建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献

本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译施工项目进度控制的关键问题院（系、部）名称：专业名称：学生姓名：学生学号：指导教师：2012年 01月 06 日教务处制Construction of key problems of project progress controlAbstractConstruction progress was one of the three objectives of the project which is an important component of project management. Reasonable, scientific, efficiency of project construction schedule is the key to achieve the project objectives control. Only during the preparation stage, stage of progress of the programmer design stage, plans and implementation of construction and other links, taking full account of the favorable factors, rational coordination of limited resources, can eventually achieve the progress required by the target, to create advanced, civilization and construction process and lay a solid material foundation.Keywords: Construction projects; Progress control; Key issuesProgress, investment, quality is the three objectives of the project; there is a relationship of mutual dependence and mutual restriction between them. Project schedule control is an important component of project management and is to ensure that project objectives control is complete the prerequisite for the realization of, to ensure the project duration, the rational use of resources, and lower costs, to prevent plan changes too big and important guarantee for improving the efficiency of project. Management should focus on the following aspects:1. Attaches great importance to project construction preparationProject preparation is an important component of construction production, and it is intended to project goals, resource supply and selection of construction plan, spatial layout and the various aspects of time and manpower arrangement. It also is the fundamental guarantee for the smooth conduct of civil engineering construction and equipment installation. Therefore, preparing carefully for technical before construction, materials, labor organizations preparation and over-the-counter preparations for construction site preparation, has an important effect on rational supplying resources to speed up the construction speed, improving project quality ensuring construction safety and winning social reputation .To strengthen the project progress control, you must attach great importance to the project preparation, preparation before construction.2.Deployment and construction of construction programmingConstructions of comprehensive arrangements for the deployment project as a whole is, and makes decisions on major strategic issues in construction. Prefect of construction deployment is effective control engineering progress, guarantees engineering quality, and saves engineering investment of primary protection, and its preparation should reflect reasonable of organization arrangements and task division, and establish proven of, and reasonable running of Project Manager sector; personnel of set and the division should do full mobilization its enthusiasm, and make of professional play; established of specialization construction organization system and for engineering min package; division construction stage, determines staging batch construction, and commissioning of arrangements and main project and interspersed project.In addition to the deployment consists of perfect construction, preparation of reasonable construction plan, to ensure the effective progress of the project, construction readiness planning should also been included the development specification. Main site-wide preparations, includes materials for ideological, organizational preparation, technical preparation, and so on. Major items of works or the main unit of engineering and special projects should be developed in the construction organization to design its construction programmed. The aim is the preparation of technical and also for the construction of well under way and provides a basis for rational arrangement of the project site. Therefore, you should calculate the quantity to determine the process, select the commandments and main construction method of large construction machine.Engineering determination of the order, need to be constructed by stages and in groups. It should be the first underground and then the ground, after the first deep-shallow, after the first line, extension, underground pipeline construction, with the supply of various types of material and technical conditions and should be balanced and rational utilization of these resources between coordinated construction of promoting balanced.3. In accordance with the contract’s duration requirements, well construction progress controlAccording to the duration of the contract to complete construction, both contract requirements are also objects to achieve business goals. In this connection, the constructionunits (owners) with the construction unit of the interests of both sides are fully consistent. Therefore, strengthening construction progress control ensures that the duration of the contract performance is a project manager and main content of the basic duties. Plan is a prerequisite for control, if has not it will be out of control which is to compare actual and planned values, identify deviations during, and for feedback adjustment. Preparation of construction progress plan to control the duration value is determined, and come up with a guarantee scheme implementation of effective measures to guarantee the duration planned completion of the contract period.Preparation of progress is to decide what to when to do, or when the progress of the project to do what extent. Whatever is the process of the project itself, or with other construction-related work, should be integrated into the schedule to, or, whose progress you want to make a schedule. Types of project schedule classification based on content is targeted schemes and support schemes. Schedule for the project itself is the most basic goal plan that determines the duration of the project goals. In order to achieve this goal, you have a range of support plans, such as planning material usage, working capital planning material usage, and equipment use plans, labor use plan to use plan, semi-finished products and components, and so on. Control the length of time it came from overall progress plan and phase plan. Total progress scheme control the whole process of project construction, and phased plan includes the project construction progress plan and ten-years, quarters, months, weeks of job schedules, and so on. It has a text plan-plan with a chart from the expressions. The former is with a text description of each stage of construction, and the image of progress to achieve requirements; the latter is with image and simple charts to express the construction schedule. As far as I know, bar is the most commonly used scheme, network planning, and slash-type scheme. It has overall progress plan and the partition plan from the scope of management. Master plans are project-oriented global strategy progress of the plan, generally cruder. While the plan is for a bottle gourd or Project ~ Professional progress of the work plan, generally more detailed.4. Preparation of project schedulea. This project of project contract. Provision is to determine the duration of the contract duration in planned value basis. Project start and completion dates stipulated in the contract, must be implemented by schedule. Schedule of the ultimate goal is through reasonable progress design, to guarantee duration completed on time.b. Construction of enterprise production and management of reasonable plan. Throughthe construction of enterprise production and management of rational planning, to ensure project efficiency, is the major component of the plan. Obeying the business principle of guidance and meeting the requirements of enterprise balance achieve the best interests of the enterprise.c. Drawing information. Drawing information is the basis and premise of rational design of construction schemes for construction. Construction progress plan must be linked with the progress of the design plan, and must be based on the date of delivery number agreement to arrange the appropriate part of the construction time, which is also a good way of construction risk prevention and guarantee construction quality.d. Construction organization design of this project is one of the strong basis for the preparation of project scheduling. This information defines construction capacity deployment and method of construction and reflects the construction characteristics of the project, which forms the basis of targets at various stages in the process of determining construction plans.e. Materials and equipment supply plan. If you already have on the material and equipment and turnover material supply plan, the construction progress plan must be coordinated with the project. In addition to the above five points making progress on a project plans as the basis for the main consideration, you should be aware of information about site construction conditions, including hydrological, climate and environmental data in the field of construction and transportation conditions, energy supply, auxiliary production capacity. Also prior to the preparation of project construction progress plan, similar to an already built or actual construction schedule needs to be collected, and you should serious analysis, organize, list control constraint, clear the influence of duration to achieve mandatory time limits, for the preparation of project progress as well prepared.5. The project progress plan optimizationa. Adjusting the construction period. Each project is composed of many processes, the water segment of the construction have the same number of processes, each procedure is not identical in the various construction stages of the construction period, it is the importance of adjusting the construction period that how to choose a scientific and rational construction process. Construction technology that determined by the fixed construction technology can not be changed, but the order of the construction stage can be changed, Choosing a different order of construction of water, the total duration of the entire construction will be changed accordingly. Therefore you need to find the shortest period of construction of water tooptimize the order program for implementation.b. A balanced use of resources. In preparing the construction schedule, you must take into account the optimization of resources into account. It not only requires the resources you plan to use less than the actual supply of resources, but also tries to do the balance of resource conservation use. You should make resources available for the use of control within the available supply and the amount of resources to use every day similar. If resource usage is balanced, resource usage peak is smaller and resources funding is less, also thus economic benefits will certainly be enhanced accordingly. For the human and material resources, if the construction plans of arrangement to take full advantage of them and let every single day of the entire plan period to achieve efficiency, the amount of resources used in this plan is balanced and the economic benefits will be good.c. Optimize the cost of the project. Adopting a different construction of water order, the project cost will vary in engineering construction. Seeking the lowest cost solution to reduce costs is an important part of the construction. The cost of the project includes the two parts: direct and indirect costs. Generally speaking, low direct costs of the construction sequence, the duration will be longer. In order to shorten the duration, the need to use more efficient construction machinery or construction process so that direct costs will tend to increase. If efficiency does not change, you need more manpower or material resources, and increase the input of one-time costs, which will inevitably lead to increase in direct costs. Almost you always give high priority to increase the cost of less and can shorten the duration of the order. However, if shorten duration, you will increase the direct costs of inputs. Indirect costs and construction of the relationship is not close, and the basic fixed expenses occur every day.6. Organization of water construction methodAnother important means of ensuring project progress on a project is construction of rational flow. Water construction is continuous job, and it can save work time, which is relative to “turn job”, The means of achieving savings is “take received”, and the premise of take received is segment area; it can have rhythm to construction, and the time of the workers to work is a certain degree of regularity, which can bring good of construction along the continued, the harmonious of construction atmosphere, considerable of economic benefits and improve productivity.Project schedule control of more than a few issues, indicates that the schedule control process does not happen overnight so the enterprise integration should as a whole to considerelements of integration and management system. In the specific work, should pay attention to giving play to promote integration of favorable factors and avoid integration or coordination to prevent the adverse factors and pay attention to practical results and advancing as planned gradually.摘要工程施工进度是工程项目的三大目标之一，是工程项目管理的重要组成部分。

