Roe-V.Wade英文及中文

公平正义的经典案例
1. Brown v. Board of Education（布朗诉教育委员会案）。

该案涉及美国黑人民权运动中最具里程碑意义的案件之一，于1954年在美国最高法院裁决。

此案裁决了“分离但平等”被认为是不公正和违反宪法的，并为黑人民权运动奠定了基础。

2. Roe v. Wade（罗伊诉韦德案）。

该案于1973年在美国最高法院裁决，使妇女在获得怀孕终止权上得到了更广泛的保护。

该裁决表明，州政府不能剥夺妇女在医生的协助下终止怀孕的权利。

3. Loving v. Virginia（洛文诉维吉尼亚案）。

该案于1967年在美国最高法院裁决，禁止对跨种族夫妻的婚姻进行禁止。

该裁决帮助改变了美国南部社区的文化和社会结构。

4. Miranda v. Arizona（米兰达诉亚利桑那州案）。

该案于1966年在美国最高法院裁决，明确了被告在被拘留和审判期间的权利，并影响了美国刑事司法制度中的许多方面。

5. Gideon v. Wainwright（吉迪恩诉韦恩莱特案）。

该案于1963年在美国最高法院裁决，要求在资金有限的情况下为所有刑事案件提供辩护律师。

该裁决保护了每个人在法律程序中的权利，并确保了他们受到公平和公正对待。

第1篇导语：“罗伊诉韦德案”（Roe v. Wade）是美国历史上最著名的法律案件之一，它涉及女性堕胎权的争议，对美国的法律、政治和社会产生了深远的影响。

本文将详细介绍这一案件的背景、过程和影响。

一、案件背景1970年代，美国社会对女性堕胎权的争议日益激烈。

当时，美国各州对堕胎的法律规定不尽相同，有的州允许堕胎，有的州则禁止。

1972年，一名名为Norma L. McCorvey的女子（化名为“Jane Roe”）向德克萨斯州法院提起诉讼，要求法院宣布德克萨斯州的堕胎法律违反了美国宪法。

二、案件过程1. 地方法院判决1970年，Norma L. McCorvey以“Jane Roe”的身份向德克萨斯州法院提起诉讼。

法院审理后，认为德克萨斯州的堕胎法律确实违反了美国宪法第十四修正案的“正当程序条款”，但法院同时指出，在怀孕的早期阶段，堕胎是女性的个人权利。

2. 德克萨斯州上诉法院判决德克萨斯州上诉法院维持了地方法院的判决，但将堕胎权利的界定扩展到了怀孕的整个阶段。

这一判决激起了广泛的争议。

3. 美国最高法院审理1973年，美国最高法院受理了这一案件。

在审理过程中，法院邀请了两位专家证人，一位是支持堕胎权的医生，另一位是反对堕胎权的医生。

此外，法院还听取了来自各方的意见。

4. 最高法院判决1973年1月22日，美国最高法院以7比2的投票结果作出判决，认定德克萨斯州的堕胎法律违反了美国宪法。

法院指出，在怀孕的早期阶段，堕胎是女性的个人权利；在怀孕的中后期，政府有权对堕胎进行限制，但必须考虑到女性的生命权。

三、案件影响1. 女性堕胎权的肯定“罗伊诉韦德案”的判决肯定了女性堕胎权的合法性，使得美国女性在怀孕的早期阶段可以自由选择堕胎。

2. 政治争议加剧该案件引发了美国国内关于堕胎问题的政治争议，使得美国政治两极分化更加严重。

3. 各州法律差异尽管最高法院对堕胎权作出了明确判决，但美国各州在堕胎法律上的差异仍然存在。

奥巴马演讲中英文对照版Ladies and Gentlemen:女士们，先生们：Today is the 37th anniversary of Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court decision that recognized the constitutional right toprivacy and dignity in a woman’s most personal decisions about her health, her family, and her future.今天是作出保障妇女在其个人健康，家庭以及未来的自由决定的宪法权利上所公认的Roe v. Wade法令37周年纪念日。

而且也更加温和、委婉地纪念; 在Roe法令37年期间，我们见证了一代年轻人在他们拥有控制自己生殖决策权的环境中长大。

事实上，今天的年轻人可能甚至连Roe以前的时代都不太记得。

但我们也不能忘记那些来之前我们的勇敢女性以及和他们一起奋战的勇敢男女，他们有勇气要求自己最私密的决定被视作一项基本的人权。

这也是我们今天聚集在此的原因--要重申这个基本真理，并再次致力于保护妇女在全世界的生殖权利以及机会，不管她们的收入或背景如何。

This moment should not be about politics, it should be about, as Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg reminded us, “the decision whether and when to bear a child” being in the hands of women themselves.这一刻不应是关于政治，而是，正如法官鲁丝·巴德·金斯伯格曾提醒过的，“是否及何时有孩子”这项决定应在女性自己手中。

