普通心理学Chapter2Sensationa

判断题Chapter 11.The psychodynamic perspective believes that people can control their behavior, while thehumanistic perspective believes that people have little control over their inner forces.2.The under-representation of racial and ethnic minorities among psychologists is a significantproblem within the discipline.3.Correlational research provides a measure of the strength of a relationship between twovariables, while experimental research can establish cause-and-effect relationships.4.The double-blind procedure minimizes only participant bias.5. A key step in the research process is operationalization.FTTFTChapter21.The biological reason for the process of reuptake is that neurotransmitters cannot remainin the synapse without over stimulating the receiving neuron.2.When the sympathetic division is activated, the mouth becomes dry and digestion slows.3.The field of behavioral genetics supports the nurture side of the nature/nurturecontroversy by emphasizing the importance of the environment.4.The right hemisphere of the brain is good at analytical thinking and language skills.5.The thalamus is responsible for regulating much of our motivated behavior, such as eating,drinking, and sex.{应该是脑干}TTFFFChapter31.Sensation and perception are different terms for the same basic process.2.The greatest concentration of rods is in the fovea, while the cones are concentrated in thearea surrounding the fovea.3.Highness or lowness of sounds refers to pitch, while loudness refers to intensity.4.Monocular cues are a kind of depth perception cue.5.The fact that the water in a bathtub may feel hot at first and then seems to cool downafter only a few minutes is caused by the process of sensory adaptation.FFTTTChapter４1. A person who is given a sedative to help her sleep will most likely have few dreams thatnight, but will experience excessive dreams the following night.2.During REM sleep, the body is in a lower state of arousal than in any other stage of sleep.3.Daydreams are no different than the dreams one has while asleep at night.4.Marijuana has several medical uses.5.In a biologically based addiction, a person's need for the drug is based on the belief thathe or she needs the drug to function.TFFTFChapter６1.The shortest interval of forgetting is found in short-term memory.2.Grouping letters together (out of a long list of letters) can allow more information to bestored in short-term memory.3.Remembering that you ate eggs for breakfast is a function of episodic memory;remembering that eggs come from chickens is a function of semantic memory.4.Implicit memories have no effect on our behavior in daily life.5.In Korsakoff's syndrome, intellectual abilities are disabled, but memory function is intact.ＦＴＴＦＦChapter８１．A rousal theory assumes that we deliberately seek out stimulation if our arousal levels are too low.２．A norexia nervosa and bulimia are different names for the same eating disorder.３．T he Rorschach Test is used to measure achievement and affiliation motivation.４．I n the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, physiological arousal precedes the emotional experience.５．T here is evidence to suggest that homosexuality may have a biological cause.vＴＦＦＦＴ选择题Chapter 1１．A ______________ psychologist would focus on the study of higher mental processes.A) social B) personality C) forensic D) cognitiveFeedback: The correct answer is d. More specifically a cognitive psychologist would study thinking, memory, reasoning, and language.2.Wilhelm WundtA) was one of the first psychologists to focus on child development.B) set up the first psychological laboratory.C) was an influential developmental psychologist.D) developed the field of school psychology.3.The ______________ perspective rejected psychology's early emphasis on the inner workings of the mind.A) psychodynamic B) cognitive C) behavioral D) humanistic4.Introspection is a procedure used by ______________ to study the mind.A) structuralists B) functionalists C) biologists D) humanists5.A(n) ______________ psychologist would most likely be called upon to determine whether an individual was legally sane at the time a crime was committedA) cognitive B) forensic C) personality D) evolutionary6.Most psychologists have a(n)A) master's degree. B) doctoral degree.C) degree in an area outside of psychology. D) undergraduate degree.7．______________ is a newer field of study that unites the areas of biopsychology and clinical psychology.A) Health psychology B) Cerebral biopsychologyC) Clinical neuropsychology D) Evolutionary psychology8.In archival research,A) a control group is necessary. B) existing data are examined.C) new data is generated. D) a sample of people are asked questions.9.Which of the following correlations indicates the weakest association?A) -0.2 B) +0.3 C) +0.8 D) -1.010.The second step in the scientific method isA) formulating an explanation. B) carrying out research.C) operationalizing the hypothesis. D) identifying a question of interest.11.The change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation is calledA) randomization. B) replication.C) the control group. D) the experimental manipulation.12.The purpose of the control group in an experiment is toA) accommodate the extra participants who arrived late and could not serve in the experimental group.B) assist in the design of the