清华大学考博英语-1(总分：68.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Listenin(总题数：4，分数：10.00)(略){{B}}Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension{{/B}}Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each or them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.Eight times within the past million years, something in the Earth's climatic equation has changed, allowing snow in the mountains and the northern latitudes to accumulate from one season to the next instead of melting away. Each time, the enormous ice sheets resulting from this continual buildup lasted tens of thousands of years until the end of each particular glacial cycle brought a warmer climate. Scientists speculated that these glacial cycles were ultimately driven by astronomical factor: slow, cyclic changes in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit and in the tilt and orientation of its spin axis. But up until around 30 years ago, the lack of an independent record of ice-age timing made the hypothesis untestable.Then in the early 1950's Emiliani produced the first complete record of the waxings and wanings of first glaciations. It came from a seemingly odd place, the seafloor. Single-cell marine organisms called "foraminifera" house themselves in shells made from calcium carbonate. When the foraminifera die, sink to the bottom, and become part of seafloor sediments, the carbonate of their shells preserves certain characteristics of the seawater they inhabited. In particular, the ratio of a heavy isotope of oxygen (oxygen-18) to ordinary oxygen (oxygen-16) in the carbonate preserves the ratio of the two oxygens in water molecules. It is now understood that the ratio of oxygen isotopes reflects the proportion of the world's water locked up in glaciers and ice sheets. A kind of meteorological distillation accounts for the link. Water molecules containing the heavier isotope tend to condense and fall as precipitation slightly sooner than molecules containing the lighter isotope. Hence, as water vapor evaporated from warm oceans moves away from its source, its oxygen- 18 returns more quickly to the oceans than does its oxygen-16. What falls as snow on distant ice sheets and mountain glaciers is relatively depleted of oxygen-18. As the oxygen-18-poor ice builds up, the oceans become relatively enriched in the isotope. The larger the ice sheets grow, the higher the proportion of oxygen-18 becomes in seawater--and hence in the sedimentsAnalyzing cores drilled from seafloor sediments, Emiliani found that the isotopic ratio rose and fell in rough accord with the Earth's astronomicalcycles. Since that pioneering observation, oxygenisotope measurements have been made on hundreds of cores. The combined record enables scientists to show that the re-cord contains the very periodicities as the orbital processes. Over the past 800, 000 years, the global ice volume peaked every 100,000 years, matching the period of the orbital eccentricity variation. In addition, "wrinkles" superposed on each cycle--small decreases or surges in ice volume--have come at intervals of roughly 23,000 and 41,000 years, in keeping with the precession and tilt frequencies of the Earth's spin axis.（分数：2.50）(1).In opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ______（分数：0.50）A.unfolding a phenomenon.B.posing a contrast.C.refuting a speculation.D.testifying a hypothesis.(2).The expression "waxings and wanings" (Paragraph 2) most probably means ______（分数：0.50）A.regularities and eccentricities.B.vaporizations and sediments.C.variants and constants.D.maximizations an minimizations.(3).As pointed out in the text, the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in seafloor sediments and that of these isotopes locked in glaciers and ice-sheets are ______（分数：0.50）A.irrelevant.B.correlated.C.corresponding.D.identical.(4).Single-cell marine organisms referred to as "foraminifera" as mentioned in the text might serve as ______（分数：0.50）A.a proof against the existence of oxygen-16.B.a testimony to sediment formation processes.C.a valid record justifying glacial periodic cycles.D.an indicator of the ratio of the two oxygens.(5).What can we safely infer from the text?（分数：0.50）A.Many a phenomenon might be caused by astronomical factors.B.Any hypothesis should be abandoned unless supported by solid records.C.Glaciers are the records keeping Earth's astronomical cycles.D.Oxygen isotopes are evenly distributed throughout the earth surface.If you smoke and you still don't believe that there's a definite between smoking and bronchial troubles, heart disease and lung cancer, then you are certainly deceiving yourself. No one will accuse you of hypocrisy. Let us just say that you are suffering from a bad case of wishful thinking. This needn't make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. Whenever the subject of smoking and health is raised, the governments of most countries hear no evil, see no evil and smell no evil. Admittedly, a few governments have taken timid measures. In Britain, for example, cigarette advertising has been banned on television. The conscience of the nation is appeased, while the population continues to puff its wayto smoky, cancerous death.You don't have to look very far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so lukewarm. The answer is simply money. Tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax. It's almost like a tax on our daily bread. In tax revenue alone, the government of Britain collects enough from smokers to pay for its entire educational facilities. So while the authorities point out ever so discreetly that smoking may, conceivably, be harmful, it doesn't do to shout too loudly about it. This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. Enormous amounts are spent on cancer research and on efforts to cure people suffering from the disease. Countless valuable lives are lost. In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether. of course, we are not ready for such drastic action. But if the governments of the world were honestly concerned about the welfare of their peoples, you'd think they'd conduct aggressive antismoking campaigns. Far from it! Tile tobacco industry is allowed to spend staggering sums on advertising. Its advertising is as insidious as it is dishonest. We are never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up their lungs early in the morning. That would never do. The advertisements always depict virile,clean-shaven young men. They suggest it is manly to smoke, even positively healthy! Smoking is associated with the great open-air life, with beautiful girls, true love and togetherness. What utter nonsense!For a start, governments, could begin by banning all cigarette and tobacco advertising and should then conduct anti-smoking advertising campaigns of their own. Smoking should be banned in all public places like theatres, cinemas and restaurants. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dire consequences of taking up the habit. A horrific warning--say, a picture of a death's head--should be included in every packet of cigarettes that is sold. As individuals we are certainly weak, but if governments acted honestly and courageously, they could protect us from ourselves.（分数：2.50）(1).The best title of the text may be ______（分数：0.50）A.give up the habit of smoking immediately.B.word governments should conduct serious campaigns against smoking.C.go on with anti-smoking lobby vigorously.D.world governments should allocate more funds on cancer researches.(2).As pointed out in the text, governments are reluctant to exercise total ban on cigarette and tobacco advertising ______（分数：0.50）A.in the interests of financial rewards.B.for the sake of the public's welfare.C.without regard to tax collections.D.in anticipation of smokers' lobbying.(3).The word "hypocrisy" (Paragraph 2) denotes _____（分数：0.50）A.dishonesty.B.predicament.C.indecision.D.intimidation.(4).It can be concluded that anti-smoking campaigns should be conducted ______（分数：0.50）A.insidiously and discreetly.B.vividly and attractively.C.aggressively and drastically.D.disinterestedly and bravely.(5).The author is most critical of ______（分数：0.50）A.anti-smoking lobbyists.B.tobacco advertisers.C.world governments.D.tax collectors.It is the staff of dreams and nightmares. Where Tony Blair's attempts to make Britain love the Euro have fallen on deaf ears, its incarnation as notes and coins will succeed. These will be used not just in the Euro area but in Britain. As the British become accustomed to the Euro as a cash currency, they will warm to it--paving the way for a yes note in a referendum.The idea of Euro creep appeals to both sides of the Euro argument. According to the pros, as Britons become familiar with the Euro, membership will start to look inevitable, so those in favor are bound to win. According to the antis, as Britons become familiar with the Euro, membership will start to look inevitable, so those opposed must mobilize for the fight.Dream or nightmare, Euro creep envisages the single currency worming its way first into the British economy and then into the affections of voters. British tourists will come back from their European holidays laden with Euros, which they will spend not just at airports but in high street shops. So, too, will foreign visitors. As the Earn becomes a parallel currency, those who make up the current two-o-one majority will change their minds. From there, it will be a short step to decide to dispense with the pound. Neil Kinnock, a European commissioner and former leader of the Labor Party, predicts that the Euro will soon become Britain's second currency. Hans Eichel, the German finance minister, also says that it will become a parallel currency in countries like Switzerland and Britain. Peter Hain, the European minister who is acting as a cheerleader for membership, says the Euro will become "a practical day-to-day reality and that will enable people to make a sensible decision about it". As many as a third of Britain's biggest retailers, such as Marks and Spencer, have said they will take Euros in some of their shops. BP has also announced that it will accept Euros at some of its garages.But there is less to this than meet the eye. British tourists can now withdraw money from cashpoint from European holiday destinations, so they are less likely than in the past to end up with excess foreign money. Evenif they do, they generally get rid of it at the end of their holidays, says David Southwell, a spokesman for the British Retail Consortium (BRC). （分数：2.50）(1).According to the writer, once the British get used to the Euro, ______（分数：0.50）A.there will be no obstacle for it to be a currency in Britain.B.it will take the place of pound in whatever aspects in Britain.C.the British will accept it as a cash currency gradually.D.it will become a symbol of reunification for European countries.