而且，虽然保护妇女权利和自主的斗争不会于今天就结束。

英美法系十大经典案例1.Palsgrafv.LongIslandRailroadCo.(1928)：这是一个纽约地铁站的案件，一个乘客试图上车，但是她手中的包被一个工作人员推到了地上。

包里面装有烟花，烟花爆炸后导致站台上的天花板掉落，伤害了一个站台上的乘客。

法院最终裁定，工作人员的行为不会导致这样的后果，因此铁路公司不应该对这个乘客的伤害负责。

2. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)：这是一起在美国堪萨斯州的案件，黑人学生布朗在当地一所学校被拒绝入学，原因是该学校只招收白人学生。

最高法院在1954年的判决中，裁定种族隔离违反了宪法的平等保护条款，这个判决成为了美国民权运动的里程碑。

3. Marbury v. Madison (1803)：这是美国宪法法律学上的一起重要案件，由于美国宪法中没有明确规定最高法院有权审查立法机构通过的法律是否符合宪法，最高法院在这个案件中创立了宪法相关的司法原则，即司法复核权。

4. Roe v. Wade (1973)：这是美国历史上最有争议的案件之一，涉及妇女的堕胎权。

最高法院裁定，妇女有权在怀孕前三个月内选择堕胎，这个判决引发了激烈的反堕胎运动。

5. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)：这个案件涉及警方如何对嫌疑人进行询问。

最高法院裁定，嫌疑人必须被告知自己有权保持沉默，并且有权请律师代表自己。

这个判决成为了美国司法实践中的一个重要法律原则。

6. Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011)：这个案件涉及美国加利福尼亚州制定的一项法律，禁止销售暴力视频游戏给未满18岁的儿童。

