Mode transfer in process algebra

电路的基本概念及定律电源 source电压源 voltage source电流源 current source理想电压源 ideal voltage source 理想电流源 ideal current source 伏安特性 volt-ampere characteristic 电动势 electromotive force电压 voltage电流 current电位 potential电位差 potential difference欧姆 Ohm伏特 Volt安培 Ampere瓦特 Wa t焦耳 Joule电路 circuit电路元件 circuit element 电阻 resistance电阻器 resistor电感 inductance电感器 inductor电容 capacitance电容器 capacitor电路模型 circuit model参考方向reference direction参考电位 reference potential欧姆定律O h m’s law基尔霍夫定律Kirc h o ff’s law基尔霍夫电压定律Kirc h o ff’s vo lt ag e law（KVL）基尔霍夫电流定律Kirc h o ff’s cu rre n t law（KCL）结点 node支路 branch回路 loop网孔 mesh支路电流法 branch current analysis网孔电流法 mesh current analysis结点电位法 node voltage analysis电源变换source transformations叠加原理superposition theorem网络 network无源二端网络passive two-terminal n etwork 有源二端网络active two-terminal network 戴维宁定理Th e ve n in’s t h e o re m诺顿定理N o rt o n’s t h eo re m开路（断路）open circuit短路 short circuit开路电压 open-circuit voltage短路电流 short-circuit current交流电路直流电路 direct current circuit (dc) 交流电路 alternating current circuit (ac)正弦交流电路sinusoidal a-c circuit 平均值average value有效值 effective value均方根值 r o t-mean-s quire value (rms) 瞬时值 instantaneous value电抗 reactance感抗 inductive reactance容抗 capacitive reactance法拉 Farad亨利 Henry阻抗 impedance复数阻抗 complex impedance相位 phase初相位 initial phase相位差 phase difference 相位领先 phase lead相位落后 phase lag倒相，反相 phase inversion 频率 frequency角频率 angular frequency 赫兹 Hertz相量 phasor相量图 phasor diagram 有功功率 active power 无功功率reactive power 视在功率 apparent power功率因数 power factor功率因数补偿power-factor co mpe nsation串联谐振 series resonance并联谐振 parallel resonance谐振频率 resonance frequency频率特性 frequency characteristic幅频特性 amplitude-frequency response characteristic 相频特性 phase-frequency response characteristic截止频率cutoff frequency品质因数quality factor通频带 pass-band带宽 bandwidth (BW)滤波器 filter一阶滤波器 first-order filter二阶滤波器 second-order filter低通滤波器 low-pass filter高通滤波器 high-pass filter带通滤波器band-pass filter带阻滤波器band-stop filter转移函数transfer function波特图 Bode diagram傅立叶级数 Fourier series三相电路 three-phase circuit三相电源 three-phase source对称三相电源symmetrical three-phase s ource 对称三相负载symmetrical three-phase load相电压 phase voltage相电流 phase current线电压 line voltage线电流 line current三相三线制 three-phase three-wire system三相四线制 thr e -phasefour-wire system三相功率 three-phase power星形连接 star connection(Y-connection)三角形连接 triangular connection(D- connection ,delta connection) 中线 neutral line电路的暂态过程分析暂态 transient s tate稳态 steady state暂态过程，暂态响应transient response换路定理 low of switch一阶电路 first-order circuit三要素法 three-factor method时间常数 time constant积分电路 integrating circuit微分电路 differentiating circuit 磁路与变压器磁场 magnetic field 磁通 flux磁路 magnetic circuit磁感应强度 flux density磁通势 magnetomotive force磁阻 reluctance电动机直流电动机dc motor交流电动机 ac motor异步电动机 asynchronous motor同步电动机 synchronous motor三相异步电动机three-phase asynchronous motor 单相异步电动机single-phase asynchronous m otor 旋转磁场 rotating magnetic field定子 stator转子 rotor转差率 slip起动电流starting current起动转矩starting torque额定电压 rated voltage额定电流 rated current额定功率 rated power机械特性 mechanical characteristic继电器-接触器控制按钮 button熔断器fuse开关 switch行程开关 travel switch继电器 relay接触器 contactor常开(动合)触点 normally open contact 常闭(动断)触点 normally closed contact 时间继电器 time relay热继电器 thermal overload relay中间继电器 intermediate relay可编程控制器（ PLC ）可编程控制器programmable logic controller 语句表statement list梯形图 ladder diagram半导体器件本征半导体 intrinsic semiconductor 掺杂半导体 doped semiconductorP 型半导体 P-type semiconductorN 型半导体 N--type semiconductor自由电子 free electron空穴 hole载流子 carriersPN 结 PN junction扩散 diffusion漂移 drift二极管 diode硅二极管 silicon diode锗二极管 germanium diode阳极 anode阴极 cathode发光二极管 light-emitting diode (LED) 光电二极管 photodiode稳压二极管 Zener diode晶体管（三极管）transistorPNP 型晶体管 PNP transistor NPN 型晶体管 NPN transistor发射极 emitter集电极 collector基极 base电流放大系数current amplification coefficient场效应管 field-effect transistor (FET)P 沟道 p-channelN 沟道 n-channel结型场效应管junction FET （JFET）金属氧化物半导体metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS)耗尽型 MOS 场效应管depletion mode MOSFET （D-MOSFET ）增强型 MOS 场效应管enhancement mode MOSFET （E-MOSFET ）源极 source栅极 grid漏极 drain跨导 transconductance夹断电压 pinch-off voltage热敏电阻 thermistor开路 open短路 shorted基本放大器放大器 amplifier正向偏置 forward bias反向偏置 backward b ias静态工作点 quiescent point (Q-point) 等效电路 equivalent circuit电压放大倍数voltage gain总的电压放大倍数overall voltage gain 饱和 saturation截止 cut-off放大区amplifier region饱和区 saturation region截止区 cut-off region失真 distortion饱和失真 saturation distortion截止失真 cut-o f distortion零点漂移 zero drift正反馈 positive feedback负反馈 negative feedback串联负反馈 series negative feedback并联负反馈 parallel negative feedback共射极放大器common-emitter amplifier射极跟随器 emi t er-follower共源极放大器common-source amplifier共漏极放大器common-drain amplifier多级放大器 multistage amplifier阻容耦合放大器resistance-capacitance coupled amplifier 直接耦合放大器direct- coupled a mplifier输入电阻 input resistance输出电阻 output resistance负载电阻 load resistance动态电阻 dynamic resistance负载电流 load current旁路电容 bypass capacitor耦合电容 coupled capacitor直流通路 direct current path交流通路 alternating current path直流分量 direct current component交流分量 alternating current component变阻器（电位器） rheostat电阻（器） resistor电阻（值） resistance电容（器） capacitor电容（量） capacitance电感（器，线圈） inductor电感（量），感应系数 inductance正弦电压 sinusoidal voltage集成运算放大器及应用差动放大器differential amplifier运算放大器 operational amplifier(op-amp)失调电压 offset voltage失调电流 offset current共模信号 common-mode signal差模信号 different-mode signal共模抑制比 common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 积分电路 integrator （circuit ）微分电路 differentiator （circuit ）有源滤波器 active filter低通滤波器 low-pass filter高通滤波器 high-pass filter带通滤波器 band-pass filter带阻滤波器 band-stop filter波特沃斯滤波器Butterworth filter 切比雪夫滤波器Chebyshev filter 贝塞尔滤波器Bessel filter截止频率 cut-off frequency上限截止频率 u p er cut-off frequency 下限截止频率 lower cut-off frequency 中心频率 center frequency带宽 Bandwidth开环增益 open-loop gain闭环增益 closed-loop gain共模增益 common-mode gain输入阻抗 input impedance电压跟随器 voltage-follower电压源 voltage source电流源 current source单位增益带宽 unity-gain bandwidth频率响应 frequency response频响特性（曲线） response characteristic 波特图 the Bode plot稳定性 stability补偿 compensation比较器 comparator迟滞比较器 hysteresis comparator阶跃输入电压 step input voltage仪表放大器 instrumentation amplifier 隔离放大器 isolation amplifier对数放大器 log amplifier反对数放大器 antilog amplifier反馈通道 feedback path反向漏电流 reverse leakage current 相位 phase相移 phase shift锁相环 phase-locked loop(PLL)锁相环相位监测器PLL phase detector 和频 sum f requency差频 difference frequency波形发生电路振荡器oscillatorRC 振荡器 RC oscillatorLC 振荡器 LC oscillator正弦波振荡器sinusoidal oscillator三角波发生器triangular wave generator方波发生器 square wave generator幅度 magnitude电平 level饱和输出电平（电压）saturated output level功率放大器 power amplifier交越失真 cross-over distortion甲类功率放大器class A power amplifier乙类推挽功率放大器class B push-pull power amplifier OTL 功率放大器output transformerless power amplifier OCL 功率放大器output capacitorless power amplifier 直流稳压电源半波整流full-wave rectifier全波整流 half-wave rectifier电感滤波器inductor filter电容滤波器 capacitor filter串联型稳压电源series (voltage) regulator 开关型稳压电源switching (voltage) r egulator 集成稳压器 IC (voltage) regulator晶闸管及可控整流电路晶闸管 thyristor单结晶体管 unijunction transistor （UJT ）可控整流 controlled rectifier可控硅 silicon-controlled rectifier峰点 peak point谷点 valley p oint控制角 controlling angle导通角 turn-on angle门电路与逻辑代数二进制binary二进制数 binary number十进制 decimal十六进制 hexadecimal二-十进制 binary coded decimal （BCD）门电路 gate三态门 tri-state gate与门 AND gate或门 OR gate非门 NOT gat e与非门 NAND gate或非门 NOR gate异或门 exclusive-OR gate反相器 inverter布尔代数 Boolean algebra真值表 truth table卡诺图 the Karnaugh map逻辑函数 logic function逻辑表达式 logic expression组合逻辑电路combination logic circuit 译码器decoder编码器 coder比较器co m p a r a t o r半加器 half-a d er全加器 full-adder七段显示器 seven-segment display时序逻辑电路sequential logic circuitR-S 触发器 R-S flip-flopD 触发器 D flip-flopJ-K 触发器 J-K flip-flop主从型触发器master-slave f lip-flop置位 set复位 reset直接置位端 direct-set terminal直接复位端 direct-reset terminal寄存器 register移位寄存器 shift register双向移位寄存器 bidirectional shift register计数器 counter同步计数器synchronous counter 异步计数器 asynchronous counter 加法计数器 adding counter减法计数器 subtracting counter 定时器 timer清除（清 0）clear载入 load时钟脉冲 clock pulse触发脉冲 trigger pulse上升沿 positive edge下降沿 negative edge时序图 timing diagram波形图 waveform单稳态触发器monostable flip-flop双稳态触发器bistable flip-flop无稳态振荡器astable oscillator晶体 crystal 555定时器 555 timer模拟信号 analog signal数字信号 digital signalAD 转换器 analog -digital converter (ADC)DA 转换器 digital-analog converter (DAC)半导体存储器只读存储器read-only memory （ROM ）随机存取存储器random-access memory （RAM）可编程 ROM programmable ROM （PROM ）常见英文缩写解释（按字母顺序排列）：ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit. 专用 ICCPLD: Complex Programmable Logic Device. 复杂可编程逻辑器件EDA: Electronic Design Automation. 电子设计自动化FPGA: Field P r og ra m ma ble Gate Array. 现场可编程门阵列GAL: Generic Array Logic. 通用阵列逻辑HDL: Hardware Description Language. 硬件描述语言IP: Intelligent Property. 智能模块PAL: Programmable Array Logic. 可编程阵列逻辑RTL: Register Transfer Level. 寄存器传输级描述）SOC: System On a Chip. 片上系统SLIC: System Level IC. 系统级ICVHDL: Very high speed integrated circuit HardwareDescription Language. 超高速集成电路硬件描述语言。

Package‘Ryacas0’January12,2023Version0.4.4Title Legacy'Ryacas'(Interface to'Yacas'Computer Algebra System)Maintainer Mikkel Meyer Andersen<*************.dk>Encoding UTF-8Description A legacy version of'Ryacas',an interface to the'yacas'computer algebra system(<http: ///>).Depends R(>=3.3.0)Imports methods,Rcpp(>=0.12.0),stats,settings,xml2LinkingTo RcppSuggests devtools,exams,knitr,Matrix,pkgload,rmarkdown,igraph,testthatLicense GPL-2URL https:///r-cas/ryacas0,BugReports https:///r-cas/ryacas0/issuesRoxygenNote7.2.3VignetteBuilder knitrNeedsCompilation yesAuthor Mikkel Meyer Andersen[aut,cre,cph],Rob Goedman[aut,cph],Gabor Grothendieck[aut,cph],Søren Højsgaard[aut,cph],Grzegorz Mazur[aut,cph],Ayal Pinkus[aut,cph],Nemanja Trifunovic[cph](UTF-8part of yacas(src/yacas/include/yacas/utf8*))Repository CRANDate/Publication2023-01-1209:50:05UTC12Ryacas0-package R topics documented:Ryacas0-package (2)as.Sym.character (3)as.Sym.matrix (4)bodyAsExpression (4)Eval (5)getSyms (6)get_output_width (6)root (7)Ryacas_options (7)set_output_width (8)stripvar (8)syacas (9)Sym (9)yacas (10)yacasTranslations (14)yacas_evaluate (15)yacmode (16)y_ls (17)Index18 Ryacas0-package R interface to yacas computer algebra packageDescriptionRyacas0allows one to use the yacas computer algebra package entirely from within R.It takes an R expression,an R one line function or a yacas string and returns an R expression or a variety of other formats.It can be used for symbolic mathematics,exact arithmetic,ASCII pretty printing and R to TeX conversions.The main command is yacas and?yacas provides some information on installation and startup.DetailsThe following are sources of information on"Ryacas0":DESCRIPTIONfile library(help=Ryacas0)List of demofiles demo(package="Ryacas0")Demofile demo("Ryacas0")Demo demo("Ryacas0-PrettyPrinter")Demo demo("Ryacas0-Function")Demo demo("Ryacas0-Sym")Demo demo("Ryacas0-Expr")List Vignettes vignette(package="Ryacas0")Vignette vignette("Ryacas0")This File package?Ryacas0as.Sym.character3 Helpfiles?yacas,?yacasTranslations,?yacmode,?SymHelpfiles-Windows?yacasInstallNews RShowDoc("NEWS",package="Ryacas0")Acknowledgements RShowDoc("THANKS",package="Ryacas0")Wish List RShowDoc("WISHLIST",package="Ryacas0")Home page https:///r-cas/ryacas0/NoteThere is a note in the helpfile of the yacas command that discusses a number of installation and startup issues.Examplesprint(yacas(expression(integrate(1/x,x))))print(yacas("Integrate(x)1/x"))x<-Sym("x");Integrate(1/x,x)acos(Sym("1/2"))as.Sym.character Convert character vector to yacas objectDescriptionSimple and raw conversion to yacasUsage##S3method for class characteras.Sym(x,...)Argumentsx An R character vector....Not usedExamplesx<-c("a","2","4","c","d","6")xy<-as.Sym(x)yEval(y,list(a=3,c=3,d=3))4bodyAsExpression as.Sym.matrix Convert character matrix to yacas objectDescriptionSimple and raw conversion to yacasUsage##S3method for class matrixas.Sym(x,...)Argumentsx An R character matrix....Not usedExamplesx<-matrix(c("a","2","4","c","d","6"),3,2)xy<-as.Sym(x)yEval(y,list(a=3,c=3,d=3))bodyAsExpression Get body of function as an expression.DescriptionGet body of function as an expression.UsagebodyAsExpression(x)Argumentsx An R function.DetailsThis function is similar to the R body function except that function returns a call object whereas this one returns an expression usable in Ryacas calculations.Eval5 ValueAn expression.See AlsobodyExamples#construct an R function for the Burr probability density#function(PDF)given the Burr cumulative distribution function(CDF)BurrCDF<-function(x,c=1,k=1)1-(1+x^c)^-k#transfer CDF to yacasyacas(BurrCDF)#create a template for the PDF from the CDFBurrPDF<-BurrCDF#differentiate CDF and place resulting expression in bodybody(BurrPDF)<-yacas(expression(deriv(BurrCDF(x,c,k))))[[1]]#test out PDFBurrPDF(1)Eval Evaluate a yacas expression.DescriptionEvaluate a yacas expression.UsageEval(x,env=parent.frame(),...)Argumentsx Object to be evaluated.env Environment or list in which to perform evaluation....Not currently used.6get_output_widthExamplesEval(yacas(expression(x*x)),list(x=2))#samex<-2Eval(yacas(expression(x*x)))getSyms List Sym()objectsDescriptionLists all Sym()objects in the global environment(.GlobalEnv)UsagegetSyms(s=FALSE)Argumentss a logical value.If TRUE,all object names are returned.If FALSE,names which begin with a.are omitted.ExamplesgetSyms()xs<-Sym("x")getSyms()get_output_width Get width of yacas outputDescriptionGet width of yacas outputUsageget_output_width()root7 root Root functionDescriptionThe$y$’th root of$x$,i.e.$x^(1/y)$.Usageroot(x,y)Argumentsx Number to take$y$’th root ofy RootValueThe root y’th root of xRyacas_options Set or get options for the Ryacas packageDescriptionSet or get options for the Ryacas packageUsageRyacas_options(...)Arguments...Option names to retrieve option values or[key]=[value]pairs to set options. Supported optionsThe following options are supported•module_matvec_enabled(default TRUE):Print yacas List()’s as vectors and List(List(), ...)’s as matrices.•prettyform_default(default FALSE):Print yacas as PrettyForm()as default.8stripvar set_output_width Set width of yacas outputDescriptionSet width of yacas outputUsageset_output_width(w)Argumentsw Width in number of charactersstripvar Removes part of expression containing variableDescriptionYacas’Solve(eq,x)can return e.g.x==expr and{x==expr1,x==expr2,...