research project.C) give a comparison that allows the independent variable to be judged.D) prevent the researcher from cheating.13. During the 1991 Gulf War, news reporters based in Baghdad reported events as they witnessed them. This style of reporting resemblesA) naturalistic observation. B) case study research.C) archival research. D) survey research.14.Participants are randomly assigned to the groups in an experiment so thatA) participants will not know to which group they are assignedB) the composition of the groups are roughly equivalent.C) concern will be minimized that the experiment is too artificial and contrived.D) the experiment will be simplified.15.The purpose of a placebo is toA) ensure that participants can be assigned at random to either group.B) demonstrate to the Food and Drug Administration that even ineffective medications may be worthwhile.C) give participants equal expectations about the treatment variable.D) reduce worries about the representatives of the participants.答案：DBCAB BCBAA DCABCChapter 21.The myelin sheath is a protective coating around theA) dendrite. B) spinal cord. C) axon. D) cerebral cortex.2.A deficiency of which neurotransmitter causes Parkinson's disease?A) dopamine B) serotonin C) endorphin D) acetylcholine3．______________ neurons transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system.A) Central B) Sensory C) Motor D) Somatic4.John touches a stove and immediately withdraws his hand. Why?A) A reflex is at work.B) The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is activated.C) The somatic division of the nervous system is in control.D) The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is activated.5.Which of the following brain-scanning techniques uses a computer to construct an image of the brain by combining thousands of separate X rays?A) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) B) electroencephalogram (EEG)C) computerized axial tomography (CAT) D) positron emission tomography (PET)6.The endocrine system is a(n) ______________ communication network that sends messages throughout the nervous system via the bloodstream.A) chemical B) photo C) neural D) electrical7.The corpus callosum connects theA) brain and spinal cord. B) right and left hemispheres.C) frontal and parietal lobes. D) motor area and sensory area.8. Which of the following parts of the brain are found in the central core?A) cerebral cortex B) sensory area C) motor area D) reticular formation9.Some estimates suggest that there are as many as one ______________ neurons involved in behavior.A) trillion B) billion C) thousand D) million10. The ______________ are the part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons.A) terminal buttons B) dendrites C) cell bodies D) axons11. The autonomic nerves areA) located in the spinal cord. B) part of the central nervous system.C) part of the peripheral nervous system. D) voluntary.12. After her stroke, Abigail felt numb on the right side of her body. What area of her brain was most likely damaged?A) the left hemisphere B) the right hemisphereC) the cerebellum D) the central core13. The pituitary gland affectsA) emotion. B) energy levels. C) sexual urges. D) growth.14.Which area of the human body is most sensitive?A) ears B) fingers C) legs D) arms15.Ralph is having difficulty with his speech. Which area of his brain is most likely to be impaired?A) central core area B) sensory area C) association area D) medulla答案：CABAC ABDAB CDABCChapter 31 Cochlear implants can help certain forms of deafness produced by damage to theA) auditory canal.B) hair cells.C) bones of the middle ear.D) cochlear fluid.2 Which of the following structures is related to our sense of balance?A) cochleaB) basilar membraneD) stirrup3 Most psychologists believe that there are just ______________ basic receptor cells for taste.A) twoB) fourC) sixD) eight4 The gate-control theory of pain suggests thatA) pain perception is actually a combination of visual and auditory reception.B) there are no areas in the brain specifically related to pain, just a combination of other sensitive areas.C) pain is a touch reflex controlled by the spinal cord.D) nerve receptors in the spinal cord lead to specific area of the brain related to pain.5 According to ______________, when we encounter a stimulus, our brain's perceptual processing system initially responds to its component parts.A) feature analysisB) opponent-process theoryC) place theoryD) top-down processing6 Depth perception is due largely to the fact thatA) we have perceptual constancy.B) motion parallax is universal.C) we have two eyes.D) binocular disparity does not occur in humans.7 The change in position of the retinal image as the head swings from side to side is calledA) motion parallax.B) relative size.C) binocular disparity.D) linear perspective.8 The visual illusion known as the "devil's tuning fork" isA) seen similarly by people of all cultures.B) copied with great difficulty by Western people.C) difficult for rural Africans to copy.D) evidence for the universality of perception.9 The weakest detectable physical stimulus is called theA) absolute threshold.B) just noticeable difference.C) difference threshold.D) sensory noise factor.10 The ______________ is the dark hole in the center of the iris.A) pupilB) corneaC) lens11 An adjustment in the lens shape in order to keep