最高法院裁定，这项法律违反了第一修正案，即言论自由原则。

7. Scott v. Sandford (1857)：这是美国历史上最有争议的案件之一，涉及奴隶制度。

最高法院裁定，奴隶不是美国公民，没有权利起诉，也没有权利获得自由。

著名法律案例在法律领域，有许多著名的案例给人留下了深刻的印象，对法律实践和理论研究都产生了重大影响。

这些案例涉及到各个领域，包括刑法、民法、商法等等。

下面，我们将介绍一些具有代表性的著名法律案例，以便更好地理解和应用法律规定。

1. Plessy v. Ferguson（1896）。

这是美国历史上一起具有重大影响的案件，也被称为“严格分离”案。

案件的焦点在于路易斯安那州通过的一项法律，规定公共场所必须严格分离白人和非白人。

经过最高法院的裁决，裁定这项法律是合法的，从而奠定了“分离但平等”的法律原则。

这一裁决在当时引起了广泛争议，也成为后来民权运动的导火索。

2. Roe v. Wade（1973）。

这是美国最高法院做出的一项重要裁决，涉及到妇女的堕胎权。

法院裁定，妇女在怀孕的前三个月有权选择堕胎，而政府则有权在胎儿的生命期限内对堕胎进行一定的限制。

这一裁决引发了激烈的争论，成为了美国社会和政治的热点话题。

3. Donoghue v. Stevenson（1932）。

这是英国法律史上一起重要的民事案件，也被称为“蜗牛在饮料瓶里”案。

案件的核心在于原告在一家饮料厂购买的姜啤酒中发现了一只蜗牛，导致原告患上了严重的肠胃疾病。

最终，最高法院裁定饮料厂对消费者的健康负有责任，从而奠定了产品责任法的重要原则。

4. Brown v. Board of Education（1954）。

这是美国历史上一起具有重大历史意义的案件，也被称为“布朗诉教育局”案。

案件的焦点在于美国南部一些地区存在的种族隔离教育制度。

最高法院裁定，种族隔离教育制度违反了宪法第十四修正案的平等保护原则，从而宣布这种制度非法。

这一裁决为后来的民权运动和种族平等运动奠定了重要基础。

5. Marbury v. Madison（1803）。

这是美国最高法院历史上一起重要的案件，也被称为“马伯里诉麦迪逊”案。

案件的焦点在于美国最高法院对于宪法解释权的界定。

美国宪法史上的重大事件——Roe （罗伊诉韦德案）（Roe ,410 ）In 1969,a 25-year-old pregnant single woman, Norma McCorvey under the pseudonym （'(p)sju:dənim n. 匿名,）"Jane Roe", brought a class action challenging the constitutionality of the Texas（'teksəs）criminal abortion laws, which proscribe procuring or attempting an abortion except on medical advice for the purpose of saving the mother's life.Ms McCorvey first filed the case in 1969. She was pregnant with her third child and claimed that she had been raped. But the case was rejected and she was forced to give birth.However, in 1973 her appeal made it to the US Supreme Court where she was represented by Sarah Weddington, a Dallas attorney.State criminal abortion laws, like those involved here, that except from criminality only a life-saving procedure on the mother's behalf without regard to the stage of her pregnancy and other interests involved violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which protects against state action the right to privacy, including a woman's qualified right to terminate her pregnancy. Though the State cannot override （不顾，无视）that right, it has legitimate interests in protecting both the pregnant woman's health and the potentiality of human life, each of which interests grows and reaches a "compelling" point at various stages of the woman's approach to term.ConclusionThe court issued its decision on January 22, 1973, with a 7-to-2 majority vote in favor of McCorvey. Burger and Douglas' concurring opinion and White's dissenting opinion were issued separately, in the companion case of Doe v. Bolton.By a vote of seven to two, the court justices ruled that governments lacked the power to prohibit abortions.The court's judgement was based on the decision that a woman's right to terminate her pregnancy came under the freedom of personal choice in family matters as protected by the 14th Amendment ofthe US Constitution.The decision gave a woman total autonomy over the pregnancy during the first trimester and defined different levels of state interest for the second and third trimesters. As a result, the laws of 46 states were affected by the Court's ruling.ReasonBrief summaryThe opinion of the Roe Court, written by Justice Harry Blackmun, declined to adopt the district court's Ninth Amendment rationale, and instead asserted that the "right of privacy, whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the District Court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. Douglas, in his concurring opinion from the companion case Doe v. Bolton, stated more emphatically that, "The Ninth Amendment obviously does not create federally enforceable rights." Thus, the Roe majority rested its opinion squarely on the Constitution's due process clause.the Court explained that the trimester of pregnancy is relevant to the weight of the factors in this balancing test. Thus, during the first trimester, the state cannot restrict a woman's right to an abortion in any way; during the second trimester, the state may only regulate the abortion procedure "in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health"; during the third trimester, the state can choose to restrict or proscribe abortion as it sees fit when the fetus is viable ("except where it is necessary, in appropriate medical judgment, for the preservation of the life or health of the mother").summarizes the Court's legal conclusions, explaining that a Texas-style criminal statute was unconstitutional, and recapitulating the permissible extent of state regulation in each of the three Constitutionally relevant time periods of pregnancy . divided by "approximately the end of the first trimester" and "the stage subsequent to viability").DissentsFrom this historical record, Rehnquist concluded that, "There apparently was no question concerning the validity of this provision or of any of the other state statutes when the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted." Therefore, in his view, "the drafters did not intend to have the Fourteenth Amendment withdraw from the States the power to legislate with respect to this matter."Trimester systemThe case created the "trimester" system that:gives American women an absolute right to an abortion in the first threemonths of pregnancyallows some government regulation in the second trimester of pregnancydeclares that states may restrict or ban abortions in the last trimester as thefoetus nears the point where it could live outside the womb; in this trimestera woman can obtain an abortion despite any legal ban only if doctors certifyit is necessary to save her life or health.【1】事件概要1969年，一位化名为杰内•罗伊的妇女和其他人一起向德克萨斯州限制堕胎的法令提出了挑战。

怎么看懂美国“判例汇编”的编号(2011-01-07 11:48:23)有了网络，查找外国的案例或判例就简单多了。

不过，要想看得懂，还是需要门道的。

那就是，首先要看懂“判例汇编”的编号。

标准的美国案件索引形式，如：Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)。

其中:Roe v. Wade是这个案件当事人名字的缩写，也是案件的名称。

通常，第一个名字Roe是原告的姓，是案件初次归档的依据，或者是从下级法院上诉的上诉人，或者是有管辖权的高等法院中对簿公堂的请愿人；Wade是应诉的被告人的姓，或者是在上诉案中的被上诉人,或者是防卫高等法院管辖的答辩者。

v is short for versus.是“诉”的意思。

410是在已发表的案件里写出法庭意见报告者的“卷”或“册”的编号。

U.S.是汇编案例所属国。

这里的“U.S.”就是《美国判例汇编》。

113是该案在“判例汇编”中的起始页码。

1973是法院宣判该案的年份。

很多判例不止被一家汇编者出版。

被二个以上汇编者汇编的法院判例被称为“平行索引”。

对于美国最高法院判例，有几个非官方的汇编，包括“最高法院汇编”（S. Ct.）和“美国最高法院汇编集-律师版”（L. Ed.），它们被私人公司印刷，并提供进一步的法院意见，虽然后面的索引是不被要求的，一些律师和法律作家更喜欢印证这几个判例汇编。

所以，有了这样的案例编号：Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 85 S. Ct. 1678, 14 L. Ed. 2d 510 (1965)。

其中，L. Ed. 2d表示该案是“律师汇编”第2辑。

因为美国的判例汇编是连续的编号，但是序号从未高于过999.当到1000个时，序号重新从第2个系列的1开始编起。

一些判例汇编还有其第三辑。

当一个案子已被宣判，但还没有出版该案的判例时，索引可以先空下页码编入卷册直到该案被确定。

如Bowles v. Russell , 551 U.S. ___ (2007).美国联邦上诉法院的案子被发布在《联邦判例》(F., F.2d, or F.3d)，州地方法院的案子或来自于专门法院的案子发布在《联邦补充案例》(F. Supp. or F. Supp 2d)。