}.Some usages are easier if the initial x==part is removed.This is the purpose of this function.Usagestripvar(expr,var)Argumentsexpr Expression where x==expr should be replaced to exprvar Name of variable,e.g.xValueExpression with left-hand side removedsyacas9 syacas yacas interface–silent versionDescriptionSimilar to yacas()but silent.This can be useful when working with yacas directly.Usagesyacas(x,...)Argumentsx A yacas character string or an R expression without terminating semicolon to be processed by yacas....Additional arguments ultimately passed down to yacas.character.See AlsoyacasSym SymDescriptionThe Symbol interface to yacas.UsageSym(...)Expr(x)Arguments...An R character string or object that can be coerced to a character string.x An R expression.10yacas DetailsAn object of class"Sym"is internally a yacas character string.An object of class"Expr"is in-ternally an R expression.One can combine such objects using the Math and Ops R operators (see help(Math)and help(Ops)for a list).Also there are methods for a number of R gener-ics:as.character.Sym,as.expression.Sym,determinant.Sym,deriv.Sym and print.Sym and yacas-oriented functions:Clear,Conjugate,Expand,Factor,Factorial,I,Identity,Infinity,Integrate, Inverse,InverseTaylor,Limit,List,N,Newton,Pi,Precision,PrettyForm,PrettyPrinter,Set,Sim-plify,Solve,Subst,Taylor,TeXForm,Transpose,Ver and"%Where%"all of which have the same meaning as the corresponding yacas commands.Try vignette("Rycas-Sym")for many examples.Get Sym objects with getSyms().ValueSym returns a"Sym"object and Expr returns an"Expr"object.NoteCurrently the only Expr methods implemented are as.character.Expr,deriv.Expr,Math.Expr,Ops.Expr and print.Expr.See Alsoas.Sym.matrix()Examplesx<-Sym("x")x*xIntegrate(x*x,x)Sym("%")%Where%list(x=10)acos(Sym("1/2"))y<-Exprq(x)y*yderiv(y*y,y)Exprq(acos(1/2))yacas yacas interfaceDescriptionInterface to the yacas computer algebra system.Usageyacas(x,...)##S3method for class characteryacas(x,verbose=FALSE,method,retclass=c("expression","character","unquote"),addSemi=TRUE,...)Argumentsx A yacas character string or an R expression without terminating semicolon to be processed by yacas....Additional arguments ultimately passed down to yacas.character.verbose A logical value indicating verbosity of output or"input"to only show input to yacas but not output from yacas or"output"to only show output from yacasbut not input to yacas.method method used to communicate with yacas.If"socket"is specified then the same yacas session is used on a sequence of calls.If"system"is specifiedthen a new instance of yacas is used just for the period of that call."system"does not require that the system be configured to support telnet/sockets and somay be useful in some instances.If no value is specified the default is takenfrom getOption("yacas.method")and if that is not specified"socket"is used."socket"and"system"may be abbreviated.addSemi If TRUE a semicolon is added to the character string sent to yacas.This can be set to FALSE if its known that the character string already has a trailing semicolon.It is ignored if retclass="expression".retclass The class of thefirst component of the yacas structure.It defaults to"expression"but may be specified as"character"or"unquote"."unquote"is the same as"character"except that if the character string returned would have otherwisehad quotes in thefirst and and last positions then they are stripped.DetailsThe user supplies an R expression,an R function name corresponding to a function with a single line body,a formula or a yacas input string.In the case of a formula it is regarded as an expression represented by the right hand side of the formula while the left hand side,if any,is ignored.Note the silent version syacas().ValueAn R object of class"yacas"is returned.If PrettyPrinter("OMForm")is in effect,which it is by default,then thefirst component is an R expression and the OMForm component contains Open-Math XML code.In other cases thefirst component is NULL and the YacasForm or PrettyForm components have display information.Generally an expression.Refer to details.NoteWindows Installation.On Windows one can install Ryacas by issuing the commands:install.packages("Ryacas",dep=TRUE)library(Ryacas)yacasInstall()or by using the Packages|Install package(s)menu in place of thefirst command.The sec-ond command downloads scripts.dat and yacas.exe from the internet and installs them into R_HOME/library/Ryacas/yacdir where R_HOME is the location of your R installation.Normally the default locations of yacas,its initializationfile and the scriptsfile are sufficient but, if necessary,they can be overridden via the environment variables:YACAS_HOME,YACAS_INIT and YACAS_SCRIPTS.The YACAS_INVOKE_STRING environment variable discussed in the next section overrides all three of these.All OS Installation.The YACAS_INVOKE_STRING environment variable can be used to override the invocation string for yacas.Normally it is not used.If it does need to be used then a typical use might be:library(Ryacas)#only need to do the file.copy command oncefile.copy(system.file("yacdir/R.ys",package="Ryacas"),"~/.yacsrc")#this needs to be done once per sessionSys.setenv(YACAS_INVOKE_STRING="yacas-pc--server9734")demo(Ryacas)#test it outyacmode.There is also a utility yacmode which is called without arguments and just turns R into a terminal into yacas until one quits out of it(and back to R)by entering stop,end,quit,exit or e.Startup.yacas starts up when yacasStart()is called or thefirst time yacas is called.yacas is shut down when yacasStop()is called or when the package is detached using the detach()R command.On Windows,when yacas is shut down,the yacas process is terminated on Windows XP Pro but not on other versions of Windows.In those cases there will be a dangling process that the user must terminate manually.Translation.The translation process occurs in several steps.If the input to the yacas function is an expression then it is translated to a valid yacas character string(otherwise,it is sent to yacas unprocessed).Yacas then processes the string and if retclass="expression"it is translated back to an R expression(otherwise it is sent back unprocessed).Examples of translations are:R yacassin(x)Sin(x)deriv(sin,x)Deriv(x)Sin(x)log(x)Ln(x)References/14yacasTranslations Examplesyacas(expression(Factor(x^2-1)))exp1<-expression(x^2+2*x^2)exp2<-expression(2*exp0)exp3<-expression(6*pi*x)exp4<-expression((exp1*(1-sin(exp3)))/exp2)print(yacas(exp4))print(yacas("Version()"))#yacas version#see demo("Ryacas-Function")yacasTranslations Yacas translationsDescriptionTranslations from R to the yacas computer algebra system.NoteThe translation process occurs in several steps.If the input to the yacas function is an expression then it is translated to a valid yacas character string(otherwise,it is sent to yacas unprocessed).Ya-cas then processes the string and if retclass="expression"it is translated back to an R expression (otherwise it is sent back unprocessed).Currently supported translations are:CONSTANTSR yacas======pi PiOPERATORSR yacas======7\%\%3Mod(7,3)7\%\/\%3Div(7,3)FUNCTIONSR yacas======sin(x)Sin(x)cos(x)Cos(x)yacas_evaluate15tan(x)Tan(x)asin(x)ArcSin(x)acos(x)ArcCos(x)atan(x)ArcTan(x)exp(x)Exp(x)sqrt(x)Sqrt(x)log(x)Ln(x)choose(n,k)Bin(n,k)gamma(x)Gamma(x)deriv(sin,x)Deriv(x)Sin(x)integrate(f,a,b)Integrate(x,a,b)f(x)list()List()factorial(n)n!Note the Limit example in demo(Ryacas0)for adding translations on thefly.The complete table under development.Author(s)Rob J GoedmanReferences/yacas_evaluate Evaluate yacas expressionDescriptionThis is a low-level function for evaluating yacas expression represented as string.Usageyacas_evaluate(expr)Argumentsexpr Yacas expressionValueResult of evaluating expr by yacas in OpenMath format and side-effects of the evaluationExamplesyacas_evaluate("D(x)Sin(x^2)")16yacmode yacmode yacmode interfaceDescriptionInteractive interface to the yacasUsageyacmode(enable_history=TRUE)Argumentsenable_history Use R history such that previous yacas commands can be used.Default is TRUE. DetailsThe user types valid yacas input and presses return.Type’quit’to return to R prompt.ValueOutput of yacas is returned.invisible NULLNoteNote that command will use R history()and modify it by default.Yacas is given a limited amount of time to complete,otherwise\[1\]CommandLine(1):User interrupted calculation is returned.E.g.Taylor(x,0,5)1/(1+x)will work,but Taylor(x,0,12)1/(1+x)is likely to take too long. References/Examples##Not run:yacmode()(x+y)^3-(x-y)^3Simplify(%)q##End(Not run)y_ls17 y_ls Get Yacas variablesDescriptionGet Yacas variablesUsagey_ls()ValueVector of variables defined in yacasIndex∗programmingRyacas0-package,2∗symbolmathbodyAsExpression,4Eval,5stripvar,8Sym,9yacas,10yacasTranslations,14yacmode,16%Where%(Sym),9addSemi(yacas),10as.character.Expr(Sym),9as.character.Sym(Sym),9as.character.yacas(yacas),10 as.Expr.formula(Sym),9as.expression.Sym(Sym),9as.expression.yacas(yacas),10 nguage(bodyAsExpression),4 as.Sym(Sym),9as.Sym.character,3as.Sym.matrix,4as.Sym.matrix(),10body,5 bodyAsExpression,4 CharacteristicEquation(Sym),9 Clear(Sym),9Conjugate(Sym),9deriv.Expr(Sym),9deriv.Sym(Sym),9 determinant.Expr(Sym),9 determinant.Sym(Sym),9 EigenValues(Sym),9Eval,5Expand(Sym),9Expr(Sym),9Exprq(Sym),9Factor(Sym),9Factorial(Sym),9FindRoots(Sym),9get_output_width,6getSyms,6I(Sym),9Identity(Sym),9Infinity(Sym),9Integrate(Sym),9Inverse(Sym),9InverseTaylor(Sym),9Limit(Sym),9List(Sym),9Math.Expr(Sym),9Math.Sym(Sym),9N(Sym),9Newton(Sym),9OpenMath2R(Sym),9Ops.Expr(Sym),9Ops.Sym(Sym),9Ops.yacas.symbol(Sym),9Pi(Sym),9Precision(Sym),9PrettyForm(Sym),9PrettyPrinter(Sym),9print.Expr(Sym),9print.Sym(Sym),9print.yacas(Sym),9root,7Ryacas0-package,2Ryacas_options,718INDEX19 Set(Sym),9set_output_width,8Simplify(Sym),9Solve(Sym),9stripvar,8Subst(Sym),9syacas,9syacas(),11Sym,9SymExpr(Sym),9Taylor(Sym),9TeXForm(Sym),9trans(Sym),9Transpose(Sym),9transtab(Sym),9Ver(Sym),9y_ls,17yacas,3,10yacas(),9yacas.symbol.value(Sym),9yacas_evaluate,15yacasTranslations,14yacmode,16yAssignFunction(yacas),10yDeriv(Sym),9yFactorial(Sym),9yIntegrate(Sym),9yLimit(Sym),9ynext(yacas),10yparse(yacas),10yrewrite(Sym),9ySequence(yacas),10ysub(yacas),10yUnlist(Sym),9。

EXTRUSION:Abrasion resistance 抗磨损性；Age 时效；Age-hardenable 热处理硬化Aging oven 时效炉；air cooling 风冷；airline 气管；alloy 合金Aluminium 铝；anneal 退火；artificial ageing 人工时效Bended 弯曲；billet 小圆棒；billet conveyor 铝棒运输机Billet furnace 铝棒加热炉；billet loader 装锭机；blister 气泡\砂眼Breakthrough pressure 突破压力；buip cycle 排气循环Butt end 压余，废料；chemical composition 化学成分Chip marks 碎屑\摩擦印；cleaning block 清缸垫；coarse grain 粗晶Coatings 涂层\涂料；compensating cable 补偿电缆；conductivity 传导率Contact marks 亮斑刀痕；container 盛锭筒；container liner 盛锭筒内衬Container walls 挤压筒壁；cooling belt 冷却带；corrosion (etch) 腐蚀Carbon marks 石墨痕；crack 开裂\龟裂；cross section 截面Crossover belts (拉直机)传送带；cutting 切割；defects 缺陷Deformation 变型；density 密度；descending area 递减区域Die 模具；die lines 模痕\模具线；die oven 模具加热炉；die stop 断痕Dim finish/matt finish 亚光；dirt spots 脏污点；drawing layout 拉制工艺Dummy block 挤压垫；etch lines 碱蚀线；exit temperature 出口温度Extrudability 可挤压性；extrusion 挤压；extrusion lines挤压线Flatness deviation 不平；front platen 前板；furnace 炉子Gas marks 气痕；grain 晶粒；grain size 晶粒度；handling marks 碰伤Hardness 硬度；hardness test 韦氏硬度钳；heat spots 热斑Heat zones 组织条纹；homonization/homogen/homogenate 均匀化Inclusion 内杂物；induction heater 电感应加热器；junction 结点，接头Infrared thermalmeter 红外测温仪；kink 扭结；lamination 叠层Lead out table 导出台；log 圆棒；log conveyor 圆棒输送机Log furnace 圆棒加热炉；log shear 圆棒剪；magnesium 镁Main cylinder 主缸；main pressure 主缸压力mechanical property机械性能Microstructure 显微结构；mist cooling 水雾冷却；pick up 粘铝Natural ageing 自然时效nitridation氮化non-age-hardenable 非热处理硬化Orange peel 橙皮；oxide cracks 氧化物裂纹；pick-ups 夹渣Property 性能；puller 牵引机；quench 淬火；quench box 淬火槽Ramp 上料台斜坡；recovery 成品率；roll mark 滚动痕；saw 锯Runout table 输出台；salt spots 盐斑；saw burr 锯毛刺scrap 废料，碎片Scratches 划伤；shape 型材；snap mark 假接头；stem 挤压杆Solid solution 固溶处理；squareness 矩尺;staging and saw 锯切台和锯Staging area 锯切台；stop marks 接缝；strain-hardened 应变硬化Streakiness 机械条纹；stress 应力；stretcher 拉直机；Stretcher jam mark 拉伸机夹痕；tearing 扯裂；temper 状态回火Tensile 拉伸；tensile strength 拉伸强度；thermal 热的Thermal couple 热电偶；thermocouple 热电偶探针；transfer belt 传送皮带Weld streak zones 焊合线；wrought alloy 变形合金；yield strength屈变力Re-cut 精锯车间Ac circuit 交流电路；allocation 定位；analyse mechanics 分析力学Anneal 退火；arrester brake 制动器；assembling 装配；assembly drawing 装配图；asynchronous motor 异步电动机；benchmark 基准Bending stress 弯曲应力；bore 钻削；broaching 拉孔；broaching machine 拉床；carburization 渗碳；CCD camera 摄像头；chain 链条；chuck 卡盘Circuit 电路；clutch 离合器；cold machining 冷加工；coupling 联轴器Crosshead 十字结连轴节；cutter 刀具；cylinder 气缸；DC electrical source 直流电源；decarburization 脱碳；deformation 变形；deforming force变形力；direction of feed 进给方向；direction of main movement 主运动方向Displacement 位移；drive/transmission 传动；durability 耐用度Dynamic 动力学；elasticity 弹性；electric spark machining 电火花加工Electrical discharge wire-cutting 线切割加工；electromotor 电动机Error 误差；external grinding 外圆磨削；fatigue limit 疲劳极限；forge 锻Finish machining 精加工；found 铸造（cast）;fracture 断裂；gear 齿轮Fraising 铰孔；frequency characteristic频率特性；friction 摩擦Gate circuit 门电路；gear machining 齿轮加工；gearbox 变速箱Gearbox casing变速箱体；generator 发生器；geometrical 几何形状Gig机床夹具；grinder 磨床；headstock 主轴承；heat treatment 热处理helix螺旋;hitting 压缩；hotwork 热加工;hydraulic pump 液压泵industrial moulding design 工业造型设计；intensity 强度；invalidation 失效interference fit 过盈配合；internal force 内力；internal grinding 内圆磨削kinematic 运动学；lathe 车床；lathe tool车刀；lead rail 导轨link 联结；load 载荷；locksmith 钳工；logic algebra 逻辑代数machine tool 机床；machining allowance机械加工余量；machining center 加工中心；magnetic circles 磁路；main movement 主运动；mill 铣削metal cutting 金属切削；milling cutter 铣刀；nonferrous metal 有色金属normalizing 正火；optimal design 优化设计；oxidation 氧化；pin 销part drawing 零件图；phase diagram 相图；plane grinding 平面磨削power 功率；precision 精度；profile chart 剖视图；pulling 拉伸reamer 绞刀；re-cut 精锯；reliability 可靠性；respons响应；rigidity 硬度rolling bearing 滚动轴承；rough machining 粗加工；rounding chamfer倒角rust 腐蚀；safty factor 安全系数；sawing machine 锯床；screw 螺钉section截面；semiconductor element 半导体元件；shaft 轴；shear 剪切sinusoid 正弦型的；size marking 尺寸标注；sliding bearing 滑动轴承solid state phase changes固态相变；spindle主轴；spline键；spring 弹簧spot facing machining 孔加工；stamping压模standard component标准件static 静力学；strap 皮带；stress应力；subassembly 组件；weld 焊technical requirements 技术要求；technology of metals 金属工艺学thread 螺纹；thread processing 螺纹加工；three-phase AC 三相交流电transformer 变压器；turning 车削；twist 扭转；valve 阀门；view 视图wear 磨损workpiece 工件SURFACE TREATMENT 表面处理车间Accelerated light fastness test 表面的光坚度判定试验；ageing 酸膜的固化Accelerated weathering test 加速老化试验；acid degreasing 酸脱脂Activation 活性化处理；aging oven 时效炉；alkali etching 碱蚀剂Alkali etching additives 碱蚀添加剂；alloy 合金；ammonia water 氨水Alternating current anodizing交流法；anode阳极anodic oxidation阳极氧化Anodic oxide coating 阳极酸化皮膜；anodizing bath 氧化槽；Anodizing tank 氧化池；anodizing thickness 氧化厚度；auxiliary electrode 辅助电极；barrel polishing 滚筒抛光；bath voltage 电解电压Belt standing/belt grinding/belt polishing 皮带研磨；brasion resistance test 耐磨耗性试验；breakdown voltage 击穿电压；bright dipping 退光Brightening alkali etching agent 光亮碱蚀剂；brightening cleaning agent光亮清洗剂；brushing 刷净；burr 毛刺；cathode 阴极；caustic soda flakes 片碱；caustic soda liquid 液碱；certification 