributions and environmental preferences, such as salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, circulation, substrate and seagrass conditions. These data are used as proxies for interpreting down-core environ-mental changes as indicated by the abundance and distribution of faunal and floral remains present in cores collected throughout Florida Bay and the south Florida ecosystem. The chronology of the cores is based primarily on 210Pb analyses; this absolute age control makes it possible to interpret the rate of change of such critical parameters as salinity and substrate, including seagrasses and sediment sources. In turn, changes in salinity patterns provide information on changing freshwater flow, sea level rise, and circulation patterns. In conjunction with geochemical analyses, information on nutrient supplies also can be obtained from the faunal and floral data.Analyses of Core 6A from the Bob Allen mudbank, central Florida Bay, and Core T-24 from the mouth of Taylor Creek in Little Madeira Bay, eastern Florida Bay, are complete. The benthic fauna were examined at 2 cm intervals in these cores. The 210Pb age model of Core 6A gives a sedimentation rate of 0.86 ± 0.06 cm/yr. Core 6A records a history of fluctuating salinity over the last 150 years, but from around the turn of the century a general increase in the average salinity has occurred. Benthic foramini-fer and ostracode data indicate a significant shift occurred during the 1950’s, from a period of relatively lower average salinities (~18 ppt) and relatively low amplitude fluctuations in the salinity, to a period of higher average salinities (~32 ppt) and greater fluctuations in the salinity. The mollusc data show similar patterns. During the period from around 1950 to the present the overall benthic faunal diversity and abundance increased. Patterns of pollen and dinocyst distribution within the core show shifts that correspond to the benthic faunal changes, indicating that the change was not a localized effect. Com-parison of the benthic faunal record to precipitation records dating back to 1906 indicates no direct correlation between precipitation patterns and prolonged salinity changes in Florida Bay; however, further investigation is warranted.The pattern of increasing salinity is even more apparent in Core T-24, which is located at the fringes of the Bay environment. Although a detailed chronology based on radioisotopes has not been developed for this core, the general faunal and floral patterns correspond to those at Core 6A. The relative abun-dance of oligohaline to mesohaline (~5-18 ppt) benthic foraminifera, molluscs, and ostracodes decreases upward in the core, and the polyhaline to euhaline (18-35 ppt) fauna increases. Benthic faunal diversity increases upward in the core. The dinocyst and pollen assemblages are consistent with the pattern of increasing salinity up-core at this site, with red mangrove and buttonwood pollen increasing and the dinocyst assemblages shifting toward more marine conditions.Examination of selected samples from a core collected along Mud Creek near Joe Bay on the northern fringe of Florida Bay provides a long-term record of change. 14C analysis dates the base of this core (82 cm) at 2,050 BP, and 210Pb indicates that the last 150 years are included in the upper 20 cm. Prelimi-nary analysis of molluscan fauna indicates a general trend of increasing salinity up-core. Molluscs present in the lower half of the core are limited to fresh water or terrestrial forms, but at 34-36 cm a brackish to nearly freshwater species is found. Pollen assemblages indicate relatively higher abundances of sawgrass pollen from about 600-2000 BP followed by an increasing abundance of mangrove and wax-myrtle pollen; this shift is indicative of an increase in salinity. Because of the slower sediment accumulation rate of peats, less detail is provided for the last 150 years, but cores from the fringe of Florida Bay provide a link between the Bay and the terrestrial ecosystems, and allow us to develop a broad regional and temporal picture of changes to the south Florida ecosystem.The preliminary examination of three cores from the central and northern margins of Florida Bay indi-cates a Bay-wide increase in salinity over at least the last century. Examination of historical precipitation records indicate there is no strong relationship between salinity and precipitation patterns, however, other factors such as storm frequency, fresh-water flow, sea-level rise and evaporation/precipitation rates are also important. A comparison of the chronologically-placed data gathered from these cores with historical records of precipitation, streamflow and other critical parameters will facilitate understanding of the causes of salinity fluctuations in Florida Bay. In the upcoming year, paleoecologic analyses of additional cores are planned to determine if the pattern of increased salinity is upheld. Geochemical analyses of shells and sediments from these cores will be conducted to provide absolute measurements of salinity and nutrient fluctuations in the ecosystem. This information, compiled wih data gatheredfrom other ecosystem projects evaluating salinity, circulation, freshwater flow, precipitation and evapo-ration, will provide modelers and resource managers with information on the causes and enduring effects of salinity change.