经典案例深远意义英文作文英文回答：In the annals of legal history, certain cases have transcended their specific circumstances to become touchstones for broader legal principles and societal values. These classic cases have had a profound impact onthe legal landscape, shaping the way that courts interpret laws and the way that individuals interact with the legal system. Their significance extends far beyond their immediate outcomes, as they continue to influence legal discourse and social policy decades or even centuries later.One such case is Marbury v. Madison, decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1803. Marbury's significance lies in its establishment of the principle of judicial review, which empowers the Court to declare laws unconstitutional. Chief Justice John Marshall's landmark opinion laid the foundation for the Court's role as a check on the power of the other branches of government and as theultimate arbiter of the Constitution.Another seminal case is Brown v. Board of Education, decided in 1954. Brown's impact cannot be overstated; it overturned the infamous "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson and declared that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. Brown's legacy extends beyond its legal ramifications; it played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement and marked a watershed moment in the struggle for racial equality in the United States.Roe v. Wade, decided in 1973, remains one of the most controversial and consequential cases in American history. Roe established a woman's right to choose an abortionduring the first trimester of pregnancy and has been the subject of intense debate ever since. The case has had a profound impact on women's reproductive rights and has become a symbol of the broader struggle for gender equality.These are but a few examples of classic cases that have had a lasting impact on the legal system and society atlarge. Their significance lies not only in their specific outcomes but also in the broader principles they have established and the societal values they have come to embody. These cases continue to shape legal reasoning, inform public policy, and serve as enduring examples of the power and importance of the law.中文回答：经典案例的深远意义。

第1篇摘要：堕胎问题一直是全球范围内备受争议的议题，各国对堕胎的法律规定和案例呈现出多样性。

本文通过对不同国家的堕胎法律案例进行分析，探讨各国在堕胎问题上的立场、法律规定及其背后的社会文化因素。

一、引言堕胎是指妇女在妊娠期间终止妊娠的行为。

关于堕胎的法律问题，不同国家有着不同的规定和案例。

本文将选取美国、英国、中国和印度等四个国家的堕胎法律案例进行对比分析，以揭示各国在堕胎问题上的立场和法律规定。

二、美国堕胎法律案例1. 罗伊诉韦德案（Roe v. Wade）1973年，美国最高法院在罗伊诉韦德案中做出了关于堕胎的里程碑式判决。

该案中，一名怀孕的妇女请求法院判决其有权在怀孕初期终止妊娠。

法院最终以7比2的票数裁定，妇女在怀孕初期有权根据个人意愿终止妊娠，而在怀孕后期则需权衡母亲的生命权与胎儿的生命权。

2. 萨拉·艾伦诉美国案（Sarah L. Allen v. United States）2016年，美国最高法院在萨拉·艾伦诉美国案中，判定一项禁止怀孕妇女堕胎的州法律违宪。

该案中，一名怀孕妇女因服用堕胎药物被控违反州法律。

法院认为，该州法律违反了罗伊诉韦德案中确立的原则，即妇女在怀孕初期有权堕胎。

三、英国堕胎法律案例1. R (A Child) v. Secretary of State for Health, Education and Employment1989年，英国最高法院在R (A Child) v. Secretary of State for Health, Education and Employment案中，裁定妇女在怀孕24周内有权堕胎。

法院认为，妇女在怀孕初期有权根据个人意愿终止妊娠，而在怀孕后期则需考虑胎儿的健康和母亲的福祉。

2. A, B, C v. Secretary of State for Health2012年，英国上诉法院在A, B, C v. Secretary of State for Health案中，判定一项要求妇女在怀孕20周前获得三名医生同意才能堕胎的法律违宪。

