化学应用英语写作作业
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我们身边的化学的英文作文English:Chemistry is an integral part of our everyday lives, permeating everything from the air we breathe to the food we eat. It is the study of matter, its properties, composition, and the changes it undergoes. From the moment we wake up until we go to sleep, chemistry influences our actions and decisions. When we cook a meal, we engage in chemical reactions that transform raw ingredients into delicious dishes. The water we drink, essential for our survival, is a chemical compound with unique properties that sustain life. Even the simple act of lighting a match involves combustion, a chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat and light. Beyond the confines of our homes, chemistry plays a crucial role in industries such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and manufacturing, driving innovation and technological advancements. In medicine, chemists develop drugs to treat diseases, improving and saving countless lives. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides enhance crop yields, ensuring food security for millions. In manufacturing, chemical processes are used to produce an array of products, from plastics to textiles. Chemistry also intersects with environmental issues, as scientistsstrive to develop sustainable solutions to mitigate pollution and combat climate change. Understanding chemistry allows us to appreciate the world around us on a deeper level, empowering us to make informed choices that benefit both society and the environment.中文翻译:化学是我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分,渗透到我们呼吸的空气和我们食用的食物中。
化学产品英文小作文英文:Chemical products are widely used in our daily lives, from cleaning products to cosmetics, and even in the food we eat. As a chemist, I have a good understanding of the properties and uses of various chemical products.One example is sodium bicarbonate, also known as baking soda. This chemical is commonly used in baking as a leavening agent, but it also has many other uses. For example, it can be used as a cleaning agent for household surfaces and even as a natural deodorant. Its alkaline properties make it effective at neutralizing odors.Another chemical product that I am familiar with is hydrochloric acid. This strong acid is commonly used in industry for cleaning and etching metals, but it also has medical uses. In the stomach, hydrochloric acid helps to break down food and kill harmful bacteria.Overall, chemical products play an important role inour daily lives and understanding their properties and uses is crucial for their safe and effective use.中文:化学产品在我们日常生活中被广泛使用,从清洁产品到化妆品,甚至在我们食用的食品中也有应用。
英语写作入门及鉴赏作业1、What has come into being in his was life,and the life was the light of all people.The light shines in the darkness and the darkness did not overcome it.2、Enter through the narrow gate;for the gate is wide and the rood is easy that leads to destruction,and there are many who take it.For the gate is narrow and the road is hard that leads to life,and there are few who find it.3、Where,O death,is your victory?Where,O death is your sting?the sting death is sin,and the power of sin is law.But thanks to God,who gives us the victory though our Lord Jesus Christ.4、The grass withers,the flower fades,when the breath of the LORD blows uponit.Surely the people are grass. The grass withers,the flower fades;but the word of our God will stand forever.5、I had rather be a canker in a hedge than a rose in his grace;and it better fits my blood to be disclaimed of all,than to fashion a carriage to rob love from any.6、If we thus gather the complaints that critics have,over the years,made about Much Ado about Nothing,we may gain the impression that this is one of the worst comedies ever written.7、A horn-tipped staff of office is particularly respected ,so you should enter marriage,which will make you a horn-topped cuckold.8、In so high a style,that no man living shall come over it,for in most comely truth thou deserve it.9、Y our over-kindness doth wring tears from me,I do embrace your offer,and dispose for henceforth of poor background.10、I have deceived even your very eyes.What your wisdoms could notdiscover,these shallow fools have brought to light,who in the light overheard me confessing to this man.11、Only get the learned writer to set down our excommunication,and meet me at the goal.12、How tartly that gentleman looks.I never can see him but I am heart-burned an hour after.13、With a good leg and a good foot,uncle and money enough in his purse,such a man could win any woman in the world-if a could get her will.14、Is it come to this?In faith,hath not the world one man but he will wear his cap with suspicion?15、Only this commendation, I can afford her,that were she other than she is,she were unhandsome,and being no other but as she is.16、It is hard for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven.17、Those who have done good will rise to live, and those who have done evil will rise to be condemned.18、He can do only what he sees his Father doing, because whatever the Father does the Son also does.19、Whoever sows sparingly will also reap sparingly, and whoever sows generously will also reap generously.20、The man of integrity walks securely, but he who takes crooked paths will be found out.21、The wages of the righteous bring them life, but the income of the wicked brings them punishment.22、He who gathers crops in summer is a wise son, but he who sleeps during harvest is a disgraceful son.23、For the waywardness of the simple will kill them, and the complacency of fools will destroy them.24、Folly delights a man who lacks judgment, but a man of understanding keeps a straight course.25、Joy may end in grief.26、A kind man benefits himself, but a cruel man brings trouble on himself.27、What has come into being in him was life, and the life was the light of all people. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not overcome it.28、Love is patient; love is kind; love is not envious or boastful or arrogant or rude. It does not insist on its own way; it is not irritable or resentful; it does not rejoice in wrongdoing, but rejoices in the truth. It bears all things, hopes all things, endures all things. Love never ends.29、The eye is the lamp of the body.If your eyes are good,your full of body will be full of light.30、In regard to evil be infants,but in your thinking be adults.。
有关化学的英语作文Sure, here's an essay about chemistry in English that meets your requirements.---。
Chemistry: The Science Behind Our World。