合格证；chemical brightening 化学研磨；chemical conversion coating/conversion coating 化成皮膜Coating ratio 皮膜产生率；coating thickness test 厚度测试试验Color tolerance 色的许容差；color-difference meter色差计；coloring additive 着色添加剂；color difference 色差；concession 放行Constant current anodizing 定电流法；constant voltage anodizing定电压法Cracking of anodic oxide coating 皮膜破坏crane 行车；current density 电流密度；current distribution 电流分布；degreasing 脱脂；derack 下排Deionized water 去离子水；detection 探测度diameter直径；die ring模套Diamond-cut finish钻石刀加工处理；die size 模具规格；diffuse reflection散射；direct current anodizing 直流法；disposal for the unqualified 不合格处理；distance between electrodes 极间距离；dyestuff 燃料Eletrolysis电解；electrolytic degreasing 电解脱脂；electrolytic etching电解蚀刻法；electrolytic polishing 电解研磨；electrolytic solution 电解液Electrolytically colored anodic oxide coating 电解染色皮膜；elongation延伸率；embossing 凹凸模样加工；emulsion degreasing 脱脂；failure mode 失效模式；filiform corrosion 丝状腐蚀；film thickness膜厚；filter pulp 滤棉Fitting 配件；frame for racking 电解框；general bolster通用垫；gloss/luster 光泽；hair-line finish 发丝；hard anodic oxide coating 硬质皮膜High temperature hole sealing additive 高温封孔添加剂；hydrochloric acid 盐酸；hydro-thermal sealing 水合封孔处理；industrial sulphuric acid工业硫酸；lridescence 干涉色；kilo watt hour 度；less visible surface 次视面Local corrosion 局部腐蚀；local thickness 测定点皮膜厚度；matt finish 犁地处理；medium temperature hole sealing agent 中温封孔剂；mill finish 素材；medium temperature sealing agent 中温封闭剂；mirror reflection/specular reflection镜面反射；natural oxidation 自然酸化；nickel acetate 乙酸镍nickel sealing 镍盐封孔处理；nickel sulfate 硫酸镍Nitric acid 硝酸；occurance 发生率；oil soluble dyestuff 油溶性燃料Ordinary white 普白；organic solvent degreasing 有机溶剂脱脂；oxalic acid anodic oxide coating 草酸皮膜；passsive state 钝化；perimeter 周长Phosphate process磷酸盐法；pigment 颜料；pitting corrosion 孔腐蚀Pore micropore 微细孔；porous anodic oxide film 多空质皮膜；pretreatment 前处理；pure sulfuric acid 纯硫酸;rack 挂具racking 上排；radius 半径Reflectivity 反射率；relative-specula glossiness 镜面光泽度；remover剥离剂；rework返工；rinsing 清洗；root cause 根本原因；rust remover除锈剂Salt spray test 盐雾试验；sandblasting 喷砂；sandblasting ordinary black 喷砂普黑；sandblasting ordinary white 喷砂普白；sanding/grinding/polishing 研磨；self-colour anodic oxide coating 自然发色皮膜；set temperature设定温度；severity 严重度；solvent A 溶剂A;solvent B溶剂B；spin finish 环形加工；spin fishing 回转研磨；stain resistance 耐污染性；Stainless steel acid-resistant submersible pump 不锈钢耐酸潜水泵；Stannous mono-sulphate 硫酸亚锡；straightness直线度；sulphoacid anodic oxide coating 硫酸皮膜；surface quality class 表面质量等级；surface roughness 表面粗度；tensile strength 抗拉强度；tracebility 追溯Uniformity of film皮膜均一性；unspecified tolerance末注公差；visible surface 主视面；water soluble dyestuff 水溶性燃料；weather resistance 耐候性；work in process 在制品；yield strength 屈服强度Remelt-casting 熔铸车间Airslip casting 气滑铸造aluminum-copper alloy 铝铜合金；aluminum-magnesium alloy 铝镁合金；aluminum-silicon alloy 铝硅合金Bath 熔池；billet saw 铝棒锯切机；billet/log 铸棒；blow hole 气孔Casting 铸造；casting length 铸造长度；casting machine 铸造机；casting mould 铸造模具；casting pit 铸井；casting process 铸造工艺；casting stress铸造应力；casting tool 铸造工具；charge 炉料；charge calculation炉料计算；cold cracking 冷裂；cold shut,cold lap 冷隔；continuous casting 连续铸造；contraction stress 收缩应力；cooling chamber 冷却室；covering flux 覆盖剂；DC casting/demicontinuous casting 半连续铸造；defective casting 缺陷铸件；degasser除气箱；degassing 除气；degree of undercooling过冷度；deslagging 出渣destructive testing 破坏性试验；directional solidification 定向凝固；distributary channel 分流盘；filling channel 导流管Firebrick 耐火砖；fireclay 耐火粘土；flowing channel 流槽；fluidity 流动性Flux溶剂;foundry returns 回炉料；free contraction 自由收缩；gas absorption 吸气；graphite ring 石墨环；heat treatment crack 热处理裂纹Heredity 遗传性；heterogeneous nucleation 非自发成核；hindered contraction 受阻收缩；holding 静置；holding furnace 保温炉；homegeneous nucleation 均质成核；homegenizing furnace 均热炉；homogennizing process 均热工艺；homogizing charging machine 均热料车；hot tearing 热裂；hot top casting 热顶铸造；inclusion 夹杂物；inert gas 惰性气体；internal quality of casting 铸件内在质量；interrupted pour 浇铸断流；liquid contraction 液态收缩；master alloy 中间合金；melting 熔化Melting furnace /smelting furnace 熔炼炉；melting rate 熔化率；metallic raw material 金属原材料；mold-filling capacity 充型能力；mould table 铸造平台；nitrogen flushing 吹氮；nondestructive inspection 无损检测；Nucleation 成核；oil slip casting 油滑铸造；open grain structure 组织粗大Oxidizing atmosphere 氧化气氛；pinhole 针孔；porosity microshrinkage 疏松；pouring 浇注；pouring rate 浇注速度；pouring temperature 浇注温度；pouring time 浇注时间；Pre-solidifying grain 光亮晶粒；puring bin 放流箱；quality analysis of casting 铸件质量分析；reducing atmosphere 还原气氛；refining 精炼；refining flux精炼剂；refractoriness 耐火度；remelting 重熔；residual stress 残留应力；rod filler 喂丝机；rough surface 表面粗糙；saw chips 切屑；segregation 偏析；shrinkage 铸件线收缩率；shrinkage 缩孔；slagging-off扒渣;solid contraction固态收缩；solidification contraction 凝固收缩；solidification rangs 凝固时间；stating head 引锭头；superheating 过热；thermal stress热应力；total melting loss熔炼损耗；transfer plank转接板；transformation stress 相变应力；undercooling/supercooling过冷；Visual quality of casting 铸件外观质量DieAlignment 挤压中心;alkaline etching 碱蚀；aluninium oxide 氧化铝；angle gauge 角规；annealing 退火；area for electric forklift 叉车放置区；back end 缩微缺陷；backer 后垫；backup die 备用模；baff ring 缓冲模套；bearing 工作带；bench 工作台；billet小铝棒；blaster cabinet 喷砂箱；blister 气泡；bolster 模垫；bow 弯曲；burr 毛刺；butt end 压余；caliper 卡尺；caustic 煮模；caustic visors 煮模面罩；cavity 型腔；chamfer 倒角；charge weld 填充焊合；choke 阻碍角；core 工头；cutting oil 切割油；die 模具；die cracks 模具裂缝；die crane 模具提升机；die life 模具寿命；die line 模痕；die oven 模具加热炉；die plate 下模；die press in-press out device 模具推入推出设备；die rack 模具架；die ring 模套；die separation device 模具分离设备；Die slide 滑模座；die station 压机模座；die storage 模具仓库；die trial 试模；dowel pin 销钉；drill 钻；dummy block 挤压垫；electrode 电机；emery paper 砂纸；feeder plate 导流板；feeler gauge 塞尺；file 锉刀；flatness deviation 不平；flower 跑铝；grain size 晶粒度；graphite block 石墨板；grind 打磨；grinder 磨枪；hold dies 封存模具；hollow die 分流模；inclusion/pickup 夹渣；incoming inspection 模具到货检验；inlet 入料口；knock off卸模；log 大铝棒；lubricant 润滑剂；mandrel 上模；milling machine 铣床；nitriding 氮化；nitriding operation area 氮化作业区；nitrogen 氮气；Nose piece 头料；offset 偏移；old saw blade 废旧锯条；outlet 出料口；pallet truck托盘车；pin gauge 塞针；pocket二级焊合；port 进料孔；Relief 空刀；run-out position出料方向；sand blaster 喷砂机；screw hole 螺孔；sink EDM电火花机；slot 槽口；snap mark 假接头；solid die/flat die 平模；speed 促流角；square 矩尺；surface concave 面凹；surface convex 面凸；tongue 悬臂；twist 扭拧；undercut 后空刀；vernier千分尺；vice 台钳；wall thickness 壁厚；web/bridge 桥；welding烧焊；welding chamber 焊合室；wire cutting 线切割；Technical 技术部Abrasion resistance 耐磨损性；acid aluminum waste water pump酸铝废水输送泵；acid etching 酸蚀；acid piping 硫酸管路系统；acid store station 硫酸储存供应站；added holder 配药罐；additive 添加剂；adjustable hot plate可调式点热板；after sealing hot water recycling filtration 封孔后热水循环过滤器;age 时效；age oven 时效炉；age-harden 热处理硬化；aircondition 空调系统；air dryer 冷冻式干燥机；air heating and recycling system 热风循环加热装置；air supply piping 空气鼓风管路系统；air supply system空气系统；alkali 纯碱；alkaline dorse mixer （碱槽）加药搅拌站；Alkaline etching 碱蚀；alkaline exhaust filtration （碱槽）吸废气抽风净化机；aluminate 铝酸盐；aluminum ton concentration stablelize 铝离子浓度稳定装置；aluminum oxide氧化铝；aluminum sheet/slice 铝片；aluminum welder 铝焊机；aluminum alloy 铝合金；aluminum alloy sections/aluminum profile铝合金型材；aluminum alloy wire 铝合金线；aluminum beam铝梁；Aluminum bearing structure 铝支撑结构；aluminum blasting cap 铝爆管；Aluminum board/plate/sheet 铝板；aluminum body 铝车身；aluminum building unit 铝制建筑构件；aluminum casting铝铸件,铸铝；aluminum casting alloy 铸铝合金；aluminum channel 槽型铝材；aluminum curtain wall 铝幕墙；aluminum die casting 压铸铝；aluminum doors/windows铝门窗；Aluminum electrolysis equipment 铝电解设备；aluminum extrusion挤压铝制品；aluminum fluoride氟化铝；aluminum foil铝箔；aluminum foil products 铝箔制品；aluminum forge铝锻件；aluminum ingot 铝锭；aluminum magnesium alloy 铝镁合金；aluminum ore 铝矿；aluminum oxide 氧化铝；Aluminum pipe/tube 铝管；aluminum plastic board 铝塑板；aluminum products 铝制品；aluminum rivet 铝铆钉；aluminum roll 铝卷；aluminum round bar 铝圆棒；aluminum scrap 废铝；aluminum scutcheon 铝标牌；Aluminum section-bar extruding mould(die) 铝型材挤压模具；aluminum shutter 铝百叶；aluminum silicate 硅酸铝；aluminum silicon alloy 铝硅合金；aluminum stick/rod 铝棒；aluminum strip 铝带/铝条；aluminumthread/wire铝线；aluminum wheel spider/hub 铝轮彀；alumyte 铝土矿；anneal 退火；anodize auto氧化设备自动化集散；anodize auxiliary 氧化线辅助设施；anodize line 氧化生产线；anodize power 氧化电源；anodize rectifier 氧化整流器；anodized electronice master control 氧化区电气控制总柜；anodized tank recycle acid pump 氧化槽槽液循环酸泵；anticorodal 铝基硅镁合金；anti-corrosion 氧化槽防腐；artificial ageing 人工时效；atomic structure 原子结构；auto dorse system自动加药系统；auto gate 无轨门；auto powder spray 自动粉末喷涂装置；automatic color difference meter全自动测色色差计；automatical electrical distiller（stainless steel）不锈钢断水自控电热蒸馏水器；automoble scale 电子汽车衡；auxiliary equipment 辅助设施；auxiliary fan cooling 辅助风冷；availability rate 挤压机利用率；backer 下模；bauxite铝矾土；bended aluminum tube/profiles 弯曲管/型材；billet oven铝棒炉；bloster 模垫；blower 鼓风机；binell hardness 布氏硬度；burr 毛刺；capa compensator 电容补偿；capacity compensation电容补偿；car shelding 车棚；casting 铸造；casting table 铸造平台；charge weld 对焊；chromate 钝化；chrome waster water pump 含铬废水输送泵；circulation pump 循环水泵；city water supply system 自来水接入系统；cleaning equipment 清洗设备；coating 涂料/涂层；coating facility 涂装车间；coating equipment 涂层设备；cold-rolled equipment 冷轧设备；cooling tower 冷却塔；compress system 空压系统；compressed air piping 压缩空气供应管路；compressor 压缩空气储罐/空压机；conduct beam 导电梁；conduct beam clean machine 电梁清洗机；container wall 挤压筒筒壁；control carbinet 电控柜；vonvex die 分流模；cook ware 食堂厨具；coolwater unit 冷水机组；cooling room 冷却室；cooling station 冷冻机房；cooling system 冷却系统；cooling system console 冷冻系统电气控制柜；cooling table 冷床;cooling tower control 冷却塔控制柜；cooling water piping 冷冻水管路系统；corrosion-proof/corrosion resisting aluminum alloy 耐蚀铝合金；corrosion resistance 耐腐蚀性；covering agent 覆盖剂；crane 专用行车；crape 回料；crean auxiliary 起重机辅助；critical quench rate 临界淬火率；cross hatch cutter 漆膜划格器；cross section 截面；curing 固化；curing oven固化炉；cutting 切割；cutting equipment 切割设备；DC display 直流屏；dedusting system 除尘设备；dedustor 除尘器本体；deformation 变形；degrease 除油；deionized water 纯水；deoxidant 脱氧剂；die 模具；die caustic heating system 煮模加热系统；die crane 模具提升机；die oven 模具炉；die plate 上模；die ring 模环；digital conductivity meter 数显电导率仪；dolly (复合)料车；doors&windows and curtain wall equipment 门窗幕墙设备；double beam crane 双梁（桥式）起重机；double deck oven 双层铁皮电炉；drawing layout 拉制工艺；drawing aluminum tube 精抽铝管；drill, mill 钻铣床；dross digger,skimmer 扒渣机；dry oven 烘干机；duralumin sheet 硬铝板；dying dealing mixer 着色封孔搅拌；dying rectifier 着色整流器；ED baking oven 电泳烘烤炉；ED electronic master control 氧化区电气控制总柜；ED mix tank 电泳加药搅拌器；ED paint control 电泳漆精制装置；ED paint degrease 电泳漆除油装置；ED paint recycle 电泳漆回收装置；ED rectifier 电泳整流器；ED recycle filtration 电泳循环过滤机；elastic modulus 弹性模量；electric scale 电子衡；electrolytic aluminum 电解铝；electromagnetic flowmeter 智能电磁流量计；electronicbalance 电子天平；electronics control 电气控制系统；electrothermal constant-temperature dry box 电热恒温干燥箱；end-forming 鐓头；exhaust treatment 废气处理系统；exit temp.measurement 出口温度测量；exit temperature 出口温度；extension aluminum tube 伸缩铝管；extruded aluminum pipe 挤压铝管；extruded aluminum sill 挤压铝窗台；extrusion equipment 挤压设备；extrusion/press 挤压；fan 风机；feeder 输送机；film cone banding test meter 漆膜锥形弯曲试验仪；film machine 贴膜机；film sticking machine 贴膜机；filtration system 循环过滤系统；finish saw 成品锯；fire extinguish system 消防系统；fixed billet furnace 短棒加热炉；flat die 平模；fluoride salt 氟化盐；fluorin nickel/PHOS 镍/磷化废水系统；fluxing medium 打渣剂；forklift 叉车；founding equipment 熔铸；frame 料框Frequency conversion pump 循环变频水泵；front filtration system 前置过滤器；gas tank 储气罐；gas generation equipment 气体发生设备；gas processing equipment 气体发生设备；glass meter 镜像光泽度以；googd uniformity 均匀性好；good welding performance 焊接性良好；grooving machine 开齿机；hand spray gun 手动喷枪装置；hanging fixture 吊具；hardening and tempering 调质处理；hardner feeding machine 送丝机；hardness test 里氏硬度计；hardware stock 五金库；head saw 切头机；heat-rolled equipment 热轧设备；high voltage control carbinet 高压开关柜；Homogenizing oven 均质炉；homonization 均匀化；horz centrifugal pump 卧式离心泵；hot water tank 热水箱；HVAC 空气管道系统；hydraulic liquid/medium 液压油；hydro dolly 液压手推车；hydrogen alumina 氢氧化铝；hydrolic oil 液压油；hydrolic trolly 液压手推车；in process materialguidebar 半成品库隔离护栏；industrial aluminum materials 工业铝原料；industrial felt 工业毛毡；industrial furnace 工业炉；infaray heating system 辐射加热装置；ingot saw 锯棒机；inspection equipment 检测设备；integer machine/roller correction machine 整形机；intelligent thermostat 智能恒温恒湿箱；internal scrap produced废品率；intersperse分散；jointing equipment 焊接设备；lathe 台式车床；level gauge 液位计；lift equip专用吊具；lift table 升降平台；lifter 提升机；lifting pump 提升泵；lighting 照明；lime configuration system 石灰乳配置系统；long billet hot shear 长棒热剪炉；long tank cleaner 长槽清洗机；long tank recycle filtration长水循环过滤机；longitudinal weld 纵向焊缝；low-bolt power supply 低压配电柜；mag stiring machine 电磁搅拌装置；magnesium silicide crystals 硅化镁晶体；magnetoelectricity equipment 磁电设备；maintenance crane 检修起重机；melting furnance 铝合金熔炼炉；mid pump 中间水泵；multi billet oven多棒炉；multi media filtration 多介质过滤器；natural ageing 自然时效；natural gas system 天然气系统；nitrogen container 氮气储罐；nitrogen generator 制氮机；nitrogen well oven 井式渗氮炉；non-age-harden 非热处理硬化；overall equipment effectiveness(OEE)整个设备效率；packaging equipment 包装设备；packaging material 包装材料；packing machine 打包机；performance rate 实际出品率；PH meter PH计；piping 管路系统；plain rolled equipment 压延设备；polishing unit 抛光设备；powder coating equipment粉末喷涂设备；powder coating line 喷涂线；power rectifier console整流器中央控制柜；power supply 配电柜；power supply system 动力供电系统；power system供配电；precipitate 沉淀；preserve 保持；press挤压机；press efficiency挤压机效率；pressure instrument 压力峰值仪；pretreat tank anti-corrosion前处理槽防腐；production and maintenance downtime 停机时间；productivity measurement 生产效率评估；profile correction machine 整形机；profiles bending equipment 型材拉弯设备；puller 牵引机；purify and filter 精炼和过滤；purifying equipment 净化设备；pyrometer高温计；quality rate 可销售产品率；quench rate 淬火率；quenching 淬火;racks 货架；radiator/heat sink 散热器；rain water treatment system雨水处理系统；raw materials 原辅材料；rear filtration system 后置过滤器；recovery 成品率；recycle water controller 循环水控制器；reduction 变形；refining container 精炼罐；refining agent 精炼剂；rejected or returned ratio 退货率；remel 熔炼；remelt and casting 熔铸车间；rinse 清洗；rolling machine 辊压机；salt spray test machine 标准型盐水喷雾试验机；sand blaster 喷砂机；sand filter 筛沙机；saw 双头锯；scales称重；scrap 废料；scrap pusher 压余机；scrap saw 废铝剪切机；screen plate/filter过滤板；sealing recycle filtration unit 封孔槽液循环过滤机；seamless aluminum pipe 无缝铝管；shear zone 剪切区域；shearing equipment 剪切设备；shifting pump 转移泵；shrink packing machine 热收缩膜包装机；signal display 信号屏；single beam crane 单梁起重机；sludge pump 排泥泵；smoke channel 地下烟道；solid solution 固溶处理；solution container 熔药炉；solution system 配药储药系统；spectral photometer 分光光度计；spectrometer 光谱试验仪；spray machine 转移保湿喷淋机；spray room and recycling system 粉末静电喷房及回收系统；spraying equipment 喷涂设备；stainless steel filtration 不锈钢过滤器；steam piping 蒸汽加热系统；steam supply 蒸汽供给系统；strain-harden 应变硬化；street lighting control 路灯控制箱；stretcher 拉直机；sulphuric 硫酸；supply station 供应站；surface treatment equipment 表面处理系统；surveillance system 监视设备系统；switch cable 开关柜线；table balance 架盘药物天平；tank air bubble generator 液鼓泡空气发生站；tank exhaust vent and cleaning system（碱）边废气抽风净化机；tank exhaust vent and treatment machine 氧化酸废气抽风净化机；tank liquid piping 液体循环系统；tearing 