工程管理专业毕业外文翻译（房地产）Quality Control 、Safety During Construction andCost ControlQuality and Safety Concerns in ConstructionQuality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects, re-construction may be required and facility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are the result. In the worse case, failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during the construction process can similarly result in personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occurs on the project.As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original design and planning decisions.While conformance to existing design decisions is the primary focus of quality control, these are exceptions to this rule. First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction. While these changes may be motivated by the concern for quality, they represent occasions for re-design with all the attendant objectives and constraints. As a second case, some designs rely upon informed and appropriate decision making during the construction process itself. For example, some tunneling methods make decisions about the amount of shoring required at different locations based upon observation of soil conditions during the tunneling process. Since such decisions are based on better information concerning actual site conditions, the facility design may be more cost effective as a result. Any special case of re-design during construction requires the various considerations discussed.With the attention to conformance as the measure of quality during the construction process, the specification of quality requirements in the design and contract documentation becomes extremely important. Quality requirements should be clear and verifiable, so that all parties in the project can understand the requirements for conformance.Safety during the construction project is also influenced in large part by decisions made during the planning and design process. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and dangerous to implement, whereas other, comparable plans may considerably reduce the possibility of accidents. For example, clear separation oftraffic from construction zones during roadway rehabilitation can greatly reduce the possibility of accidental collisions. Beyond these design decisions, safety largely depends upon education, vigilance and cooperation during the construction process. Workers should be constantly alert to the possibilities of accidents and avoid taken unnecessary risks.Total Quality ControlQuality control in construction typically involves insuring compliance with minimum standards of material and workmanship in order to insure the performance of the facility according to the design. These minimum standards are contained in the specifications. For the purpose of insuring compliance, random samples and statistical methods are commonly used as the basis for accepting or rejecting work completed and batches of materials. Rejection of a batch is based on non-conformance or violation of the relevant design specifications.An implicit assumption in these traditional quality control practices is the notion of an acceptable quality level which is a allowable fraction of defective items. Materials obtained from suppliers or work performed by an organization is inspected and passed as acceptable if the estimated defective percentage is within the acceptable quality level. Problems with materials or goods are corrected after delivery of the product.In contrast to this traditional approach of quality control is the goal of total quality control. In this system, no defective items are allowed anywhere in the construction process. While the zero defects goal can never be permanently obtained, it provides a goal so that an organization is never satisfied with its quality control program even if defects are reduced by substantial amounts year after year. This concept and approach to quality control was first developed in manufacturing firms in Japan and Europe , but has since spread to many construction companies.Total quality control is a commitment to quality expressed in all parts of an organization and typically involves many elements. Design reviews to insure safe and effective construction procedures are a major element. Other elements include extensive training for personnel, shifting the responsibility for detecting defects from quality control inspectors to workers, and continually maintaining equipment. Workers involvement in improved quality control is often formalized in quality circles in which groups of workers meet regularly to make suggestions for quality improvement. Material suppliers are also required to insure zero defects in delivered goods. Initially, all materials from a supplier are inspected and batches of goods with any defective items are returned. Suppliers with good records can be certified and not subject to complete inspection subsequently.The traditional microeconomic view of quality control is that there is an “optimum” proportion o f defective items. Trying to achieve greater quality than this optimum would substantially increase costs of inspection and reduce worker productivity. However, many companies have found that commitment to total quality control has substantial economic benefits that had been unappreciated in traditional approaches. Expenses associated with inventory, rework, scrap and warranties were reduced. Worker enthusiasm and commitment improved. Customers often appreciatedhigher quality work and would pay a premium for good quality. As a result, improved quality control became a competitive advantages.Of course, total quality control is difficult to apply, particular in construction. The unique nature of each facility, the variability in the workforce, the multitude of subcontractors and the cost of marking necessary investments in education and procedures make programs of total quality control in construction difficult. Nevertheless, a commitment to improved quality even without endorsing the goal of zero defects can pay real dividends to organizations.SafetyConstruction is a relatively hazardous undertaking. These are significantly more injuries and lost workdays due to injuries or illnesses in construction than in virtually any other industry. These work related injuries and illnesses are exceedingly costly. The Construction Industry Cost Effectiveness Project estimated that accidents cost $8.9 billion or nearly seven percent of the $ 137 billion (in 1979 dollars) spent annually for industrial, utility and commercial construction in the United States. Included in this total are direct costs (medical costs, premiums for workers’ compensation benefits, liability and property losses) as well as indirect costs (reduced worker productivity, delays in projects, administrative time, and damage to equipment and the facility). In contrast to most industrial accidents, innocent bystanders may also be injured by construction have resulted in fatalities to passerby’s. Prudent project managers and owners would like to reduce accidents, injuries and illnesses as much as possible.As with all the other costs of construction, it is a mistake for owners to ignore a significant category of costs such as injury and illness. While contractors may pay insurance premiums directly, these costs are reflected in bid prices or contract amounts. Delays caused by injuries and illnesses can present significant opportunity costs to owners. In the long run, the owners of constructed facilities must pay all the costs of construction. For the case of injuries and illnesses, this general principle might be slightly qualified since significant costs are borne by workers themselves or society at large. However, court judgments and insurance payments compensate for individual losses and ultimately borne by the owners.Various measures are available to improve jobsite safety in construction. Several of the most important occur before construction is undertaken. These include design, choice of technology and education. By altering facility designs, particular structures can be safer or more hazardous to construct. For example, parapets can be designed to appropriate heights for construction worker safety, rather than the minimum height required by building codes.Choice of technology can also be critical in determining the safety of a jobsite. Safeguards built into machinery can notify operators of problems or prevent injuries. For example, simple switches can prevent equipment from being operating when protective shields are not in place. With the availability of on-board electronics (including computer chips) and sensors, the possibilities for sophisticated machine controllers and monitors has greatly expanded for construction equipment and tools. Material and work process choices also influence the safety of construction. Forexample, substitution of alternative material for asbestos can reduce or eliminate the prospects of long term illnesses such as asbestosis.Educating workers and managers in proper procedures and hazards can have a direct impact on jobsite safety. The realization of the large costs involved in construction injuries and illnesses provides a considerable motivation for awareness and education. Regular safety inspections and safety meetings have become standard practices on most job sites.Pre-qualification of contractors and sub-contractors with regard to safety is another important avenue for safety improvement. If contractors are only invited to bid or enter negotiations if they have an acceptable record of safety (as well as quality performance), then a direct incentive is provided to insure adequate safety on the part of contractors.During the construction process itself, the most important safety related measures are to insure vigilance and cooperation on the part of managers, inspectors and workers. Vigilance involves considering the risks of different working practices. In also involves maintaining temporary physical safeguards such as barricaders, braces, guiltiness, railings, toe boards and the like. Sets of standard practices are also important, such as:• requiring hard hats on site.• requiring eye protection on site.• requiring hearing protection near loud equipment.• insuring safety shoes for workers.• providing first-aid supplies and trained personnel on site.While eliminating accidents and work related illnesses is a worthwhile goal, it will never be attained. Construction has a number of characteristics making it inherently hazardous. Large forces are involved in many operations. The jobsite is continually changing as construction proceeds. Workers do not have fixed worksites and must move around a structure under construction. The tenure of a worker on a site is short, so the worker’s familiarity and the employer-employees relationship are less settled than in manufacturing settings. Despite these peculiarities and as a result of exactly these special problems, improving worksite safety is a very important project management concern.A cost control procedure for construction worksIntroductionThe construction industry, unlike many manufacturing situations, is concerned mostly with one-off projects. This naturally creates difficulties for effective management control, because each new contract is often characterized by the following features:• A fresh management team• Labor is transient and recruited on an ad hoc basis•Sites are dispersed through the county, which tends to cause problems in effective communications with other parts of the company•Subcontractors and ‘lump’ labor are common• Added to all this are the ever-changing weather conditionsNevertheless, irrespective of the scale of operation from small sub-contractor to the multifaceted project, production costs need to be monitored and controlled if the anticipated level of profit is to be received.FundamentalsTo control costs is an obvious objective of most managers, but it should be reconciled that no amount of paperwork achieves this control. Ultimately the decision of the manager that something should be done differently, and the translation of that decision into practice, are the actions that achieve control. The paperwork can provide guidance on what control actions should be taken and, while we shall continue to call it ‘the cost control system’. It should more properly be called ‘the cost information system’.The elements of any control system are:• Observation• Comparison of observation with some desired standard• Corrective action to take if necessaryThe domestic thermostat is a good example of a controller. This instrument measures temperature, compares it with the desired range, and then switches the temperature heating system ‘on’or ‘off’depending on how the current temperature compares with the desired range.A cost control system should enable a manager to observe current cost levels, compare them with a standard plan or norm, and institute corrective action to keep cost within acceptable bounds. The system should help to identify where corrective action is necessary and provide pointers as to what that action should be.Unlike the humble thermostat, most cost control systems have an inordinately long response time. Even the best current system provides information on what was happening last week or last month. As the work is typically part of a one-off project it is quite likely that the information is only partly relevant to the work going on now. So the scope for corrective action is limited. For example, the system might indicate on 1 May that the from-work operation in March cost too much. If from-work operations are still continuing the manager will give this work particular attention, but if form-work is complete nothing can be done to correct the situation.In the conventional systems described below two fundamental points are important. First, all costs must be allocated, even if this is on a very ‘coarse grained’coding arrangement. If only the major items are monitored you can be sure that the wasted time will be booked against the items which are not being monitored. Thus the manager will be deluded by the reports on the ‘important items’into thinking the whole site is satisfactory; in fact it might be incurring disastrous hidden losses. Second, there must always be a standard against which to compare recorded costs. In simple projects this might be the bill of quantities; generally, however, a properly prepared and appropriately updated contract budget forms a better basis.Systems in Current UseThe following systems and variants of them are in use in the construction industry. The selection of a system depends in part on the size and complexity of the contract, but more on the attitude and level of sophistication of top management.By overall profit or lossThe contractor waits until the contract is complete and then compares the sums of money that have been paid with the monies incurred in purchasing materials, payments for labor, subcontractors, plant and overheads. The figures are normally extracted from the financial accounts compulsorily kept by all companies. Such a system is useful only on minor contracts of short duration involving a small workforce and little construction equipment. It sacredly qualified as a control system as the information it produces can only be used to avoid the recurrence of gross errors in later contracts.Profit or loss on each contract at valuation datesThe total costs to date are compared with valuations gross of retentions. Care has to be taken to include the cost of materials delivered but not yet invoiced and to exclude materials on site not yet built into the permanent work. If the certificate is not a time reflection of the value of work done, a further adjustment is necessary. This system suffers from the disadvantage that there is no breakdown of the profit figure between types of work; it therefore provides guidance only which contract requires management attention. It is not suitable for contracts, which involve significant set-up costs, which are distributed over the unit rates.Unit costingIn this system costs of various tapes of work, such as mixing and placing concrete, are recorded separately. The costs, both cumulatively and on a period basis, are divided by the quantity of work of each type that has been done. This provides unit costs, which can be compared with those in the tender. Considerable care must be taken to ensure that all costs are accounted for, as indicated above under ‘Fundamentals’. Any miscellaneous costs must be recorded and allowed for in some way, e.g. by proportional distribution over the defined work-types. It is usually best to record site costs only and to compare with bill rates net of contribution for profit and head office overheads.Systems based on the principles of standard costingStandard costing has been used successfully in manufacturing industries, particularly in companies producing a limited range of products or at least a limited range of basic components. Standard minute values are associated with the production of each component and assembly and converted to money values by reference to the hourly rates of the appropriate grades of operatives. Variances are calculated, basically by comparing the value of the output with the cost of producing it. A variance is the amount by which the achieved profit differs from the budgeted profit. With appropriate records it is possible to analyze the total variance into sub-variances, e.g.: • Material price• Material usage• Labor rate• Labor efficiency• Fixed and variable overhead expenditure• V olume of production• SalesStandard costing is seldom directly applicable in construction owing to the variety of the product. This makes the use of standard minute values difficult if not impossible. However, as an alternative, the value of work done can be assessed in relation to the contract budget, which, in turn must reflect the amount that the contractor can expect to be paid.One of the important features is the calculation of a sales variance. This encourages the company to define sales (marketing, public relations, negotiations, estimating and bid strategy) as the responsibility of one department. An adverse variance indicates immediately that the level of acquiring new contracts is inadequate.Altogether, quite substantial departures from the manufacturing system are necessary and this accounts for the fact that standard costing is not in common use in construction. However, the system is basically very sound and provides comprehensive control of the company from boardroom down to workforce.PERT/costThis system requires each contract to be networked with PERT (performance evaluation and review technique). The values of work packages, which in essence are groups of activities, are assessed in advance. The time update of the network provides the value of work done as a ‘by-product’ of the calculation. The value can be divided by cost code, provided that the work package information is similarly divided. Thus, when incurred costs are recorded against the same codes, variances can be calculated for management information.施工质量控制、安全和成本控制施工中的质量和安全问题对项目经理来说，质量控制和安全越来越成为受关注的重要问题。

建筑施工质量管理体系外文翻译参考文献1. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Requirements《质量管理体系要求》2. GB/T -2016 英文名称：Quality management systems--Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:2015《质量管理体系应用指南》3. GB -2013 英文名称：Code for construction quality acceptance of building engineering《建筑工程质量验收规范》4. GB -2011 英文名称：Code for acceptance of constructional quality of masonry engineering《砌体工程施工质量验收规范》5. GB -2010 英文名称：Code for design of concrete structures《混凝土结构设计规范》6. GB -2013 英文名称：Standard for building drawing standardization《建筑施工图件编制规范》7. GB -2001 英文名称：Code for acceptance of construction quality of pile foundation engineering《桩基工程施工质量验收规范》8. /T 11-2017 英文名称：Technical specification for concrete structure of tall building《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规范》9. 63-2013 英文名称：Technical specification for strengthening of building structures using carbon fiber reinforced plastics 《建筑结构加固碳纤维布增强复合材料技术规范》10. 81-2002 英文名称：Technical specification for application of sprayed mortar in building construction and acceptance of quality 《建筑喷涂砂浆工程施工及质量验收技术规定》。

建筑施工质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文
献
摘要：
本文研究了建筑施工质量控制的相关文献，提供了中英文对照的外文翻译文献。

旨在帮助读者了解国内外建筑施工质量控制的最新发展和经验，以提升我国建筑施工质量管理水平。

引言：
建筑施工质量是确保建筑物安全、稳定和可持续使用的重要因素。

因此，建筑施工质量控制是建筑项目管理中不可忽视的一环。

本文通过搜集和翻译了有关建筑施工质量控制的外文文献，旨在为我国建筑业的质量管理提供借鉴和参考。

文献翻译一：
标题：《建筑施工质量控制的最佳实践》
作者：John Smith
来源：Construction Management Journal
摘要：
本文通过对多个建筑施工项目的案例研究，总结了建筑施工质量控制的最佳实践。

其中包括建立全面的质量管理体系、制定详细的施工规范、加强监督和检测等方面的措施。

该研究可为其他建筑项目提供有益的经验和教训。

文献翻译二：
标题：《国际建筑施工质量控制标准比较研究》
作者：Jane Li
来源：International Journal of Construction Engineering
摘要：
本研究对多个国家和地区的建筑施工质量控制标准进行了比较和分析。