Chemistry is a fascinating scientific discipline that explores the composition, properties, and transformations of matter. It plays a crucial role in our daily lives, from the food we eat to the medicines we take and the materials we use. In this essay, we'll delve into various aspects of chemistry, its importance, and its impact on society and the environment.One of the fundamental concepts in chemistry is the atom, the basic building block of matter. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The arrangement of these subatomic particles determines the properties of differentelements. For instance, carbon atoms have six protons,while oxygen atoms have eight. This variance in atomic structure leads to the vast diversity of elements and compounds that form the basis of chemistry.Chemical reactions are another core aspect of chemistry. These reactions involve the breaking and forming ofchemical bonds between atoms, resulting in the creation of new substances with unique properties. Understanding chemical reactions is essential for developing new materials, drugs, and technologies. For example, pharmaceutical companies rely on chemistry to design and synthesize effective medications that treat various ailments.The periodic table of elements is a cornerstone of chemistry, organizing elements based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and chemical properties. Dmitri Mendeleev's development of the periodic tablerevolutionized the field of chemistry, providing a systematic framework for understanding and predicting the behavior of elements. Today, the periodic table continuesto evolve as new elements are discovered and synthesized in laboratories.One of the most significant applications of chemistry is in environmental science. Environmental chemists study the interactions between pollutants, natural substances, and ecosystems. They work to develop strategies for mitigating pollution, conserving resources, and promoting sustainable practices. For instance, advancements in green chemistry focus on reducing the environmental impact of chemical processes by minimizing waste and using renewable resources.The field of biochemistry explores the chemical processes within living organisms. It delves into the structure and function of biological molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Biochemists investigate how these molecules interact to support life functions, from metabolism to genetic information transfer. Their research contributes to advancements in medicine, biotechnology, and agriculture.Chemistry also plays a crucial role in industry and technology. Chemical engineers design processes for producing chemicals, fuels, and materials on a large scale. They optimize production efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure product quality and safety. From the manufacture of plastics and polymers to the production of clean energy sources like solar cells and batteries, chemistry underpins numerous industries that drive economic growth and innovation.In conclusion, chemistry is a multifaceted science with vast applications and implications. Its principles govern the behavior of matter at the atomic and molecular levels, shaping our understanding of the natural world and driving advancements in various fields. From fundamental research to practical applications, chemistry continues to enrich our lives and pave the way for a more sustainable and technologically advanced future.---。
我们身边的化学的英文作文Chemistry: The Fabric of Our Surroundings.Chemistry, the study of matter and its interactions, permeates every aspect of our physical existence. From the air we breathe to the water we drink, from the clothes we wear to the food we eat, chemistry plays a fundamental role in shaping our world.The Air We Breathe.The composition of the air we breathe is not a coincidence but rather the result of complex chemical processes that have shaped our planet over billions of years. Oxygen, essential for human respiration, makes up about 21% of the Earth's atmosphere. This oxygen is produced by plants through the process of photosynthesis, which uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose.Nitrogen, the most abundant gas in the atmosphere, constitutes around 78%. It serves as a reservoir for plant growth and is converted into usable forms by bacteria in the soil. Carbon dioxide, essential for plant photosynthesis, is present in trace amounts but has a significant impact on the planet's climate.The Water We Drink.Water, the elixir of life, is a polar molecule made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Its chemical properties make it an excellent solvent, capable of dissolving a wide range of substances. This versatility enables water to transport nutrients, regulate temperature, and participate in numerous biological processes.Water is abundant on Earth, but most of it is found in the oceans as saltwater. Freshwater, essential for human consumption and agriculture, comprises only a smallfraction of the total water supply. Chemical processes such as distillation and reverse osmosis are used to purify water and make it safe for human use.The Clothes We Wear.The clothes we wear are the result of a fascinating interplay of chemistry and technology. Natural fibers, such as cotton, wool, and silk, are obtained from plants and animals. These fibers consist of long, chain-like molecules called polymers that provide strength and durability. Synthetic fibers, such as nylon and polyester, are produced through chemical processes and offer unique properties such as elasticity and wrinkle resistance.Dyes, used to add color to fabrics, are also a productof chemistry. Dyes can be natural or synthetic, and they work by interacting with the chemical structure of thefabric to create a permanent or temporary bond.The Food We Eat.Food is the fuel that powers our bodies. It provides us with the energy and nutrients we need to survive and thrive. The chemistry of food is complex and involves a vast arrayof organic and inorganic compounds.Carbohydrates, such as glucose and starch, provide energy for cells. Proteins, made up of amino acids, are essential for growth and repair of tissues. Fats, composedof fatty acids, act as a source of energy and store vitamins. Vitamins and minerals, though present in trace amounts, play crucial roles in maintaining bodily functions.Chemistry in Medicine.Chemistry has revolutionized the field of medicine, leading to the development of life-saving drugs, vaccines, and diagnostic tools. Antibiotics, such as penicillin, are chemical substances that effectively kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, helping to cure infections. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against specific diseases.Diagnostic techniques, such as X-rays and MRI scans,rely on chemical principles to visualize the inside of the human body and detect abnormalities. Chemotherapy, used totreat cancer, involves the use of cytotoxic drugs that target and destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells.Chemistry in Technology.Chemistry has also had a profound impact on technology. Batteries, essential for powering portable devices, rely on chemical reactions to generate electricity. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity using semiconductor materials that undergo photochemical reactions. Fuel cells, which generate electricity through the electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, offer a clean andefficient alternative to fossil fuels.In conclusion, chemistry is an integral part of our everyday lives. It shapes the air we breathe, the water we drink, the clothes we wear, the food we eat, and the technologies we rely on. By understanding the principles of chemistry, we gain a deeper appreciation of the world around us and the countless ways it impacts our existence.。
浅谈化学专业英语论文写作引言在化学专业中,英语论文的写作是不可避免的任务。
然而,许多学生在写作上遇到了各种挑战,并且有些人往往对英语论文的写作感到非常困难。
本文将探讨一些基本的写作技巧,以帮助化学专业学生更加成功地编写英语论文。
选择主题在开始写作之前,第一步是选择一个主题。
主题的选择应该基于以下因素:•你的兴趣和知识领域•研究领域和前沿•当前的热点问题你应该选择一个你感兴趣的主题,以便你对于该主题有足够的知识背景和深入的理解。
此外,重要的是要寻找一个有趣和未解决的问题,以此来激起读者的兴趣。
写作流程计划在开始写作之前,你应该先拟定一个计划或者提纲。
这个计划或提纲将指导你的写作,并使你能够更好地控制论文的整体结构和内容。
以下是一些你应该考虑的问题:•你的论文将会有几个主要章节?•每个章节的内容是什么?•你将使用哪些方法和技术?•你将引用哪些参考文献?计划应该清晰、有条理、详细。
一个好的计划将为你后续的写作提供有力的支持。
写作在你拟定好计划之后,就可以开始写作了。
以下是一些你应该记住的关键问题:•专业术语和概念应该得到准确且恰当的使用。
•句子应该简短、有力,有清晰的结构,注重逻辑,避免冗余。
•用字应该准确、规范,注意拼写错误。
•确认你的论点是否有证据支持,并用相应的数据和例子来加强支持。
•合理引用参考文献,遵守学术规范。
修订完成初稿后,你需要进行多次修订,以确保最终成稿的准确性和流畅性。
以下是一些你应该记住的关键问题:•确保句子通顺,表达清晰,用语考虑规范和准确性。
•前后的章节间应有明显的逻辑关系,文章应有足够的连贯性。
•纠正语法和拼写错误。
•根据编辑审阅的反馈意见进行修改。
语言技巧在化学专业英语论文写作过程中,正确使用语言技巧和单词非常重要。