images in sharp focus is calledA) lens-image inversion.B) top-down processing.C) optical adaptation.D) accommodation.12 The fact that hair cells at different sites on the basilar membrane are stimulated by their own preferred ranges of sound frequencies supports the ______________ theory of the brain.A) placeB) frequencyC) otolithD) gate-control13 The overriding Gestalt principle isA) completion.B) simplicity.C) complexity.D) specificity.14 When the sensory nervous system is sensitive to small differences, the just noticeable difference will beA) moderate.B) impossible to specify.C) large.D) small.15 The proper sequence of structures that sound passes when it enters the ear is the following:A) oval window, eardrum, stirrup, cochleaB) eardrum, stirrup, oval window, cochleaC) cochlea, stirrup, eardrum, oval windowD) stirrup, eardrum, oval window, cochlea答案：BCBDA CABAA DABDBChapter 41 INCORRECT Sleep spindles appear inA) stage 4 sleep. B) stage 3 sleep. C) stage 2 sleep. D) stage 1 sleep. Feedback: The correct answer is c. Sleep spindles are momentary interruptions of the regular wave pattern.2 INCORRECT About ______________ percent of an adult's sleeping time is in REM sleep.A) 50 B) 35 C) 20 D) 5Feedback: The correct answer is c. Most characteristic of this period is the back-and-forth movement of the eyes.3 INCORRECT Which sleep disorder may be associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?A) sleep apnea B) sleepwalking C) insomnia D) narcolepsyFeedback: The correct answer is a. SIDS is a mysterious killer of seemingly normal infantswho die while sleeping.4 CORRECT People who suffer from seasonal affective disorder experience an increase in feelings of despair and hopelessness during theA) summer.B) winter.C) fall.D) spring.Feedback: B5 INCORRECT Meditation often consists of the repetition of a(n)A) dream.B) hallucination.C) eye movement.D) mantra.Feedback: The correct answer is d. A mantra can be a sound, word, or syllable.6 CORRECT Nicotine is aA) hallucinogen.B) stimulant.C) narcotic.D) depressant.Feedback: B7 INCORRECT Which of the following is NOT an alternate term, or "street" name, for cocaine?A) blow. B) snow. C) lady. D) speed.Feedback: The correct answer is d. Other names for cocaine include coke and crack. "Speed" is the street name for amphetamines.8 INCORRECT The "date rape drug" isA) rohypnol. B) methadone. C) MDMA. D) amphetamine.Feedback: The correct answer is a. When mixed with alcohol, rohypnol can prevent victims from resisting sexual assault.9 INCORRECT What is the source for most of our knowledge of what occurs during sleep?A) archival research B) electroencephalogram (EEG)C) computerized axial tomography (CAT) D) positron emission tomography (PET) Feedback: The correct answer is b. The EEG measures electrical activity within the brain. 10 INCORRECT Freud argued that if a person dreams of snakes and umbrellas, those objects actually represent male sex organs. In this example, snakes and umbrellas would be theA) evidence for activation-synthesis theory. B) latent content of dreams.C) manifest content of dreams. D) conscious wish for reptiles and rain.Feedback: The correct answer is c. According to Freud, the manifest content of dreams is the overt story line.11 CORRECT Which of the following is a legitimate suggestion for overcoming insomnia?A) Use sleeping pills. B) Drink a glass of coffee or tea.C) Drink a glass of warm milk at bedtime. D) Choose alternate times to go to bed. Feedback: C12 INCORRECT The issue of whether hypnosis represents a state of consciousnessA) is an "either-or" question. B) is still a controversial topic.C) is not really a psychological question. D) has been settled.Feedback: The correct answer is b. This issue has long been a source of controversy among psychologists.13 CORRECT The category of narcotics includes which of the following drugs?A) cocaine B) LSD C) barbiturates D) morphineFeedback: D14 INCORRECT Which of the following statements about alcohol is true?A) Alcohol produces a "high" through the neurotransmitter dopamine.B) Like amphetamines, alcohol is a strong stimulant.C) Alcohol causes neurons to fire more slowly.D) Alcohol is categorized as a narcotic.Feedback: The correct answer is c. Binge drinking among college students is a disturbing trend.15 INCORRECT Which of the following drugs produce vivid hallucinations?A) "ecstasy" B) barbiturates C) heroin D) amphetaminesFeedback: The correct answer is a. Ecstasy is categorized as a hallucinogen.Chapter 61 INCORRECT ______________ memory is a type of sensory memory which stores information coming from the ears.A) Iconic B) Implicit C) Echoic D) SemanticFeedback: The correct answer is c. There are corresponding memories for each of the other senses.2 CORRECT When the information is considered and organized in a particular fashion, it is called ______________ rehearsal.A) elaborative B) repetitive C) constructive D) schematicFeedback: The correct answer is a. Mnemonics is an example of elaborative rehearsal and can vastly improve retention of material.3 INCORRECT In a multiple-choice test, students are asked to ______________ the correct information.A) associate B) recognize C) prime D) recallFeedback: The correct answer is b. Recognition occurs when people are presented with a stimulus and asked to identify it from a list of alternatives.4 INCORRECT A memory