————————————————————————————-An integrated study of pink shrimp as indicators of habitat health in Florida Bay.Joan A. Browder, NOAA, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, FL; Victor Restrepo and Nelson Ehrhardt, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, FL; Michael Robblee, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Miami, FL; and James Nance, Peter Sheridan and Zoula Zein-Eldin, NOAA, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Galveston, TX.The harvest of pink shrimp on spawning grounds in the Dry Tortugas is thought to be dependent upon inshore nursery grounds, including Florida Bay. Landings and catch rates declined substantially in the 1980s, starting a few years prior to observations of habitat decline in the Bay. The pattern of monthly size frequency distributions in landings suggests that, although recruitment to the fishing grounds is continuous throughout the year, until about 1980, two or more major waves of recruitment were detect-able, one centered in late fall and the other in early spring. After 1980, only the spring wave was notice-able. Previous studies have suggested that landings and catch rates are positively correlated with indica-tors of freshwater inputs. Previous studies have suggested that spawning by this species in South Florida apparently is continuous, but spawning maxima coincide with maximum water temperatures on the Tortugas grounds; therefore, variation in spawning does not likely explain the major waves of recritment observed in the fishery. The initial hypothesis of our research is (a) that two or more major nursery grounds contribute to Tortugas landings, (b) that these grounds produce recruits at different times of the year, and (c) that recruitment from these grounds is affected differently by freshwater inputs and, possibly, other environmental variables. The focus our research has been on (1) sharpening our view of recruitment, (2) developing a juvenile abundance index on inshore grounds, and (3) exploring possible relationships of juveniles and recruits to each other and to various environ-mental and habitat variables that could possibly affect shoreward transport of postlarvae, juvenile growth and survival, or migration to offshore grounds. Such variables include freshwater inputs (rainfall, freshwater inflow, temperature, wind speed, and mean sea level). This work has been conducted by means of laboratory experiments (1st yr only), field studies, statistical analyses, cohort analyses, and simulation modeling. In addition, we have begun developoment of a preliminary shrimp-based ecologi-cal index of conditions in Florida Bay for immediate use in the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program.Historic data from Robblee’s and Sheridan’s multiyear field studies in Western Florida Bay (Johnson Key Basin) provided the basis for developing a multiyear juvenile abundance index time series. Field sampling of juvenile densities was conducted in Western Florida Bay and Whitewater Bay as part of the Florida Bay Program. Data from these ongoing studies will be used to compare the magnitude and seasonal pattern of juvenile densities in the two nursery areas during the same time period. This is the first time the two nursery areas have been sampled during the same time period using the highly efficient throw trap gear developed by Robblee in the 1980s. General additive modeling (GAM) is being used to determine relationships of the juvenile time series with environmental variables.A long-term monthly data time series of recruits to the fishery was produced by means of length-based cohort analysis using fishery landings and catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data. When this time series was overlain on time series of environmental variables with an appropriate time lag, certain patterns were suggested: a general concurrence of the temporal pattern with freshwater input variables during the ’60s and ’70s, a dampened variability in recruitment and some of the freshwater input variables during the’80s, and lack of concurrence with these environmental variables during the ’90s. Several approaches to cohort analyses were tested. It was concluded that the recruitment time series might be improved if a better length-age relationship for this species could be developed and if monthly, rather than annual, estimates of the size frequency distribution within commercial catch categories were obtained.In developing a shrimp-based ecological indicator, the approach was to remove the “rainfall” effect from annual CPUE data and use the residuals of this relationship as an annual abundance index. An index standardized for rainfall variability would more likely reflect the effect of freshwater inputs resulting purely from water management decisions (e.g., releases of freshwater into Everglades National Park from the upstream Water Conservation Areas and Lake Okeechobee). In South Florida, rainfall variabil-ity is a major