以下是一些你应该掌握的用法:•使用恰当的专业术语和概念,可以通过文献综述理解其用法和常用表达方式。
•避免使用过多复杂的句子结构和嵌套。
•尽量使用简单的词语和句子进行表述,利于理解。
与化学有关英语作文Title: The Wonders of Chemistry。
Chemistry, often dubbed the central science, permeates every aspect of our lives, from the air we breathe to the food we eat, from the medicines that heal us to the materials that surround us. It is a discipline that delves into the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter, offering profound insights into the workings of the universe. In this essay, we will explore the marvels of chemistry, its significance in our daily lives, and its promising future.At its core, chemistry is the study of matter and the transformations it undergoes. From the simplest atoms to complex molecules, everything around us is made up of chemicals. One of the fundamental concepts in chemistry is the periodic table, a systematic arrangement of elements based on their atomic number and chemical properties. Dmitri Mendeleev's ingenious creation of the periodic tablelaid the groundwork for understanding the behavior of elements and predicting their properties, revolutionizing the field of chemistry.Chemistry plays a vital role in addressing global challenges such as climate change, pollution, and sustainable energy. Researchers are developing innovative materials for renewable energy sources like solar panels and fuel cells, aiming to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate the impact of climate change. Moreover, chemistry contributes to the development of cleaner technologies and processes, ensuring a more sustainable future for generations to come.Furthermore, chemistry intersects with other scientific disciplines, fostering interdisciplinary collaborations and breakthroughs. For instance, the field of biochemistry explores the chemical processes within and related toliving organisms, elucidating the molecular mechanisms of diseases and paving the way for novel treatments and therapies. Similarly, materials science combines principles from chemistry, physics, and engineering to design andfabricate materials with tailored properties for various applications, ranging from electronics to medicine.In the realm of medicine, chemistry has revolutionized healthcare through the discovery and development of new drugs and therapies. Pharmaceutical chemistry involves the design, synthesis, and testing of compounds to treat diseases and improve human health. From antibiotics that combat bacterial infections to chemotherapy drugs that target cancer cells, the contributions of chemistry to medicine are immeasurable, saving countless lives and alleviating suffering worldwide.Moreover, chemistry enhances our understanding of the natural world, unraveling the mysteries of substances and their interactions. Analytical chemistry, for instance, enables scientists to identify and quantify the composition of substances, whether in environmental samples, food products, or forensic evidence. By employing sophisticated techniques such as chromatography and spectroscopy, analytical chemists unravel complex mixtures and provide valuable insights into their properties and behavior.In addition to its practical applications, chemistry inspires wonder and curiosity, inviting us to explore the unseen realms of the microscopic world. Through experiments and observations, chemists uncover the intricate mechanisms underlying chemical reactions, from the formation of bonds between atoms to the dynamics of complex biochemical processes. The beauty of chemistry lies not only in its practical utility but also in its elegance and complexity, captivating the imagination of scientists and enthusiasts alike.Looking ahead, the future of chemistry is filled with promise and opportunity. Advances in computational chemistry and artificial intelligence are revolutionizing the way we study and predict chemical phenomena, accelerating the discovery of new materials and compounds with tailored properties. Nanotechnology, a burgeoningfield at the intersection of chemistry and engineering, holds immense potential for revolutionizing industries such as electronics, healthcare, and energy.In conclusion, chemistry is a captivating and indispensable science that shapes our world in profound ways. From its fundamental principles to its far-reaching applications, chemistry permeates every facet of our lives, driving innovation, solving complex problems, and enriching our understanding of the natural world. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of matter and molecules, the wonders of chemistry will continue to inspire and empower us to build a brighter future for humanity.。
有关化学的英文摘要作文英文:Chemistry is a fascinating subject that explores the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter. It plays a crucial role in our daily lives, from the food we eat to the medicines we take. As a chemistry enthusiast, I find the study of chemical reactions particularly intriguing. One of the most interesting aspects of chemistry for me is the concept of chemical bonding.Chemical bonding refers to the attractive forces that hold atoms together in compounds. There are three main types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Each type of bond has its own unique characteristics and properties. For example, ionic bonds form between a metal and a non-metal, resulting in the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. This creates positively and negatively charged ions that are attracted to each other, forming a strong bond. Covalent bonds, on the other hand,involve the sharing of electrons between two non-metal atoms, creating a stable molecule. Metallic bonds occur in metals, where the atoms share a sea of electrons, leading to excellent electrical conductivity and malleability.Understanding chemical bonding is essential for predicting the behavior of substances and designing new materials. For instance, the properties of materials like ceramics, polymers, and metals are determined by the type of chemical bonds present in their structure. By studying chemical bonding, scientists and engineers can develop new materials with specific properties, such as increased strength, flexibility, or conductivity.Furthermore, chemical bonding is crucial in the field of medicine. For example, the development of new drugs often involves understanding how molecules interact and bind to specific targets in the body. By studying the chemical bonding between drug molecules and their biological targets, researchers can design more effective and targeted medications with fewer side effects.In conclusion, the study of chemical bonding is essential for understanding the properties and behavior of matter. It has wide-ranging applications in fields such as materials science, medicine, and engineering. As a chemistry enthusiast, I am fascinated by the intricate ways in which atoms bond and interact with each other, shaping the world around us.中文:化学是一个迷人的学科,它探索物质的组成、结构、性质和变化。
学好化工专业英语作文English:Studying chemical engineering requires a strong foundation in both the technical aspects of the field and the ability to effectively communicate that knowledge through writing. To excel in this major, one must not only master the scientific principles behind chemical processes and reactions, but also be able to convey these complex concepts in a clear and concise manner. Developing proficient English writing skills is essential for successfully completing assignments, reports, and research papers in the chemical engineering field. Additionally, being able to effectively communicate with colleagues, professors, and potential employers in written form is crucial for building professional relationships and advancing in the field. Therefore, honing one's skills in chemical engineering English writing is essential for achieving success in this competitive and rapidly-evolving industry.中文翻译:学习化工工程需要在领域的技术方面建立坚实的基础,同时通过书面表达有效地传达这些知识。