of a(n) ______________ would be a likely subject for a flashbulb memory.A) routine visit to the doctor B) typical day at schoolC) uneventful day at work D) car accidentFeedback: The correct answer is d. Flashbulb memories are memories of a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid they are like a snapshot of the event.5 INCORRECT Autobiographical memories encompass ourA) semantic memories. B) procedural memories.C) episodic memories. D) implicit memories.Feedback: The correct answer is c. These memories are our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives.6 CORRECT A memory trace isA) a physical change in the brain. B) a permanent change in neural pathways.C) immune to changes due to the passage of time. D) exclusive to short-term memory. Feedback: The correct answer is a. In decay, the memory trace simply fades away with nothing left behind because of the mere passage of time.7 INCORRECT Alzheimer's diseaseA) does not seem to be inherited. B) is more commonly known as amnesia.C) first attacks long-term memory. D) may result from a defect in the production of the protein beta amyloid.Feedback: The correct answer is d. Beta amyloid is necessary for the maintenance of nerve cell connections.8 CORRECT EncodingA) is the process by which information is initially recorded in memory.B) is the storage of material in memory.C) occurs after the storage of material in memory.D) is a form of forgetting.Feedback: The correct answer is a. You can think of encoding as analogous to the function ofa computer's keyboard.9 INCORRECT The levels-of-processing theory suggests that signals processed on shallow levels will be remembered ______________ signals processed on deep levels.A) to the same extent as B) better thanC) to a lesser degree than D) less consciously thanFeedback: The correct answer is c. The levels-of-processing theory emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed.10 INCORRECT When writing an essay about Abraham Lincoln, T ara remembered the opening line of the Gettysburg address and his hometown of Springfield. What memory model explains this phenomena?A) tip-of-the-tongue B) schemas C) episode D) associativeFeedback: The correct answer is d. According to associative models, when we think about a particular concept, our semantic memory activates the recall of related concepts.11 CORRECT The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a common disorder of long-term memoryA) retrieval. B) storage. C) encoding. D) recognition.Feedback: The correct answer is a. This is an inability to retrieve information that one realizes one knows.12 INCORRECT Research on eyewitness court testimony shows that eyewitnessesA) distort what they recall so that they can appear later on talk shows.B) are misled by the phrasing of a lawyer's questions.C) are extremely accurate in recalling what they saw.D) recall accurately, but only if they are well paid for testifying.Feedback: The correct answer is b. Specific wording of questions can affect the way in which witnesses recall information.13 INCORRECT When musicians learn that the spaces on the music staff spell the word "FACE," they are employing a strategy to improve retention calledA) tip-of-the-tongue. B) priming. C) repetitive rehearsal. D) mnemonics. Feedback: The correct answer is d. Mnemonics are formal techniques for organizing material in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered.14 CORRECT A professor forgets the names of students who took her class two semesters ago because she learned the names of all the students this semester. This is an example of the memory problem calledA) retroactive interference. B) proactive interference.C) decay. D) Alzheimer's disease.Feedback: The correct answer is a. In retroactive interference, information learned later interferes with recall of old material.15 CORRECT After having an accident, a patient cannot remember his wedding day, which took place two years before. This is a symptom ofA) retrograde amnesia. B) anterograde amnesia.C) Korsakoff's syndrome. D) proactive amnesia.Feedback: The correct answer is a. Retrograde amnesia is a memory loss for occurrences prior to a certain event, in this case an accident.Chapter81 CORRECT ______________ approaches to motivation suggest that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals.A) Cognitive B) Arousal C) Incentive D) InstinctFeedback: The correct answer is a. This theory suggests that we are more apt to persevere and produce work of higher quality when motivation for a task is intrinsic rather than extrinsic.2 INCORRECT Self-actualization is associated with which of the following psychologists?A) Hull B) Cannon C) Freud D) MaslowFeedback: The correct answer is d. Maslow's model highlights the complexity of human needs and that biological needs must be met before people become concerned with higher-order needs.3 INCORRECT Which of the following is a social factor in eating?A) The amount of food we place on our plates varies with the amount of exercise that has been done.B) People eat at approximately the same times every day, regardless of their hunger cues.C) When we feel hungry, we search for food.D) When glucose levels are low, we get hungry.Feedback: The correct answer is b. Clearly, internal biological factors do not provide the full explanation for our eating behavior.4 INCORRECT