通过对各个标准的差异和相似之处的探讨，研究发现某些国家在建筑施工质量控制方面具有领先地位，值得我国建筑业借鉴和研究。

结论：
建筑施工质量控制是确保建筑项目质量的关键环节。

通过研究和借鉴国内外的最佳实践和标准，我国建筑业能够不断提高施工质量管理水平，促进行业的可持续发展。

外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：建筑行业全面质量管理外文翻译2019-2020文献出处：Idris Othman, Siti Norfarahhanim Mohd Ghani, Shim Woon Choon[J] Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 6 December , 2019,1-8译文字数：4000 多字英文The Total Quality Management (TQM) journey of Malaysian buildingcontractorsIdris Othman, Siti Ghani, Shim Woon ChoonAbstractMalaysian Government has announced that for construction industry to transform by 2020, quality in construction is needed to be improved. Total Quality Management (TQM) could facilitate this motive. Thus, the purpose of this research is to identify, rank and analyze the factors affecting TQM implementation in a construction company so that industrial practitioners avoid poor quality products. A case study concept was used and a questionnaire survey was collected from 32 respondents. The reliability test was conducted using Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient. Employee related factor was identified to be the most crucial factors affecting TQM implementation. Contractor group of respondents showed excellent level of internal consistency (overall reliability) with the validation value of 0.956 using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient. In conclusion this research able to give a series of recommendation and a clear quality management which can be followed by the industry practitioners to ensure that Total Quality Management can be implemented.Keywords: Total Quality Management, Construction, Contractor,MalaysiaIntroductionConstruction sector plays a critical part in the economy of Malaysia seeing its contribution in capital formation, employment creation and revenue generation which bolster the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the financial advancement of Malaysia. Economic Performance Fourth Quarter 2018, Malaysia’s economy growth accelerates to 4.7% with construction being sector being one of the main contributors. Construction is as fourth key contributors to the economic growth with 2.6% contributions to the GDP after Services, Manufacturing and Agriculture as shown in Table.Despite the growth and construction industry contribution to national GDP, the performance of the projects are not fully satisfied by many clients. Sustainable quality improvement is hardly achieved because of the construction quality management setting is loosely structured. However, Harrington, Voehl and Wiggin suggested otherwise. They narrated Teixeira in their studies that by referring to main guidelines, anybody has a great freedom to develop solution for TQM. Therefore, organization should develop framework with consideration of their managers’ view of Quality Management (QM). However, many contractors are not motivated to improve quality in their projects and organization. In order to improve quality issues faced by the contractors,TQM is suggested to be implemented in construction s etting.In January 1st, 2009, all Grade G7 contractors has been made compulsory to be certified with the ISO 9000 Quality Management System by Construction Industrial Development Board (CIDB). Failure to do so, the companies will be downgraded, which effect their business activities. In order to overcome problems such as inferior quality of construction materials, building defects, construction delays, high accident rates and environmental impact issues, many contractors have started ISO certification. In the last four decades, TQM has achieved improvement in term of continuous improvement in the system of holistic management. TQM has been proved very successful in many industries especially manufacturing sector. Therefore, by integrating TQM into contractor’s system of management will improve the problems of quality. Likita et al found that when TQM is fully implemented, processes in construction sector will be controlled in much better. In Malaysia’s construction industry context, few studies have been undertaken related to TQM in term of theories, techniques, concepts, model, framework, implementation, impact, efficiency and performance. However, no evidence is found that there has been statistical research on the actual extent of TQM practiced by building contractors in Malaysia.Literature reviewThis section presents TQM overview by explaining its brief history,definition and principles. Benefits of TQM also will be elaborated to get a feel of what impact it could give to the organizations that decided to adopt it. Author also presents related work on TQM in Malaysian construction environment by recording the strengths and weaknesses of each work and provide the way forward to expand TQM’s body of knowledge in this sector.Total Quality Management (TQM)?OverviewTQM is the result of evolution in quality. It was started by Walter Shewhart in early 1920s when product quality control was applied with statistical theory. After that in the 1940s led by Americans such as Deming, Juran, Feigenbaum and Crosby, the concept was further developed in Japan. The focus widened to quality of all issues within the organization. The four evolutionary phases of quality are inspection, quality control, quality assurances then TQM. TQM is a philosophy to meet quality output satisfying the expectation of customer. Quality level in TQM is determined by customers. Quality standards inclusive of the Deming Prize and the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Awards (MBNQA) ISO 9000 series, specify principles and processes that comprise TQM. Fig sums up eight principles of TQM.TQM benefitsTQM benefits should be understand in order to appreciate itsimportance. For improving competitiveness around the world, TQM has been utilized as an applied process. TQM could boost performance in two ways according to Ghobadian and Ghallear. In short term, TQM via premium pricing could increase profitability. However, TQM could increase market share in the long term. The financial performance and market share can be increased by utilizing the strategic pursuit of quality. TQM also could give positive impact on speed of response, productivity, customer services and quality of product. On top of that, Heltondescribed the impressive financial gains made by most Baldridge Award winners apart from improvement in business performance.Those firms in construction sector specifically that successfully implemented TQ can reduced workforce rework, workforce, nonconformities, improved overall project schedule and increase of market share. Besides that, TQM in construction industry also proven that company reputation can be increased, considerable market share can be won, and customer delight can be achieved. TQM is a philosophy that delivers long-term benefits. There are many cases showing the successfully implementation of TQM. However, there are also failure cases. Therefore, TQM must be implemented completely.TQM journey of Malaysia construction industryHighly interested in Quality Management (QM) activities can be seen since 1990s in Malaysia. Lasserre and Probert, recorded thatMalaysia has a better quality sophistication and expectations than other growing countries in Asia. Malaysia also embarked by 2020 to attain the status of industrialized nation. Therefore, Malaysia becoming a practical area for the studies of THQM in a developing economy arena. Since then, research on TQM in manufacturing industry also been conducted on in Malaysia service industries and a few other sectors. However, research in construction industry is still very limited. While abundant of TQM research was found in other countries’ construction industry, author had found only five previous studies directly related to Malaysian construction industry from database; which reviewed in the following Table.From Table , the strengths and weaknesses of the related works are identified. Thiagaran, Zairi and Dale work has strength in premiering guidelines to implement TQM in Malaysian construction industry but lacks in assessment of TQM implementation. It is understandable since there were limited studies of TQM implementation in construction industry during the time that assessment of TQM implementation is yet to be done. Janipha and Ismail proposed work has strength in identifying issues of quality in construction. They were right when they reported that the initial steps in implementing successful quality in construction environment are to recognize issues in the construction environment itself and the issues in construction quality. However, they were not able tosupport their hypothesis on the companies which implement quality practice will have direct, positive impact to their business. There was also no TQM assessment practice done in the study.The strength of Seng and Loon work lies in issues and barriers exploration, which can help those construction companies that intended to implement TQM be aware of the barriers and overcome them first before implementing. However, their target sample was from engineers which cannot represent the whole suggestion of TQM implementation, resulting less reliability of the results. Further studies can be done by distributing the survey to all level of organizations from top to bottom and focused on the companies that adopted ISO series in their organizations only since this ensure that the companies applied TQM in their operations and managements. There was also no TQM practice assessment conducted in the study. Likita et al are researchers from Malaysian local universities with the article title of “An Overview of TQM in Construction”, however none of the selected studies to be reviewed were on TQM in Malaysian construction industry, which clearly there were available studies on that since 2000 by Thiagaran, Zairi and Dale. Furthermore, the number of selected studies reviewed were only five, which cannot be considered as overview of TQM implementation in construction because there are a lot of studies about TQM in construction sector worldwide. There was also no assessment of TQM practice study reviewed or mentioned in work.Finally, Jong, Sim and Liew work has strength in providing further insights of TQM roles for improvement the performance of the project. However, several weaknesses are identified such as the data analysis and discussion were only based on questionnaire response and literature review. They did not conduct interview on experts to further find the how and why of each outcome of their study which could give better knowledge of the relationship between performance of project and the TQM. Besides, the questionnaire distributed were designed to find relationship between the performance of project and TQM.From the comparisons, it can be summarized that there is gap in current TQM studies of Malaysian construction industry which is no assessment conducted. An assessment to explore the extent of actual TQM practice in current Malaysian construction environment. The significance of having this assessment is that it could give a picture and definition of actual TQM practice in Malaysian construction sector. TQM has been widely accepted and discussed since the last four decades, but where is Malaysia in the TQM journey? How far has our construction industry come? Available studies on other sectors other than construction in Malaysia is a lot especially in manufacturing, service, food processing, automotive and SMEs, but there are still very limited studies in construction sector. More research significance or contributions are further described in section 5 of this paper. But, the way forward in TQMstudy of Malaysian construction industry is to assess the extent of the TQM practiced by the Malaysia’s large-sized (G7) contractors with ISO 9001:2008 certification by self-assessment questionnaire survey. Based on the findings, research objectives are formulated in subsequent section.ConclusionThis research has achieved its objectives which are to identify and rank factors affecting TQM implementation based on Relative Importance Index (RII), find correlations between Clients, Consultants and Contractors and validate the factors identified using case study of this research utilizing information obtained from the respondents.The rank of factors affecting TQM implementation based on overall perspectives was identified as follows: (1) Employee Related, (2) Strategic Planning, (3) Teamwork, (4) Communication Related, (5) Organizational Culture, (6) Top Management Commitment, (7) Continuous Improvement and (8) Customer Related. Slight changes occur when analyzed based on companies’ group. Clients and Contra ctors agreed on the similar rank for the top three TQM implementation factors which are (1) Employee Related, (2) Organizational Culture and (3) Communication Related. However, Consultants ranked the factors as (1) Teamwork, (2) Employee Related and (3) Organizational Culture.The correlation between three group of companies were identified; Client/Consultant showed highest Spearman correlation coefficient(β = 0.909) which classified as very strong correlation. Contractor/Consultant showed st rong correlation (β = 0.675) while Contractor/Client showed moderate correlation (β = 0.573) on quality management factors. These indicated that Client/Consultant have more similar views on quality management than Client/Contractor or Consultant/Contractor.Finally, this research also was able to give a series of recommendation and a clear quality management framework which can be followed by the industry practitioners to ensure that Total Quality Management can be implemented and total quality products can be achieved.Recommendation for the future workTo further improve this research and make it more significant in the future, several future works can be considered. Those future works are explained below:(i) High rise or large scale project as case studyThe study should be focusing on high rise and large scale project because those type of projects implement TQM in more specific method compared to low rise projects. The projects too have more challenging scenario in term of quality needed to be taken care or compared to low rise.(ii) Focus research populationFor best results on the subject studied, the questionnaire should only be distributed to the quality department of particular organizations such as Quality Assurance and Quality Control division since quality is their expertise. Their opinion and views could be more valid and reliable.(iii) Increase the number of respondentsIncreasing the number of respondents will boost up reliability and validity obtained from the questionnaire survey. Larger sample will give more discrete and focused results.(iv) Incorporate TQM with Quality Assessment and ISOFor bigger scope in quality management, research on quality assessment such as QLASSIC and CONQUAS and ISO 9001 can be done and the researcher could try to find the point of correlation between them and develop framework out of it.中文马来西亚建筑承包商的全面质量管理摘要马来西亚政府宣布，要使建筑业在2020 年之前完成转型，要实现这一目标，就必须提高建筑质量。

反思前瞻规划优化施工流程Farook Hamzeh Glenn Ballard Iris D. Tommelein摘要研究的问题：如何改善前瞻规划在建设行业的做法来提高生产计划的可靠性？目的：为了评估前瞻规划的性能，寻找一个标准化的做法，使前瞻规划与活动执行有紧密的联系，来提高生产计划的可靠性。

研究设计/方法：本研究采用案例分析，行业访谈，和行业调查，以评估目前在北美、南美和欧洲的建设项目执行的前瞻规划。

研究结果：研究结果显示存在与去年规划系统规则的不符合，前瞻规划与标准化做法的不足，识别和清除限制的迟缓，而且没有对计划失败的分析。

关键词：前瞻规划，生产计划，生产控制，精益建设，最后的规划系统，规划建设。

简介建筑、工程与施工是受变化问题的困扰的，即破坏项目绩效和扰乱施工流程导致对项目时间、成本和质量造成的不利影响（Hamzeh等，2007年，霍普和Spearman2008年，萨利姆等。

2006年，克莱顿1966年）。

组织使用许多种不同的方法来维持生产流程的一致性和屏蔽产量内部业务流程以及外部环境的变化。

汤普森（1967）着重介绍了这些方法，其中包括：•预测•缓冲•平滑各种预测方法是用于预测在内部流程和生产原料中的变化。

然而，预测不能满足所有的变化，并且有许多限制：越详细的预测越不准确，越遥远的预测越容易出错。

（纳米亚斯2009年）。

缓冲用于减轻同时在输入侧和输出侧的工艺变化。

输入通常需要成功执行的任务包括：信息，先决条件工作，人力资源，空间，材料，设备，外部条件和资金（巴拉德＆Howell公司1994年，科斯基拉2000年）。

缓冲区可以采取的三种主要形式：时间，库存和产能。

时间缓冲是分配松弛的活动，利用额外的库存缓冲库存以应对供应的变化，以及用容量缓存，保留额外的容量，如加班或只在需要的时候维持机器工作，以适应激增的负荷。

平滑的供应和需求的变化是另一种方法，组织申请由于缓冲可能的不足，以满足所有的变化，是昂贵的，并可能导致满荷。

建筑施工质量控制技术外文翻译参考文献1. Zhang, H., Yu, S., & Yang, C. (2019). Research on Quality Control Technology of Construction Engineering. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology. 41(9), 28-33.2. Li, J., & Wang, Y. (2018). Application of Quality Management Technology in Construction Projects. China Construction Science and Technology. 45(2), 60-64.3. Chen, X., & Li, Z. (2017). Quality Improvement Measures and Evaluation Index System for Construction Projects. Construction Engineering Technology and Design. 28(4), 65-70.4. Zhao, Y., & Liu, W. (2016). Study on Quality Control Technology of Construction Engineering based on BIM. Modern Construction Technology. 57(1), 38-42.5. Wang, L., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Application of Lean Construction in Quality Control of Construction Projects. Construction Technology and Economy. 36(6), 45-49.6. Wu, Q., & Xu, H. (2014). Research on Quality Control Technology Innovation of Construction Projects. Journal of Building Materials and Structures. 35(8), 51-55.7. Li, H., & Zhu, L. (2013). Application of Six Sigma in Quality Control of Construction Engineering. China Construction Economy.40(3), 70-75.8. Tang, J., & Guan, J. (2012). Analysis of Quality Control Measures in Construction Engineering. Construction Engineering and Technology. 33(5), 32-37.9. Zhang, G., & Zhang, Q. (2011). Study on Quality Control of Construction Engineering based on PDCA Cycle. Construction Science and Management. 51(9), 47-51.10. Liu, Y., & Wang, X. (2010). Key Points and Methods for Quality Control of Construction Engineering. Building Construction. 42(4), 34-38.。