扯裂；temp.stick 测温笔；temper 状态；temper designations 状态定义；temperature control console 温度自动恒温控制；temperature control magnetic force agitator 控温磁力搅拌器；temperature rise 挤压时的上升温度；tensile test 万能测试机;testing table 检测平台；thermal bar insert machine 穿条机；thermal debridge line 隔热断桥线；thermal-insulation equipment 隔热设备；TIG 电焊机；tig welder 氩弧焊机；tombar thite/rare earth 稀土；total productive maintenance (TPM)全员生产维护；transfer chains 传送链；transfer piping system 输送管道系统；transtormer 变压器；transport system 输送系统；truck loader 加料机；ventilation抽风机；vibration powder unit 震动分仓；vickers hardness 韦氏硬度；virgin/original/primitive aluminum 原铝；waste water collection system 废水分类收集系统；waste water system 排污系统；water and fan quench 水冷及风冷；water cart 水转移车；water piping 清水供应管路系统；water pump 水泵；water recycling system 循环水系统；wearing resistance 耐磨性；weight per person-hour 单位时间人均成品率；zinc oxide 氧化锌；Maintenance 维修部：Abrasion resistance 耐磨损性；acid aluminum waster water pump酸铝废水输送泵；acid piping 硫酸管路系统；acid store station 硫酸储存供应站；added holder 配药罐；adjustable hot plate 可调式电热板；after sealing hot water recycling filtration封孔后热水循环过滤机；age oven/aging oven 时效炉；air condition空调系统；air cooling 风冷；air dryer冷冻式干燥机；air heating and recycling system 热风循环加热装置；air supply piping 空气鼓风管路系统；air supply system 空气系统；alkaline dorse mixer（碱槽）加药搅拌站；alkaline exhaust filtration （碱槽）废气抽风净化机；alkine tank exhaust vent and cleaning system 吸废气抽风净化机；aluminum lon concentration stablelize 铝离子浓度稳定装置；aluminum welder 铝焊机；anodize auto 氧化设备自动化集散；anodize auxiliary 氧化线辅助设施；anodize line 氧化生产线；anodize power 氧化电源滤波器；anodize rectifier 氧化整流器；anodized electronic master control 氧化区电气控制总柜；anodized tank recycle acid pump 氧化槽槽液循环酸泵；anti-corrosion（氧化槽）防腐；atomic structure 原子结构；auto dorse system 自动加药系统；auto gate 无轨门；auto powder spray 自动粉末喷涂装置；automatic color difference meter 全自动测色色差计；automatical electrical distiller(stainless steel )不锈钢断水自控电热蒸馏水器；automobile scale 电子汽车衡；auxiliary equipment 辅助设施；auxiliary fan cooling 辅助风冷；batching belt 配置传送带；billet oven 铝棒炉；blower鼓风机；brinell hardness 布氏硬度；capa(citance)compensator 电容补偿；casting table 铸造平台；chrome waster water pump 含铬废水输送泵；circulation pump 循环水泵；city watersupply system 自来水接入系统；clamps 夹头；cooling tower 冷却塔；compress system 空压系统；compressed air piping 压缩空气供应管路系统；compressor 空压机；conduct beam 导电梁；conduct beam clean machine 电梁清洗机；container 盛锭筒；container liner 盛锭筒内衬（内套）；container wall 挤压筒筒壁；control carbinet 电控柜；cool water unit 水冷式冷水机组；cooling belt 冷却带；cooling room 冷却室；cooling station 冷冻机房；cooling system 冷却系统；cooling system console 冷冻系统电气控制柜；cooling table 冷床；cooling tower control 冷却塔控制柜；cooling water piping 冷冻水管路系统；corrosion resistance 耐腐蚀性；crane 专用行车；crean auxiliary 起重机辅助；cross hatch cutter 漆膜划格器；crossover belts （拉直机）传送带；curing 固化；curing oven 隧道固化炉；DC display 直流屏；dedusting system 除尘设备；dedustor 除尘器本体；deionized water 纯水；digital conductivity meter 数显电导率仪；dolly（复合）料车；double beam crane 双梁（桥式）起重机；double deck oven 双层铁皮电炉；drill/mill 钻铣床；dross digger/skimmer 扒渣机；dry oven 烘烤机；dying dealing mixer着色封孔搅拌；dying rectifier 着色整流器；ED baking oven电泳烘烤炉；ED electronic master control 氧化区电气控制总柜；ED mix tank 电泳加药搅拌桶；ED paint control 电泳漆精制装置；ED paint degrease 电泳漆除油装置；ED paint recycle 电泳漆回收装置；ED rectifier 电泳整流器；ED recycle 电泳回收过滤循环机；electric scale 电子衡；electromagnetic flowmeter 智能电磁流量计；electronic balance 电子天平；electronics control 电气控制系统；electrothermal constant-temperature dry box 电热恒温干燥箱；energization 活化；exhaust treatment 废气处理系统；exitTemp.measurement 出口温度测量；exit temperature 出口温度；fan 风机；feeder 输送机；film cone banding test meter 漆膜锥形弯曲试验仪；film machine 贴膜机；filmogen成膜剂；filtration system 循环过滤系统；fire extinguish system 消防系统；fixed billet furnace 短棒加热炉；fluorin nickel/PHOS 镍/磷化废水食堂；forklift 叉车；frame 料框；frequency conversion pump 循环变频水泵；front filtration system 前置过滤器；front platen 前板；gas tank 储气罐；glass meter 镜像光泽度以；good uniformity 均匀性好；good welding performance 焊接性良好；grooving machine 开齿机；hand spray gun 手动喷枪装置；handing fixture （专用）吊具；hardner feeding machine 送丝机；hardness test 里氏硬度计；hardware stock五金库；head saw 切头机；high voltage control carbinet 高压开关柜；homogenizing oven 均质炉；horz centrifugal pump 卧式离心泵；hot water tank 热水箱；HVAC 空气管道系统；hydro dolly 液压手推车；hydrolic oil 液压油；hydrolic trolly 液压手推车；in process material guidebar 半成品库隔离护栏；infaray heating system 辐射加热装置；infrared oven 红外线炉；ingot saw 锯棒机；intelligent thermostat 智能型恒温恒湿箱；lathe 台式车床；lead-out table 导出台；level gauge 液位计；lift equip专用吊具；lift table 液压升降平台；lifter 提升机；lifting pump 提升泵；lighting 照明；lime configuration system 石灰乳配置系统；long billet hot shear 长棒热剪炉；long tank cleaner 长槽清洗机；long tank recycle filtration 长水循环过滤机；low-bolt power supply 低压配电柜；mag stiring machine 电磁搅拌装置；main cylinder 主缸；maintenance crane 检修起重机；melting furnace 铝合金熔炼炉；mid pump 中间水泵；mist cooling 水雾冷却；multi billet oven 多棒炉；multi media filtration 多介质过滤器；natural gas system 天然气系统；nitrogen container 氮气储罐；nitrogen generator 制氮机；nitrogen well oven 井式渗氮炉；packing machine 打包机；PH meter PH计；piping 管路；port 进料口；powder coating line 铝型材粉体涂装线；power head 活动端；power rectifier console 电源整流器中央控制；power supply 配电柜；precipitate 沉淀；pressure instrument 压力峰值仪；pretreat tank anti-corrosion 前处理槽防腐；profile correction machine 整形机；programmable logic controller 可编程序控制器；puller 牵引机；purify and filter 精炼和过滤；pyrometer 高温计；quench box 淬火槽；quench rate 淬火率；racks 货架；radiant oven 辐射炉；rain water treatment system 雨水处理系统；RAM 挤压头；rear filtration system 后置过滤器；recycle water controller 循环水控制器；refining container 精炼罐；remelt and casting 熔铸车间；rinse 清洗；rolling machine 辊压机；runout table 输出台；salt spray test machine 标准型盐水喷雾试验机；sand blaster 喷砂机；sand filter 筛沙机；saw 双头锯；saw gauge 锯切定尺台；scales 称重；scrap pusher 压余机；scrap saw 废铝剪切机；sealing recycle filtration unit 封孔槽液循环过滤机；shifting pump 转移泵；shrink packing machine 热收缩膜包装机；signal display 信号屏；single beam crane 单梁起重机；sludge pump 排泥泵；smoke channel 地下烟道；solution container 熔药炉；solution system 配药储药系统；spectral photometer 分光光度计；spectrometer 光谱试验仪；spray machine 喷淋机；spray room and recycling system 静电喷房及回收系统；staging and saw 锯切工作台和锯；staging area 锯切工作台；stainless steel filtration 不锈钢过滤器；standing-wave cooling 过水槽冷却；steam piping 蒸汽加热系统；。

Unit 11The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation传递函数和拉普拉斯变换transfer function 传递函数Laplace transformation 拉氏变换Laplace domain 复频域linear and stationary 线性定常的initial condition 初始条件lumped parameter 集中参数transport lag 传输延迟complex Laplace variable 复变量polynomial n. 多项式order n. 阶integrate v. 积分differentiate v. 微分frequency domain 频率域characteristic function 特征函数characteristic equation 特征方程transient response 瞬态响应denominator polynomial 分母多项式numerator polynomial 分子多项式steady-state value 稳态值closed-loop transfer function 闭环传递函数opened-loop transfer function 开环传递函数block diagram algebra 方块图计算（代数）operational mathematics 应用数学constant coefficients 常系数manipulate v. 处理implement v. 实现become adept in 熟练homogeneous solution 通解particular solution 特解unilateral Fourier integral 单边傅立叶积分inverse transform 反（逆）变换improper integral 奇异（无理）积分superposition n. 叠加initial value theorem 初值定理final value theorem 终值定理magnitude n. 幅值shifting theorem 平移定理multiplication n. 复合性step n. 阶跃信号piecewise adj. 分段的yield v. 推导出，得出integro-differential equation 微积分方程Kirchhoffs laws 基尔霍夫定律algebraic equation 代数方程frequency transfer function 频率传递函数频率特性。

化学工程课程英文翻译数学 Math，Mathematics算术 Arithmetics代数Algebra，几何 Geometry三角 Trigonometry微积分 Calculus高等数学 Higher Mathematics 线性代数 Linear Algebra基础生命学 Basic Life Science 大学英语College English大学物理College Physics普通化学 General Chemistry 无机化学Inorganic Chemistry 有机化学 Organic Chemistry 分析化学 Analytical Chemistry生物化学 Biochemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry高分子化学Polymer Chemistry环境化学Environmental Chemistry合成化学Synthetic Chemistry体育Physical Education结构化学 Structure Chemistry材料化学 Material Chgemistry有机合成化学 Organic Synthetic Chemistry频谱识别Srectrum Identification概率 Probability药理学 Pharmacology药物合成 Drug Synthesis传质与分离工程Mass Transfer and SeparationEngineering应用电化学Applied Electrochemistry压力容器设计Design of Pressure Vessel电化学Electrochemistry绿色化学 Green Chemistry工业化学 Industrail Chemistry化学工程基础 Basics of Chemical Engineering 数值分析 Numerical Analysis流体力学 Mechanics of Fluids化工原理Priciples of Chemical Engineering 化工设计Design of Chemical Process,Design of Chemical PlantDesign of Chemical Product工程力学 Engineering Mechanics天然药物化学Natural Medical Chemistry波谱分析 Spectrum Analysis传递现象 Transfer Phenomenon化工传递过程Chemical transfer process化工技术进展Advance in Chemical Technology 化工技术经济Technology and Economy of Chemical Industry 传递过程导论Introduction to Transfer Processes水力学Hydraulics环境土壤学 Environmental Soil Science化工热力学Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 水处理技术 Water Treatment Technology热工基础 Fundamental of thermo-technology 制药工艺学 Pharmaceutical Technology制药分离工程Pharmaceutical Separation Engineering制药反应工程Pharmaceutical Reaction Engineering 抗生素工艺学 Antibotic TechnologyBASIC 语言 BASIC LanguageBASIC 语言及应用BASIC Language & Application C 语言 C Language工程热力学Engineering Thermodynamics医学化学 Medical Chemistry石油加工 Petroleum Refining煤液化Coal LquificationAspen Plus英语口语 Oral English酶工程Enzyme Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering 细胞生物学Cell Biology分子生物学Molecular Biology电工学 Electrotechnics药理学 Principles of Pharmaceuticals机械制图 Mechanical Graphing，Mechanical Drawings工程制图 Engineering drawing气象学 Meteorology环境生态学 Environmental Ecology环境科学概论Introduction to Environmental Science环境生物学Environmental Biology环境微生物学 Environmental Microbiology仪器分析 Instrumental Analysis环境科学概论Introduction to Environmental Science 环境规划学Environmental Ekistics环境管理学 Environmental Management Science 环境毒理学Environmental Toxicology环境经济学Environmental Economics，Economics of Environment环境法学 Science of environment law环境化学 Environmental Chemistry环境工程专业英语Professional English in Envir onmental Engineering环境工程学Science of Environmental Engineering 环境监测Environmental Monitoring环境检测 Environment Measuring环境影响评价 Environmental Impact Assessment 固体废弃物处理与处置水污染控制工程Water Pollution Control Engineering 大气污染控制工程Air Pollution Control Engineering 固体废弃物处理与资源化利用安全评价 Safety Assessment绿色化学工程Green Chemical Engineering安全经济学 Safety Economics安全学Safety Science安全学原理安全系统工程 Safety System Engineering压力容器 Pressure Vessels燃烧与爆炸 Combustion and Explosion燃烧与爆炸理论Theory of Combustion and Explosion 电子电工基础Basics of electrotechnics and Electronics 过程控制与装备Process Control and Equipment 有机化工工艺学Organic Chemical technology 无机化工工艺学 Inorganic Chemical technology 络合物化学 Chemistry of Complex，Complex Chemistry生物物理学Biophysics高聚物工艺学 Polymer Technology煤化学Coal Chemistry碳化学 Carbon Chemistry煤化工工艺学Coal Processing Technology分离技术概论Introduction to Separation Technology 化学化工文献检索Chemical Literature Retrival 计算化学 Computation chemistry精细有机合成Synthesis of Fine Organic ChemicalsAutoCAD 化工制图AutoCAD Charting of Chemical Engineering 精细化工 Fine Chemical Engineering化工机械 Chemical Machinery生物学Biology化学物理 Chemical Physics工业催化 Industrial Catalysis表面活性剂概述Introduction to Surface Active Agent 化工过程开发Chemical Process Development 表面活性剂 Surface Active Agent化妆品配方和原理Cosmetics Formula and Principle 工业药剂学 Industry Pharmaceutics材料结构分析Material Structure Analysis材料科学基础Materials Science Foundation无机非金属材料 Non-metallic Inorganic Material高分子化学与物理Chemistry and Physics of Polymer 配位化学Coordination Chemistry化工过程合成与分析Synthesis and Analysis of Chemical Process 固废处理技术Solid Waste Processing Technology 噪音污染及控制Noise Pollution and Control化学实验 Chemical Experiment化工实验 Chemical Engineering Experiment工业分析 Industrial Analysis有机分析 Organic Analysis精细化学品分析Analysis of Fine Chemcials药物分析 Pharmaceutical Analysis化工系统工程Chemical Systems Engineering;Process System Engineering化工技术分析Chemical Industry Technical Analysis 药事管理 Pharmaceutical Administration,Drug Administration,Pharmacy Management药剂学 Pharmacy高等制药分离工程Advanced PharmaceuticalSeparation Engineering实验设计与数据处理Experiment Design and Data Processing安全管理学Safety Management Science安全学原理Safety Science系统安全工程 System Safety Engineering化工腐蚀学Chemical Corrosion Science制药设备与技术Drugs Manufacture Equipment and Technology 催化工程 Catalysis Engineering画法几何Descriptive Geometry专业英语 Specialized English化工仪表 Chemical Engineering Instrumentation SAA Service Action Analysis电化学Electrochemistry纳米材料 Nanophase materials材料添加剂Additive for Material涂料Coating功能材料 Functional Material精细无机材料Fine Inorganic Material水盐体系 Salt-water System环境质量评价Environmental Quality Assessment （Valuation）环境规划与管理Planning and Management of Environment CAE-CFD分析基础CAE-CFD Analysis Basics 安全学Safety Science安全系统工程 Safety System Engineering安全法律法规Laws and Regulations of Safety 化学反应工程 Chemical Reaction Engineering化学工艺学Chemical Technology化工传递过程导论化工厂系统安全工程 System Safety Engineering 化工制图Charting of Chemical Engineering 计算机基础Basics of Computer计算机在化工中的应用 Application of Computerin Chemical Engineering BASIC 语言BASIC Language分离工程Separation Process重大危险源辨识Major Hazards Identification过程开发概要 Process Development Outline 化合物化学 Compound Chemistry化工设备基础 Basics of Chemical Equipment 化工机械设备基础Basics of Chemical Machinery and Equipment 化工仪表 Chemical Engineering Instrument化工仪表自动化Chemical Engineering Instrument Automation药物合成 Drug Synthesis药物化学 Pharmacochemistry科技文献检索 Sci-Tech Document Retrieval化妆品科学Cosmetic Science香精香料Flavor，Essence spice催化反应工程 Catalytic Reaction Engineering 电子仪表及其自动化 Electronic Device化工计算 Chemical Computation板壳力学Plate Mechanics泵与风机Pumps and Fans泵与水机Pumps & Water Turbines毕业设计Graduation Design毕业论文Graduation Thesis大型锅炉概况Introduction to Large-Volume Boilers 大学语文 College Chinese大众传播学 Mass MediaCAD 概论Introduction to CADCAD/CAM CAD/CAMC语言与生物医学信息处理C Language & BiomedicalInformation Processing FORTRAN语言FORTRAN Language表面活性物质Surface Reactive Materials并行算法Parallel Algorithmic波谱学Wave Spectrum材料的力学性能测试Measurement of Material Mechanical Performance材料力学 Mechanics of Materials财务成本管理Financial Cost Management财政学Public Finance财政与金融 Finance & Banking财政与信贷 Finance & Credit测试技术Testing Technology产业经济学 Industrial Economy产业组织学 Industrial Organization Technology 场论 Field Theory常微分方程 Ordinary Differentical EquationsReferences城市规划原理 Fundamentals of City Planning城市社会学 Urban Sociology抽象代数 Abstract Algebra传热学 Heat Transfer创造心理学 Creativity Psychology大型火电机组控制 Control of Large Thermal Power Generator Networks 等离子体工程 Plasma Engineering低温绝热Cryo Heat Insulation低温气体制冷机 Cryo Gas Refrigerator低温热管Cryo Heat Tube低温设备 Cryo Equipment低温生物冻干技术 Biological Cryo Freezing Drying Technology低温实验技术 Cryo Experimentation Technology低温物理导论 Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概论 Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概念 Cryo Physic Concepts低温仪表及测试 Cryo Meters & Measurement低温原理Cryo Fundamentals低温中的微机应用 Application of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温装置 Cryo Equipment地理 Geography第二次世界大战史 History of World War II电测量技术 Electric Measurement Technology电厂计算机控制系统 Computer Control System in Power Plants电动力学 Electrodynamics电镀 Plating电分析化学 Electro-Analytical Chemistry电工测试技术基础 Testing Technology of Electrical Engineering电工产品学 Electrotechnical Products电工电子技术基础 Electrical Technology & Electrical Engineering电工电子学 Electronics in Electrical Engineering电工基础 Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础理论 Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础实验 Basic Experiment in Electrical Engineering电工技术 Electrotechnics电工技术基础 Fundamentals of Electrotechnics电工实习 Electrical Engineering Practice电工实验技术基础 Experiment Technology of Electrical Engineering 电工学 Electrical Engineering电工与电机控制 Electrical Engineering & Motor Control电弧焊及电渣焊 Electric Arc Welding & Electroslag Welding电化学测试技术 Electrochemical Measurement Technology电化学工程 Electrochemical Engineering电化学工艺学 Electrochemical Technology电镜 Electronic Speculum电力电子电路 Power Electronic Circuit电力电子学 Power Electronics电力工程 Electrical Power Engineering电力生产技术 Technology of Electrical Power Generation电力系统 Power Systems电子技术 Technology of Electronics电子技术基础 Basic Electronic Technology电子技术基础与实验 Basic Electronic Technology & Experiment电子技术课程设计 Course Exercise in Electronic Technology电子技术实验 Experiment in Electronic Technology电子理论实验 Experiment in Electronic Theory电子显微分析 Electronic Micro-Analysis电子显微镜 Electronic Microscope发电厂 Power Plant法律基础 Fundamentals of Law法学概论 An Introduction to Science of Law法学基础 Fundamentals of Science of Law翻译 Translation翻译理论与技巧 Theory & Skills of Translation沸腾燃烧 Boiling Combustion分析化学 Analytical Chemistry分析化学实验 Analytical Chemistry Experiment分析力学 Analytical Mechanics风能利用 Wind Power Utilization腐蚀电化学实验 Experiment in Erosive Electrochemistry复合材料力学 Compound Material Mechanics概率论 Probability Theory概率论与数理统计 Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics 概率论与随机过程 Probability Theory & Stochastic Process高等材料力学 Advanced Material Mechanics高等代数 Advanced Algebra高等教育管理 Higher Education Management高等教育史 History of Higher Education高等教育学 Higher Education高等数学 Advanced Mathematics高电压技术 High-Voltage Technology高电压测试技术 High-Voltage Test Technology高分子材料 High Polymer Material高分子材料及加工 High Polymer Material & Porcessing高分子化学 High Polymer Chemistry高分子化学实验 High Polymer Chemistry Experiment高分子物理 High Polymer Physics高分子物理实验 High Polymer Physics Experiment高级英语听说 Advanced English Listening & Speaking工程材料及热处理 Engineering Material and Heat Treatment 工程材料学 Engineering Materials工程测量 Engineering Surveying工程测试技术 Engineering Testing Technique工程测试实验 Experiment on Engineering Testing工程测试信息 Information of Engineering Testing工程动力学 Engineering Dynamics工程概论 Introduction to Engineering工程概预算 Project Budget工程经济学 Engineering Economics工程静力学 Engineering Statics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics工程热力学 Engineering Thermodynamics工程项目评估 Engineering Project Evaluation工程优化方法 Engineering Optimizational Method工程运动学 Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理 Engineering Cost Management工程制图 Graphing of Engineering工业分析 Industrial Analysis工业锅炉Industrial Boiler工业会计学 Industrial Accounting工业技术基础 Basic Industrial Technology工业经济理论 Industrial Economic Theory工业经济学 Industrial Economics工业企业财务管理 Industrial Enterprise Financial Management工业企业财务会计 Accounting in Industrial Enterprises工业企业管理 Industrial Enterprise Management工业企业经营管理 Industrial Enterprise Adminstrative Management工业窑炉Industrial Stoves工艺过程自动化 Technics Process Automation公差 Common Difference公差技术测量 Technical Measurement with Common Difference公差与配合 Common Difference & Cooperation公共关系学 Public Relations公文写作 Document Writing管理概论 Introduction to Management管理经济学 Management Economics管理数学 Management Mathematics管理系统模拟 Management System Simulation锅炉燃烧理论 Theory of Boiler Combustion锅炉热交换传热强化 Boiler Heat Exchange,Condction & Intensification锅炉原理 Principles of Boiler过程(控制)调节装置 Process(Control) Adjustment Device过程调节系统 Process Adjustment System过程控制 Process Control过程控制系统 Process Control System互换性与技术测量实验Experiment of Exchangeability Measurement Technology 画法几何及机械制图Descriptive Geometry & Mechanical Graphing画法几何与阴影透视Descriptive Geometry,Shadow and Perspective化工基础 Elementary Chemical Industry化工仪表与自动化Chemical Meters & Automation化工原理Principles of Chemical Industry化学 Chemistry化学反应工程 Chemical Reaction Engineering化学分离 Chemical Decomposition化学工程基础Elementary Chemical Engineering化学计量学 Chemical Measurement化学文献 Chemical Literature化学文献及查阅方法Chemical Literature & Consulting Method化学粘结剂 Chemical Felter环境保护理论基础Basic Theory of Environmental Protection环境化学 Environomental Chemistry环境行为概论Introduction to Environmental Behavior换热器 Thermal Transducer会计学 Accountancy会计与财务分析Accountancy & Financial Analysis会计与设备分析Accountancy & Equipment Analysis会计原理及外贸会计Principles of Accountancy & Foreign Trade Accountancy 会计原理与工业会计Principles of Accountancy & Industrial Accountancy活力学 Energy Theory基础写作Fundamental Course of Composition机械零件 Mechanical Elements机械零件设计Course Exercise in Machinery Elements Design机械零件设计基础Basis of Machinery Elements Design机械设计 Mechanical Designing机械设计基础Basis of Mechanical Designing机械设计课程设计Course Exercise in Mechanical Design机械设计原理Principle of Mechanical Designing机械原理Principle of Mechanics机械原理和机械零件Mechanism & Machinery机械原理及机械设计 Mechanical Designing技术管理 Technological Management技术经济 Technological Economy技术经济学 Technological Economics技术市场学 Technological Marketing计算方法 Computational Method计算机导论Introduction to Computers计算机辅助设计 CAD计算机概论Introduction to Computers计算机绘图 Computer Graphics计算机在化学中的应用Application of Computer in Chemistry计算力学 Computational Mechanics计算力学基础Basis of Computational Mechanics计算流体 Fluid Computation胶体化学 Colloid Chemistry结构化学 Structural Chemistry解析几何 Analytic Geometry金属腐蚀与保护Metal Erosion & Protection金属腐蚀原理Principles of Metal Erosion近世代数 Modern Algebra经济法Law of Economy经济法学Law of Economy经营管理 Operation Management经营管理学 Operation Management静力学 Statics决策分析Analysis of Policy Making科技翻译Scientific English Translation科技管理 Technological Management科技史History of Science & Technology科技史及新技术知识Historry of Science & Knowledge of New Techndogy 科技写作 Scientific Writing科技新闻 Scientific News科技英语 Scientific English科技英语基础 Elementary Scientific English科技英语阅读Readings of Scientific English控制工程 Control Engineering口译 Oral Intepretation口语实践 Oral Practice快速阅读 Fast Reading冷冻干燥技术 Freeze Drying Technique冷冻技术 Refrigeration Technique冷库设计 Refrigerating House Design理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics力热学Mechanics & Thermology力学和热学Mechanics & Thermology两相流动和传热Two-phase Flow & Thermal Conduction量子力学 Quantum Mechanics劣质煤燃烧与利用Tinpot Coal Combustion & Use零件设计 Element Design流态化工程 Fluidization Engineering流体力学 Fluid Mechanics伦理学 Ethics论文写作 Thesis Writing论文指导 Thesis Supervision煤粉燃烧技术及测量技术Coal Power Combustion & Technology and Measurement 能源工程Energy Source Engineering配位化学 Coordination Chemistry偏微分方程 Partial Differential Equation普通化学 General Chemistry普通生物学 General Biology普通物理 General Physics普通物理实验Lab of General Physics钎焊 Soldering情报检索 Information Searches全过程设计Whole Process Design燃气轮机Steam Turbine Engines燃烧理论Theory of Combustion燃烧学 Combustion热工设备 Thermal Equipment热力发电厂Thermal Power Stations热力发动机 Thermal Motors热力机械测试技术Thermo-Mechanic Measurement Technique热力机械测试技术课程设计Course Design for Thermo-Mechanic Measurement Technique 热力学 Thermodynamics热力学与统计物理Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics热物理测量及实验技术Measurements & Experiments of Thermal Science热物理量测技术Measurements of Thermal Science熔焊原理及工艺Principle & Technique of Melting and Welding生产管理Administration of Manufacturing生产过程计算机控制Computer Control in Manufacturing Process生产过程自动化 Water-Turbine Engine生理学 Physiology生命科学与无机化学Life Science and Inorganic Chemistry生物工程产品 Bio-engineering Products生物工程导论Introduction to Bio-engineering生物化学 Biochemistry生物化学工程 Biochemical Engineering生物化学及实验 Biochemistry Experiment生物检测技术Measurement for Biotechnique生物物理 Biophysics生物学专题Currents Issues in Biology实验分析 Experimental Analysis实验力学 Experimental Mechanics实验力学基础Basis of Experimental Mechanics 实验流体Experimental Flowing Object水力学 Hydraulics水轮机 Water-Turbine Engine谈判技巧 Negotiation Skills听说训练Practice on Listening & Speaking微生物学 Microbiology无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry无机化学实验Inorganic Chemistry Experiments 物理化学 Chemicophysics物理化学实验 Physical Chemistry Experiment 物理学 Physics系统工程 System Engineering细胞生物学 Cell Biology线性代数 Linear Algebra英语 English英语词汇学 English Lexicology英语泛读 Extensive Reading英语精读 Intensive Reading英语口语 Oral English Practice英语视听 English Videos英语听力English Listening Comprehension英语写作 English Writing英语语法 English Grammar英语阅读 English Reading英语阅读与技巧English Reading & Skills有机化学 Organic Chemistry有机化学实验Organic Chemistry Experiment专业实验 Specialty Experiment专业物理实验 Physics Specialty Experiment专业英语 Specialty English专业英语阅读 Specialty English ReadingCET-4 College English Test(Band 4)CET-6 College English Test(Band 6)生产实习 Production Practice课程设计 Course Exercise英汉口译English-Chinese Oral Interpretation英语影视English Movies & TV精读 Perusal口语训练 Oral Training英语听说训练English Practice on Listening & Speaking 口语 Oral Training语法 Syntax英语学习技巧 English Studying Skills机械制图 Mechanical Graphing建筑工程概预算 Construction Project Budget词汇学 Lexicology大学物理 College Physics大学物理实验 Experiment of College Physics专业设计 Specialty Design综合听说 Comprehensive Listening & Speaking蒸汽动力装置 Steam Power Equipment环保法 Environment Protection Law刑法学 Penal Law计算流体力学 Fluid Mechanics Computation中级无机化学及实验 Medium Inorganic Chemistry & Experiment应用电化学 Applied Electrochemistry应用表面化学 Applied Surface Chemistry相对论 Principle of Relativity工程数学 Engineering MathematicsBASIC & FORTRAN 语言 BASIC Language & FORTRAN Language 电子学 Electronics听力训练 Listening Training专利文献检索 The Searches of Patent Literature计算机应用技术 Computer Applications Technology测量技术基础 Foundation of Measurement Technology化工原理课程设计 Course Design of Principles of Chemical Industry 有机合成及实验 Organic Synthesize & Experiment应用胶体与表面化学 Application Colloid & Superficial Chemistry仿真与辅助设计 Simulation & Computer Aided Design热工仪表 Thermal Meter汽轮机课程设计 Steam Turbine Course Design锅炉课程设计 Boiler Combustion Course Designing教学实习 Teaching Practice物理实验Physical Experiment生物技术 Biotechnology生物技术专题 Currents Issues in Biotechnology生物技术实验 Biotechnology Experiment遗传工程 Genetics Engineering发酵工程 Zymolysis Engineering分子生物学 Molecule Biology微生物实验 Experiment on Microbiology生物学基础 Basic of Biology生物化学技术 Measurement for Biochemistry计算机辅助热力学 Computer Aided Thermodynamics生物化学课程设计 Biochemistry Course Design力学 Mechanics认识实习 Cognition Practice制冷技术 Refrigeration Technique线性代数微分方程 Linear Algebra & Differential Equation计算方法与算法语言 Computational Method & Algorithmic Language 数据库应用基础 Basic of Database Application英语听力与口语 English Listening Comprehension & Oral Training 英语听力与口语 English Listening Comprehension & Oral Training 国际商务谈判 International Business Negotiate国际英语阅读 International English Reading英语函电 Business English Correspondence应用统计学 Statistics Application英文贸易书信 English Trading Letters高等代数 Elementary Algebra数学分析 Mathematical Analysis力学实验 Mechanics-Practical德育 Moral Education政治经济学 Political Economics电学实验 Electrical Experiment计算方法 Computing Method哲学 Philosophy数据库概论 Introduction to Database毕业论文 Graduation Thesis。

信息工程专业术语(17)implication 蕴含操作implication gate 隐含门implicator 隐含门implicit address 隐地址implicit addressing 隐式寻址implicit computation 隐式计算implicit declaration 隐式声明implicit knowledge 隐性知识implicit opening 隐式打开implied operand 隐操import list 输入表improper character 非法字符improper command check 非法命令校验impulse 脉冲impulse code 脉冲编码impulse recorder 脉冲记录器impurity 杂质ims 信息管理系统in circuit emulator 集中仿效程序in core compiler 内存常驻编译程序in gate 输入门in house line 内部线路in house programming 自用程序设计in house software 内部软件in line check 直接插入检查in line code 直接插入代码in line coding 直接插入编码in line procedure 联机程序in line processing 直接插入处理in line subroutine 直接插入子程序in line subroutine expansion 直接插入子程序展开in out parameter 写入读出参数in parameter 写入参数in stream procedure 输入撂序inaccessibility 不可存取性inactive file 待用文件inactive program 待用程序inactive station 不活动站inbuilt function 内在功能inches per second 英寸/秒incidence matrix 关联矩阵incident vertex 关联顶点inclusion 包含inclusion relation 包含关系inclusive disjunction 或inclusive or 或inclusive or function 或功能inclusive or operation 或操作含或操作inclusive reference 相容引用inclusive segments 相容段inclusive tree 相容树incoming check 输入检测incoming flow 输入流incoming group 输入组incoming inspection 输入检验incoming line 引入线incompatibility 不兼容性incomplete data 不完全数据incomplete information 不完全信息incompleteness 不完全性inconsistency 不一致性inconsistent compilation 非一致编译incorrect length 不正确长度increment 增大increment size 增量大小incremental compiler 可增编译程序incremental computer 增量计算机incremental coordinates 增量坐标incremental display 增量显示incremental garbage collection 增量无用单元收集incremental integrator 增量积分器incremental refinement 逐步求精incremental representation 增量表示incremental system 增量系统incremental vector 增量向量incrementer 增量机indentation 锯齿形缺口independent control 独立控制independent program 独立程序independent utility 独立使用independent variable 自变量index 她index and base register addressing 双寄存瓢址index card 她卡index entry 附标入口index file 她文件index mode 她方式index register 变址寄存器index word 下标字indexed access 变址存取indexed address 变址地址indexed addressing 变址indexed file 加她文件indexed method 变址方式indexed organization 她组织indexed sequential access 她顺序存取indexed sequential access method 加下标顺序访问法indexed sequential data set 加下标顺序数据集indexed sequential file 她顺序文件indexed sequential organization 她顺序编制indexing 标引indexing hole 她孔indexing unit 变址单元indicating device 指示部件indication error 显示误差indicative data 指示性数据indicator 指示器indicator diagram 指示图indicator dial 指示迫盘indicator tube 指示管indirect action 间接酌indirect address 间接地址indirect addressing 间接寻址indirect control 间接控制indirect file 间接文件indirect input 间接输入indirect instruction 间接指令indirect method 间接法indirection 间接indirection operator 间接算符indirectly controlled system 间接被控系统induced failure 诱发故障induction 感应inductive load 电感负载industrial computer 工业控制用计算机industrial control 工业控制industrial data processing 工业数据处理industrial instruments 工业仪表industry robot 工业机扑ineffective time 无效时间inequivalence 异inexact reasoning 不严密推理infancy failure 早期故障inference 推理inference chain 推理链inference engine 推理机构inference machine 推理机构inference method 推理方法inference net 推理网inference operation 推论操作inference rule 推理规则infinite looping 循环infinity 无穷大infix notation 插入表示法infix operator 插入算符informatics 信息学information bit 信息位information center 信息中心information channel 信息通道information character 信息字符information circuit 信息传送线路information collector 信息收集者information content 信息量information content unit 信息量单位information density 信息密度information display speed 信息显示速度information economy 信息经济information feedback system 信息反馈系统information flow 信息流information format 信息格式information graph 信息图information hiding 信息隐藏information item 情报单元information loss 信息丢失information management system 信息管理系统information market 情报市场information medium 信息媒体information message 信息报文information organization 情报组织information output 信息输出information pollution 信息污染information processing 信息处理information processing system 信息处理系统information processing technology 信息处理技术information product 信息商品information read wire 信息读出线information resources 信息资源information retrieval 情报检索information retrieval problem 情报检耸题information retrieval system 情报检说统information retrieval time 情报检吮间information separator 信息分隔符information system 信息系统information technology 