A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others reflects a need forA) arousal. B) achievement. C) power. D) affiliation.Feedback: The correct answer is c. The need to be seen as a powerful individual is an additional type of motivation.5 CORRECT A(n) ______________ is a motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior in order to fulfill some need.A) drive B) homeostatic point C) incentive D) instinctFeedback: The correct answer is a. There are two types of drive: primary drives, which are biological, and secondary drives, which derive from an individual's social context.6 INCORRECT Juan's mother gives him one dollar for every "A" on his report card. Juan tries very hard in school. What motivational theory explains this?A) instinct B) drive-reduction C) incentive D) arousalFeedback: The correct answer is c. This theory suggests that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.7 INCORRECT Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity forA) a tangible reward. B) our own enjoyment.C) the need for power. D) biological satisfaction.Feedback: The correct answer is b. Intrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment, rather than for any concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us.8 CORRECT People whose body weight is more than 20 percent above the average weight for a person of their heightA) may have a high settling point. B) probably have a high rate of metabolism.C) probably have a low weight set point. D) may be anorexic.Feedback: The correct answer is a. The settling point is determined by a combination of our genetic heritage and our environment.9 INCORRECT The drive-reduction approach to motivation identifies hunger as the drive that relates to the need forA) chewing and swallowing responses.B) anticipation of eating pleasure.C) food. D) reinforcement of eating behavior.Feedback: The correct answer is c. This approach suggests that when people lack some basic biological requirement, a drive to obtain that requirement is produced.10 CORRECT Obesity can be caused in lab rats or other animals by damaging theA) hypothalamus. B) medulla. C) thalamus. D) cerebellum.Feedback: The correct answer is a. Evidence suggests that the hypothalamus is the organ primarily responsible for monitoring food intake.11 INCORRECT If you are badly frightened, you are likely to attempt an escape. This illustrates emotionality's function ofA) labeling one's feelings.B) shaping behaviors for the mid- to long-term future.C) regulating social interactions.D) preparing one for immediate action.Feedback: The correct answer is d. Emotions act as a link between events in our environment and our responses.12 INCORRECT The American Psychological Association has adopted a resolution stating that evidence for the effectiveness of polygraphs isA) not a psychological question.B) satisfactory. C) still unsatisfactory. D) excellent.Feedback: The correct answer is c. Critics suggest that the error rate for a polygraph is close to 30 percent.13 INCORRECT At a field site in an African game park, a biological psychologist records the mating sequence of African love birds that results from inborn preprogramming and the need to survive. She is focused on the study ofA) rational behavior. B) instinctive behavior. C) basic drives. D) emotions. Feedback: The correct answer is b. Instincts are inborn patterns of behavior.14 INCORRECT According to Maslow, which of the following is the highest-order need?A) physiological B) belongingness C) safety D) esteemFeedback: The correct answer is d. Esteem is just below self-actualization in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.15 INCORRECT In the James-Lange theory of emotion, physiological arousal is seen as a(n) ______________ cognitive emotional feelings.A) irrelevant byproduct of B) cause ofC) effect resulting from D) simultaneous event withFeedback: The correct answer is b. This theory suggests that for every major emotion there is an accompanying physiological reaction.Chapter 101 INCORRECT The ______________ personality structure represents social right and wrong as taught and modeled by a child's parents, teachers, and authority figures.A) ego B) superego C) id D) libidoFeedback: The correct answer is b. The superego, if left to operate without restraint, would create perfectionists.2 INCORRECT According to Freud, the Oedipus conflict in boys occurs during the ______________ stage.A) oral B) anal C) phallic D) latencyFeedback: The correct answer is c. The primary source of pleasure for a child at this stage is the genitals.3 INCORRECT Allport defined a ______________ trait as a single characteristic that directs most of a person's activities.A) central B) lead C) cardinal D) secondaryFeedback: The correct answer is c. Most people do not develop a single cardinal trait but rather a few central traits.4 INCORRECT The ______________ approach argues that people are basically good and tend to grow to higher levels of functioning.A) learning B) trait C) psychoanalytic D) humanisticFeedback: The correct answer is d. The major proponent of the humanistic point of view is Carl Rogers.5 INCORRECT One of the best examples of a self-report measure, and the most frequently used personality test is theA) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2).C) Rorschach test. D) Freudian slip test.。