建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献建筑施工中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age scienceresearch with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short todistribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharplyconstringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink to sink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity ofHang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500 kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind of crack usually just in more shallow scope of the concrete surface creation.The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation, big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length, the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorough with pierce throughsex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or close parallelism, crack along long side cent the segment appear, in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different, be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious, winter compare breadth, summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin, but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, the anti- jelly which lower concrete melt, anti- tired and anti- Shen ability etc..Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire, like mineral residue cement, powder ash from stove cement...etc..Two is a decrease cement dosage, cement dosage as far as possible the control is in the 450 kg/m 3 following.Three is to lower water ash ratio, water ash of the general concrete ratio control below 0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with, the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc. to come to reduce cement dosage and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft, lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su, slow Ning etc. function in the concrete, improvement the concrete mix to match a thing of mobility, protect water, lower water to turn hot, postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng, lower to sprinkle temperature of build the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete should the dint relate to structure size, concrete structure size more big, temperature should dint more big, so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface, layering, cent the piece sprinkle to build, for the convenience of in spread hot, let up control.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cool off piping, cold water perhaps cold air cool off, let up concrete of inside outside difference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concrete temperature, adopt to cool off in time, protection measure.11 is to reserve temperature constringency to sew.12 is to let up to control, sprinkle proper before building concrete in the Ji rockand old concrete top build a 5 mm or so sand mat a layer or usage asphalt etc. material Tu2 Shua.13 is to strengthen concrete to protect, the concrete after sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time, hemp slice's etc. overlay, and attention sprinkle water to protect, appropriate extension protect time, assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season, concrete surface should constitution heat preservation measure, in order to prevent cold wave assault.14 is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing bar perhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scope inside.5.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali bone to anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar ually of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsiscoating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A Ji C Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Su material has PVC gum mire,plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.The in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.4, the electricity chemistry protection methodThe electricity chemistry antisepsis is to make use of infliction electric field in lie the quality of electricity chemical effect, change concrete or reinforced concrete the environment appearance of the place, the bluntness turn reinforcing bar to attain the purpose of antisepsis.Cathode protection method, chlorine salt's withdrawing a method, alkalescence to recover a method is a chemistry protection method in three kinds of in common use but valid method.The advantage of this kind of method is a protection method under the influence of environment factor smaller, apply reinforcing bar, concrete of long-term antisepsis, since can used for crack structure already can also used for new set up structure.5, imitate to living from legal moreImitate to living from heal the method be a kind of new crack treatment, its mimicry living creature organization secrete a certain material towards suffering wound part auto, but make the wound part heal of function, join some and special composition(suchas contain to glue knot of the liquid Xin fiber or capsule) in the concrete of the tradition the composition, at concrete inner part formation the intelligence type imitate to living from heal nerve network system, be the concrete appear crack secrete a parts of liquid Xin fiber can make the crack re- heal.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lower the anti- Shen of building ability, influence building of usage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower the durable of material, influence building of loading ability, so want to carry on to the concrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety, stability work.From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》译文：建筑施工混凝土裂缝的预防与处理混凝土的裂缝问题是一个普遍存在而又难于解决的工程实际问题，本文对混凝土工程中常见的一些裂缝问题进行了探讨分析，并针对具体情况提出了一些预防、处理措施。

外文原文Stage of construction cost controlConstruction enterprises in engineering construction of a construction project cost management is the foundation of the enterprise survival and the development and the core of the construction stage does well the cost control to achieve the purpose of increasing earnings is the project activities more important link, this paper will carry on the elaboration to this question, so that in enterprise production and management play a directive role.So in the project construction cost control what are the content? The author through 10 years of work experience, and analysis has the following aspects: contract aspects: according to construction drawing, contracting contract as the basis, according to the requirements of the contract project, quality, progress index, compiled in detail the construction organization design, this as the basis of cost plan. The project is in the contract and the existence of the change of component project, report to. As far as possible increases the project income. Use contract rights granted reasonable increase income and reduce expenditure.technical aspects: first of all, according to the actual situation of construction site, scientific planning of the construction site layout, to reduce the waste and save money to create conditions; Based on its technical superiority, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of management personnel, and carry out the mention reasonable suggestion activities, the expansion of nearly may cost control of scope and depth.quality and security; In strict accordance with the engineering technical specifications and rules of safe operation management, reduce and eliminate quality and safety accidents, make all sorts of loss is reduced to the minimum.machinery management: according to the requirements of project scientific, reasonable selection of machinery, give full play to the mechanical performance; Be reasonable arrangement construction in order to improve the utilization rate of the machinery, reduce machine fee cost; Regular maintenance machinery, improve the integrity rate of the machinery, provide guarantee for the whole progress. For the rent must be the mechanical equipment, to improve market research touch bottom the material aspects: material purchasing should be abided by "quality, low price and short distance of the principle of" approach to correct materials measurement, serious acceptance, the maximum limit reduced purchasing management in the process of consumption. According to the construction schedule science organization the use of material plan, avoid downtime should phenomenon; Material drawing shall be strictly controlled, regular inventory, grasps the actualconsumption and the progress of the projects contrast data; For in the recovery turnover materials, sorting, completed with timely and exits, like this is advantageous to the turnover use and reduce the lease fees, and reduce the cost.and administrative management: first to streamline management institutions, avoid overstaffing, reduce unnecessary salary expenses; Control business expenses and so on each unproductive spending Numbers. The administrative office of the materials with property, all on the card USES, prevent damage and loss, and financial aspects: the financial department is an important part of the cost control, mainly through the spending review all the expenses, balance scheduling funds and establishing various auxiliary records and hard working with all department cost implementation method such as the inspection and supervision, and the engineering cost analysis of all-round and provide feedback to decision-making departments, in order to take effective measures to correct the deviation of the project cost.More from seven aspects of simple described the content of the responsibility cost management, so in the construction of how to specific implementation, which we need to master the dynamic control of the construction project cost.In short, the construction project cost control is a complicated system engineering. Construction project cost control, the need for flexible use of, the actual operation should adjust measures to local conditions, different project size, different construction enterprise, different management system have differences, but no matter how construction enterprise to manage production is the consumption of human resources, material resources and cost, guidance, supervision and regulation and restrictions译文施工阶段成本控制建筑施工企业在工程建设中实行施工项目成本管理是企业生存和发展的基础和核心，在施工阶段搞好成本控制，达到增收节支的目的是项目经营活动中更为重要的环节，本文将对这一问题进行论述，以便在企业的生产经营中起指导作用。

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENTWith the development of our national economy, the construction industry has been moving in the direction of diversification development, the construction industry in China's economic development plays a very important role. Construction project management is directly related to the project quality, cost management, personnel security, business efficiency, matter to an enterprise even of vital importance, but our country architectural engineering management at present there exist many deficiencies: management system is not perfect. Most of our construction in order to save personnel expenses, reduce construction engineering administration personnel quantity and quality. Management system development of. Construction industry management system are from some famous construction industry experts to jointly study the development, but in the construction units in just a piece of paper, and they are just to cope with the higher level examination, and cannot be applied to construction project management.In our construction management, to establish a comprehensive project of our country construction management system, mainly because of a lack of management theory and experience in china. Establishment of construction project management system is a specialized and professional issues, its implementation must by the senior building subject experts and has extensive experience in management to organize, the only way to achieve. Foreign construction industry in both technology and theory are more advanced, so our country in construction project management system in establishing a procedure, must draw lessons from foreign advanced concept, in addition, also must absorb the advanced project management method, and information on all aspects of the comprehensive and integral. In short, to ensure that our construction management is orderly undertake, must be in sound engineering management system as construction overall management level of the underlying securityStrengthen the construction of quality management, establishing the quality assurance system, the quality of Engineering work. Engineering construction enterprise according to the quality assurance system, form effective quality assurance system, establish the quality policy, so as to make it more prescriptive, systematization and maneuverability. To be human, material and machinery of various elements of an effective combination of. First of all, one is to control the quality of the core, take them as the control force, fully mobilize the enthusiasmof people, establish quality first concept. Secondly, construction materials building as the main product, the material quality control is the key of project quality control. Finally, construction machinery and construction mechanization is the main mark of modernization, plays an indispensable role in project construction, which directly affects the construction project progress and quality, therefore, select and use of construction machinery equipment is very important. So, should the specific characteristic according to project project, a comprehensive consideration of various factors, the implementation of effective control of the construction site, in order to ensure the construction quality and safety and create good external conditions.At this stage of construction project management has been paid more and more attention, project cost management is project management indispensable content. Project management essential characteristic can be reflected by the project cost management. First, establish project cost management responsibility system. Project management cost responsibility, unlike the responsibility, responsibility is not equal to the cost responsibility complete complete. At the completion of work responsibility at the same time, should also consider the cost responsibility implementation, further clarify the responsibility cost management, make every manager has cost management consciousness, so be very careful in reckoning. Secondly, the construction team to execute subcontract cost control. Project department and construction team is established between specific labor contract relationship, project department have the right to the construction team schedule, quality, safety and site management standard of supervision and management, at the same time according to the contract to pay service charges. Once again, teams of construction cost control, the construction team management, project department should not intervene too much.In order to ensure the government supervision effectiveness and authority, should improve the overall quality of the supervision team. Therefore, strengthening the construction of quality supervision of construction quality management study, so that the supervision and professional qualities. In addition, quality supervision means also to continue to improve, increase the detection equipment, make supervision work has greatly the content of science and technology, to realize the modernization of supervision work. From theconstruction of the overall market, market operation rule is not perfect. Lax enforcement of the law, the phenomenon of impunity will often appear. Project quality risk is largely due to the construction market confusion caused by. Therefore, the government must establish and improve the operating rules, these rules can really implement service guarantee.Any construction projects and other construction projects recently, in size, degree of technical complexity, or engineering properties may have many differences, but the project management has a lot in common. In the current fierce competition in the market, some engineering company in maintaining and developing the original market areas can also continue to develop and adapt to the new market. In the competition continue to grow and develop, while others stagnate before, continued to shrink, and even exit the market decline, the reason is not built up a set of advanced, scientific. Agile project management mechanism.Effects of many factors on the quality of construction projects, such as building structure mismatch, tilt, collapse, destruction, crack, seepage, water leakage, poor rigidity, strength is insufficient, section size is accurate, however, investigate its reason, can be summarized as follows:( 1) against the building program. If not through feasibility argumentation, make investigation on decided yet; not clear engineering geology, hydrology geology brash start; undocumented design; without any modifications to the design, construction; not according to the drawings; the completion of the project is to test running, without acceptance on delivery of some phenomenon, cause many project save the serious hidden danger, house collapse accidents have also occurred.Engineering geological investigation of reason ( 2 ). Not serious geological investigation, provide geological data, data error. Geological exploration, borehole spacing is too big, can not fully reflect the actual situation foundation, such as when the bedrock surface fluctuation is large, soft soil lay er thickness is also very big; geological exploration drilling depth is not enough, did not find underground soft soil, landslide, grave, hole formation; geological survey report in detail, such as inaccurate, will lead to the error based scheme, caused by the uneven settlement of foundation, instability, the upper structure and wall crack,damage, collapse.( 3) without reinforcement treatment of foundation. On the weak soil, dredger fill, miscellaneous soil, collapsible loess, expansive soil, rock outcropping, lava, soil hole uneven foundation reinforcement treatment or not handled properly, that led to the great cause of quality problems. According to different characteristics of foundation engineering, foundation treatment should be in accordance with the superstructure and combination, make its work principle, from the foundation treatment measures, design, structural measures, waterproof measures, construction measures considering management.( 4 ) design calculation problem. Inadequate design, structure unreasonable, the calculation sketch is not correct, computational load is too small, internal force analysis is incorrect, settlement joint and the expansion joint is arranged properly, the overhanging structure without overturning inspection, are induced by the quality problems. Such as a retaining wall engineering design without a clear understanding of the engineering geological conditions, construction and not on site verification, coupled with the construction team in the foundation excavation of the site geological conditions failed to timely feedback to the design staff, therefore, although the upper structure design, the construction of good quality, but the basic design is not reasonable, so that the use of design value of load has not yet reached the half, retaining wall appeared to slip and fall. Another example of a silo cracking accident, but also because design personnel negligence, in the pilot when Jian Bi crack, cause construction completion can not meet the basic requirements for the use of.Project management measures. 1 must be built and perfect engineering management responsibility system, make clear a key, fulfil responsibilityThe establishment and improvement of project management responsibility system, engineering management is smooth, responsibility is clear, whether the operation is effective, is to strengthen project management must first solve the problem. Salaried qualification standard limit, such as seventeen bureau of China railway construction enterprises, in the future for quite a period, the survival and development of the field of railway, highway, located in the municipalengineering construction market, the enterprise must do the business strong, do well the project, enhance core competitiveness. The company changes after making, group company and subsidiary to the market main body. It is ligament with asset, is no longer the relationship of administrative subordination, through the establishment and improvement of project management responsibility system, the project management effectively to form an overall, coordinated operation, more important.. 2 to establish and improve the engineering department ( a subsidiary company) as the main body of the construction management system.This kind of system requirement engineering department or subsidiaries must be to establish the construction scheme, the configuration of factor of production, heavy and difficult engineering monitor. The project is mainly responsible for the Ministry of construction program implementation, design changes, the daily management and all internal and external relations; company headquarters mainly grasps the organization and coordination, heavy and difficult engineering breakthrough and supervision, to create the external environment, pay attention toGood with the owner, design units and local government relations; company mainly grasps the policy measures, difficult technical advisory services, key and difficult engineering supervision and inspection. Engineering management department especially scheduling, always grasp the situation, unobstructed information feedback channel, solve the problems that cannot be solved.随着我国经济的发展,建筑行业已经朝着多元化方向发展,建筑行业在我国经济发展中起着非常重要的作用。