信息技术information theory 信息论information transfer 信息传送information unit 情报单元information wire 信息线information word 信息字information write wire 信息写入线informational needs 信息需要informationism 信息论informatization 信息化informatology 情报工程学informetrics 情报计量学infrared keyboard 红外线键盘inherent addressing 固有寻址inherent characteristic 固有特性inherent error 固有误差inherent regulation 自动第inherent stability 固有稳定性inheritance 继承inheritance hierarchy 继承层次inherited error 原有错误inhibit circuit 禁止电路inhibit current 禁止电流inhibit pulse 禁止脉冲inhibit winding 禁止绕组inhibit wire 禁止线inhibiting input 禁止输入inhibiting signal 禁止信号inhibition 禁止inhibitory gate 禁止门inhibitory pulse 禁止脉冲initial address 起始地址initial condition 初始条件initial order 起始指令initial program loader 初始程序装入程序initial program loading 初始程序装入initial test routine 初始测试程序initial value 初值initial value problem 初值问题initial vertex 初始顶点initialization 初始化initialization routine 启动程序initiating pulse 启动脉冲initiating task 启动任务initiation 启动initiator 启动程序initiator terminator 启动终止程序injection luminescence diode 发光二极管ink 墨水ink jet 墨水喷射ink jet printer 喷墨印刷机ink jet printing 喷墨印刷ink ribbon 墨带inker 油墨印码器印字机inking 墨迹式画图inner loop 内循环inner macro instruction 内部宏指令inner vertex 内顶点input 输入input action 输入动作input area 输入区input block 输入块input buffer 输入缓冲器输入缓冲区input capacitance 输入电容input card 输入卡片input channel 输入通道input check 输入检测input command 输入命令input computer 输入计算机input control 输入控制input data 输入数据input device 输入装置input equipment 输入装置input file 输入文件input format 输入格式input instruction 入口指令input job queue 输入椎排队input job stream 输入椎流input language 输入语言input line 输入行input list 输入表input load 输入负载input message 输入信息input mode 输入方式input noise 输入噪声input operation 输入操作input pointer 输入指示器input port 输入口input primitive 输入图元input process 输入过程input program 输入程序input quantity 输入量input queue 输入队列input rate 输入速率input reader 输入阅读器input record 输入记录input register 输入寄存器input routine 输入程序input signal 输入信号input state 输入状态input station 输入站input storage 输入存储器input stream 输入流input terminal 输入终端input unit 输入装置input variable 输入变量input winding 输入绕组input/output 输入输出input/output buffer 输入输出缓冲器input/output bus 输入输出总线input/output channel 输入输出通道input/output control 输入输出控制input/output control system 输入输出控制系统input/output controller 输入输出控制器input/output data 输入输出数据input/output device 输入输出设备input/output interface 输入输出接口input/output interrupt 输入输出中断input/output library 输入输出程序库input/output limited system 输入输出受限系统input/output list 输入输出表input/output operation 输入输出操作input/output port 输入输出口input/output processor 输入输出处理机input/output register 输入输出寄存器input/output request 输入输出请求input/output routine 输入输出程序input/output section 输入输出存储区input/output specification 输入输出说明input/output supervisor 输入输出管理程序input/output unit 输入输出装置inquiry 询问inquiry character 询问字符inquiry processing 查问处理inquiry station 询问台inquiry terminal 询问终端inquiry unit 询问装置insert mode 插入方式insert subroutine 插入子程序insertion 插入insertion point 插入点installation 安装installation instructions 安装说明装配规定installation plan 布置图installation time 安装时间instance 实例instantaneous access 立即存取instantaneous frequency 瞬时频率instantaneous storage 立即存取存储器instantaneous value 瞬时值instruction 空操赘令instruction address 指令地址instruction address register 指令地址寄存器instruction area 指令存储区instruction buffer 指令缓冲器instruction classification 指令分类instruction code 指令码instruction control unit 命令控制器instruction counter 指令计数器instruction cycle 指令周期instruction decoder 指令译码器instruction element 指令元件instruction fetch cycle 取指令周期instruction fetching 取指令instruction field 指令字段instruction format 指令格式instruction group 指令组instruction interpretation 指令解释instruction length 指令长度instruction list 指令集合instruction logic 指令逻辑instruction mix 指令混合比instruction modification 指令修改instruction modifier 指令修改量instruction processor 指令处理机instruction record 指令集合instruction register 指令寄存器instruction sequence 指令序列instruction set 指令集合instruction stack 指令栈instruction stream 指令流instruction suppression 指令抑制instruction tape 指令带instruction termination 指令终结instruction time 指令时间instruction unpack 指令打开instruction word 指令字instrument 仪器仪表instrument for absolute measurements 绝对测量仪表instrument lag 工具延迟instrument range 测量范围instrument table 测量台instrument transformer 仪表变压器instrumental error 仪表错误instrumentation 仪表化insulation 隔离度integer 整数integer arithmetic 整数运算integer attribute 整数属性integer constant 整常数integer division 整数除法integer number conversion 整数转换integer operation 整数操作integer part 整数部分integer programming 整数规划integer type 整数型integer variable 整数变量integral 积分integral action 积分动作integral action coefficient 积分酌系数integral action time 积分动妆间integral boundary 整数界线integral control 积分控制integral control factor 积分控制因数integral equation 积分方程式integral error 积分误差integral number 整数integrand 被积函数integrated circuit 集成电路integrated circuit package 集成电路组装integrated communication adapter 整体通信适配器integrated data processing 集中数据处理integrated database 综合数据库integrated digital network 综合数字网integrated electronics 集成电子学integrated emulator 集中仿效程序integrated emulator program 集中仿效程序integrated environment 综合环境integrated file adapter 整体文件存储衔接器integrated function 内在功能integrated information system 综合信息系统integrated injection logic 集成注入逻辑integrated modem 集成灯解调integrated monolithic circuit 集成单片电路integrated package 集成组件integrated service digital network 综合服务数字网络integrated software 组合软件integrated system 综合系统integrated transmission adapter 整体通信适配器integrating amplifier 积分放大器integrating circuit 积分电路integrating unit 积分装置integrator 积分器integrity 完整性intellectual property 知识产权intelligence 智能intelligent controller 智能控制器intelligent database 智能数据库intelligent keyboard 智能键盘intelligent memory 有智能的存储器intelligent subsystem 智能子系统intelligent system switching 智能系统开关intelligent terminal 智能终端intelligent trouble diagnosis 智能故障诊断intelligible crosstalk 可懂串话intelsat 国际电信卫星intension 内涵intensity level 亮度电平intentional error 意图错误inter block gap 块间隙interaction 相互酌interaction time 相互酌时间interactive computer 交互式计算机interactive control 交互式控制interactive data processing 对话式数据处理interactive debugger 交互翟程序interactive editor 交互编辑程序interactive environment 交互式环境interactive graphics 交互式图形学interactive language 交互式语言interactive mode 对话方式。

关系规范化（Relation normalization）The fourth part of the relational data theoryA single choice1. the relationship between the standardization of the delete operation refers to abnormal, abnormal refers to the insert operation.A. is not the deleted data is deletedB. not the inserted data is insertedC. should be deleted data are not deletedD. should be inserted data is not insertedAnswer: A D.The relationship between mode 2. design performance better known as standardization, standardization of the main theoretical basis is.The relationship between the theory of the relationship between B. A. standard operation theoryThe relationship between C. algebra theory of mathematical logic D.Answer: A3. standardization theory is the theoretical basis of logical design of relational database. According to this theory,relational database must satisfy each of its attributes are.A. unrelatedB. indecomposableC. variable lengthD. are associated with each otherAnswer: B4. relational database normalization is introduced to solve the problem in relational database.A. insert and delete redundant data and improve the query speed ofB.C. reduces the complexity ofD. data operation to ensure the safety and integrity of the dataAnswer: A5. standardization process mainly to overcome the insertion abnormality in the logical structure of the database, delete the defects and abnormal.The inconsistency of B. A. data structure is not reasonableC. redundancyD. data lossAnswer: C6. when the relationship mode of R (A, B) belongs to 3NF, the following statements is correct.A. it must eliminate the insertion and deletion of abnormalB. still exist in the insertion and deletion anomaliesC. and C are belong to BCNFD.AAnswer: BThe relationship model in the relational model is at least 7.A.1NFB.2NFC.3NFD.BCNFAnswer: AIn 8. DB, the highest of any two yuan paradigm mode must be.A.1NFB.2NFC.3NFD.BCNFAnswer: D9. in relation to the mode R, if the function depends on all candidate keys are determinants of the R paradigm is the highest.A.2NFB.3NFC.4NFD.BCNFAnswer: C10. when B belongs to the function depends on the A property,A property andB links.A.1 ofB. for 1C. toD. none of the aboveAnswer: B11. in this model, if the attribute A and B there are 1 to 1 of the contact, said.A.A, BB.B, AC.A orD. are not B vs.Answer: CAttribute 12. candidate key is called.A. B. the main non primary attribute attribute C. composite attribute D. key attributesAnswer: BThe relationship between the levels of relational model for mode 13.A.3NF 2NF 1NFB..3nfì1nfì2nfC.1nfì2nfì3nf d.2nfìlnfì3nf答案:14.关系模式中, 满足2nf的模式,.A.可能是1nf b.必定是1nfC.必定是3nf d.必定是bcnf答案: B15.关系模式r中的属性全部是主属性, 则r的最高范式必定是.A.2nf b.3nf C bcnf d.4nf答案: B16.消除了部分函数依赖的1nf的关系模式, 必定是.A.1nf b.2nf c.3nf d.4nf答案: B17.关系模式的候选关键字可以有①, 主关键字有②.A.0个 b.1个 c.1个或多个 d.多个答案: ①c ②b18.候选关键字中的属性可以有.A.0个 b.1个 c.1个或多个 d.多个答案: C19.关系模式的分解.A.惟一 b.不惟一答案: B20.根据关系数据库规范化理论, 关系数据库中的关系要满足第一范式.下面 "部门" 关系中, 因哪个属性而使它不满足第一范式? .部门 (部门号, 部门名, 部门成员, 部门总经理)A.部门总经理 b.部门成员C.部门名 d.部门号答案: B21.图4.5中给定关系r.A.不是3nf b.是3nf但不是2nfC.是3nf但不是bcnf d.是bcnf答案: D22.设有如图4.6所示的关系r, 它是.A.1nf b.2nf c.3nf d.4nf 答案: B23.设有关系w (工号, 姓名, 工种, 定额), 将其规范化到第三范式正确的答案是.A.w1 (工号, 姓名), W2 (工种, 定额)B.w1 (工号, 工种, 定额) W2 (工号, 姓名)C.w1 (工号, 姓名, 工种) W2 (工号, 定额)D.以上都不对答案: C24.设有关系模式w (C, P, S, G, T, r), 其中各属性的含义是: c 为课程, p为教师, s为学生, g为成绩, t为时间, r为教室, 根据定义有如下函数依赖集:F＝{c→g, (S, c) →g, →c (T, r), (T, p) →r, (T, S) →r}关系模式w的一个关键字是①, w的规范化程度最高达到②.若将关系模式w分解为3个关系模式w1 (C, p), (S, C, G, W2, W3) (S, T, r, c), 则w1的规范化程度最高达到③, w2的规范化程度最高达到④, w3的规范化程度最高达到⑤.①a. (S, c) B (T, r) V (T, D (T, p).s (t), e, s, p)②③④⑤ a.1nf b.2nf c.3nf d.bcnf e.4nf答案: ①e ②b ③e ④e ⑤b二、填空题1.关系规范化的目的是.答案: 控制冗余, 避免插入和删除异常, 从而增强数据库结构的稳定性和灵活性2.在关系a (s, sn, (d), (d 和b, cn, nm中, a的主键是s, b的主键是d, 则d在s中称为.答案: 外部键3.对于非规范化的模式, 经过① 转变为1nf, 将1nf经过② 转变为2nf, 将2nf经过③ 转变为3nf.答案: ①使属性域变为简单域②消除非主属性对主关键字的部分依赖③消除非主属性对主关键字的传递依赖4.在一个关系r中, 若每个数据项都是不可再分割的, 那么r一定属于.答案: 1nf5.1nf, 2nf, 3nf之间, 相互是一种关系.答案: 3nfì2nfì1nf6.若关系为1nf, 且它的每一非主属性都候选关键字, 则该关系为2nf.答案: 不部分函数依赖于7.在关系数据库的规范化理论中, 在执行 "分解" 时, 必须遵守规范化原则: 保持原有的依赖关系和.答案: 无损连接性8.设有如图4.7所示的关系r, r的候选关键字为①; r中的函数依赖有②; r属于③ 范式.答案: ①a和de ②a→de, de→a ③bcnf三.应用题1.分析关系模式: student (学号, 姓名, 出生日期, 系名, 班号, 宿舍区), 指出其候选关键字, 最小依赖集和存在的传递函数依赖.解: 经分析有:候选关键字: 学号 (每个学生只有惟一的学号)最小依赖集学号→姓名学号→出生日期学号→班号: {,,}, 系名→宿舍区, 班号→系名存在传递函数依赖:学号→系名→宿舍区, ∴有学号 - - - - →宿舍区;班号→系名→宿舍区, ∴有班号 - - - - →宿舍区;学号→班号→系名, ∴有学号 - - - - →系名;2.指出下列关系模式是第几范式? 并说明理由.(1).r (x, y, z)f＝xy→z} {(2).r (x, y, z)f＝y→z xz→y {,}.(3).r (x, y, z)f＝y→z y→x x→yz {,,}.(4).r (x, y, z)f＝x→y x→z {,}.(5).r (x, y, z)f＝xy→z} {(6).r (w, x, y, z)f＝x→z wx→y {,}.解:(1).r是bcnf.r候选关键字为xy, f中只有一个函数依赖,The function depends on the left contains a R candidate key XY.(2).R 3NF.R candidate keywords for XY and XZ, all R attributes are the main attributes, there is no transfer of the candidate key non primary attribute dependence.(3).R BCNF.R candidate keywords for X and Y, X, YZ * X dreams, to Y, X, Z, Y, Z with F, Y, X, and Z is a direct function on the X, rather than transfer depends on the X. And every dreams function F depends on the left contains any candidate key, star R is BCNF.(4).R BCNF.Keywords R candidate for X, and each function depends on the F in the left part contains the candidate key X.(5).R BCNF.Keywords R candidate is XY, and the F functional dependencies in left contains a candidate key XY.(6).R 1NF.Keywords R candidate for WX, Y, Z for non main attributes, and because the X, Z, and F existed in non primary attribute partfunction of the candidate key dependent.3. with R (U F model), which:U = {A, B, C, D, E, P}, F = {A, B, C, P, E, A, CE, D}Find all candidate keys R.Solution: according to the definition of candidate key: if the function depends on the X to U was established in R, and there are not any "X X, X U, which was also established, then X is called a candidate key R. The candidate key can only by A, C, E, E, but A, attributes may be so composed of candidate key CE.Calculation shows that: (CE) +=ABCDEP, CE, UAnd C+=CP, E+ = ABE * R only one candidate key CE.4. with R (C, T model, S, N, G), the function of its dependency set:F={C, T, CS, G, S, N}Find all candidate keys R.Solution: according to the definition of candidate key attributes, the left candidate key R could only by F in each function depends on the composition, namely C, S, so composition candidate keys may be CS.Calculation shows that: (CS) +=CGNST, CS, UAnd: C+=CT, S+=NSHence only one candidate key CS R.5. with R (A, B model, C, D, E), the function of its dependency set:F = {A, BC, CD, E, B, D, E, A}(1) B+ are calculated.(2). To find out all candidate keys R.Solution:(1). X = {B}, X = B (0), X (1) =BD, X (2) = BD, B+ = BD so.(2). According to the candidate key definition, attribute left candidate key word of R may only be possible by F in various functional dependencies, namely A, B, C, D, E, A, BC (A due to B, A, C), B, D, E, A and so:can remove A, B, C, D, attribute candidate keys may be composed of star E.The calculation result shows that E ten = ABCDEE, E, U, R E is a candidate key.can remove A, B, E, attribute candidate keys may be composed of star CD.Calculation shows that: (CD) +=ABCDE, CD, U, C+=C, D+ = D, R CD is a candidate key.can remove B, C, D, E, attribute candidate keys may be composed of star A.The calculation result shows that A+ = ABCDE,A, U, R A is a candidate key.can remove A, D, E, attribute candidate keys may be composed of star BC.Calculation shows that: (BC) +=ABCDE, CD, U, B+ = BD, C+ = C, R BC is a candidate key.All the candidate key of R is A, BC, CD, E.6. with R (U F model), which:U = {A, B, C, D, E}, F = {A, D, E, D, D, B, BC, D, DC, A}(1). Calculate the candidate key R.(2) judgment. P = {AB, AE, CE, BCD, AC} is a lossless join decomposition?Solution:(1). (CE) +=ABCDE, CE, U, and C+ = C, E+ = DE = BDE, accordingto the candidate key definition, CE is a candidate key R.