(2).The writer seems ______（分数：0.50）A.to be over-enthusiastic about the success of the Euro.B.to launch a vigorous campaign against the Euro creep.C.to hold a hostile attitude towards Euro expansions.D.to take a matter-of-face attitude towards the issue.(3).The word "cheerleader" (Paragraph 4) can best be replaced by ______（分数：0.50）A."voter".B."advocator".C."critic".D."prophet".(4).What does the writer intends to illustrate with Marks and Spencer?（分数：0.50）A.A kind of professional service.B.Objections to the Euro creep.C.A type of subjective brand loyalty.D.Expansions of the Euro in Britain.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?（分数：0.50）A.The Prospect of the Euro in Britain.B.A New Currency under Attack.C.The Popularity of the Euro in Britain.D.A Theme of Dreams and Nightmares.Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hairstyles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the years, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so-called top designers' in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The doctrines of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually blackmailedby the designers and the big stores, Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander wast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Woman who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-lines are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.（分数：2.50）(1).In the opening paragraph, the writer introduced his topic by ______（分数：0.50）A.introducing an illusion.B.making a comparison.C.depicting a vivid scene.D.posing a sharp contrast.(2).In the eyes of the author, the dictates of fashion probably means a sort of design characterized by ______（分数：0.50）A.obsolescence and sensibility.B.uniqueness and stability.C.creativity and hypocrisy.D.inconstancy and irrationality.(3).The word "blackmailed" most probably means ______（分数：0.50）A."taken advantage of ".B."given thought to".C."taken into account".D."born in mind".(4).The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ______ of clothing.（分数：0.50）A.suitabilityfortC.appearanceD.fabric(5).It can be inferred from the passage that women should ______（分数：0.50）A.see through the very nature of fashion myths.B.boycott the products of the fashion industry.C.avoid following fashion doctrines too closely.D.blame designers for their waste of money.二、{{B}}Part Ⅲ Vocabula(总题数：20，分数：20.00)1.A young man sees a sunset and unable to understand or express the emotion that it ______ in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.（分数：1.00）A.reflectsB.retainsC.rousesD.radiates2.There is a loss of self-confidence, a sense of personal failure, great anger and a feeling of being utterly ______ .（分数：1.00）A.let aloneB.let outC.let downD.let on3.Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to ______ regret.（分数：1.00）A.teem withB.brim withe withD.look with4.In fact tho purchasing power of a single person's pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the ______ Singapore pension.（分数：1.00）A.equivalentB.similarC.consistentD.identical5.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no ______ but to report him to the local police.（分数：1.00）A.timeB.chanceC.authorityD.alternative6.The child should always ______ the same basic procedure: seeing the whole word-hearing and pronouncing-writing from memory.（分数：1.00）A.go throughB.take overC.respond toD.carry off7.______ any advice which you can get from the interviewer and follow up suggestions for improving your presentation and qualifications.（分数：1.00）A.Take the most ofB.Keep the most ofC.Have the most ofD.Make the most of8.There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young one has a glorious future before him and the old one has a ______ future behind him.（分数：1.00）A.splendidB.conspicuousC.uproariousD.imminent9.With most online recruitment services, jobseekers must choose their words carefully; ______ the search engine will never make the correct match.（分数：1.00）A.thereforeB.whereasC.providedD.otherwise10.Ever since Geoffrey sent a sizeable cheque to a well-known charity he's been ______ with requests for money from all sides.（分数：1.00）A.devastatedB.smashedC.bombardedD.cracked11.Banks shall be unable to ______ ,or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them.（分数：1.00）A.write offB.put asideC.shrink frome over12.They are always ready to ______ heavy responsibilities.（分数：1.00）A.take inB.take onC.put onD.put in13.According to BBC boxing reporter Mike Costello, just as there is worldwide ______ with boxing, so there is worldwide opposition.（分数：1.00）A.passionB.attractionC.emotionD.fascination14.That MGM Grand Youth Center is open to children 3-12 years old ______ what hotel they are staying in.（分数：1.00）A.regardless inB.regardless ofC.regardless onD.regardless from15.Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their _____ aspects.（分数：1.00）A.potentialB.socialC.essentialD.partial16.______ the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until most of the water has evaporated.