文献信息：文献标题：Assessment of Total Quality Management in Construction Industry（建筑业全面质量管理评估）国外作者：K Sathish Raja，Mubeena M文献出处：《Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)》, 2017,3(2):1850-1856字数统计：英文1895单词，10348字符；中文3094汉字外文文献：Assessment of Total Quality Managementin Construction IndustryAbstract Total Quality Management (TQM) procedure is a current gadget within the area of quality. Lately many corporations have resorted to the software of total high-quality control, that allows you to assessing the extent of fine and to improve it. To be competitive in today’s marketplace, it is critical for construction groups to offer extra constant pleasant and price to their owners/customers. Its cause is to provoke extra teamwork on the jobsite, and to provide higher exceptional paintings. The motive of this paper is to look at the TQM in the construction industry. The have a look at appears at the relationship between the life of TQM coverage and frequency of consumer complaints and participation of personnel in designing exceptional control schemes. A survey of 30 respondents, primarily based on literature review and investigative approach become carried out the use of questionnaires. SPSS statistical device is to be applied for statistics analysis. The issues identified from the records analysis are evaluated and controlled by way of the usage of simplex technique. Eventually, take a look at whether or not the objective of gaining customer pride with the aid of enhancing the best inside the area may be done or not.1.Introduction1.1.Objective of the StudyQMS places emphasis on prevention, not correction. The goal which works that is 100% free of errors, free of accidents, and 100% free of waste. The aim of the work is to do things right at the first time, eliminating waste and rework. To gain this, it's miles essential to awareness on “tactics.”A process is a task or a series of tasks. The main objective of this study is to create the quality awareness to the construction company especially small scale industries. Because all the literature and statistics shows that small scale construction industries not that much aware of QMS (Quality Management System). Whenever the Quality Management System is implemented we can easily minimize the wastage of material, cost overrun, wastage of time, etc., Specifically, the aims and objectives of this research project includes, investigate the adoption and implementation of QMS in the construction industry. Determine the major factors that are mostly affecting the quality of construction during the construction particularly in execution phase. To create the quality awareness to the low level construction organisations. To minimize the indirect cost of the project and also reduce the wastage of wastage of materials, time, money, manpower, etc.1.2.Need of the StudyIn different production industries are organising the tqm (general high-quality management) device however in construction enterprise we can not establish even qms (great control system).The cause at the back of is every construction undertaking is unique and satisfactory is ever converting factor i.e. exceptional exchange time to time, region to area.But many common activities in construction project like the concrete work, Block work, plastering, etc. In those common works are affected by some major factors like quality of material, quality of manpower, construction detailing, concrete work, etc. In this work it is very much helpful for find out the major factors and give result with cost of poor quality. Also for creating cost oriented quality awareness to low level construction companies.2.Quality2.1.Total Quality ManagementTotal quality management is the management technique of an corporation, which concentrates on quality based at the participation of its members and aims at long-term success through satisfaction and benefits to all members of the organization and society. It is the method by which management and employees can become involved in the continuous improvement of the production of goods and services. It's miles a mixture of exceptional and control equipment aimed at growing enterprise and decreasing loses because of wasteful practices.2.2.Factors affecting Quality of Construction2.2.1.Limitation of TimeSome construction works had to be completed within a time limit such as in cases of urgent works. They caned limitation of work planning and they also caused other management problem. Therefore, contractor had to carefully consider this issue. Delays are the major problems that face the construction industry it may cause many poor consequences inclusive of cost overruns, and is of high concern to those who are involved in the construction industry.2.2.2.Training PoliciesLooking into the overall training coverage, the iso 9001 registered businesses have more challenge at the education in their personnel than the nonregistered ones. They now not most effective pay for the route expenses, but also allow them to get hold of schooling in the course of operating hours. For non-registered companies, the organization may additionally reimburse the course prices however employees must attend education periods out of doors of working hours. Furthermore, regular education programmes on technical and pc know- how were normally supplied in lots of organizations. The maximum famous training programme organized by means of iso 9001 registered groups changed into first-rate knowledge.2.2.3.Limitation of WeatherWeather became certainly one of several essential barriers as it occasionally cannot be prevented inclusive of flooding, typhoon, and many others. Climate situation seriously affects all rigging operations. Industries such as marine,construction and others that involve out of doors production thoroughly need to bear in mind climate situations at the same time as planning and executing their operations. Weather situations affect the steadiness, design and overall performance of the shape. The construction enterprise wishes to make be aware of such conditions as most of its operation are performed inside the open and concern to all form of weather.ck of co-ordination among departmentsCoordination is very important for project successful. Because co-ordination between the departments is failed that may leads to wrong execution or may affect the sequence of work. For example consider the MEP (Mechanical Electrical Plumbing) department not properly co-ordinate with execution team, now execution team done the plastering work before plumbing works are not done due to lack of coordination. Here definitely rework required so automatically quality is misplaced.2.2.5.Limitation of Construction MethodologyConstruction works in some areas could not be performed by regular method because there were buildings around construction site, so the contractor had to find new methods that were suitable to construct and sometimes used specialist engineer when some construction works were in step of construction. Poor construction methods is responsible for the failure of the buildings and structure. It is caused due to negligence and inadequate quality control at work site.3.Poor Quality Of Construction WorkQuality is the biggest risk in construction. Poor quality will produce unreliable output. Also improper quality may result in building collapse and hence people may die. Actually it is directly related to the cost and length of time for a project. Errors on construction sites occur frequently and can be costly for the contractors and owners of constructed facilities. In fact, 6-15% of the construction cost is found to be wasted due to rework that occurs with improper quality management. Therefore, thorough inspection of construction sites is needed and that needs to be improved in identifying defects in industry.3.1.Impact of poor qualityPoor quality problems can occur at any stage of data warehousing either in the initial phase or at any other phase of data movement. It is not only the responsibility of users alone to check for the quality data. Behavour of the user who deals with the data is considered a significant factor that can increase the problem. typing mistakes , most common source of data inaccuracy.3.1.1.ManOne of the main factors that affect the quality in construction includes man . The lack of training, lack of motivation , shortage of people, unqualified personnel and the shortcuts taken up by the workman may reduce the quality of work.3.1.2.MaterialThe grading of the materials may vary the quality of work. The use of low grade material results in poor quality. Good standardisation of materials challenges the construction industry. If the specification of the material is poor then cases of rework and dissatisfaction may arrive.3.1.3.ManagementA great control allows in attaining organization goals. It arranges the elements of manufacturing, assembles and organizes the assets, integrates the sources in effective way to reap dreams. it directs institution efforts toward success of pre decided desires.A very good control will provide ok vision, task, fee machine, process knowledge and proper selection making.3.2.Methods to Improve QualityQuality improvement is an important aspect of quality management. There are various methods used for quality improvement, each with its own distinctive role in the implementation of the process as an entire. They're:3.2.1.Product ImprovementIt is one of the main method used in quality improvement. The idea behind this is that the more products are improved, the better they will sell. As time evolves, so do important aspects of customer satisfaction. Customers expect the necessary changes to be made and will keep making purchases from a particular company if improvements are thus made to products that enable them to be equipped with the latest features andelements that will help them continue to sell. Here, every aspect of the business is included and proper attention paid to the finest of details to ensure success.3.2.2.People based Improvement MethodsThis method includes everyone from managers down to the customers. Managers are there to guide employees. Products to those implemented to improve overall customer satisfaction. One of the improvement methods often used for utilizing various new processes is training. Both managers and their employees receive training on a regular basis to ensure the latest techniques are used in the development of products and implementation of services. Everyone must work together in order for it to be truly successful and for the organisation to thrive.4.Results and DiscussionIn this section the data are analyzed using the SPSS software and discussions were done based on the questionnaire survey. The objective of conducting the analysis is to do things right at the first time, eliminating waste and rework. To acquire this, it is important to focus on “processes” recognized from the literature review and ranking them in keeping with their have an effect on in construction challenge.The factors identified are:（1）Lack of importance of TQM awareness from governmental departments.（2）Some bad rumors inside and outside effect work.（3）Employees and middle managers express their dissatisfaction by delaying or neglecting to do something.（4）High employee absenteeism.（5）Lack of supplier involvement in improvement.5.ConclusionThe result of this thesis will reveal the principle factors which affect the construction high-quality and also boom in fee of production because of first-rate illness. This look at will create the first-class management consciousness to all degree production corporations particularly small scale businesses. From this thesis we getthe major elements and problems which affects the development excellent and that create a hazard for find out the remedial measure. This thesis is useful for minimizing the material wastage, workmanship wastage, time wastage and indirect value and increases the patron pleasure and employer recognition.The changing way of life and policy of schooling plan, information acquisition method and distribution of duties are the key factors to the achievement of tqm implementation in creation corporations. It is was hoping that this take a look at has delivered colossal contributions to highlight the shortages and weak spot within the control practices in creation industry.中文译文：建筑业全面质量管理评估摘要全面质量管理（TQM）程序是目前质量领域内的一个小工具。

外文文献：Construction of the competition and competition strategy Engineering and construction firms from the United States dominated the global market for many decades but recent world events have altered their position.To investigate the driving forces and trends that will affect engineering and construction competition in the next decade, a research project, called the "Anatomy of Construction Competition in the Year 2000", was sponsored by the Construction Industry Institute's Construc—tion 2000 Task Force— The project examined the factors that affect competitiveness, including the following, The shaping of corporate capabilities; vertical integration and horizontal expansion to increase corporate capabilities and market share, including acquisition and mergers by offshore conglomerates and the acquisition of foreign firms by U. S. companies.Financing options； the role of privatization， build-own-transfer projects， and the nature of project financing in future markets，Management, organization， and structure; future management and organizational approaches, structures, and techniques to attract personnel to perform in a global competitive environment.Work force characteristics; future availability of engineering and construction workers at the professional and craft levels.Technological issues：how technology will affect competition and be used to offset work force shortages.Research Objectives and ScopeThis research project's goal is to collect information， to adapt to the 2000 and the engineering construction after adjustment，formulate strategies needed to provide insight and formulate 2000 engineering construction of possible development plan. This study reviewed the project construction process of history, current development trend， to determine the impact of the industry, and the impetus to the future industrial enterprises are related to reshape the ability, privatisation and financing methods of potential function and management, organization structure, methods for future development direction。

关于建筑工程施工阶段的质量控制中英文对照On quality control of construction engineering construction stage in Chinese and English【论文摘要】施工是形成工程项目实体的过程，也是形成最终产品的重要阶段。