第1篇Introduction:The United States has a rich history of legal cases that have shaped the country's legal system and societal norms. From landmark Supreme Court decisions to influential trials, these cases have had a profound impact on the interpretation of the law and the rights of individuals. Here, we explore the top ten classic legal cases that have left an indelible mark on American law.1. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)One of the most significant cases in American legal history, Brown v. Board of Education declared state laws establishing racial segregationin public schools unconstitutional. This decision overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and marked the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement.2. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)In Miranda v. Arizona, the Supreme Court established the "Miranda rights" that must be read to suspects during an arrest. This case guaranteed that individuals have the right to an attorney and to remain silent during police questioning, ensuring that suspects are not coerced into self-incrimination.3. Roe v. Wade (1973)Roe v. Wade is one of the most controversial Supreme Court decisions in American history. The Court ruled that a woman's right to an abortion is protected under the Fourteenth Amendment's right to privacy. This decision has been a source of ongoing debate and has influenced the national conversation on abortion rights.4. United States v. Nixon (1974)This case was a turning point in American politics and the legal system. The Supreme Court unanimously ruled that President Richard Nixon had to comply with a subpoena to turn over tape recordings related to theWatergate scandal. This decision established the precedent that even the President is not above the law.5. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark decision that upheld the "separate but equal" doctrine, which allowed racial segregation in public facilities. This decision was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education, but it had a lasting impact on the civil rights movement and the legal landscape of the United States.6. Marbury v. Madison (1803)Considered the cornerstone of American constitutional law, Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review. This case allowed the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional, setting the precedent for the balance of power between the three branches of government.7. Scott v. Sandford (1857)In this controversial case, the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court. This decision was a major blow to the anti-slavery movement and contributed to the tensions that led to the Civil War.8. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)Gideon v. Wainwright guaranteed the right to an attorney for allcriminal defendants who cannot afford one. This decision was based on the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of due process and has had a significant impact on the fairness of the criminal justice system.9. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)Mapp v. Ohio extended the exclusionary rule to the states, which prevents evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment from being used in state criminal proceedings. This decision has helped to protect individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures by law enforcement.10. United States v. Microsoft Corporation (2001)This landmark antitrust case against Microsoft Corporation was a significant decision in the realm of antitrust law. The Supreme Court ruled that Microsoft's actions violated antitrust laws and ordered the company to be broken up. This case has had a lasting impact on the tech industry and antitrust regulations.Conclusion:The top ten classic legal cases in the United States have had a profound impact on the nation's legal system and societal norms. From landmark Supreme Court decisions to influential trials, these cases have shaped the rights and protections that Americans enjoy today. By studying these cases, we can gain a deeper understanding of the legal principles that govern our society and the ongoing struggle to ensure justice and equality for all.第2篇Introduction:Legal history is replete with cases that have not only shaped the course of law but also influenced societal norms and values. From landmark Supreme Court decisions to significant trials that have set precedents, these ten classic legal cases have left an indelible mark on the legal landscape. This article delves into the details of these pivotal cases, highlighting their impact and significance in modern law.1. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)One of the most influential Supreme Court decisions, Brown v. Board of Education, ended the legal basis for racial segregation in public schools. The Court ruled that "separate but equal" educationalfacilities were inherently unequal, violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision was a turning point in the Civil Rights Movement and paved the way for the dismantling of segregation across the United States.2. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)In Miranda v. Arizona, the Supreme Court established the "Miranda rights" that must be read to suspects during an arrest. The Court held that detained criminal suspects must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination before police questioning. This decision was crucial in protecting the rights of individuals during law enforcement interrogations and has been a cornerstone of criminal procedure.3. Roe v. Wade (1973)Roe v. Wade is one of the most controversial Supreme Court decisions, which ruled that a state law that banned abortions (except to save the life of the mother) was unconstitutional. The Court held that a woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision sparked intense debate and has been a subject of political contention ever since.4. United States v. Nixon (1974)United States v. Nixon was a landmark Supreme Court case that dealt with the issue of presidential immunity. The Court unanimously ruled that President Richard Nixon had to comply with a subpoena to turn over tape recordings related to the Watergate scandal. This decision established that even the President is not above the law and has no immunity from criminal process.5. O.J. Simpson Trial (1995)The trial of O.J. Simpson for the murders of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend, Ron Goldman, was one of the most highly publicized trials in American history. While Simpson was acquitted of the murders, the trial highlighted the complexities of the criminal justice system, the impact of media on trials, and the role of the defense attorney in challenging the prosecution's case.6. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark Supreme Court decision that upheld the "separate but equal" doctrine, which justified racial segregation. Thisdecision was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. Plessy v. Ferguson was a significant setback for the Civil Rights Movement and exemplified the Court's failure to protect the rights of African Americans during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.7. United States v. Microsoft (2001)United States v. Microsoft was an antitrust case against the technology giant Microsoft, which was accused of monopolistic practices. The Supreme Court upheld the lower court's ruling that Microsoft had engaged in antitrust violations. This decision emphasized the importance of antitrust laws in protecting competition and consumers in the tech industry.8. U.S. v. Nixon (1974)This case is a follow-up to the previous entry and involved the same issue of presidential immunity. The Supreme Court ruled that President Richard Nixon could be compelled to comply with a subpoena to turn over tape recordings related to the Watergate scandal. This decision reinforced the principle that the President is not above the law andthat executive privilege does not extend to criminal investigations.9. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was a landmark Supreme Court decision that allowed corporations and unions to spend unlimited amounts of money on political campaigns. The Court ruled that the First Amendment protected corporate speech, including campaign contributions and expenditures. This decision has been highly controversial and hashad a significant impact on the role of money in politics.10. My Lai Massacre Trials (1970)The My Lai Massacre trials were a series of military court-martial proceedings against American soldiers accused of killing civiliansduring the Vietnam War. While the initial charges were dismissed, some soldiers were convicted of lesser offenses. The trials highlighted thecomplexities of war crimes and the challenges of bringing justice to those who commit atrocities in the context of military conflict.Conclusion:These ten classic legal cases have had a profound impact on the development of modern law and society. They have set precedents, sparked debate, and influenced public policy. Understanding these cases helps us appreciate the complexity of the legal system and the ongoing struggle to balance individual rights with societal needs. As the legal landscape continues to evolve, these cases remain as relevant as ever, serving as a reminder of the importance of justice, equality, and the rule of law.第3篇Legal history is rich with cases that have not only shaped the course of justice but also influenced the broader societal and legal landscapes. Here, we delve into the top 10 classic legal cases that have left an indelible mark on the annals of law.1. Marbury v. Madison (1803)Overview: This landmark case established the principle of judicial review in the United States, allowing the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional.Details: William Marbury had been appointed as a justice of the peace in the District of Columbia by outgoing President John Adams, but his commission was never delivered before Adams left office. James Madison, as Secretary of State under President Thomas Jefferson, refused to deliver the commission. Marbury sued, and the Supreme Court, in a 5-4 decision, held that the Court had the power to review the constitutionality of the law in question, thus establishing the power of judicial review.Impact: This case set the precedent for the separation of powers and the role of the judiciary in the American government.2. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)Overview: This controversial decision declared that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court.Details: Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom on the grounds that he had been taken by his owner to live in states where slavery was illegal. The Supreme Court, in a 7-2 decision, ruled that African Americans could not be citizens and therefore had no right to sue. The Court also declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.Impact: The decision加剧了南北之间的矛盾，为美国内战的爆发埋下了伏笔。

