10 植物的逆境生理名词解释1、生物逆境、非生物逆境【生物逆境】由昆虫、病原物和杂草引起的，不利于植物生长发育或生存的环境因子。
【非生物逆境】由干旱、水涝、低温、高温、盐碱等所致，不利于植物生长发育或生存的环境因子。
2、表型可塑性为同一基因型受环境的不同影响而产生的不同表型，是生物对环境的一种适应。
3、抗逆性、避逆性、御逆性、耐逆性【抗逆性】指植物对压力具有抵抗和忍耐的能力，包括御逆性，避逆性和耐逆性。
【避逆性】是植物一种既不利用代谢过程，也不利用能量来避免面对压力的方式。
例如沙漠中生命周期很短的植物可以通过休眠来有效地避免干旱胁迫。
【御逆性】指植物在长期压力条件下对形态、结构、生理和生化压力产生的永久抵抗。
【耐逆性】当植物对抗压力时，用形态、结构、生理学、生物化学或分子生物学来减少或修复损伤的抵抗反应。
4、直接伤害、间接伤害【直接伤害】严重的逆境，短时间作用产生的对植物生命结构（蛋白质、膜、核酸等）的不可逆伤害。
这时植物还来不及发生代谢上的改变。
如高温烫伤、冰冻等。
【间接伤害】较弱的逆境，长时间作用，可以把原来的弹性胁变转化为塑性胁变，造成伤害。
主要是代谢紊乱。
5、逆境激素、逆境蛋白【逆境激素】1.逆境的信号激素：植物体内ABA（脱落酸）含量与其抗性大小呈正相关，调节植物对逆境的适应性。
系统大量合成ABA，使生物膜稳定、延缓自由基清楚酶活性下降，促进渗透调节物质的积累，关闭气孔，减小蒸腾失水，调节逆境蛋白基因表达，促进逆境蛋白合成，提高抗逆性。
2.交叉适应的激素：诱导植物发生适应性的生理代谢变化，增强抗逆性，形成交叉适应性。
【逆境蛋白】逆境蛋白是直接参与植物对逆境的应答反应和修复过程，是直接保护植物细胞免受逆境伤害的效应分子。
属于逆境诱导型蛋白中的功能蛋白。
现已发现多种因素如高温、低温、干旱、病原菌、化学物质、缺氧、紫外线等能诱导形成新的蛋白质(或酶)，这些蛋白质统称为逆境蛋白。
6、交叉适应/交叉忍耐【交叉适应/交叉忍耐】指植物在经历某种逆境后，能提高对另一种逆境的抵抗能力。
Chapter 10 答案Cognitive Linguistics1. Define the following terms briefly.(1)cognitive linguistics: a new approach to the study of language and mind. Accordingto this approach, language and language use are based on our bodilyexperience and the way we conceptualize it.(2)categorization: the mental process of classification.(3)prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best exampleof a lexical category, e.g. for some English speakers “cabbage” (ratherthan, say, “carrot”) mi ght be the prototypical vegetable.(4)category: the products of categorization.(5)prototype theory: a theory of human categorization that was posited by EleanorRosch. Following this theory, natural categories are organized accordingto prototypes which are considered as the most typical or representativeof the category. A robin or sparrow is regarded as a prototype of the categoryof “bird”. People decide whether an entity belongs to a category by comparingthat entity with a prototype.(6)metaphor: a n extension of a word’s use beyond its primary meaning to includereferents that bear some similarity to the word’s primary referent, as in“eye of a needle”, or “cream of the age group”.(7)metonymy: also called conceptual/cognitive metonymy in Cognitive Linguistics.It refers to a conceptual operation in which one entity, the vehicle,can be employed in order to identify another entity, the target, with which itis associated, such as the use of “Hemingway” for “Hemingway’s works” and“White House” for “government of the USA”.(8)iconicity: a feature of a language which means that the structure of languagereflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of theworld, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker. Caesar’shistoric words “Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw, I conquered)” is a goodcase to prove the iconicity of order (the similarity between temporal eventsand the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic construction).(9)grammaticalization: the shift of an independent word to the status of agrammatical element. A famous example in English is the transition of thelexical verb “go” into an auxiliary used to express the future tense.2.Some tips for the tests: according to the prototype theory, prototypes are the bestexamples of a category and natural categories are organized around prototypes.Therefore, names of category prototypes tend to come to mind before those ofperipheral examples, but many factors (such as culture, individual experience andcontext) may influence the choice of prototypes of categories.3.In the English preposition list, the spatial prepositions, such as in, on, at, might bethe commonest prepositions in grammar books. The reason is that spatial prepositionsare closest to our bodily experience, thus they may be highest in frequencyof use.4.(1) The marriage is rather fragile without enough attention and patience.Their wedding is splendid, while their marriage is rather fragile.(2)Their marriage is on the rocks.They have walked more smoothly since they had a child.(3)They love each other so much that nothing can separate them apart.The more objection there is, the tighter they are to each other.5.(1) His wife is a lovely bird. The source domain is “(a lovely) bird” and the targetdomain is “his wife”. This expression uses the features of a bird to describethe woman, which invites us to conceptualize that she must be lovely, smalland mild.(2)She is a sheep in front of his husband, while a lion in her career. The sourcedomain is “sheep/lion” and the target domain is “she”. The word “sheep” suggeststhat the woman is gentle, mild and obedient as a wife, while the word“lion” creates the impression that she is ambitious, energetic and influentialin her work.(3)My mother was a tiger when we were in danger. The source domain is “tiger”and the target domain is “my mother”. The word “Tiger” conveys the ideathat “my mother” is brave, intrepid, strong and fearless.6.Definitions of these words in dictionaries help us a lot to conceptualize them,most of which are descriptions of the causes, processes and properties of theseemotions. We take “anger, love and fear” for example: (1) anger: the strong feelingyou have when something happened you think is bad and unfair (from OxfordDictionary); a strong feeling of wanting to hurt or criticize someone because theyhave done something bad to you or been unkind to you (from Longman Dictionary). (2) love: to have a strong feeling of affection for someone, combined withsexual attraction (from Longman Dictionary); a strong feeling of deep affectionfor somebody/something, especially a member of your family or a friend, or forsomebody you are sexually attracted to (from Oxford Dictionary). (3) fear: thebad feeling that you have when you are in danger, when something bad mighthappen, or a particular thing frightens you (from Oxford Dictionary); the feelingyou get when you are afraid or worried that something bad is going to happen(from Longman Dictionary). In these definitions, a conceptual metonymy is extensivelyused, that is, THE BODILY SYMPTOMS OF AN EMOTION STANDFOR THE EMOTION (part for whole). Bodily symptoms are helpful for descriptionof the concept of an emotion since generally they are peculiar to a particularemotion.。