1. General Information(基本资料,总说明)Angewandte Chemie International Edition and its German version (德语版)Angewandte Chemie are owned(拥有)by the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (German Chemical Society) and are published by Wiley-VCH(出版社). This leading journal (重要期刊)for all fields of chemistry publishes a variety of articles (各种各样的文章)(see below). Both editions of the journal will have 52 issues(期号)in 2011 in print and online (in Wiley Online Library); all articles are available online weeks before the printed version appears (Early Views提前在线出版模式). Contributions (投稿)may be submitted in English or German(可以为英语或者德语递交). Angewandte Chemie does not publish manuscripts(手稿,原稿草稿)that have already appeared(出现,发表).The author must inform(通知,告知)the editor of manuscripts submitted(提交手稿的编辑), soon to be submitted(很快投稿), or in press at other journals that have a bearing on the manuscript being submitted(那些与投递原稿的相关信息). If the manuscript is, in fact, a revised/extended version (之前被拒手稿修改或者扩展版本)of a manuscript previously rejected by Angewandte Chemie, the author must inform the editor about the previous submission(提交<物>,意见)in the cover letter(投稿信,附信)and explain in detail which changes have been made. The Ethical Guidelines for Publication in Journals and Reviews(期刊和评论出版物道德准则)issued by the European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences (EuCheMS) are followed(遵循)and applied by Angewandte Chemie; these guidelines are similar to the Ethical Guidelines to Publication of Chemical Research of the American Chemical Society. Authors should declare any conflict of interest(声明任何利益冲突)in their letter to the editor, for example support of the research by companies who stand to profit from publication of the results. Authors submitting a manuscript to Angewandte Chemie for the first time are asked to characterize their main research interests with a maximum of five keywords (最多五个关键词)from the Keyword List for Authors and Reviewers.All Manuscripts should be submitted through manuscriptXpress. Please prepare a single file一个单一文件(allowed formats格式: Word, RTF, Postscript, PDF) containing all schemes(方案,图式), figures(图形,图表), and tables(表格)integrated in the text; this file should also contain the Supporting Information, when appropriate. Then follow the instructions(按照说明)on the submission website. In this file, please include a short text justifying(证明)why your article should appear in Angewandte Chemie. Please use the box "Cover letter" for your cover letter (no formatted text, for example italics, sub/superscript). Any information that is intended for(打算给)the editorial office only (e.g., suggested reviewers and conflicts of interest with potential reviewers) should be given in the box "Additional Upload Comment(上传评论)". If you experience any problems please make use of the contact form(接触方式)at this site. When your article has been accepted you will be informed of (接到)the procedure for submitting revised manuscripts.Should you wish to submit multimedia files that exceed 5 MB in size, please proceed (继续)as described on the homepage. Smaller files can simply be sent as ane-mail attachement(附件).MSword templates(模板)for Reviews(综述), Minireviews, Essays(随笔), Highlights(集锦), and Communications are available in the section "Author Guidelines".2. Types of ContributionAlthough Reviews, Minireviews, Essays, and Highlights are generally written upon invitation(邀请)of the editor, they can also be the result of an author's own initiative.(主动)However, the editor should be informed in advance about such an intended contribution(有意的投稿).We would like to emphasize that the number of characters mentioned in the following Sections always include spaces. (要强调的是包括空格在内的字符数)2.1. Review ArticlesReview articles should be written by leading experts(权威专家)and deal with(涉及)topics of high current interest in any area of chemistry. Rather than an assembly of detailed information with a complete literature survey, a critically selected treatment of the material is desired; unsolved problems and possible developments should also be discussed. (一个严格挑选材料处理是期望的,未解决的问题和可能的发展也应该讨论,而不是一组完整文献调查的详细信息)Reviews should be divided into numbered sections, as in this "Notice to Authors". Cross-references(相互参照,交叉引用)in the text should also use these section numbers. The Review starts with a lead-in(导入)(1000 characters, no references). This text should not be a mere summary(不仅有概要)but rather should—together with a round picture 18.5 cm in diameter (frontispiece(卷头插画))—arouse the readers' interest. The first section of the Review itself, the Introduction, should primarily introduce the nonspecialist(非专业人士)to the subject in as clear a way as possible. A Review should conclude with a section entitled Summary and Outlook (题为总结和展望), in which the achievements of and new challenges for the subject are presented succinctly(主题取得的成就和新挑战简洁的提出). In addition, biographical sketches(传记性概述)(maximum length 560 characters) and portrait-quality black-and-white photographs of the correspondence authors(通讯作者)should be submitted.Length: A Review should not be of more than 65000 characters, including footnotes (脚注,附注), literature citations, tables, and legends(文献引用,表格和说明,图例). If a longer article is planned, the agreement of the editor should be sought(寻求)as early as possible.2.2. MinireviewsA Minireview (up to (多达)25000 characters) should present(呈现)current topics in a concise review style(用简洁的评论风格). Minireviews offer the flexibility (灵活性)to treat topics at a time(在某时,每次)and in a suitable manner(方式,态度), when a Review would still be premature or inappropriate(过早或者不适当). The format is the same as that outlined(概述)for Reviews in Section 2.1; however, Minireviews do not have a frontispiece and the lead-in should be no longer than800 characters.2.3. EssaysIn Essays (up to 15000 characters) themes(主题)from every aspect of chemistry, including the philosophy or history of science(哲学和科学史), are addressed(处理)freely. Use of unpublished results from original research(原创性研究的未发表过的成果)should be extremely limited. Primarily, known topics should be discussed illuminatingly and critically from a new vantage point(讨论启发性,从新的角度评论), and they should be suitably illustrated(阐明,加插图). In addition, a biographical sketch (maximum length 560 characters) and a portrait-qualityblack-and-white photograph of the correspondence author should be submitted.2.4. HighlightsIn Highlights very important new results of original research should be described, in general by a third person, with a view to instruct and to highlight their significance(一般由第三者指点或者强调那些原创性成果的意义). The results should be presented clearly, but as succinctly as possible, without the comprehensive details required for an original article(没有原文全面细节的需要). Highlights should include only essential formulas(基本的公式)and figures as well as(以及)not more than 15 references. A Highlight should not be longer than two pages (up to 8500 characters). To ensure that your manuscript does not exceed this length, please use the template, which can be found in the section "Author Guidelines" of the homepage.2.5. CommunicationsCommunications are short notes on experimental and/or theoretical studies in all branches of chemistry(通讯是化学分支科学实验或理论研究的简短札记). The results must be of general interest (大众兴趣)or at least contribute to the development of