第1篇Introduction:The study of law is a complex and intricate journey, often filled with countless case studies that shape legal thought and practice. For students, scholars, and professionals alike, delving into the annals of legal history can provide invaluable insights into the evolution oflegal principles and the practical application of law. This comprehensive list of must-read case books aims to guide readers through the legal labyrinth, offering a diverse range of perspectives and foundational cases that have shaped the law as we know it today.1. "The Federalist Papers" by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay- Recommended for: Understanding the philosophical underpinnings of the U.S. Constitution.- Overview: This seminal work provides a detailed and persuasive argument for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, offeringinsights into the intentions and expectations of the Founding Fathers.2. "The Law" by Baron de Montesquieu- Recommended for: Exploring the principles of separation of powers and the checks and balances system.- Overview: Montesquieu's influential work laid the groundwork for modern political theory, emphasizing the importance of a balanced government to prevent tyranny.3. "Common Law" by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.- Recommended for: Gaining an understanding of the common law tradition and its impact on American jurisprudence.- Overview: Holmes, a renowned Supreme Court Justice, explores the nature of common law and its role in the development of legal doctrine.4. "The U.S. Supreme Court: A Very Short Introduction" by JeffreyS.ORKIN- Recommended for: A concise overview of the Supreme Court's history, structure, and influence on American law.- Overview: ORKIN provides a clear and engaging introduction to the Supreme Court, its justices, and its most significant cases.5. "Cases and Materials on Torts" by John D. Calamari and Paul Bator- Recommended for: A comprehensive study of tort law, including negligence, strict liability, and intentional torts.- Overview: This textbook offers a thorough exploration of tort law, with a focus on key cases that have shaped the field.6. "The Federalist No. 10" by James Madison- Recommended for: Deepening understanding of the Federalist Papers and the role of factions in a democratic society.- Overview: Madison's analysis of factions and their impact on the stability of the new government is a cornerstone of American political thought.7. "Constitutional Law: Cases and Materials" by Eric B. Markusen, et al.- Recommended for: A comprehensive look at constitutional law, including rights, liberties, and the balance of power.- Overview: This casebook covers a wide range of constitutional issues, providing in-depth analysis of landmark cases.8. "Criminal Law: Cases and Materials" by John H. Langbein- Recommended for: An exploration of criminal law principles, including mens rea, actus reus, and the death penalty.- Overview: Langbein's work delves into the intricacies of criminal law, with a focus on significant case law and legal theory.9. "Contracts: Cases and Materials" by Charles J. Goetz, Robert E. Scott, and Peter J. Smith- Recommended for: A thorough examination of contract law, including offer, acceptance, consideration, and performance.- Overview: This casebook provides a comprehensive look at contract law, with an emphasis on the enforceability and interpretation of agreements.10. "Property: Cases and Materials" by Peter Goodrich- Recommended for: Understanding the legal framework of property rights, including ownership, transfer, and regulation.- Overview: Goodrich's text offers a detailed analysis of property law, exploring various forms of property and the legal principles that govern them.11. "Civil Rights Cases" by John Marshall Harlan- Recommended for: A historical perspective on the struggle forcivil rights in the United States.- Overview: Harlan's dissenting opinion in this landmark case is a powerful argument for the protection of civil rights under theFourteenth Amendment.12. "Roe v. Wade: The Right to Choose" by David J. Garrow- Recommended for: An in-depth look at the landmark abortion rights case and its impact on American law.- Overview: Garrow provides a detailed account of the Roe v. Wade case, examining the legal, political, and social implications of the decision.Conclusion:Navigating the legal labyrinth requires a keen understanding of both the foundational cases and the evolving nature of law. The books listed above offer a diverse range of perspectives and are essential readingfor anyone interested in exploring the depths of legal thought and practice. Whether you are a student, a legal professional, or simply a curious reader, these case books will undoubtedly enrich your understanding of the law and its place in society.第2篇Introduction:Legal history is a rich tapestry of cases that have shaped the legal landscape we see today. From landmark Supreme Court decisions to groundbreaking trials that have set precedents, there are countless books that delve into these pivotal moments. This guide will highlight some of the most essential legal case books that every law enthusiast should consider adding to their collection. Whether you are a law student, a legal professional, or simply a curious reader, these books will provide invaluable insights into the evolution of law and its impact on society.1. "The Federalist Papers" by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John JayOne of the foundational texts in American legal history, "The Federalist Papers" is a collection of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. These essays were published in newspapers across New York in 1787 and 1788, aiming to persuade the citizens of New York to ratify the newly proposed Constitution. The Federalist Papers are a cornerstone of constitutional law and continue to be studied for their insights into the principles upon which the United States was founded.2. "The O.J. Simpson Trial: The Case That Captivated America" by Jeffrey ToobinJeffrey Toobin's comprehensive account of the O.J. Simpson murder trial captures the drama, the legal strategies, and the cultural significance of one of the most famous criminal trials in American history. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in the intersection of media, celebrity, and the legal system.3. "Scalia v. Kennedy: The clash of constitutional principles in Bush v. Gore" by Jeffrey RosenIn this insightful book, legal scholar Jeffrey Rosen examines the 2000 presidential election and the Supreme Court's controversial decision in Bush v. Gore. Rosen delves into the legal arguments, the political context, and the lasting impact of this landmark case on the Supreme Court and American politics.4. "Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy" by Michael J. KlarmanMichael J. Klarman's book provides a thorough analysis of the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, which declared state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. Klarman explores the legal, political, and social context of the caseand its implications for civil rights in America.5. "In Cold Blood: A True Account of a Multiple Murder and a Man on the Run" by Truman CapoteWhile not a traditional legal case book, Truman Capote's "In Cold Blood" is a seminal work in the genre of true crime literature. The book chronicles the brutal murder of the Clutter family in Kansas and the subsequent trial and execution of the killers. Capote's meticulous research and narrative style make this a compelling read for those interested in the psychological and legal aspects of criminal behavior.6. "The Legacy of Brown v. Board of Education: Brown v. Board at Fifty" edited by Michael J. KlarmanThis collection of essays celebrates the 50th anniversary of the Brown v. Board of Education decision. The contributors analyze the legal, educational, and social implications of the case and its legacy, providing a comprehensive look at the ongoing struggle for racialequality in America.7. "The Trials of Lenny Bruce: The Rise and Fall of an American Icon" by James GavinJames Gavin's biography of Lenny Bruce, a pioneering stand-up comedian, explores the intersection of free speech, comedy, and the law. The book details Bruce's legal troubles, including his controversial trial for obscenity, and his eventual demise in the face of a repressive legal climate.8. "The Case for Moral Clarity: Israel, Hamas, and Gaza" by Alan DershowitzIn this thought-provoking book, renowned lawyer and legal scholar Alan Dershowitz argues for a clear moral stance in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, drawing on legal principles and historical context. The book is a compelling read for those interested in international law and the complexities of conflict resolution.Conclusion:These legal case books offer a diverse range of perspectives on some of the most significant legal battles and decisions in history. From constitutional law to criminal justice, each book provides valuable insights into the legal system and its impact on society. Whether you are looking to deepen your understanding of the law or simply enjoy a good legal read, these books are sure to provide hours of engaging and informative content.第3篇Introduction:Legal casebooks have long been a staple in the study of law, providing students and professionals with a comprehensive understanding of legal principles and the application of these principles in real-life scenarios. Whether you are a law student, a practicing attorney, or simply fascinated by the judicial system, the following collection of English legal casebooks offers a diverse range of perspectives and insights into the law. Dive into these pages and embark on a journey through the judicial landscape.1. "Cases and Materials on Contract Law" by John Y. Gotanda and Richard W. FordThis casebook is a must-read for anyone interested in contract law. It covers a wide array of contract-related issues, from formation and consideration to performance and breach. With an emphasis on both common law and statutory principles, this book provides a thorough examination of the complexities involved in contract disputes. The cases and materials are carefully selected to illustrate the evolution of contract law over time.2. "Torts: Cases and Materials" by Arthur R. Miller and Michael J. EpsteinTorts law is a crucial component of legal practice, and this casebook is an excellent resource for understanding its intricacies. "Torts: Cases and Materials" offers a comprehensive exploration of various tort claims, including negligence, intentional torts, and liability in various contexts. The book features a wide range of cases that demonstrate the application of tort law principles in real-life situations.3. "Criminal Law: Cases and Materials" by John H. Blume and Wayne R. LaFaveThis casebook is a comprehensive guide to criminal law, covering boththe theoretical underpinnings and the practical application of criminal law principles. It includes a vast array of cases that illustrate the complexities of criminal law, from the elements of various crimes to defenses and sentencing. "Criminal Law: Cases and Materials" is an invaluable resource for law students and practitioners alike.4. "Constitutional Law: Cases and Materials" by Erwin Chemerinsky and Michael C. RamseyConstitutional law is a cornerstone of legal education and practice.This casebook provides a thorough examination of the United States Constitution, its interpretation, and the Supreme Court's decisions that have shaped American law. It covers a range of topics, including federalism, civil liberties, and separation of powers. "ConstitutionalLaw: Cases and Materials" is an essential text for anyone interested in the American legal system.5. "Administrative Law: Cases and Materials" by John G. Sprankling and Richard B. CollinsAdministrative law governs the relationship between the government and individuals and entities within the regulatory framework. This casebook explores the fundamental principles of administrative law, including rulemaking, adjudication, and enforcement. It includes a variety ofcases that demonstrate the challenges and complexities of navigating the administrative law landscape.6. "Legal Writing: Cases, Comments, and Exercises" by Steven J.atuweh, Michael A. Carrier, and G. Robert BlakeyEffective legal writing is a critical skill for any attorney. This casebook combines cases, comments, and exercises to help studentsdevelop their legal writing skills. It covers a range of legal writing topics, from drafting memoranda and briefs to appellate advocacy. "Legal Writing: Cases, Comments, and Exercises" is an indispensable guide for law students and young lawyers.7. "Property Law: Cases and Materials" by John E. Cribbet and Charles J. GoetzProperty law governs the ownership and use of land and personal property. This casebook provides an in-depth analysis of property law principles, including conveyancing, trespass, and real estate transactions. It features a collection of cases that illustrate the nuances of property law and its impact on individuals and society.Conclusion:The world of legal casebooks is vast and varied, offering a wealth of knowledge and insights into the law. Whether you are a law student looking to build a strong foundation in legal education or a practicing attorney seeking to enhance your understanding of specific legal areas, the books mentioned above are sure to provide you with valuableresources. Immerse yourself in these casebooks and expand your knowledge of the judicial landscape.。