所以，施工阶段的质量控制是工程项目质量控制的重点。

本文将主要对建筑工程施工阶段质量控制的内容进行分析，就如何加强施工阶段的质量控制提出一些看法。

[ Abstract ] construction is the formation process of the project entity, also formed an important stage of the final product. Therefore, the quality control of construction phase is the key of project quality control. This article will focus on the quality control of the construction phase of the content analysis, on how to strengthen the quality control in construction stage and put forward some opinions.1. 建筑工程项目施工阶段质量控制的工作程序Quality control 1 architectural engineering project construction phase of the work program 在建筑工程项目的施工阶段过程中，为了保证建筑工程项目的施工质量，应对建筑工程建设生产的实物进行全方位、全过程的质量监督和控制。

它包括事前的建筑工程项目施工准备质量控制、事中的建筑工程项目施工过程中的质量控制、以及事后的各单项及整个工程项目完成后，对建筑工程项目的质量控制。

工程质量英文文献的参考文献1. Zou, P., Zhang, G., Deng, Q., & Wang, J. (2016). Investigating the relationship between construction project quality and project performance. International Journal of Project Management, 34(4), 613-627.This paper presents a comprehensive investigation on the relationship between construction project quality and project performance. The study employs a quantitative research approach and collects data from various construction projects in different regions. The findings indicate a strong positive correlation between project quality and project performance, suggesting that higher quality projects tend to achieve better overall performance.2. Lin, H., & Ho, C. M. (2016). Factors affecting the quality of construction projects: Evidence from China. International Journal of Project Management, 34(4), 721-732.This research article focuses on identifying the factors that influence the quality of construction projects in China. The study involves both qualitative and quantitative analysis, including interviews with industry experts and statistical analysis of project data. The results unveil several critical factors, such as project management practices, construction technology, and contractor competence, that significantly affect project quality.3. Abdou, O. A., & Hegazy, T. (2019). Developing a framework for assessing construction project quality performance. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 26(1), 112-129.This paper proposes a framework for evaluating construction project quality performance. The research utilizes a mixed methods approach, including literature review, expert interviews, and a case study. The framework incorporates various dimensions of quality, such as design quality, construction quality, and final product quality, and provides a systematic way to assess and improve project quality throughout the construction process.4. Chan, A. P., & Chan, A. P. (2016). Key performance indicators for measuring construction success. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 23(4), 744-760.This journal article discusses the importance of key performance indicators (KPIs) in measuring construction project success. The study presents a comprehensive list of KPIs that can be used to evaluate different aspects of project quality, including cost control, schedule performance, and client satisfaction. The paper also emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring and improvement of KPIs to ensure high-quality project outcomes.5. Le-Hoai, L., Lee, Y. D., & Lee, J. Y. (2008). Factors affecting construction quality performance in Vietnam. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 14(4), 275-284.This research article investigates the factors that impact construction quality performance in Vietnam. The study employs a combination of questionnaire surveys and statistical analysis to identify and rank the significant factors. The findings highlight the importance of factors such as quality assurance practices, projectteam competence, and communication effectiveness in achieving high-quality construction outcomes.6. Shen, L. Y., & Tam, V. W. (2002). Assessing construction quality performance in China. Building and Environment, 37(8-9), 813-823.This article focuses on assessing construction quality performance in China. The research employs a questionnaire survey to collect data from different construction projects and applies statistical analysis to evaluate the factors that affect quality performance. The study suggests that factors such as project supervision, contractor qualifications, and quality control procedures significantly influence project quality in the Chinese construction industry.7. Chileshe, N., Rameezdeen, R., & Hosseini, M. R. (2013). Evaluation of the relationship between construction project quality and client satisfaction. Built Environment Project and Asset Management, 3(2), 165-181.This paper explores the relationship between construction project quality and client satisfaction. The study utilizes a questionnaire survey method to collect data from clients of completed construction projects. The analysis reveals a positive correlation between project quality and client satisfaction, indicating that meeting or exceeding client expectations for quality contributes to higher client satisfaction levels.8. Tapper, R., & Hill, H. (2015). Applying systems thinking to construction quality. Construction Management and Economics,33(1), 39-56.This research article proposes the application of systems thinking to improve construction quality. The study examines various aspects of the construction process and identifies the interconnectedness between different elements and stages. The paper argues for a holistic approach to quality management, emphasizing the need to address systemic factors and interactions to achieve sustainable improvements in project quality.。

建筑工程施工管理英文文献Construction Project Management in the Field of Architecture: An OverviewIntroductionIn the realm of architecture, effective construction project management is crucial for ensuring the successful completion of projects. This article aims to provide an overview of construction project management in the field of architecture, exploring key concepts, methodologies, and best practices.1. Definition and Importance of Construction Project ManagementConstruction project management refers to the planning, coordination, and control of a project from inception to completion. It involves various tasks, such as organizing resources, managing budgets, scheduling timelines, and ensuring quality control. The role of a construction project manager is pivotal in driving the project towards success while simultaneously navigating challenges and mitigating risks.2. Key Components of Construction Project Management2.1 Project InitiationThe project initiation phase involves defining project goals, determining feasibility, and establishing the project scope. During this stage, a project manager identifies key stakeholders, assesses available resources, and prepares a preliminary budget and schedule.2.2 Planning and DesignIn the planning and design phase, the project manager collaborates with architects, engineers, and other experts to develop detailed blueprints, technical drawings, and specifications. This phase also includes obtaining necessary permits and approvals, conducting site surveys, and outlining construction methodologies.2.3 Procurement and Resource ManagementEfficient procurement and resource management are vital aspects of construction project management. This involves sourcing materials, equipment, and labor, while ensuring cost-effectiveness, quality assurance, and adherence to project schedules. Effective communication and negotiation skills are essential in establishing partnerships with suppliers, contractors, and subcontractors.2.4 Construction and ExecutionThe construction and execution phase involves overseeing and coordinating the actual construction process. A project manager must monitor progress, enforce safety protocols, manage change orders, and address any unexpected issues that arise onsite. Regular site inspections, progress reports, and communication with the project team are essential during this stage.2.5 Risk Management and Quality ControlConstruction projects are inherently subject to risks, such as delays, budget overruns, and safety hazards. A skilled project manager implements risk management strategies to identify potential risks, develop contingency plans, and mitigate their impact. Additionally, ensuring quality controlthroughout the construction process is crucial to achieving a satisfactory result.2.6 Project CloseoutThe project closeout phase involves final inspections, ensuring regulatory compliance, and coordinating the handover of the completed project to the client. Documentation of warranties, as-built drawings, and operation manuals are also essential components of closing out a construction project.3. Best Practices in Construction Project Management3.1 Effective CommunicationClear and timely communication is a fundamental factor in successful construction project management. A project manager must establish open lines of communication among all stakeholders, fostering collaboration, addressing concerns, and ensuring that objectives are effectively shared.3.2 Comprehensive Project DocumentationMaintaining accurate and detailed project documentation is crucial throughout the entire construction process. This includes contracts, permits, change orders, progress reports, and meeting minutes. Well-organized documentation facilitates smooth communication, aids in dispute resolution, and forms a valuable resource for future reference.3.3 Regular Monitoring and ReportingRegular monitoring of project progress is essential for identifying issues, tracking milestones, and evaluating the project's overall performance.Timely reporting allows for effective decision-making, enables proactive risk management, and ensures that project goals are being met.3.4 Embracing TechnologyThe use of advanced construction project management software and tools can significantly enhance project efficiency. These tools aid in scheduling, budgeting, collaboration, and data analysis, providing real-time insights and facilitating informed decision-making.ConclusionConstruction project management is a critical aspect of successful architecture projects. Through effective planning, coordination, and control, project managers navigate challenges, ensure timely completion, and deliver high-quality results. By adhering to best practices and utilizing cutting-edge tools, the field of construction project management continues to evolve, contributing to the growth and success of the architectural industry.。

forced concrete structure reinforced with anoverviewReinSince the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance.Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency.1、 steel mechanical link1.1 radial squeeze linkWill be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linkedCharacteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.Easy and simple to handle, construction fast, save energy and material, comprehensive economy profitable, this method has been already a large amount of application in the project.Applicable scope : Suitable for Ⅱ , Ⅲ , Ⅳ grade reinforcing bar (including welding bad reinforcing bar ) with ribbing of Ф 18- 50mm, connection between the same diameter or different diameters reinforcing bar .1.2 must squeeze linkExtruders used in the covers, reinforced axis along the cold metal sleeve squeeze dedicated to insert sleeve Lane two hot rolling steel drums into a highly integrated mechanical linking methods.Characteristic: Easy to operate and joining fast and not having flame homework , can construct for 24 hours , save a large number of reinforcing bars and energy.Applicable scope : Suitable for , set up according to first and second class antidetonation requirement -proof armored concrete structure ФⅡ , Ⅲ grade reinforcing bar with ribbing of hot rolling of 20- 32mm join and construct live.1.3 cone thread connectingUsing cone thread to bear pulled, pressed both effort and self-locking nature, undergo good principles will be reinforced by linking into cone-processing thread at the moment the value of integration into the joints connecting steel bars.Characteristic: Simple , all right preparatory cut of the craft , connecting fast, concentricity is good, have pattern person who restrain from advantage reinforcing bar carbon content.Applicable scope : Suitable for the concrete structure of the industry , civil building and general structures, reinforcing bar diameter is for Фfor the the 16- 40mm one Ⅱ , Ⅲ grade verticality, it is the oblique to or reinforcing bars horizontal join construct live.conclusionsThese are now commonly used to connect steel synthesis methods, which links technology in the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries are widely used. There are different ways to connect their different characteristics and scope of the actual construction of production depending on the specific project choose a suitable method of connecting to achieve both energy conservation and saving time limit for a project ends.钢筋混凝土结构中钢筋连接综述改革开放以来，随着国民经济的快速、持久发展，各种钢筋混凝土建筑结构大量建造，钢筋连接技术得到很大的发展。