an important area of research. The essential findings(重要的发现/成果)presented in a Communication or significant parts of them may not already have appeared in print or in electronic online systems (for example, in online resources, in reviews, proceedings(会议录), or preprints(预印本)). Contributions that are too specialized(专业)for the general readership of Angewandte Chemie will be returned to the authors without further external review(没有进一步的外审)(ca. 25%). All other Communications are sent to two independent referees(审查员). Authors are welcome to suggest referees. We ask referees to consult(参考)the "Guidelines for Referees for Communications" when judging the suitability of a Communication for Angewandte Chemie.Communications that are "very important" in the opinion of at least two referees are denoted(表示)as being a VIP (very important paper) upon publication. If a third referee’s report is however received that does note judge the work to be "very important" or "highly important", the communication does not receive this VIP status.Please be considerate(体谅的)to our many readers for whom English is a foreign language—use a simple, clear style and avoid jargon(避免术语). Communications submitted in English to Angewandte Chemie will be printed in German only when an author provides a translation, perhaps from a current or former postdoc(博士后), or gives specific reasons for wishing to have the article appear in German. In all other cases the Communication will appear in English in both editions of the journal.Length: The maximal length of a Communication, inclusive of all literature citations, footnotes, and tables, is 10000 characters; formulas and figures may be added. Longer Communications will be accepted only if their quality warrants(授权)special consideration and a written justification(书面辩护)of their length is provided. Details that are of importance to the referees and to specialists(专家), but not to most of the readers, should be submitted as Supporting Information (see Section 3.2), which will be made accessible on the Web. Copies of cited publications not yet available publicly should be submitted along with the manuscript. Unpublished results and lectures should only be cited for exceptional reasons(为出版的成果和报告因特殊原因只引用).The identity(身份,特性)and purity of all new compounds must be fully characterized by appropriate analytical methods (NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystal structure analysis, elemental analysis, etc.). These data should be given in the Supporting Information in the event that(如果,万一)they exceed the scope of the Experimental Section.Computer-aided image enhancement is often unavoidable(计算机辅助增强图像不可避免). However, such manipulation(操作,处理)cannot result in data that are less relevant(相关的)or unrepresentative(非代表性的)being shown and/or genuine(真实的)and significant signals(信息)being lost. A clear relationship must remain between the original data and the images that result from those data. If an image has been electronically modified(修改), the form of the modification shall be given in the Figure caption(修改的方式应该在图标上说明). If computer-aided processing or modification of an image is a fundamental part of the experimental work, then the form that this processing takes must be clearly described in the Experimental Section.Manuscripts containing animal experiments must include a statement(声明)that permission was obtained from the relevant national or local authorities(有关国家或当地政府). The institutional committees(机构委员会)that have approved(批准)the experiments must be identified(认定)and the accreditation number(认证数)of the laboratory or of the investigator given where applicable(适当情况下). If no suchrules or permissions are in place in the country where the experiments were performed, then this must also be clearly stated. Manuscripts with experiments with human subjects or tissue samples(组织样本)from human subjects must contain a disclaimer(免责声明)in the Experimental Section to state that informed, signed consent was obtained from either the patient or next of kin(病人或者亲属知情、签字同意).A Communication returned to the author for revision(修改)should be returned to the editorial office within three weeks. If more time is needed the editor must be informed.Communications should not be divided into sections. However, experimental details or methods should be summarized concisely(简洁的概括)under the heading(标题)Experimental Section or Methods. The first paragraph of a Communication should be formulated(规划)as an introduction that provides the nonspecialist reader with a general idea of the state of the art of the field and allows the importance of the results to be put into perspective(清楚地认识). In the final paragraph the results should be summarized succinctly and one sentence should be devoted to(用于)their significance and—if appropriate(如果有的话)—to the next challenges.2.6. Correspondences(通信,一致,相当)Manuscripts that critically comment on publications(批判性的评论出版物)in Angewandte Chemie can be published as Correspondences if they make an important contribution to the scientific discussion(探讨). The author of the publication to which the Correspondence pertains(属于,关于)will have the opportunity to reply(回复).2.7. Book Reviews, Meeting Reviews, Obituaries(讣闻)Book and Meeting Reviews as well as Obituaries are written upon invitation. Suggestions for books to be reviewed as well as for meeting reviews and obituaries are welcome, as are suggestions for possible authors. Publishers(出版商)should send brochures(手册)or preferably books(较好的书)directly to the editorial office.An informative Book Review(资讯书评)should provide answers to the following questions: Has the area of research covered in the book been the focus of recent research efforts(研究工作), or does the book provide a fresh look at an already established area? Does the book have other merits(优点), or is it unnecessary? Are the many aspects of the book's topic appropriately weighted? What benefits does the book offer to different types of readers?A Meeting Review should deal with the following questions: Why is the presented field of research currently of particular interest?(为什么这个研究领域目前令人感兴趣)How has it developed over the past few years? What are the most important unanswered questions? Which contributions were the highlights of the conference?(哪些文稿是会议的集锦)Among the answers given to the most important questions of the field, is there one that represents the "biggest leap forward"(跃进)? Have any new research topics arisen?(新的研究课题诞生)Are there any (new) prospects in the application of developments in the field?2.8. Corrigenda(勘误表)Scientifically incorrect or incomplete information(科学上的错误和不完整的信息)in published articles should be corrected in a Corrigendum—which is as short as possible. Corrigenda are printed directly after the Table of Contents(目录). We request that authors submit the Corrigendum electronically like any other article through manuscriptXpress and that they cite the publication to be corrected as well as its "digital object identifier" (DOI). (数字对象标识符)3. General Remarks(总论,第一章,一般注解)3.1. Table of Contents and KeywordsFor all manuscripts (with the exception of<除了…以外>Book Reviews, Meeting Reviews, Obituaries, and Corrigenda) a short text for the Table of Contents of the issue(发行物)(up to 450 characters; templates(模板)available from the section "Author Guidelines" on the homepage) and a maximum of five keywords in alphabetical order(按字母排序)should be included as(作为)the last page of the manuscript. At least two of the keywords should be taken from the "Keyword Catalogue"(关键字目录)(see the complete Notice to Authors on the homepage). The text(正文)for the Table of Contents should (ideally<理想中>with