problem in evaluating the environmental effect of changes in water management structures and operations. Principal findings of our analysis were (1) CPUE of both small shrimp (<= 68 count) and large shrimp (> 68 count) correlated well with Royal Palm rainfall, (2) a marked positive trend occurred in residuals of the small shrimp relationship after about 1980, and (3) a markedly negative trend in residuals of the large shrimp relationship was obvious beginning two or three years later. Inquiies with port agents and shrimp industry representatives revealed a major change in marketing practices in the early ’80s that led to increased emphasis on landing small shrimp. This may have had an effect on small shrimp CPUE. Indeed, Tortugas shrimp landings contained a larger proportion of small shrimp after about 1980 than in former years. In subsequent analyses, a dummy variable to account for the change was introduced to the model. This appears to have removed the trend in the residuals. Nev-ertheless, this is a good demonstration of why results of cohort analysis, because they are not dependent on CPUE, may sometimes be better indices of abundance than CPUE.Laboratory data on survival as a function of temperature and salinity that had been developed by Zein-Eldin in the first study year recently were used to incorporate a temperature- and salinity-based natural mortality function into the growth and survival model. A second natural mortality function, one depen-dent on temperature, also was introduced. The two were calibrated so that, under sizes and conditions found on the fishing grounds, their sum would roughly equal previous natural mortality estimates. The model eventually will provide a view of how temporal patterns of salinity and temperature in various parts of Florida Bay and adjacent waters might affect the relative magnitude and temporal pattern of recruitment from each area. Further laboratory studies are needed to extend the experiment to lower temperatures and salinities (presently we only have data for temperatures of 25°C to 35° and salinities of 30 ppt to 50 ppt) and to provide estimates of effects of temperature and salinity on growth (presently we have information for growth rates as a function of temperature only).————————————————————————————-Benthic flux of nutrients from Florida Bay sediments.Paul Carlson and Tim Barber, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, St. Petersburg, FL; Alina Szmant and Larry Brand, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL.This presentation will combine four datasets from our two research programs to compare sediment nutrient inventories and potential fluxes from sediments to the overlying water column in Florida Bay and along transects from the Keys to the reef tract. The datasets to be used are 1. porewater nutrient profiles and benthic chamber flux measurements made in Johnson Key Basin in 1990, 2. porewater nutrient profiles and benthic chamber flux measurements made along transects from the Keys to the reef tract in 1992, 3. porewater nutrient profiles measured at several sites within Florida Bay from 1994 to 1996, and 4. measurements of potential fluxes from sediment to the water column by resuspension.In January, April, July, and September 1990, we measured sediment-water exchange of ammonium, filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP), and silica in surviving Thalassia beds and die-off patches in Johnson Key Basin. Porewater equilibrators (peepers) were sampled at the same time to compare poten-tial fluxes calculated from vertical profiles of porewater nutrients with actual fluxes measured in benthic chambers.Peeper nutrient flux estimates of Si, NH4, and FRP in surviving Thalassia beds were generally higher than in die-off patches. In September 1990, for example, Si, NH4, and FRP flux estimates for surviving beds were 29, 14, and 2.6 umol/m2/d, respectively, while estimates for die-off patches were 6.9, 7.0, and 2.4 umol/m2/d.In benthic chambers, we measured silica and ammonia fluxes of 21 and 4.0 mmol/m2/d, respectively, in surviving Thalassia beds. Fluxes of silica and ammonia from unvegetated sediments in die-off patches were negligible. Phosphorus flux was not detected in surviving grass beds or die-off patches. Silica and ammonium fluxes measured in benthic chambers exceeded by far fluxes calculated from porewater profiles, possibly as the result of rapid nutrient regeneration in the water column, at the sediment-water interface (Gardner et al. 1995) and on the surfaces of seagrass leaves.Silica and ammonium fluxes estimated from porewater profiles at Rankin Lake, Sandy Key, and Twin Key in 1994-1996 were generally higher than 1990 estimates from Johnson Key Basin. Silica flux estimates ranged from 112 umol/m2/d for Rankin Lake to 83 umol/m2/d for Sandy Key, to 67 umol/m2/ d for Twin Key. Ammonia flux estimates were highest (57 umol/m2/d) at Rankin Lake, lower (25 umol/ m2/d) at Twin Key, and lowest (15 umol/m2/d) at Sandy Key. Phosphorus flux estimates were highest at Sandy Key (5.3 umol/m2/d) lower at Rankin Lake (1.0 umol/m2/d), and lowest at Twin Key Basin (0.35 umol/m2/d).————————————————————————————-。
