猪高窝产仔数背后的生理学因素以及如何达到的
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分娩率
总仔数
公猪
Novak et Al. J. Androl 2010 31:188-200; N=50 gilt matings/boar
Sperm/ Dose 精子/剂量 1 billion 2 billion 3 billion
Farrowing 分娩率 65.8* 91.8 91.1
Total Born 窝产仔数 10.3* 12.6 12.5
Frequency of Total Born Litter Size 窝产仔数正态分布
窝百分比
每窝产仔数
~ 2004; 14,000 litters
Percentage Distribution of Litters 窝产仔数百分比分布
正常
1-2小家畜
van der Lende et al., 1990; (2200 Farrowings in 1-5 trials )
Prepubertal gilt 发情前后备母猪 Weaned sow 断乳母猪
Cyclic gilts 排卵后备母猪 Rebreeds 重复配种
++++++++++++////--------------------------------------+++++++++----------------------
Johnson et al., 1999 JAS 77:541-57
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Gilt Litter Size 头胎母猪窝产仔数
• Poor Litter size 1st reason for culling 窝产仔差是淘汰的首要原因 • Select from mothers in large litters with heavy birth weight and early puberty 选择窝产仔数高,出生重高和发情早的母猪 • Optimal weight, condition, age, maturity at breeding and farrowing (Figures right) 在配种和分娩时有最佳体重,体况,年龄, 和成熟度 (右图) • Continue feeding for growth at selection and after breeding 在选择和配种后继续喂养使其生长 • **As gilt cycles ovulation rate and uterine size increase (1 to 2 and 3) 随着后备母发情,排卵率和子宫增大(1-2和 3)
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Example of Selection Progress Danbred Trends in Total born in P1 Nucleus/Mulitplier
选择进程案例:丹育P1核心群/繁殖群总产仔数趋势走向
Danbred Nucleus and Multiplier herds; M. Oragnnisian Danbred International, 2014)
– Number of sperm 精子数量 – Extender and age 稀释剂和 时间 – Motility and abnormalities 活力和畸形 – Storage and Handling 储存 和处理
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Fertility of boars using single sire matings of different index value 公猪单一交配生育力不同指数
Boar 公猪 A E J O† T Y DD II Sows 母猪 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 FR 分娩率 65 95 96 92 95 89 94 98 TB Number of pigs 窝产仔总数 produced 产出猪数 12.9 12.9 13.1 13.8 13.3 12.9 12.8 10.9 13.2 790 1100 1150 1120 1070 940 1120 830 1220 Value of pigs produced 产出猪仔总价值 $7000 $9800 $10500 $11000 $10000 $8800 $9000 $7800 $9900
NN* 50 of pigs 100 *higher number produced
†higher index value Adapted from: Williams et al., Proc. A. D. Leman Swine Conf. 131-134; 2011 20
Effects of Boar (n=9) on Total Born (TB) and Farrowing Rate 公猪 (n=9)对窝产仔总数和分娩率的影响
– Number of eggs ovulated 排卵数 – Fertilization rate 授精率 – Embryo survival 胚胎存活 – Uterine capacity 子宫容量
Ovulation Rate is Determined in the Week before Breeding 排卵比率在配种前一周就决定了
哺乳期采食和体况/体重减轻
Parity Effect on Total Born/Born Alive in Nucleus Swedish Yorkshire and Landrace 核心群瑞典约克和长白胎次对总仔数/活仔数的影响
总 数
胎次
Tummaruk et al RDA 66:225-237 2001; n= ~5000 in P1 to n=2000 in P5
Distribution of Birth Weights by Farm 猪仔出生体重在不同农场的分布
农场A 农场B
出生体重
Gadd 2001 Pig Progress 17:16
2016 PigCHAMP Benchmarking summary 2016 PigCHAMP 基准总结
Farrowing rate 繁殖率 Total Born 出生总数 Born Alive 窝产活仔数 Wean age 断乳年龄 Total sows 母猪总数 Average 均数 82.5 13.95 12.58 20.5 1,959 Upper 10% 前10% 90.8 14.00 13.63 22.3 4,661 Lower 10% 后10% 73.5 12.65 11.55 18.6 454
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Variation in Estrus detection in North American farms 北美农场母猪查情的差异
Start of postweaning boar exposure 在断奶后开始公猪 接触 Frequency of daily estrus detection 每日查情次数 Preferred time of day for detection 查情时间
PigCHAMP , 2016 USA Benchmarking summary 419 farms
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What Factors Determine Litter size? 影响窝产仔数的因素
• Genetic Selection 品种选择 • Gilt and Sow management 后备和母猪管理
断乳天数
窝 产 仔 数
间隔(天数) Steverink et al., JAS 1999 77:801
Artificial insemination Impact on Litter Size 人工授精对窝产仔数的影响 • Boar and semen fertility 公 猪和精液生育能力
0
5 10
15
20 22 Estrus Ovulate
5
10
15
20 22 Estrus Ovulate
发情 排卵
发情 排卵
总数
Yen et al., 1995
卵泡阶段天数
Genetic Selection for Litter Size 针对窝产仔数的基因选择
• On multiple traits (Index) using available data on sires, dam, offspring, relatives 使用现有的公猪,母猪,后代以及亲缘数据对多性状(指 标)选择 – Ovulation rate- indirect 排卵率-间接的 – Embryo survival-indirect胚胎存活-间接的 – Total born 窝产仔总数 – Live born 活仔数 – Birth weight 出生体重 – Day 5 survival 第五天存活数
2 AI doses at 24 h intervals; Watson and Behan, Theriogenology 2002. 57:1683
What Affects Fertilization of Ovulated Eggs? 影响卵子受精的因素
• Artificial Insemination (AI) 人工授精 – Method/accuracy of Estrus detection 方 法/查情的准确性 – Number of inseminations 授精次数 • 2 AI > 1 AI 两次好于一次 – AI timing 人工授精时间 • too early 过早 • too late reduces ES 过晚降低胚胎大 小
总仔数
窝出生年份 头胎母猪窝仔数增加趋势
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How Selection Affects Litter Size 品种选择如何影响窝产仔数
• Negative effects of increasing ovulation rate (OR, h2 = 0.24) on ES but positive with fetuses 提高排卵数降低胚胎存活但对胎儿有积 极影响 • As OR increased and number of d 50 fetuses, stillborns and mummies also increased 随着排卵率和50天胎儿数的提高,死胎 和木乃伊增加 • Litter size and BA increased as did SB and Mum 窝产仔数,BA增加,死胎和木乃增多 • AS LS increased total litter weight did not 窝产仔数增多但总出生体重不增加 • Genetic emphasis should be on live born and Birthweight maruk et al RDA 66:225-237 2001