the help of a graphic, color is free here) arouse curiosity(唤起好奇心). Repetition or a paraphrase of the title (重复或者题目的释义/改述)and presentation(描述,介绍)of experimental details should be avoided.3.2. Supporting InformationExperimental procedures, spectroscopic data, graphics(光谱数据,图像), etc. that are essential for understanding the main points(大意,重点)of the publication but could be considered supplementary(补充,附属)or cannot be included in the actual publication for space reasons or because of technical limitations (e.g. animated(动画,有生气的)multimedia applications and movies) should be provided online as Supporting Information (in English!). This material is available free of charge to authors and readers, and appears simultaneous(同时)to the publication of the article. In the relevant sections相关部分of the article, reference should be made to the Supporting Information. The scientific quality of the Supporting Information and the preparation of the text and graphics should be of the same standard as that in the actual publication. The Supporting Information should start with a Table of Contents, and the relationships between the sections of the main article and the Supporting Information should be apparent. To submit multimedia files, please proceed(进行)as described on the homepage.3.3. ColorThe publication of Schemes and Figures in color is expensive, and we request that part of the additional costs be carried by the author. If color is essential(基本的,必要的)and the author does not have access to(使用,接近)funds for publication costs, the editor can make an exception.3.4. Cover Picture and Other Eye-Catching Graphics(封面图片和其它引人注目的图像)Suggestions for the cover or the inside-cover(封面里)picture of the issue (with an explanatory text up to 500 characters) or for the frontispiece(卷头插画)of the Communications<说明文本> section are welcome (diameter of the circle 16.5 and 18.5 cm, respectively). Part of the additional cost for color must be paid by the author. Assistance(辅助设备)for the design of these pictures is available on the homepage. Animated graphics(动画图形,活动图像)can also be deposited(放置)for cover pictures.3.5. Correction Process(纠错过程)The correspondence author will receive page proofs(版面校样)(in most cases as compressed(压缩的)PDF files). They should be returned to the editorial office within three days. Corrections after "Early View"(提前在线出版模式)and before issue publication will be accepted only if formal aspects or misprints are concerned.(只有格式或者印刷错误)For all the other corrections a Corrigendum has to be submitted (see Section 2.8).3.6. ReprintsThe main correspondence author of a Review will receive a complementary PDF in one of the two languages which allows 50 printouts(印出)as well as complimentary copies (赠送本)of both editions. For all other types of articles, complimentary copies of both editions are provided. Reprints and high-resolution(转载和高分辨率)PDFs can be ordered for a reasonable price(合理价格)before an article has been published.3.7. Press Releases(新闻发布,新闻稿,通讯稿)Each week, the publisher issues a press release about at least one Communication. It goes without saying不言而喻that authors are welcome to enhance the visibility知名度of their article through a press release from their institution, but such a release, about which the editorial office should be informed, must not precede(不能先于)the online publication of the article (embargo date禁止期).3.8. Open Access(开架阅览)If authors have to or want to make their publications freely available at the moment they are published (open access), Angewandte Chemie offers such a service. Under the keyword OnlineOpen you can find all the information about this subject on our homepage. Angewandte Chemie also complies with(遵守,依照)the request ormandate(授权,命令)from research funding agencies(研究资助机构), for example the US National Institutes of Health (NIH)美国国立卫生研究院, to make manuscripts freely available online in the unedited(未刊行的,未编辑的)and not proof-read form after acceptance. In general we recommend that authors link on their homepage to their Angewandte Chemie publication through the "Digital Object Identifier" (DOI). Only in this way can Crossref function检索功能correctly and full-text downloads be tallied.4. Guidelines for the Preparation of ManuscriptsAuthors are requested to take special care with respect to the following points(对于以下几点特别注意)when preparing a manuscript for publication in Angewandte Chemie:a) Greek letters should be typed in the character font Symbol; special characters must be clearly recognizable; sub- or superscripts and italicized or boldface text should be clearly distinguishable. All pages, including those with the references, tables, and legends, must be numbered consecutively. 希腊字母应该以字符字体符号输入,特殊字符必须明确辨认;上下标以及斜体、加粗文本清晰可辨。
应用化学专业英语教学探讨作者:希尔艾力·买买提依明来源:《高教学刊》2018年第16期摘要:对于应用化学专业大学生而言,专业英语学习中难度相对较大的学习任务是科技类英语研究论文的写作和翻译。
文章通过分析应用化学专业英语的特点和教学现状,基于外文文献写作风格和结合应用化学专业英语学习教材内容,提出针对性的一些教学方法,此研究将对应用化学专业英语教学有所帮助。
关键词:应用化学专业英语;英文文献写作;化学专业;教学方法;实验报告中图分类号:G642 文献标志码:A 文章编号:2096-000X(2018)16-0103-03Abstract: For students majoring in Applied Chemistry, the relatively difficult task of learning English is the writing and translation of scientific and technological English research papers. Based on the analysis of the characteristics and teaching status of Applied Chemistry in English, this paper puts forward some teaching methods based on the writing style of foreign literature and the content of the teaching materials of Applied Chemistry. This study will be helpful to the teaching of Applied Chemistry in English.Keywords: applied chemistry in english; english literature writing; chemistry major;teaching method; experiment report前言隨着我国科学技术水平的提高,对科技人才而言,专业英语越来越成为了一种不可或缺的工具。
应用化学英文作文英文:As an applied chemist, my job involves using chemical principles and techniques to solve practical problems in various industries. This can include developing new materials for use in construction, improving the efficiency of industrial processes, and ensuring the safety andquality of consumer products.One example of how I have applied chemistry in my work is in the development of a new type of insulation material for buildings. By using my knowledge of the properties of different chemicals and their reactions, I was able to create a material that is both highly effective at insulating and environmentally friendly.Another example is in my work with a pharmaceutical company. By applying my understanding of how drugs interact with the body, I was able to help develop a new medicationthat is more effective and has fewer side effects than previous treatments.Overall, being an applied chemist requires a strong foundation in chemical principles, as well as the ability to think creatively and apply that knowledge to real-world problems.中文:作为一名应用化学家,我的工作涉及使用化学原理和技术来解决各种行业中的实际问题。
高中英语必修三实验作文Possible essay:Lab Report: Investigating the Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity。
Introduction。
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Enzymes are highly specific in their function and can be affected by various factors, such as temperature, substrate concentration, and pH. In this experiment, we aimed to investigate the effect of pH on the activity of the enzyme catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.Materials and Methods。
The materials used in this experiment were:Catalase enzyme solution。
Hydrogen peroxide solution (3%)。
Buffer solutions of different pH (4, 7, and 10)。
Test tubes and rack。
Graduated cylinder。
Stopwatch。