普通心理学彭聃龄第二编人的信息加工第三章感觉第一节感觉的一般概念一、什么是感觉•感觉（sensation）是人脑对事物的个别属性的认识。

感觉提供了内外环境的信息，保证了机体与环境的信息平衡，是一切较高级、较复杂的心理现象的基础。

•感觉剥夺实验•外部感觉接受外部世界的刺激，如视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉、肤觉等。

其中视觉、听觉、嗅觉接受远距离的刺激，又叫距离感觉。

内部感觉接受机体内部的刺激（机体自身的运动与状态），因而又叫机体觉，如运动觉、平衡觉、内脏觉等。

二、近刺激和远刺激•远刺激是指来自物体本身的刺激，因而不会有太大的变化。

如一定波长的光线。

近刺激是指直接作用于感觉器官的刺激，它每时每刻都在变化。

如物体在视网膜上的投影等。

三、感觉的编码•感觉编码（sensory encode）是指将刺激的能量转化为神经系统能够接受的神经能或神经冲动。

•光幻视（phosphenes）•19世纪德国着名生理学家缪勒（Johannes Muller）最早研究了感觉编码问题，并提出了神经特殊能量学说（theory of specific nerve energy）。

认为各种感觉神经具有自己的能，他们在性质上是互相区别的。

缪勒的学说有其合理的地方能不能说明感官分化的真正原因。

•当代两种有代表性的感觉编码理论：①特异化理论（specificity theory）认为，不同性质的感觉是由不同的神经元来传递信息的。

②模式理论（pattern theory）或模块理论（module theory）认为，编码是由整组的激活模式引起的。

近年来的研究发现，在不同的感觉系统中，神经系统同时采用了特异性编码和模式编码。

四、刺激强度与感觉大小的关系——感受性和感觉阈限•感觉是由刺激物直接作用于某种感官引起的。

但是，人的感官只对一定范围内的刺激做出反应。

这个刺激范围及相应的感觉能力，我们称之为感觉阈限（sensorythreshold）和感受性（sensitivity）。