中英文资料外文翻译文献Building construction quality managementAbstract：adhere to the quality first, improve the management level, improve the quality of construction is the key, only to meet the required quality standards and user requirements under the premise of quality, time limit for a project, cost, to meet the requirements, to provide more high-quality, safe, economical and applicable building products. Based on this, the building construction quality management of.Key words: housing construction building construction quality management1 strengthen training, selection of construction personnel is laying the quality control personnel foundationEngineering quality were all participants in the project construction technology management, operating personnel coordination work results, so construction workers is to form the main factor of project quality. To control the engineering quality first is the training and selection of construction personnel, improving their comprehensive quality. We should improve their quality awareness, according to comprehensive quality regardless of idea construction personnel must establish five concepts: the concept of quality first, pre-control priority idea, talk with data concept and social benefit and enterprise benefit and comprehensive benefit idea. The second is the construction of the technical quality of personnel, management, construction personnel should have higher quality planning and management capacity, production personnel should have superb technical ability, be strict in one's demands of the style of work, strict implementation of quality standards and procedures of the legal concept, service personnel should do good technology and service life, can be with excellent service indirectly to ensure engineering quality.2 give full play to QC quality control functionAccording to "the anti-seizure combination, prevention first " principle is carried out actively " tell, help, anti, card" scientific examination method, and the constructionpersonnel together, common to the owners of construction process, responsible, quality control personnel, users, the construction personnel to establish new relations of cooperation, quality inspection staff and the construction site operations personnel is consistent, it is to provide users with high quality, satisfaction of building products. But the construction production is busy, to snatch the project schedule is loosen quality management tendency occurs. This led to check the quality of the project is checked with contradictions between. To give full play to the initiative of the staff to check the quality of the project, it is necessary to establish the authority of the quality inspection personnel, it is very necessary and important.3 following a case analysis gradually quality management, engineering survey:The territory of Hechi a building for the underground layer, on the ground twenty-two, twenty-five buildings, covers an area of 2550.4 square meters, building a total height of 79.950 meters, construction area of 4008 square meters underground, on the ground 36855 square meters, balcony area is 1570.1 square meters; the main design reasonable service life is 50 years; building fire grade two, seismic fortification intensity is 7 degrees, frame aseismic grade two; the ground floor to the ground floor three layer 2-A axis 2-6 axis and2-17 axis short limb shear wall seismic rating for a class, the rest of shear wall seismic grade two. The project uses the base form of prestressed high-strength concrete pipe pile, structure type for the cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame shear wall structure.4 construction managementOn the construction quality management, mainly involves three aspects, one is about the design, survey and document review management. On design, reconnaissance unit quality behavior and results of the activities of the supervision, the emphasis is placed on the design, survey and document review supervisory control. If the violation of the relevant laws, regulations and mandatory standards for the design and survey documents, can be through direct economic penalties and legal sanctions, enabling direct responsibility assumed by the error caused by negligence or intentional quality responsibility. Two of the activities of the bidding management, focuses on the construction bidding supervision, market supervision and quality supervision the effective integration, through the quality supervision to promote the market competition and standardization of the benign operation, effectively through market operation, to ensure the validity of quality supervision. Three isthe text of the contract supervision, is the focus of construction contract supervision, quality management standardization and legalization to fulfil the terms of the contract, the legal effect of contract binding the construction quality and results. By analyzing the three aspects of examination and supervision, to achieve the government's construction qualityof the implementation process control and supervision. Before the construction, in the final analysis is the emphasis of quality management for owners of quality behavior management, because the owner of all these activities of the organizers, decision makers, which is the standard construction owner quality behavior and results of the activities of the important measures.5 construction management5.1 Lraw materials quality controlMaterial quality engineering construction quality is the key, use of raw materials does not meet the requirements of engineering, engineering quality can not meet the requirements. Therefore, in the construction quality control of stop before construction on material quality control, to ensure the quality of materials, in order to improve construction quality. For the control of materials, first of all to the common material supply necessary audit, select qualified suppliers for the supply of materials. Secondly, to approach the necessary inspection of raw materials, including: quality inspection report of the inspection, the inspection of appearance, physical and chemical inspection inspection. Through a series of tests to ensure the quality of the raw materials entering.5.2 procedures and time limit controlTo implement the handover inspection system, on the procedures of unqualified shall enter into next working procedure construction. At the same time construction quality affected by seasons, the reasonable arrangement of construction schedule is to ensure the engineering quality are important measures, and blindly rush period will inevitably lead to serious consequences. Quality control step is to establish quality control, selected key and key technology to undertake the key is checked, the two is to strengthen the operation of the management, project quality is good or bad, depends to some extent on the construction of personnel operation level.5.3 increase on-site inspectionsQuality management in the construction site should strive to grasp first-hand information, and strive to achieve the timely control, for the occurrence of the problemmust accomplish early discovery, early correction of bad old practices die hard, avoid, avoid large loss. For example, in the masonry tie bar examination, if taken after the completion of a masonry opening examination, is not easy to check, and to identify the problems are also difficult to remedy, but in the on-site inspection in a timely manner to solve, can avoid bigger loss, but also easy to get the cooperation.The entity quality inspection methods should adopt scientific monitoring instruments and equipment, to provide accurate, reliable and convincing data, strengthen the government engineering quality supervision and inspection of scientific and authoritative. Through the supervision, to ensure the implementation of mandatory standards, ensure the construction of law, regulations and standard carry out, from macroscopical overall grasp the construction project quality and structure safety. In addition, in strengthening program management at the same time, we must strengthen the technical control. Technology control method using standard evaluation method is better. Evaluation of standard methods are mainly as follows: one is the on site quality assurance condition examination and evaluation, two is the completion of the project the detection results of the examination and evaluation, three is on site quality assurance data examination and evaluation, four of engineering entity size deviation of the measured, five is for the completion of engineering the macro visual inspection evaluation.5.4 after the completion of the managementAfter the completion of the quality management of construction projects is put into use check management. First of all to ensure that do not meet the quality standards of the project can not be put into use, avoid inferior project to the state and public users cause direct harm and influence. The second is the decoration, repair and maintenance of quality supervision in construction project whole life quality management category : one is to eliminate or reduce due to renovation, maintenance process caused by irregularities on the construction engineering foundation, body structure and environmental quality, damage, cause quality accident. Two is prevented due to repair, maintenance quality is not up to the requirements to the state and public users production and living environment caused by direct damage. At this stage of the supervision should be emphasized good two close: it is strictly for its completion and acceptance review, supervision, to ensure that the registration of the reliability, authority and effectiveness. Two is to enhance the decoration, maintenance of quality management in the process, so that construction project whole lifequality objectives are effective implementation, for users to create a safe, comfortable, healthy production, living environment, so that the construction quality and realizing the sustainable development. Advocating and implementing project quality insurance, the project quality management into economic management category, to solve engineering after the delivery of quality problem tenants to find the responsible party for any menace from the "rear".This phase is the project by construction to use or production of mark; is on engineering quality inspection the necessary link; is the guarantee contract task is finished in the round, improve project quality level of final checks. The unit after the completion of the project, must undertake the final inspection and test. Unit engineering technical person in charge should be prepared for the demands of information collected materials, equipment, component quality certificate of materials, a variety of material test data, record of concealed work, construction records records. By the technical director of project organization project technology, quality, production and other relevant professional and technical personnel to the scene inspection and evaluation. To identify the construction quality defects should be corrected, and should be corrected once again after the verification to demonstrate conformity. To ensure engineering quality accord with mandatory standard design documents and the requirements of the contract, the employer, the Ministry of supervision of the project completion report. Attended by the construction unit of the organization of the main parties involved in the completion of initial inspection, acceptance procedure.endingProject, quality, the quality of housing construction related to people's daily life and the safety of life and property. In recent years, the housing quality problems have already become the focus of public attention, annual 3.15 consumer rights day, China Consumers Association published by consumer complaints the largest of the ten major categories of commodities, the housing quality problems at the front. Therefore, construction management in many aspects, quality management is the key and core. Only do a good job in building engineering construction quality planning and housing construction quality control, to create more quality engineering.Reference.[1 ] Building Engineering ( Construction Management ) [ J]. Journal of Taizhou Polytechnic College.[2 ] Wang Yan. Paying attention to construction management" two pieces of skins" phenomenon [J ]. Management of construction enterprises.[3 ] Lin Yihong, Li Yuanying. To improve construction quality several ponders [J ]. Shanxi building, 2005, 31 ( 1): 127-128.[4 ] Bu Narui, Wang Liwen, Li Wanqin. Discussion on construction management [ J]. Journal of Hebei Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2002, ( 02).Hu Zhenghua[ 5]. The era of knowledge economy the construction management [J ]. Parathion design and powder engineering, 2005, ( 06).[ 6].Zheng Jingqiu.Infuluencing the contrcution qulity of Engineering five fsctors[J ]. Shanxi building.2005,31( 1):135-136.浅谈房屋建筑施工中的质量管理摘要：坚持质量第一、提高管理水平,是提高建筑工程质量关键之所在,只有在符合规定的质量标准和用户要求的前提下,满足质量、工期、成本等要求,才能为社会提供更多的优质、安全、经济适用的建筑产品。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Construction stage safety civilization management1 Research content and purposeAt present China's production safety situation is still grim, especially the building area of the multiple casualties situation has not fundamentally reversed, construction safety is extremely stern; production safety foundation is weak, guarantee system and mechanism is not perfect; safety production supervision and management mechanism, team construction and supervision work also needs to be strengthened.With China's implementation of the "going out" strategy, the overseas engineering construction requirements of construction enterprises toward the safety and high quality fast and efficient direction, but the due to the overseas projects in surveying, design, competitive bidding system and construction exists some defects or mistakes, especially the construction environment and conditions for overseas and domestic different is formed many unsafe factors. Some governments of developed countries on safe and civilized construction management and supervision ineffective, at the same time, the security incident victimscompensation is relatively low, so as to project management are real will "safety first" self psychological suggestion and safe and civilized management psychological orientation proposed higher requirements. And in the preparation of the overseas project safety assurance program, sometimes due to lack of understanding in the engineering field, easy to cause the of dangerous source judgement is not accurate or not in place, and psychologically cannot accurately to ensure the safety of the positioning of the feasibility of the program.By exploring the harmful factors in the construction process and construction process was studied in unsafe, uncivilized between factors and employee of contradiction and the law of the unity of opposites, making better use of these rules to formulate a scientific, reasonable, effective all safe and civilized production tube system, to improve and perfect the measures of safety and technological civilization, to prevent and eliminate various harmful factors in the process of construction to the conversion of the casualty of a series of management work, to protect workers' safety and health, ensure safety in production. Due to the construction of the unsafe factor is relatively more, a little careless, it may occur accident. In recent years, occurred throughout the country in the construction work accidents and serious casualty statistics tells us that construction of the security situation is still very grim. However, construction safety problems with everything else, has its own objective law. It objectively resides in the entire construction activity. Since so, naturally, be it analysis to understand, master rules of it, take the organizational and technical measures to pre control, in order to achieve the purpose of construction safety. However, there are still many problems in the management of the security civilization.Therefore, we focus on the construction stage of the construction safety civilization management, the construction of the various aspects of the construction plan, the status quo of the safety and civilization management. Through the safety awareness of the management, the system of planning, to the project safety detailed analysis of the content. There are some unpredictable problems during the process of preparation, which is the main problem in the management of safety civilization.. Lay a good foundation for further implementation.. According to the occurrence of the settlement of the accident, there is no accident occurred, record the safety civilization management improvement measures, improve the safety and civilization management. As generally work arrangements properly was period of management is relatively lax, cross process serious and complicated, and safety problems inthis period is often risks and security alert frigidity, may not out of the big problem, but small problems and small risks constantly. So strengthen safety education and training, the unknown engineering safety civilization management summary, learning.Through the research on the safety civilization management of the construction stage, the danger identification, the risk assessment and the risk control of the modern safety civilization management are discussed in three aspects.. The aim is to better and more secure the work done. Do early work after the reduction of risk, and further strengthen the construction project risk management, and thus promote the faster development of China's construction projects.2 Status quo of safety civilization managementIn recent years, with the continuous improvement of the market economy and the common improvement of people's life, construction industry has become one of the fastest developing industries. The competition of the market is increasingly fierce, so that the benefit of the enterprise to compete in the target, so to the management to benefit has become the consensus of entrepreneurs. And safety is the premise of the benefit, because the safety results determine the size of the benefit. End over the years the party and the government attaches great importance to production safety work, determine the safety production policy of "safety first, prevention first", promulgated a series of production safety laws and regulations and standards, the purpose is to protect the safety and health of laborers, control and reduce all kinds of accidents, improve the level of safety management, promote the establishment of harmonious society.The construction industry is the risk of production activities, unsafe factors, is the accident prone industry. In recent years, the death rate of China's construction industry is the highest in all industries, after the mining industry, the loss is huge, distressing. Although the mandatory implementation of the construction enterprise safety production license system, strengthen the construction market access control, and to further strengthen the construction enterprise construction site safety inspections, but accidents still occur from time to time. I believe that the number of casualties mainly determined by the characteristics of the construction industry. The safety civilization management is a science, is a professional, policy, mass, and a very strong work. The safety civilization management of the enterprise is mainly embodied in the following aspects:(1) Safety awareness. Due to the leading enterprises for a long time the importance ofconstruction safety understanding does not reach the designated position, grasping safety formalism serious, disregard for workers in the production of the legitimate interests of labor and social security, is not equipped with the necessary labor protection supplies, arbitrary extension of working time, workers in the long run, the working state of the overload, high strength, will lead to accidents. In addition, the leadership of the security work seriously enough, the staff of the corresponding security awareness, it is easy to cause illegal command, illegal operations, violation of labor discipline and safety accidents caused by.(2) The weak base of security civilization management. The weak security and civilization management is mainly due to the weak safety consciousness of some people, the relationship between the safety and the speed, safety and the relationship between safety and benefit, security and stability.. The weak safety management is mainly reflected in the weak: first, the research work of building safety technology is weak, and the key technology of building safety production is relatively lagging behind. The wide application of safety scientific and technological achievements is lack of market-oriented policy guidance and economic incentive measures. Study on the construction of new technology, new products, new technology application and safety protection measures of synchronization; second, compared with the developed countries, our country security protection technology, protective equipment and machinery and equipment is still relatively backward. Standardization, stereotypes and industrialization degree is very low; three is the construction enterprise safety civilization management and construction team quality is generally low. The safety of the low quality of the cultural quality, safety and civilization management knowledge, safety and technical specifications, safety procedures, safety precautions and so on do not understand. Can't manage the construction team.(3) The construction safety laws and regulations system is not perfect. There are some limitations to implement its security responsibilities; terms of punishment for violations of the law is not specific enough, operability is not strong; laws and regulations are not perfect, there is a problem of duplication and overlapping management; safety rules and regulations of the responsibility is not clear, management objectives is not clear, resulting in production safety responsibility of implementation is not in place etc..(4) The mechanism of the construction safety supervision and production is not perfect. At present, the mechanism of the effective construction safety supervision and management inChina has not been formed, and there is a big gap compared with the international advanced security management mode.. The safety supervision mode and management means can't adapt to the growing scale of construction, and it is difficult to carry out the construction safety supervision work further.. Mainly in the following three aspects:Construction unit safety civilization management problemThe exploration, design, construction and supervision of the construction engineering to the entity or individual contractor who is not qualified or qualified or even illegal. Due to the layers of subcontracting, resulting in the construction management is not strict, security training is not in place and security investment or basic no. And it will also make lower profits, and contractors in order to pursue the maximal profit will reduce his all unnecessary amount of spending, leading to safety hazards and accidents continue to occur.Investigation, design, engineering supervision and other units of the major security issuesSurvey, design units not in accordance with the requirements were survey or design, or change the survey and design documents, laws, regulations and mandatory standards, to survey the design defects, can not guarantee the building and construction personnel safety engineering supervision units not to the construction unit safety technical measures or special construction safety program for careful review, in the engineering construction nor of construction units to implement security measures of supervision seriously, find the hidden accident, nor does it take decisive measures to be rectification and elimination; detection unit to produce a false report.Safety problem of construction unitWith the increasing investment in infrastructure, the construction enterprise access policy adjustment, making the number of construction enterprises continues to increase, the construction team continues to expand. Especially in recent years, the rapid development of individual construction industry, the construction enterprise has changed fundamentally. But because the construction unit is the main body and the core position in the construction safety activity, the construction safety problem is mainly in the construction unit body.2.1 Government laws and regulations(1) The lack of building safety and civilization management system for the market economyConstruction of China's investment system changes the original building a safe and civilized production management has not adapt to the current construction methods, so has been dominated by the government of safe and civilized management appeared many loopholes in management, coupled with the construction safety laws and regulations is not perfect, the low efficiency of government supervision, social supervision system is not perfect, resulting in a safe and civilized management is not in place, suited to the laws of market economy, legal and economic means parallel building a safe and civilized management system has not been formed. Therefore, the initiative construction safety civilization management initiative construction safety civilization management work first, early planning, early arrangement, do the whole process supervision and inspection. Before the construction we put the project in the province Shuangyou site as the target management, improving the safety management measures and system in the project, accomplish beforehand to prevent. Employees entering the construction site, the first production safety education and follow the operating rules of education; followed by a safety technical disclosure and each segment and sub engineering safety technical disclosure, so that all staff familiar with the rules and regulations, consciously abide by the safety regulations and operating rules, improve the sense of self-protection. Strengthen the intensity and extent of the supervision of the safety and civilization management objectives for effective control.(2) The law and regulations are more and more incomplete and the execution is not enoughOur country law "environment and health" is too weak. The emphasis on "environment and health" in the activity of architecture has become a common topic of international concern. The target system of engineering construction has been shifted from the traditional "cost - cost - quality - time - to - Project" system to "cost - quality - time - environment and health" system.. The international standard organization has also developed the environmental management system.(3) The functional changes of the management department are lagging behind and the management of the vacuum isWith the deepening of the reform of our political system, the reform of the national institution, the enterprise reform, the enterprise has gradually separated from the industry administrative management, and has become the independent action subject in the market.With this adaptation, Ministry of construction and local construction administrative departments to become the national construction safety special supervision of the performer, state production safety supervision and administration and the local production safety supervision and management institutions become discharger of the state production safety supervision functions.The unsafe state of the unsafe behavior and the unsafe state of the material are the direct cause of the accident, which are directly related to the management. So the management is the indirect cause of the accident.. The unsafe behavior of human can be reduced or even eliminated through safety education, safety production responsibility system and security mechanism. The unsafe state of the material can be controlled by improving the scientific and technological content of the safety, establishing the perfect equipment maintenance system, promoting the construction and safety of the civilization. To strengthen the safety inspection on the job site, we can find and stop the unsafe behavior and the unsafe state of the thing, so as to avoid the accident. One of the most common defect management system is not perfect, the responsibility is not clear, abiding by the law, the illegal command, safety education is not enough, punishment is not strict, safety technical measures are not comprehensive, security check enough.(4) The construction safety production management and professional construction safety production management separateAt present, China's construction safety civilization management is actually decentralized management, did not really do the industry management. This has formed the construction safety civilization management standard, the management pattern is different, the casualty statistics data distortion, the management work responsibility is not clear.Pay attention to safety behavior norms according to the laws of science organization construction, comply with construction safety rules and standards, as a code of conduct to organize the construction of construction site to be constrained, regulate their behavior from two aspects: one is to require managers to strictly implement the construction administrative departments of the state and local issued by the construction safety and civilized management regulations and standards the implementation of the management system of the enterprise, before the construction of the relevant technical requirements for the construction safety to the crew and workers in detail, and signed by both parties confirmed that security staff dailyinspections of implementation; two is to require the operation layer; safety protection for the outstanding construction site could cause accident.2.2 The characteristics of the construction safety civilization managementThe characteristics of construction are mainly determined by the characteristics of architectural products. Compared with other industrial products, building products is huge in size, complexity and diversity, overall hard, not easy to mobile, so that construction in addition to the basic characteristics of industrial production, but also has the following main features:(1) The fluidity of productionOne is the body construction with the buildings or structures located position change and the transfer of production sites; the second is in the process of the construction of a project construction personnel and all kinds of machinery, electrical equipment with the construction site and along the construction of the object up, down, left and right flow, continue to turn shift operation places.(2) The product form is diverseDue to the natural conditions and uses of the building, the structure, modeling and material of the building are also different, and the construction method will be changed, it is difficult to realize the standardization.(3) Construction technology complexConstruction often need according to the structure of the building for many types of work with the operation, multi unit (earthwork, civil engineering, hoisting, installation, transportation, etc.) cross tie construction, the supplies and equipment are different, thus the construction organization and construction technology management has a higher request. Most of the construction industry is still manual operation, easy to make people fatigue, attention dispersion, so improper operation or mistakes more prone to occur, Rong Yi lead to accidents security. This is manual labor and heavy manual labor and more.(4) Open and aloft operationsThe building product is huge, the production cycle is long, the construction is carried on frequently in the open air and the high place, is often influenced by the natural climate condition. According to the national standard "high job classification" provides that there are more than 90% of the construction of higher operations. The open operation of buildingsaccounts for about 70% of the total workload, and the impacts and hazards of natural conditions such as spring, summer, autumn and winter, and sunshine, wind, rain, snow and snow etc.(5) Low mechanizationAt present, the construction mechanization degree of our country is still very low, still depend on a lot of manual operation.. Construction machinery and machinery in the factory compared to the mechanical equipment is very different, its safety is much higher than the factory equipment, the probability of injury is naturally much higher. There are several aspects of the following features:A. Use of different environmental conditions;B. Operating object is different;C. Operating location and operator;Take the crane as an example to discuss the mechanization of safety civilization management.In our country, with the increase of the number of the heavy machinery, the proportion of the injury accidents in the total industrial accidents is also increasing year by year. The common accidents of hoisting machinery are: the hanging falls, the impact of extrusion, the accident, the electric shock accident, the body dump accident.. The total number of crane crashes accounted for about 33%, the impact of extrusion accounted for about 30%, electric shock accounted for about 10%, the accident accounted for about 8%, the body dumping accounts for about 5%. The total number of the total number of injuries from the accident of the highest percentage of falling accident analysis:A. Off the rope accidents: due to the load from a bundle of the hoisting rope shedding collapsibility casualties damage.B.Weight loss accident from heavy lifting rope or special sling from hook caused by prolapse.C. Broken rope accident: hoisting rope and hoisting rope broken down due to the weight loss accident.D. Hook broken accident: weight loss accident fracture caused by hook.E. Hoisting wire rope problem.2.3 The work content of the construction safety civilization managementConstruction enterprises to do a good job security construction should pay attention to do the following several work:(1)Thinking;(2) Establishment of a safety production management system;(3) Establishing the safety and professional bodies and with full-time safety technicians;(4) Ensure that the workers are safe and secure;(5) Take the targeted safety measures;Safety technical measures should be aimed at the engineering features, in depth investigation and study. Also do a good job of work safety technical disclosure.3 Security checkThe security check is found in time, eliminate hidden dangers of accidents, an effective way to nip in the bud. The construction product volume is huge, the height operation is high, and then combined with the construction period, the technology complex and other factors, to the construction production brings a lot of unsafe factors. Through the combination of leadership and mass security checks, can effectively find the problem, take measures to eliminate the accident before the occurrence of the accident. Safety inspection can also summarize the good experience of the exchange of safety production, establish a typical, to promote the level of safety and civilization management. Mobilize the masses for security checks, both to encourage the masses to participate in the enthusiasm of safety and civilization management, and can educate the masses to enhance awareness of the safety awareness of production, and consciously improve the safety of production. In addition, the safety inspection can often give the neglect of the safety of the idea of knocking the alarm, and promptly correct illegal command, illegal operations behavior.4 SummarySafety civilization management is a science, is a professional, policy, mass, and a very strong work. With the continuous development of the economy, the continuous improvement of people's living standards, employees in the construction industry and the whole society are on the construction process of safe and civilized management level proposed requirements more and more high, the traditional management mode has not adapted to the requirements of the times. It is now in need of scientific and modern enterprise security and civilization management mode, and continuously improve the level of safety civilization management, thereal safety civilization management work well. The scientific use of PDCA circulation method, the pair of leaders of all levels of safety education and construction plan possible accident, the implementation of safe and civilized management plan, make safe and civilized management is better in the construction of perfect embodiment. To inspect the construction process of the construction management plan, and find the problem that hidden and haven't met to solve, analyze and record, and put the security plan into the program. To reach a circular process. Therefore, as the construction enterprise, we should study the status quo of the construction industry safety civilization, establish the new idea of safety civilization management, and establish new accord with the.Construction safety management civilization is the first human management, to strengthen the safety education and training, continuously improve the quality of security business, enhance security awareness, and to take effective measures to regulate people's behavior, to implement standardized operation, in construction process due to the complexity of the construction site personnel, dynamic and frequent, in project management, to take admission to tertiary education and the change of production and construction, timely safety education; combination of production safety skills training, in order to enhance staff safety consciousness of responsibility and security capabilities.Through the safety civilization management education and training, strengthen the construction safety and the implementation of the guarantee. Safety education is the most effective method in the safety civilization management. Both time and greatly reduce the cost. On the construction enterprise personnel, from the leadership to the construction workers are admitted to the education and training, the whole aspect to strengthen safety awareness. A clear division of labor and management, the construction project without mistake, reduce the mistake. Building a safe and civilized management is a very complex system engineering, we must use of scientific management methods, management methods, the establishment of new safe and civilized management mode to improve worker safety execution. Only in this way, we can really make a safe and civilized management level to a new level.施工阶段的安全文明管理1.研究内容与目的目前我国的安全生产形势依然严峻，特别是建筑领域伤亡事故多发的状况尚未根本扭转，建筑施工安全极其严竣；安全生产基础比较薄弱，保障体系和机制不健全；安全生产监督管理机构、队伍建设以及监管工作还待加强。