The methods used in this experiment were:1. Label three test tubes as pH 4, pH 7, and pH 10, respectively.2. Using a graduated cylinder, measure 5 mL of catalase enzyme solution and add it to each test tube.3. Using a different graduated cylinder, measure 5 mLof hydrogen peroxide solution and add it to each test tube.4. Using a dropper or pipette, add 1 mL of buffer solution of the corresponding pH to each test tube.5. Immediately start the stopwatch and record the time it takes for the reaction to produce a visible amount of oxygen gas bubbles.6. Repeat steps 2-5 for each pH level three times to ensure accuracy and consistency.Results。
化学作业改错的英文作文英文:Chemistry is a fascinating subject that involves the study of matter, its properties, and its interactions with other substances. It is a subject that requires a lot of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. In my opinion, one of the most interesting topics in chemistry is thestudy of chemical reactions.Chemical reactions occur when two or more substances interact with each other to form new substances. There are different types of chemical reactions, such as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, and double replacement. For example, when iron rusts, it undergoes a chemical reaction with oxygen in the air to form iron oxide. This is an example of a synthesis reaction.Another interesting aspect of chemical reactions is the concept of stoichiometry, which involves the calculation ofthe quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. This is important because it allows us to determine the amount of products that can be obtained froma given amount of reactants. For instance, if we have 2 moles of hydrogen gas and 1 mole of oxygen gas, we can use stoichiometry to calculate that we will produce 2 moles of water when they react.中文:化学是一个迷人的学科,涉及物质、其性质及其与其他物质的相互作用的研究。
化学带来的好处英文作文English: Chemistry brings numerous benefits to our daily lives. It plays a crucial role in producing medicines that save lives, from antibiotics to painkillers. Additionally, chemistry is essential in creating products such as fertilizers, pesticides, and food additives that help increase agricultural productivity and ensure food security. It also contributes to the development of materials used in various industries, including plastics, textiles, and electronics. Moreover, chemistry has led to advancements in environmental protection and sustainability through the creation of cleaner fuels and waste treatment technologies. Overall, chemistry has revolutionized the way we live and continues to drive innovation in various fields.中文翻译: 化学给我们的日常生活带来了许多好处。
它在生产拯救生命的药物方面起着至关重要的作用,从抗生素到止痛药。
此外,化学在创造化肥、杀虫剂和食品添加剂等产品方面至关重要,这些产品有助于增加农业生产力并确保粮食安全。
《应用化学专业英语》课程思政教学案例(一等奖)一、课程简介《应用化学专业英语》课程的目标是培养学生对本专业科技文献的阅读能力、专业英语写作能力、以及听说能力。
通过课程的学习,可以提高学生阅读和理解专业文献的能力,满足其今后从事专业工作、科学研究和国际交流的要求。
然而,由于化学专业英语涉及到大量专业词汇,生僻而又难读;内容具有很强的专业性、逻辑性,深奥严谨而难以理解,对初涉专业英语学习的大学生而言,感到十分棘手的。
尤为重要的是,专业词汇和种类繁多的化合物名称的准确发音,这是一个在以往的教学中最容易被忽略的内容,也是目前专业英语教学中的一个薄弱环节。
为了解决这一重要环节,张秀凤老师在疫情期间克服重重困难、倾情录制完成《化学工程与工艺专业英语》专业音频课程,开辟了有声课堂的先例,从根本上改变了长期以来学习哑巴专业英语的局面,为学习化学专业英语打造了一套高质量、发音纯正地道的原汁原味的优质音频资料,填补了化学专业英语教学中音频课程缺失的历史空白,为专业英语课程的建设和改革提供了新思路及新探索。
二、教学目标(一)本讲的课程思政教学目标1.通过讲解化合物生产的来源以及全球资源现状,帮助学生树立可持续的科学发展观(思政目标),掌握专业英语词汇及文章翻译的技巧(教学目标);2.通过多媒体等多种形式的拓展教学,引导学生树立“绿色发展”理念(思政目标),坚定学习化学专业知识和从事化工行业的信心(教学目标)。
(二)案例如何体现课程思政教学目标1.结合案例中对塑料的回收再制造过程,即将塑料进行粉碎筛选、高温脱水、再生造粒等工艺,后续制成的再生塑料制品可用于汽车、玩具、文具、服装、建筑等多种领域。
将废弃塑料进行回收再生,大量减少了白色污染,降低了70%以上的碳排放,同时可拉动大量就业,实现了绿色全面发展。
2.现实中对塑料制品的随意丢弃,将全球严峻的资源现状进行拓展。
我国的资源现状是富煤、贫油、少气,因此如何高效率的利用这些不可再生资源是科学家工程师努力追求的目标,也体现了我国所倡导的可持续发展理念。
化学英语作文Title: The Role of Chemistry in Everyday Life。
Chemistry is a fundamental science that impacts almost every aspect of our daily lives, often in ways that we may not even realize. From the food we eat to the clothes we wear, from the medicines we take to the materials thatbuild our homes, chemistry plays a crucial role. In this essay, we will explore some of the key ways in which chemistry influences and enhances our everyday experiences.First and foremost, let us consider the food we consume. Chemistry is intimately involved in the production, preservation, and enhancement of food products. For example, food chemistry enables us to understand the processes of fermentation, which are essential in the production of bread, cheese, and alcoholic beverages. Additionally, chemistry is used to develop preservatives that extend the shelf life of perishable foods, ensuring that they remain safe and edible for longer periods.Furthermore, chemistry plays a vital role in agriculture, where fertilizers and pesticides are used to enhance crop yields and protect plants from pests and diseases. Understanding the chemical composition of soils and plants allows farmers to optimize their growing conditions, leading to higher productivity and better-quality produce.Moving on to healthcare, chemistry is the foundation of modern medicine. Pharmaceutical chemistry is involved in the development and synthesis of drugs that treat a wide range of ailments, from common colds to life-threatening diseases like cancer. Chemists work tirelessly to discover new compounds and improve existing medications, making healthcare more effective and accessible to people around the world.Moreover, chemistry is essential in the manufacturing industry, where it is used to create a vast array of materials and products. From plastics and polymers to metals and ceramics, chemistry enables the synthesis andmanipulation of materials with specific properties and functionalities. These materials form the building blocksof our infrastructure, transportation systems, electronics, and consumer goods, shaping the world we live in.In addition to its practical applications, chemistryalso contributes to our understanding of the natural world. Through techniques such as spectroscopy and chromatography, chemists are able to analyze the composition of substances and elucidate their molecular structures. This knowledgenot only advances scientific research but also informs policymaking and environmental management efforts.Furthermore, chemistry plays a crucial role in addressing pressing global challenges, such as climate change and pollution. By developing sustainabletechnologies and alternative energy sources, chemists are helping to mitigate the environmental impacts of human activities and create a more resilient and equitable future.In conclusion, chemistry is a multifaceted science that permeates every aspect of our daily lives. From the food weeat to the air we breathe, chemistry shapes our experiences and influences our world in profound ways. By understanding and harnessing the principles of chemistry, we can continue to innovate, solve problems, and improve the quality oflife for people everywhere.。
化工教学化 工 设 计 通 讯Chemical TeachingChemical Engineering Design Communications·150·第45卷第1期2019年1月应用化学是一门介于化学与化学工程之间的理工相结合的专业,能够对工、农、医等生产中的化学问题进行应用基础理论和实验研究的一门学科。
尽管国内高等院校开设化学专业英语的教学已经有数十年[1],然而各个院校结合自身专业发展特点,对专业英语的教学和改革仍在不断的探索中。
因此如何培养满足我国新时代工业发展需求,并与国际接轨的,具有良好专业英语听说读写能力的化学人才至关重要。
1 应用化学专业英语课程的特点首先,应用化学专业英语的专业词汇多,派生词和词缀也多,要求学生记忆量大。
使得这门课程显得枯燥。
其次应用化学专业英语是以典型段落的翻译以及典型化学反应、实验操作等的中译英联系为主[2]。
而这些知识大多数都是专业课中已经学习过的内容,内容的重复也使这们课程的新颖性和趣味性较低。
2 科技论文写作与发表的特点科技论文写作和发表的特点是行文简洁,表达客观,结构严密,内容确切,主题单一,强调事实。
科技论文写作与发表是学生们自主学习和拓展学术视野的基本工具,也是培养高水平化学专业人才的基石。
许多最新的科研成果基本都是以英文的形式发表,尤其是高水平的研究工作更是以英文的形式发表在著名的刊物如Nature ,Science 上。
3 专业英语课开展科技论文写作与发表的优点通过对应用化学专业英语和科技论文写作与发表的特点进行对比分析:若能在应用化学专业英语课中开展科技论文和写作,一是可以改变传统英语专业课内容单一,词汇量大,枯燥无味的缺点;二是可以锻炼同学们的写作能力,为学生将来自己从事科研工作发表自己的成果打下基础,或是为学生在化工企业中脱颖而出垫下基石;三是可以拓展学生们的视野,使得学生对应用化学这个专业更加喜爱,增强学习的积极性;四是提高教学老师的英语专业技能。