(2). Nondestructive connectivity judgment table as shown in the following table P, the judge does not have lossless connectivity.Ri A B C D EAB A1 A2AE A1 A5CE A3 A5BCD A2 A3 A4AC A1 A37. with R (A, B framework, C, D, E) and its correlation function on the set F = {A, C, B, D, C, D, DE, C, CE, A}, P = {R1 is decomposition (A, D), R2 (A, B), R3 (B, E, R4) (C, D, E), R5 (A, E)} whether lossless join decomposition of R?Solution: Nondestructive connectivity judgment result table as shown in the table below P, the judgment is nondestructive connectivity.Ri A B C D EAD A1 A4AB A1 A2BE A2 A5CDE A3 A4 A5AE A1 A58. a functional dependency set F = {AB, CE, A, C, GP, B, EP, A, CDE, P, HB, P, D, HG, ABC, PG}, D+ closure of attribute set D on F calculation.Solution: X={D}, X (0) =D.Find the left is a function of a subset of the D dependence in F, the result is: D, HG, X * (1) = X (0) HG=DGH,Obviously, X (1) and X (0).In the F to find the left is a function of a subset of the DGH dependence is not found, then X (2) = DGH. Since X (2) = X (1),: D+=DOHAll attributes of the 9. known relationship between the mode of R in U={A, B, C, D, E, G} and functional dependencies:F = {AB, C, C, A, BC, D, ACD, B, D, EG, BE, C, CG, BD, CE, AG}For the closure of a set of attributes (BD +).Solution: let X = {BD}, X = BD (0), X (1) = BDEG, X = BCDEG (2), X (3) = ABCDEG (BD = ABCDEG) + so.10. a set of functional dependencies F={D, G, C, A, CD, E, A,B), D+ C+, A+ calculation of closure, and (CD) + (AD) + (AC) + (ACD +).Solution:Let X = {D}, X = D (0), X (1) = DG, X (2) = DG, D+ = DG so.Let X = {C}, X = C (0), X (1) = AC, X = ABC (2), X (3) = ABC, C+ = ABC so.Let X = {A}, X = A (0), X (1) = AB, X (2) = AB, A+ = AB so.Let X = {CD}, X = CD (0), X (1) = CDG, X = ACDG (2), X (3) = ACDEG, X = ABCDEG (4),The (CD) +=ABCDEG.Let X = {AD}, X = AD (0), X (1) = ABD, X = ABDG (2), X (3) = ABDG (AD = ABDG) + so.Let X = {AC}, X = AC (0), X (1) = ABC,X (2) =ABC, the +=ABC (AC).Let X = {ACD}, X (0) =ACD, X (1) =ABCD, X (2) = ABCDG, X = ABCDEG (3), the (ACD) + = ABCDEG.11. a functional dependency set F = {AB, CE, A, C, GP, B, EP, A, CDE, P, HB, P, D, H, ABC, PG, and F is equivalent to the minimum function dependence set.Solution: (1). The F in the right part of the single attribute dependence:AB, C HB, PAB, E D, HF1= A, C D, GGP, B ABC, PEP, A ABC, GCDE, P(2) for AB to C, with A to C, is superfluous:AB, E HB, PA, C D, HF2= GP, B D, GEP, A ABC, PCDE, P ABC, G(3). Through the analysis there is no dependence, then: AB, E HB, PA, C D, HF3= GP, B D, GEP, A ABC, PCDE, P ABC, G12. with R (U F model), which:U = {E, F, G, H}, F = {E, G, G, E, F, EG, H, EG, FH, E}A minimum of F dependent set.Solution:(1). The F in the right part of the single attribute dependence: F1 = {E, G, G, E, F, E, F, G, H, E, H, G, FH, E}(2) for FH to E, with F - E, is redundant, it is:F2 = {E, G, G, E, F, E, F, G, H, E, H, G}(3). The E, G, F2, F in E and F, G, H, E and H, one of G is redundant, then:F3 = {E, G, G, E, F, G, H, G}Or F3 = {E, G, G, E, F, G, H, E}Or F3 = {E, G, G, E, F, E, H, E}Or F3 = {E, G, G, E, F, E, H, G}13. with R (U F model), which:U = {A, B, C, D}, F = {A, B, B, C, D, B}, R into BCNF mode set:(1). If you put the R into {ACD, BD}, F test projection in the two mode on.(2).ACD and BD BCNF? If not, please further decomposition. Solution:(1). - ACD (F) = {A, C, D, C}PI BD (F) = {D, B}(2).BD is BCNF.ACD is not BCNF. ACD AD is a candidate key mode. Consider the A, C, A is not a candidate key mode of ACD, so this function depends on the BCNF condition is not satisfied. ACD is divided into AC and AD, while AC and AD were BCNF.14. with R (A, B model, C, D), the function of its dependencyset:F = {A, C, C, A, B, AC, D, AC}(1) (AD) + calculation.(2). The minimum equivalent F dependency set Fm.(3) for the R keyword.(4). The R decomposition to BCNF and nondestructive connectivity.(5). The decomposition of a R into 3NF and meet with lossless connectivity and keep dependence.Solution:(1). X = {AD}, X = AD (0), X (1) =ACD, X (2) =ACD, the (AD) + = ACD.(2). The F function in the right part of the single attribute dependence:A, C C, AF1= B, A B, CD, A D, CIn Fl to remove redundant function dependency:B, A, A dreams, C B, C star is redundant.D, A A and dreams, C, D, R C is redundant.A, C C, AF2=B, A D, AThe minimal set of functional dependency set is not unique, this can also have other answers.All the single attribute dependence is left in F2 dreams, there is no dependence on the left with perylene redundant attributesA, C C, A LF=B, A D, A(3). BD dreams in F all functional dependencies were not right* candidate key must contain BD, and (BD) + = ABCD, therefore, BD is the only candidate key R.(4) A, C is considered.AC BCNF (not dreams AC does not contain the candidate key BD)ABCD into AC, and ABD.AC is BCNF, further decomposition of ABD, B to A ABD to choose, the decomposition of AB and BD.When AB and AD were BCNF* P = {AC, AB, BD}.(5). (2) can be obtained to meet the 3NF with preserve dependency is decomposed into P ={AC, BD, DA}.The lossless connectivity as shown in the following table, thus P has no lossless connectivity.Ri A B C DAC A1 A3BA A1 A2 A3DA A1 A3 A4The P = P, {BD}, BD is a candidate key RR P = {AC, BA, DA, BD}.The 15. known relationship model (CITY, ST, R, ZIP) and functional dependencies:{F = (CITY, ST), ZIP, ZIP, CITY}Try to find the candidate key R two.Solution: let U = (CITY, ST, ZIP), F functional dependencies in the left is CITY, ST, ZIP:Because the ZIP? - CITY, remove the CITY (ST, ZIP), so it may be a candidate key.(ST, ZIP) + = {ST, ZIP, CITY}, (ST, ZIP) - R U.ST+=ST, ZIP+={ZIP, CITY} (ST, ZIP), so it is a candidate key.Because? (CITY, ST) - ZIP, remove the ZIP (CITY, ST), so it may be a candidate key.(CITY, ST) +={CITY, ST, ZIP}, (CITY, ST) - R U.CITY+ = CITY, ST+=ST (CITY, ST), so it is a candidate key.Therefore, the two candidate key is R (ST, ZIP) and (CITY, ST).16. with R (A, B model, C, D, E), R functional dependencies:F = {A, D, E, D, D, B, BC, D, CD, A}(1) candidate key for R.(2) R into 3NF.Solution:(1). Let U = (A, B, C, D, E), the +=ABCDE, C+=C (CE),E+=BDER CE is a candidate key of acupuncture.(2). The minimum dependency set F '= {A, D, E, D, D, B, BC, D, CD, A}The R decomposition of the 3NF: P = {AD, DE, BD, BCD, ACD}.17. with R (U, V model, W, X, Y, Z), the set of functional dependencies:F = {U, V, W, Z, Y, U, WY, X}, existing the following decomposition:(1). P L = {WZ, VY, WXY, UV}(2). P 2 = {UVY, WXYZ}The judge is lossless join decomposition.Solution:(1). P lossless connectivity judgment table are shown as follows: 1, judging from p 1 does not have lossless connectivity.Ri U V W X Y ZWZ A3 A6VY A2 A5WXY A3 A4 A5 A6UV A1 A2(2). P lossless connectivity judgment table as shown below 2, thus determine the p 2 has lossless connectivity.Ri U V W X Y ZUVY A1 A2 A5WXYZ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A618. known R (Al, A2, A3, A4, A5) for the relational model, function dependence set:F = {Al, A3, A3, A4, A2, A3, A4A5, A3, A3A5, A1}P ={Rl (Al, A4), R2 (A1, A2), R3 (A2, A3), R4 (A3, A4, A5), R5 (Al, A5)}P is lossless connectivity judgment.Solution: lossless connectivity judgment table below P, thus determine P has no lossless connectivity.Ri A1 A2 A3 A4 5A1A4 A1 A3 A4A1A2 A1 A2 A3 A4A2A3 A2 A3 A4A3A4A5 A1 A3 A4 A5A1A5 A1 A3 A4 A519. with R (B, O model, I, S, Q, D}, the set of functional dependencies:F = {S, D, I, B, IS, Q, B, O}If you use SD, IB, ISQ, BO instead of R, this is a lossless join decomposition?Solution: P ={Rl (S, D), R2 (I, B), R3 (I, S, Q), R4 (B, O)}As shown in the following table to determine lossless connectivity P, thus determine P with lossless connectivity.Ri B O I S Q DSD A4 A6IB A1 A3 A5ISQ A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6BO A1 A220. with R (F, G model, H, I, J), R functional dependencies:F = {F, I, J, I, I, G, GH, I, IH, F}(1). To find out all candidate keys R.(2) judgment. P = {FG, FJ, JH, IGH, FH} is a lossless join decomposition?(3). R is divided into 3NF, and with the lossless connectivity and preserve dependency.Solution:(1). See from the F, a candidate key contains at least J andH (because they do not rely on anyone, computing):Let X = {JH}, X = JH (0), X (1) =IJH, X (2) = GIJH, X = FGIJH (3)* candidate keyword only JH.(2). As shown in the following table to determine lossless connectivity P, thus determine P has no lossless connectivity.Ri F G H I JFG A1 A2FJ A1 A3 A4 A5JH A3 A5IGH A2 A3 A4FH A1 A3(3). The minimum dependency set F '={F, I, J, I, I, Gl, GH, I, IH, F}L meet 3NF and has preserves dependencies into:P = {FI, JI, IG, GHI, IHE}The judge P nondestructive connectivity as shown below, thus determine P has no lossless connectivity.Ri F G H I JFI A1 A2 A4JI A2 A4 A5IG A2 A4 A5GHI A1 A2 A3 A4IHE A1 A2 A3 A4The P = P, {JH}, JH is a candidate key R.* P = {FI, JI, IG, GHI, IHF, JH} with the lossless connectivity and preserve dependency21. with R (A, B model, C, D, E), the function of its dependency set:F = {A, C, C, D, B, C, DE, C, CE, A}(1) all candidate keys for R.(2) judgment. P = {AD, AB, BC, CDE, AE} is a lossless join decomposition?(3). R is divided into BCNF, and nondestructive connectivity.Solution:(1). From the F, a candidate key contains at least BE (because they do not rely on anyone), and (BE) +=ABCDE* BE is the only candidate key R.(2). The judge P lossless connectivity as shown below, which determine P has no lossless connectivity.Ri A B C D EAD A1 A3 A4AB A1 A2 A3 A4BC A2 A3 A4CDE A1 A3 A4 A5AE A1 A3 A4 A5(3) A, C is considered.AC BCNF (not dreams AC does not contain the candidate key BE)ABCDE is divided into AC and ABDE, AC is BCNF.Further decomposition of ABDE, B, D, BD and ABDE is divided into ABE, BD and ABE were BCNF at this time.* P = {AC, BD, ABE}The 22. is provided with a teaching management database, the attribute: student number (S#), course number (C#), score (G), teachers (TN), teachers Department (D). These data have the following meaning:number and course number respectively with representatives of the students and the corresponding curriculum;Each course? A students have a result;each course is only one teacher, but teachers can have morecourses;No? The same teachers, each teacher only belongs to a department.(1). According to the determined semantic function dependence set.(2). If a relation schema with all attributes, then the relationship between the model and illustrate why? In the abnormal phenomenon by adding the operation.(3). The decomposition is dependent on maintaining and lossless join 3NF.Solution:(1).F = {(S#, C#), G, C#, TN, TN, D}(2). The relationship model for 1NF.The relationship between the candidate key of imprisonment mode for (S#, C#)Non main attributes are G, TN and G.And F C#, TN dreamsThere is an attribute of the TN star candidate key (S#, C#) part of the dependenceNamely: (S#, C#) - - to TN?.Abnormal phenomenon:If a new course? And yet no students, due to the lack of key words and the value of S# cannot insert operation.if a teacher from school to delete the relevant information, will not delete the course will delete information (C#).(3) dreams. F=F '= {(S#, C#), G, C#, TN, TN, D}* P = {R1, R2, R3}Where: R1= (S#, C#, G)R2 = (C#, TN)R3 = (TN, D)23. that in a relational database, two yuan of any relationship model must be BCNF.Proof: let R be a two yuan R (x1, x2), there may be several dependencies between attributes X1 and x2:(1).X1, X2, X2, but X1 is R X1 as the candidate keys of relation, function dependence left candidate key contains x1, R BCNF *.(2).X1, X2, X2, x1, R, candidate keys of relation for X1 and X2, these two functions contain any dependent left candidatekey R, R BCNF *.(3) ".Xl! X2, X2!" x1, then candidate keys of relation for R (x1, x2) R, no functional dependency, R BCNF *.Bi syndrome.R 24. is given below the paradigm? Whether there is abnormal operation? If there is, it is decomposed into a high level paradigm. Whether there before in relation to avoid decomposition of abnormal operation can be completed in the advanced form of decomposition?The number of engineering materials, the start date of completion date priceP1 42000.5 I1 2001.5250P1 62000.5 I2 2001.5300P1 152000.5 I3 2001.5180P2 62000.11 I1 2001.12250P2 182000.11 I4 2001.12350Solution:It is 1NF. Because the relationship between the candidate key (project number, material number), rather than the main attribute "commencement date" and "completion date" part of thefunction depends on the candidate key subset of "Engineering", i.e.:P(project number, material number) - to start dateP(project number, material number, date of completion):Hence it is not 2NF.It exists abnormal operation, if the project is determined, if not yet used materials, the engineering data for the missing part keyword (material number) and can not enter into the database, into the abnormal. If a project is dismounted by deleting the operation of the project may also lose material information.Some of these functions depend on the decomposition as an independent relationship, is shown in the following two 2NF sub pattern:R1Project material number quantity priceP1 I1 4250P1 I2 6300P1 I3 15180P2 I1 6250P2 I4 18350R2Project start date of completion date2000.5 P1 2001.52000.11 P2 2001.12After the decomposition, the new project is determined, although it is not used in the engineering materials, data can be inserted in R2. Some engineering data is deleted, only on the relationship between R2 operation, will not lose material information.25. try to prove that a BCNF paradigm will be 3NF.Proof by contradiction.Let R be a BCNF, but not 3NF.There must be an attribute of A and X and Y candidate key attribute set, "Y, Y" X the A, the A X, A Y, Y X, F+ Y, that is not possible to include keywords in R, but Y A is set up.According to the BCNF definition, R is not BCNF, a contradiction and problem, so a BCNF paradigm is 3NF.。

安全工程专业本科培养方案Undergraduate Program for Specialty in Safety Engineering一、业务培养目标ⅠEducational Objectives本专业培养具备安全科学与工程学科的基本理论、知识和技能，能在矿山、建筑、冶金、交通、消防、能源、职业健康和保险等行业从事安全技术及工程、安全科学及研究、安全监察与管理、安全设计与生产、安全教育与培训等方面的工作，适应社会主义市场经济发展的高素质复合型工程技术与管理人才。

The major aims to train multi-skilled senior engineering and management personnel for the development of socialist market economy. The graduates are required to master the basic theory of safety science and engineering discipline, and have the ability to work in the field of safety technology and engineering, safety science and research, safety supervision and management, safety design and production, and safety education and training in the industries such as mining, construction, environment, transportation, fire protection and land management.二、业务培养要求ⅡEducational Requirements本专业学生主要学习安全工程学、灾害防治理论与技术、安全信息系统等方面的基本理论和基本知识，受到应用基础研究和技术开发方面的科学思维和科学实验训练，具有较好的科学素养；具备注册安全工程师基础知识、专业能力和素质，掌握安全工程设计、生产开发与应急技术的基本技能及初步的教学、研究、开发和管理能力。