本科生毕业设计（论文）外文科技文献译文译文题目施工质量控制(外文题目)PROJECTCOSTCONTROL 系名称土木工程系专业土木工程学号学生姓名日期2013.03.01指导教师签名日期目录施工质量控制 (1)PROJECTCOSTCONTROL (12)施工质量控制一、引言项目是企业形象的窗口和效益的源泉。

随着市场竞争日趋激烈，工程质量、文明施工要求不断提高，材料价格波动起伏，以及其他种种不确定因素的影响，使得项目运作处于较为严峻的环境之中。

由此可见项目的成本控制是贯穿在工程建设自招投标阶段直到竣工验收的全过程，它是企业全面成本管理的重要环节，必须在组织和控制措施上给于高度的重视，以期达到提高企业经济效益的目的。

二、概述工程施工项目成本控制，指在项目成本在成本发生和形成过程中，对生产经营所消耗的人力资源、物资资源和费用开支，进行指导、监督、调节和限制，及时预防、发现和纠正偏差从而把各项费用控制在计划成本的预定目标之内，以达到保证企业生产经营效益的目的。

三、施工企业成本控制原则施工企业的成本控制是以施工项目成本控制为中心，施工项目成本控制原则是企业成本管理的基础和核心，施工企业项目经理部在对项目施工过程进行成本控制时，必须遵循以下基本原则。

3.1 成本最低化原则。

施工项目成本控制的根本目的，在于通过成本管理的各种手段，促进不断降低施工项目成本，以达到可能实现最低的目标成本的要求。

在实行成本最低化原则时，应注意降低成本的可能性和合理的成本最低化。

一方面挖掘各种降低成本的能力，使可能性变为现实；另一方面要从实际出发，制定通过主观努力可能达到合理的最低成本水平。

3.2 全面成本控制原则。

全面成本管理是全企业、全员和全过程的管理，亦称“三全”管理。

项目成本的全员控制有一个系统的实质性内容，包括各部门、各单位的责任网络和班组经济核算等等，应防止成本控制人人有责，人人不管。

项目成本的全过程控制要求成本控制工作要随着项目施工进展的各个阶段连续进行，既不能疏漏，又不能时紧时松，应使施工项目成本自始至终置于有效的控制之下。