化学专业英文作文范文英文:Chemistry is a fascinating subject that deals with the study of matter and its properties. As a chemistry major, I have learned about the different types of chemical reactions, the behavior of atoms and molecules, and the principles of chemical bonding. I have also gainedpractical experience in the laboratory, conducting experiments and analyzing data.One of the most interesting topics in chemistry is organic chemistry, which is the study of carbon-based compounds. It is a complex subject that requires a lot of memorization and understanding of various concepts, such as functional groups and reaction mechanisms. However, it is also a very rewarding subject because it helps us understand the chemistry of living organisms and the processes that occur in our bodies.Another aspect of chemistry that I find fascinating is the use of analytical techniques to identify and quantify substances. For example, spectroscopy is a powerful toolthat allows us to determine the structure of molecules and the presence of certain functional groups. Chromatographyis another technique that is commonly used to separate and analyze mixtures of compounds.Overall, chemistry is a challenging but rewardingsubject that has many practical applications in fields such as medicine, materials science, and environmental science.中文:化学是一门迷人的学科,涉及物质及其性质的研究。
有关氯气的英语小作文Title: Chlorine: Properties, Uses, and Environmental Impact。
Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. It is a member of the halogen group, found in the periodic table. Chlorine exists in the form of a diatomic molecule, Cl2, under normal conditions. This element has significant importance in various industries, but it also poses environmental and health risks.Properties of Chlorine:Chlorine is a highly reactive gas at room temperature. It is pale green-yellow in color and has a distinct, pungent odor. One of its remarkable properties is itsability to react with a wide range of substances, including metals, organic compounds, and even water.Chlorine is soluble in water, and when dissolved, itforms a strong oxidizing agent called hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). These compounds play crucial roles in disinfection and sanitation processes, making chlorine essential in water treatment plants and swimming pools.Uses of Chlorine:1. Water Treatment: Chlorine is extensively used to disinfect water supplies, killing harmful bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. It helps in making water safe for drinking and other domestic uses.2. Production of PVC: Chlorine is a key ingredient in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a widely used plastic in construction, healthcare, and other industries. PVC is durable, lightweight, and resistant to corrosion, making it suitable for various applications.3. Bleaching Agent: Chlorine-based compounds such as sodium hypochlorite are commonly used as bleaching agentsin the textile and paper industries. They help in whiteningfabrics and paper products by removing stains and impurities.4. Chemical Synthesis: Chlorine serves as a precursorin the synthesis of numerous chemicals, including solvents, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. It is involved in the production of chloroform, hydrochloric acid, and other important substances.5. Manufacture of Solvents: Chlorine is used in the production of various organic solvents like chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, which find applications in cleaning, degreasing, and as extraction agents in chemical processes.Environmental Impact:While chlorine has numerous industrial applications,its use also raises environmental concerns:1. Formation of Harmful Byproducts: Chlorine compounds, especially organochlorines, can persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in living organisms. Some of thesecompounds, such as dioxins and PCBs, are highly toxic and pose serious risks to ecosystems and human health.2. Water Pollution: Improper disposal of chlorinated compounds can lead to water pollution. When chlorine reacts with organic matter in water, it forms disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), which are known carcinogens and can contaminate drinking water sources.3. Impact on Ozone Layer: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which contain chlorine, were once widely used as refrigerants and propellants. However, they have been phased out due to their role in ozone depletion, which contributes to the thinning of the ozone layer and increases the risk of harmful UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface.Conclusion:In conclusion, chlorine is a versatile element with diverse industrial applications, ranging from watertreatment to the production of plastics and chemicals. However, its widespread use also raises environmental and health concerns, particularly regarding the formation of harmful byproducts and its contribution to pollution and ozone depletion. Therefore, it is essential to use chlorine responsibly, employing proper safety measures and adopting cleaner production methods to mitigate its adverse effects on the environment and human health.。
论文写作作业要求
参考给出的详细的发表论文,将下面一篇简写版论文翻译为英文,(注意详细发表版和简写版中的样品编号及具体数据可能不同)并按普通英文稿件的投稿格式要求写出。
为避免彻底的抄袭、挪用,要求用手写,不得用计算机打印。
(由于手写难以控制准确的行距,只要大致表达出格式即可:行距应较大,表示是双倍行距;黑体、及斜体难以用手写表示:就不必标识出来。
)
图、表不必画出细节,只需用一个方框表示即可,图、表标题要译出。
投稿格式为图表放在正文的后面。
封面上用中文注明自己的姓名、学号和班级。
可降解两亲性共聚物
Poly-α,β-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-aspartamide]-g-poly(ε-caprolactone)的合成与表
征
程巳雪
武汉大学化学与分子科学学院,武汉,430072,中国
摘要
用亲水性聚氨基酸poly-α,β-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-aspartamide] (PHEA)上的羟基作为引发中心,引发环状单体ε-己内酯(ε-caprolactone,CL)的开环聚合,得到了两种不同分子量的两亲性接枝共聚物poly-α,β-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-aspartamide]-g-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PHEA-g-PCL),并表征了它们的化学结构。
引言
两亲性可生物降解聚合物在水溶液中可能自组装形成纳米胶束。
在生物医学等领域有着广泛的应用。
1-3
本研究中用亲水性聚氨基酸poly-α,β-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-aspartamide] (PHEA)上的羟基作为引发中心,引发环状单体ε-己内酯(ε-caprolactone,CL)的开环聚合,得到了两亲性接枝共聚物PHEA-g-PCL,并表征了它们的化学结构。
实验部分
材料
ε-己内酯为Aldrich公司产品,使用前减压蒸馏纯化。
PHEA-g-PCL的合成
PHEA根据文献方法合成。
4将一定比例的PHEA、CL加入硅烷化的聚合瓶中,抽真空封管后在200ºC油浴中放置5分钟,然后在120ºC油浴中反应48小时。
反应结束后,产物用二氯甲烷溶解,用乙醚沉淀,过滤,真空干燥,得到共聚物PHEA-g-PCL。
PHEA-g-PCL的表征
共聚物用红外光谱(PerkinElmer-2)和1H核磁共振波谱(Mercury VX-300)表征结构,用尺寸排除色谱-多角度激光光散射联用(SEC-MALLS)(DAWN EOS, Wyatt Technology Co.)测定分子量。
结果与讨论
通过PHEA上的羟基引发环状单体CL的开环聚合、合成的接枝共聚物的化
学结构见图1。
图1. 接枝共聚物的化学结构
合成反应的投料比、聚合物的组成及分子量见表1。
由于接枝反应时严格地控制无水条件,CL的开环聚合可以被PHEA上的羟基有效地引发,生成接枝共聚物。
为了检测在加热条件下PHEA的稳定性,我们将PHEA样品在同聚合反应一样的温度下处理,得到PHEA-2,发现其分子量明显比处理前的样品(PHEA)低,这说明在聚合条件下,主链PHEA有一定程度的降解。
即使这样,接枝共聚物的分子量仍然较高,说明接枝共聚反应的成功进行。
表1聚合物的组成、分子量及分子量分布
聚合物
投料比
-OH/CL
(mol/mol)
1H NMR SEC-MALLS
共聚物组成
HEA/CL
(mol/mol)
PHEA主链
上未反应的
-OH (%)
M w
(g/mol)
M w/M n
PHEA - - 100 2.56 x 104 1.49
PHEA-2 - - 100 3.21 x 103 1.17 Copolymer a1/4 1/4.88 55 1.73 x 104 1.17 Copolymer b1/10 1/15.67 45 2.16 x 104 1.10
1H NMR表征中,PHEA和PHEA-2的溶剂为D
2
O,Copolymer a 和Copolymer b 的溶剂为CDCl3。
SEC-MALLS 测试时,PHEA和PHEA-2的溶剂为0.15 M NaCl/0.1M 磷酸缓冲溶液(pH 7.4) ,Copolymer a 和Copolymer b 的溶剂为CHCl3。
两亲性接枝共聚物的红外图谱见图2,从图中可见接枝共聚物在1725 cm-1出现PCL侧链上酯基C=O的伸缩振动;在1660 and 1543 cm-1出现PHEA主链上酰胺键的C=O的伸缩振动和N-H的弯曲振动,这些峰清楚地表明了接枝反应的成功进行。
图2 接枝共聚物和PHEA及PCL均聚物的FTIR图谱
两亲性接枝共聚物的核磁共振波谱中可以检测到以下来自主链PHEA和侧链PCL的核磁共振信号:PHEA: 2.61 ppm (CHC H2CONH), 3.14 ppm (NHC H2CH2OH), 3.44 ppm (CH2C H2OH), 4.50 ppm (NHC H(CO)CH2); PCL: 1.22 ppm (CH2CH2C H2CH2CH2), 1.46 ppm (CH2C H2CH2C H2CH2), 2.24 ppm (COC H2), 3.96 ppm (C H2O)。
此外,还有两个新信号出现在3.32 ppm (C H2CH2OCO)和4.02 ppm (CH2C H2OCO),这进一步验证了接枝聚合物的结构。
结论
主链为PHEA、侧链为PCL链段的新型两亲性接枝共聚物被成功合成。
致谢感谢国家自然科学基金委的资助(项目号:20474046)。
参考文献
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