（分数：1.00）A.Turn offB.Turn overC.Turn downD.Turn up17.The recovery and ______ of the country' s economy has also been accompanied by increasing demands for high quality industrial sites in attractive locations.（分数：1.00）A.renewalB.revivalC.recessionD.relief18.That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only ______ necessity.（分数：1.00）A.within reach ofB.for fear ofC.by means ofD.in case of19.It seems a reasonable rule of thumb that any genuine offer of help and support from people or organizations will be accompanied by a name and address, and a willingness to be ______ as to their motive in making contact.（分数：1.00）A.seen throughB.checked outC.touched onD.accounted to20.Japan remains tied to the Western camp partly because the relationship has become ______ to her economy and politics over forty years' association.（分数：1.00）A.integralB.unilateralC.rationalD.hierarchical三、{{B}}Part Ⅳ Cloze{{/(总题数：1，分数：20.00)For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Every second,{{U}} 56 {{/U}}hectare of the world's rainforest is destroyed. That's one to two football fields.This{{U}} 57 {{/U}}rate of destruction has serious consequences{{U}} 58 {{/U}}the environment. Scientists estimate, for example, that 137{{U}} 59 {{/U}}of plant, insect or animal become{{U}} 60 {{/U}}every day due to logging. In British Columbia,{{U}} 61 {{/U}},since 1990,thirteen rainforest valleys have been clear cut,142 species of salmon have already become extinct, and the{{U}} 62 {{/U}}of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened. Logging,{{U}} 63 {{/U}},provides jobs , profits, taxes for the government and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is{{U}} 64 {{/U}}to restrict or control it. Much of Canada's forestryproduction{{U}} 65 {{/U}}making pulp and paper. According to the CanadianPulp and Paper Association, Canada {{U}}66 {{/U}}34%of the world's wood pulp and 49% of its newsprint paper. If these paper products could be produced in some other way, Canadian forests could be{{U}} 67 {{/U}}. Recently, a possible{{U}} 68 {{/U}}way of producing paper has been suggested by agriculturalists and environmentalists: a plant called hemp. Hemp has been cultivated by many cultures for thousands of years. It produces fibre which can be{{U}} 69 {{/U}}paper, fuel, oils, textiles, food, and rope. For many centuries, it was essential to the economies of many countries{{U}} 70 {{/U}}it was used to make the ropes and cables used on sailing ships; colonial expansion and the establishment of a world-wide trading{{U}} 71 {{/U}}would not have been possible{{U}} 72 {{/U}}hemp. Nowadays, ships' cables are usually made from wire or synthetic fibres, but scientists are now suggesting that the cultivation of hemp should be{{U}} 73 {{/U}}for the production of paper and pulp. According to its proponents, four-times as{{U}} 74 {{/U}}paper can be produced from land using hemp rather than trees, and many environmentalists believe that the{{U}} 75 {{/U}}scale cultivation of hemp could reduce the pressure on Canada's forests.（分数：20.00）A.matchingB.equivalentC.mountingD.reachingA.greatB.wonderfulC.imaginaryD.alarmingA.forB.onC.atD.toA.typesB.categoriesC.speciesD.classesA.extinctB.distinctC.deadD.exhaustedA.whenB.whoC.whereD.whichA.territoryndC.habitatD.inhabitantB.furthermoreC.otherwiseD.insteadA.willingB.likelyC.reluctantD.intendedA.goes upB.goes towardsC.goes intoD.goes atA.suppliesB.offersC.presentsD.providesA.maintainedB.sustainedC.preservedD.heldA.optionalB.potentialC.promisingD.alternativeA.made intoB.made forC.made upD.made ofA.sinceB.becauseC.asD.whileA.linkB.exchangeworkD.siteA.exceptB.withoutC.withD.besidesA.resumedB.renewedC.refreshedD.revivedA.muchB.manyC.fewD.moreA.greatC.immenseD.massive四、{{B}}Part Ⅴ Translat(总题数：1，分数：3.00)21.What, then, does Drucker suggest are the new knowledge-based industries on which economic growth will depend? He discusses three categories of such industries. The first of these is the information industry. This industry collects, stores, spreads, and applies knowledge. It depends on the computer. In the future, however, the computer itself will probably become less important than communicating and applying knowledge. Drucker foresees a central computer that will make information available to everyone. Another source of new industries is the science of the oceans. New technologies may help to supply food and minerals from the seas. A third new source of economic growth is the materials industry. This industry provides the materials for making objects. one such industry that has already become economically important is the plastic industry. Drncker explains that throughout history our traditional materials have been metals, glass, natural fibers, and paper. Today, with the help of modem science, industries can make many new materials to meet specific needs. Because they will be created to fit a certain product, they will be highly efficient. Consequently, he points out, industries that supply traditional materials such as steel or glass will have trouble competing with those that produce these new materials.（分数：3.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、{{B}}Part Ⅵ Writing{(总题数：1，分数：15.00)22.A. Study the following picture carefully and write an essay of about 200 words. B. Your essay should meet the requirements below: (1)describe the picture and interpret its meaning. (2) point15.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