23年高考英语外刊阅读训练——阅读理解：我们要恐惧数学吗——改编自Should we be afraid of math?Mathematics is an essential part of our daily lives, from dividing the bill after a meal to keeping track of household expenses. Some people enjoy the challenge of algebra and solving Sudoku puzzles, while others feel anxious and confused when dealing with numbers.Many people experience math anxiety, which is a normal feeling that does not necessarily reflect their ability. The roots of this issue can often be traced back to childhood experiences in school. Studies have found that teachers who are nervous about teaching math may transfer this anxiety to their students, particularly girls. In some countries, over half of the teenagers worry that math classes will be difficult.To combat this problem, it is crucial to provide good role models for young children, particularly girls, who love teaching math. It is possible that the right or wrong answer in mathematics might make people more nervous compared to other subjects like geography where answers may be subjective. However, assuming that one is not a "maths person" could prevent them from solving problems they are fully capable of solving.Psychologists are trying to understand why mentalarithmetic can trigger fear and tension. One approach is to articulate one's anxieties to help loosen its hold on themselves. When children are encouraged to see a math test as a challenge and not a threat, they are more likely to tackle it with a positive mindset and perform better.In conclusion, math anxiety is a common experience that should not discourage us. By providing good role models, changing mindsets, and striving for positivity, we can conquer our fears and excel in mathematics.【重点词汇】1. essential /ɪˈsɛnʃəl/ adj. 必要的2. daily /ˈdeɪli/ adj. 日常的3. divide /dɪˈvaɪd/ v. 分割4. bill /bɪl/ n. 账单5. track /træk/ v. 追踪6. household /ˈhaʊshəʊld/ adj. 家庭的7. expense /ɪkˈspɛns/ n. 花费8. challenge /ˈtʃælɪndʒ/ v. 挑战9. algebra /ˈældʒɪbrə/ n. 代数10. Sudoku /suːˈdoku/ n. 数独11. anxious /ˈæŋkʃəs/ adj. 焦虑的12. confused /kənˈfjuːzd/ adj. 困惑的13. reflect /rɪˈflɛkt/ v. 反映14. root /ruːt/ n. 根源15. issue /ˈɪʃuː/ n. 问题16. trace /treɪs/ v. 追溯17. childhood /ˈtʃaɪldhʊd/ n. 童年时期18. experience /ɪkˈspɪəriəns/ n. 经历19. school /skuːl/ n. 学校20. study /ˈstʌdi/ n. 研究21. teacher /ˈtiːtʃər/ n. 教师22. nervous /ˈnɜːvəs/ adj. 紧张的23. transfer /trænsˈfɜːr/ v. 转移24. pupil /ˈpjuːpl/ n. 学生25. particularly /pəˈtɪkjʊləli/ adv. 特别地26. girl /ɡɜːrl/ n. 女孩27. affect /əˈfekt/ v. 影响28. country /ˈkʌntri/ n. 国家29. teenager /ˈtiːneɪdʒər/ n. 青少年30. worry /ˈwʌri/ v. 担忧31. problem /ˈprɒbləm/ n. 问题32. provide /prəˈvaɪd/ v. 提供33. role model /rəʊl ˈmɒdl/ n. 模范34. love /lʌv/ v. 喜欢35. subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ n. 学科36. right /raɪt/ adj. 正确的37. wrong /rɒŋ/ adj. 错误的38. answer /ˈɑːnsər/ n. 答案39. nervousness /ˈnɜːvəsnəs/ n. 紧张40. approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/ n. 方法41. articulate /ɑːˈtɪkjʊleɪt/ v. 清晰地表达42. fear /fɪər/ n. 害怕43. tension /ˈtenʃən/ n. 紧张44. loosen /ˈluːsn/ v. 放松45. hold /həʊld/ n. 控制46. encourage /ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/ v. 鼓励47. mindset /ˈmaɪndset/ n. 心态48. perform /pəˈfɔːm/ v. 表现49. positive /ˈpɒzətɪv/ adj. 积极的50. excel /ɪkˈsel/ v. 出色地表现【阅读理解练习题】1. What is math anxiety?A. A feeling of fear and confusion about dealing with numbersB. An inability to understand algebra or solve Sudoku puzzlesC. A medical condition that affects one's understanding of mathematicsD. A mindset that prevents people from solving math problems答案：A。

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：U形管换热器文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：过程装备与控制工程专业班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目： U形管式换热器设计外文题目： U-tube heat exchangers译文题目：指导教师评阅意见U-tube heat exchangersM. Spiga and G. Spiga, Bologna1 Summary:Some analytical solutions are provided to predict the steady temperature distributions of both fluids in U-tube heat exchangers. The energy equations are solved assuming that the fluids remain unmixed and single-phased. The analytical predictions are compared with the design data and the numerical results concerning the heat exchanger of a spent nuclear fuel pool plant, assuming distinctly full mixing and no mixing conditions for the secondary fluid (shell side). The investigation is carried out by studying the influence of all the usual dimensionless parameters (flow capacitance ratio, heat transfer resistance ratio and number of transfer units), to get an immediate and significant insight into the thermal behaviour of the heat Exchanger.More detailed and accurate studies about the knowledge of the fluid temperature distribution inside heat exchangers are greatly required nowadays. This is needed to provide correct evaluation of thermal and structural performances, mainly in the industrial fields (such as nuclear engineering) where larger, more efficient and reliable units are sought, and where a good thermal design can not leave integrity and safety requirements out of consideration [1--3]. In this view, the huge amount of scientific and technical informations available in several texts [4, 5], mainly concerning charts and maps useful for exit temperatures and effectiveness considerations, are not quite satisfactory for a more rigorous and local analysis. In fact the investigation of the thermomechanieal behaviour (thermal stresses, plasticity, creep, fracture mechanics) of tubes, plates, fins and structural components in the heat exchanger insists on the temperature distribution. So it should be very useful to equip the stress analysis codes for heat exchangers withsimple analytical expressions for the temperature map (without resorting to time consuming numerical solutions for the thermal problem), allowing a sensible saving in computer costs. Analytical predictions provide the thermal map of a heat exchanger, aiding in the designoptimization.Moreover they greatly reduce the need of scale model testing (generally prohibitively expensive in nuclear engineering), and furnish an accurate benchmark for the validation of more refined numerical solutions obtained by computer codes. The purpose of this paper is to present the local bulk-wall and fluid temperature distributions forU-tube heat exchangers, solving analytically the energy balance equations.122 General assumptionsLet m, c, h, and A denote mass flow rate (kg/s), specific heat (J/kg -1 K-l), heat transfer coefficient(Wm -2 K-l), and heat transfer surface (m2) for each leg, respectively. The theoretical analysis is based on classical assumptions [6] :-- steady state working conditions,-- equal flow distribution (same mass flow rate for every tube of the bundle),-- single phase fluid flow,-- constant physical properties of exchanger core and fluids,-- adiabatic exchanger shell or shroud,-- no heat conduction in the axial direction,-- constant thermal conductances hA comprehending wall resistance and fouling.According to this last assumption, the wall temperature is the same for the primary and secondary flow. However the heat transfer balance between the fluids is quite respected, since the fluid-wall conductances are appropriately reduced to account for the wall thermal resistance and thefouling factor [6]. The dimensionless parameters typical of the heat transfer phenomena between the fluids arethe flow capacitance and the heat transfer resistance ratiosand the number of transfer units, commonly labaled NTU in the literature,where (mc)min stands for the smaller of the two values (mc)sand (mc)p.In (1) the subscripts s and p refer to secondary and primary fluid, respectively. Only three of the previous five numbers are independent, in fact :The boundary conditions are the inlet temperatures of both fluids3 Parallel and counter flow solutionsThe well known monodimensional solutions for single-pass parallel and counterflow heat exchanger,which will be useful later for the analysis of U-tube heat exchangers, are presented below. If t, T,νare wall, primary fluid, and secondary fluid bulk temperatures (K), and ξ and L represent the longitudinal space coordinate and the heat exchanger length (m), the energy balance equations in dimensionless coordinate x = ξ/L, for parallel and counterflow respectivelyread asM. Spiga and G. Spiga: Temperature profiles in U-tube heat exchangersAfter some algebra, a second order differential equation is deduced for the temperature of the primary (or secondary) fluid, leading to the solutionwhere the integration constants follow from the boundary conditions T(0)=T i , ν(0)≒νifor parallel T(1) = Ti ,ν(0) = νifor counter flow. They are given-- for parallel flow by - for counterflow byWishing to give prominence to the number of transfer units, it can be noticed thatFor counterflow heat exchangers, when E = 1, the solutions (5), (6) degenerate and the fluidtemperatures are given byIt can be realized that (5) -(9) actually depend only on the two parametersE, NTU. However a formalism involving the numbers E, Ns. R has been chosen here in order to avoid the double formalism (E ≤1 and E > 1) connected to NTU.4 U-tube heat exchangerIn the primary side of the U-tube heat exchanger, whose schematic drawing is shown in Fig. 1, the hot fluid enters the inlet plenum flowing inside the tubes, and exits from the outlet plenum. In the secondary side the fluid flows in the tube bundle (shell side). This arrangement suggests that the heat exchanger can be considered as formed by the coupling of a parallel and a counter-flow heat exchanger, each with a heigth equal to the half length of the mean U-tube. However it is necessary to take into account the interactions in the secondary fluid between the hot and the cold leg, considering that the two flows are not physically separated. Two extreme opposite conditions can be investigated: no mixing and full mixing in the two streams of the secondary fluid. The actual heat transfer phenomena are certainly characterized by only a partial mixing ofthe shell side fluid between the legs, hence the analysis of these two extreme theoretical conditions will provide an upper and a lower limit for the actual temperature distribution.4.1 No mixing conditionsIn this hypothesis the U-tube heat exchanger can be modelled by two independent heat exchangers, a cocurrent heat exchanger for the hot leg and a eountercurrent heat exchanger for the cold leg. The only coupling condition is that, for the primary fluid, the inlet temperature in the cold side must be the exit temperature of the hot side. The numbers R, E, N, NTU can have different values for the two legs, because of thedifferent values of the heat transfer coefficients and physical properties. The energy balance equations are the same given in (2)--(4), where now the numbers E and Ns must be changed in E/2 and 2Ns in both legs, if we want to use in their definition the total secondary mass flow rate, since it is reduced in every leg to half the inlet mass flow rate ms. Of course it is understood that the area A to be used here is half of the total exchange area of the unit, as it occurs for the length L too. Recalling (5)--(9) and resorting to the subscripts c and h to label the cold and hot leg, respectively, the temperature profile is given bywhere the integration constants are:M. Spiga and G. Spiga: Temperature profiles in U-tube heat exchangersIf E, = 2 the solutions (13), (14) for the cold leg degenerate into4.2 Full mixing conditionsA different approach can be proposed to predict the temperature distributions in the core wall and fluids of the U-tube heat exchanger. The assumption of full mixing implies that the temperaturesof the secondary fluid in the two legs, at the same longitudinal section, are exactly coinciding. In this situation the steady state energy balance equations constitute the following differential set :The bulk wall temperature in both sides is thenand (18)--(22) are simplified to a set of three equations, whose summation gives a differential equation for the secondary fluid temperature, withgeneral solutionwhere # is an integration constant to be specified. Consequently a second order differential equation is deduced for the primary fluid temperature in the hot leg :where the numbers B, C and D are defined asThe solution to (24) allows to determine the temperaturesand the number G is defined asThe boundary conditions for the fluids i.e. provide the integration constantsAgain the fluid temperatures depend only on the numbers E and NTU.5 ResultsThe analytical solutions allow to deduce useful informations about temperature profiles and effectiveness. Concerning the U-tube heat exchanger, the solutions (10)--(15) and (25)--(27) have been used as a benchmark for the numerical predictions of a computer code [7], already validated, obtaining a very satisfactory agreement.M. Spiga and G. Spiga: Temperature profiles in U-tube heat exchangers 163 Moreover a testing has been performed considering a Shutte & Koerting Co. U-tube heat exchanger, designed for the cooling system of a spent nuclear fuel storage pool. The demineralized water of the fuel pit flows inside the tubes, the raw water in the shell side. The correct determination of the thermal resistances is very important to get a reliable prediction ; for every leg the heat transfer coefficients have been evaluated by the Bittus-Boelter correlation in the tube side [8], by the Weisman correlation in the shell side [9] ; the wall material isstainless steel AISI 304.and the circles indicate the experimental data supplied by the manufacturer. The numbers E, NTU, R for the hot and the cold leg are respectively 1.010, 0.389, 0.502 and 1.011, 0.38~, 0.520. The difference between the experimental datum and the analytical prediction of the exit temperature is 0.7％ for the primary fluid, 0.9% for the secondary fluid. The average exit temperature of the secondary fluid in the no mixing model differs from the full mixing result only by 0.6%. It is worth pointing out the relatively small differences between the profiles obtained through the two different hypotheses (full and no mixing conditions), mainly for the primary fluid; the actual temperature distribution is certainly bounded between these upper and lower limits,hence it is very well specified. Figures 3-5 report the longitudinal temperaturedistribution in the core wall, τw = (t -- νi)/(Ti -- νi), emphasizing theeffects of the parameters E, NTU, R.As above discussed this profile can be very useful for detailed stress analysis, for instance as anM. Spiga and G. Spiga: Temperature profiles in U-tube heat exchangersinput for related computer codes. In particular the thermal conditions at the U-bend transitions are responsible of a relative movement between the hot and the cold leg, producing hoop stresses with possible occurrence of tube cracking . It is evident that the cold leg is more constrained than the hot leg; the axial thermal gradient is higher in the inlet region and increases with increasing values of E, NTU, R. The heat exchanger effectiveness e, defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer rate(mc)p (Ti-- Tout), Tout=Tc(O), to the maximum hypothetical rateunder the same conditions (mc)min (Ti- νi), is shown in Figs. 6, 7respectively versus the number of transfer units and the flow capacitance ratio. As known, the balanced heat exchangers E = 1) present the worst behaviour ; the effectiveness does not depend on R and is the same for reciprocal values of the flow capacitance ratio.U形管换热器m . Spiga和g . Spiga,博洛尼亚摘要:分析解决方案提供一些两相流体在u形管换热器中的分布情况。