美国判例的引用格式标准的美国案件索引形式，如：Roev.Wade，410U.S.113（1973）。

其中：Roe v.Wade是这个案件当事人名字的缩写，也是案件的名称。

通常，第一个名字Roe是原告的姓，是案件初次归档的依据，或者是从下级法院上诉的上诉人，或者是有管辖权的高等法院中对簿公堂的请愿人；Wade是应诉的被告人的姓，或者是在上诉案中的被上诉人，或者是防卫高等法院管辖的答辩者。

vis short for versus.是“诉”的意思。

410是在已发表的案件里写出法庭意见报告者的“卷”或“册”的编号。

U.s.是汇编案例所属国。

这里的“U.S.”就是《美国判例汇编》。

113是该案在“判例汇编”中的起始页码。

1973是法院宣判该案的年份。

很多判例不止被一家汇编者出版。

被二个以上汇编者汇编的法院判例被称为“平行索引”。

对于美国最高法院判例，有几个非官方的汇编，包括“最高法院汇编”（S.Ct.）和“美国最高法院汇编集-律师版”（L.Ed.），它们被私人公司印刷，并提供进一步的法院意见，虽然后面的索引是不被要求的，一些律师和法律作家更喜欢印证这几个判例汇编。

所以，有了这样的案例编号：Griswoldv.Connecticut，381 U.S.479，85 S.Ct.1678，14 L.Ed.2d510（1965）。

其中，L.Ed.2d表示该案是“律师汇编”第2辑。

因为美国的判例汇编是连续的编号，但是序号从未高于过999.当到1000个时，序号重新从第2个系列的1开始编起。

一些判例汇编还有其第三辑。

当一个案子已被宜判，但还没有出版该案的判例时，索引可以先空下页码编入卷册直到该案被确定。

如Bowles v.Russell，551 L.S.（2007）.美国联邦上诉法院的案子被发布在《联邦判例》（F.，F.2，orF.3d），州地方法院的案子或来自于专门法院的案子发布在《联邦补充案例》（F.Supp.orF.Supp2d）。

第1篇一、引言堕胎问题一直是美国社会和政治生活中备受争议的议题。

在美国，堕胎不仅是一个医学问题，更是一个涉及宪法权利、宗教信仰、女性权益等多方面的复杂问题。

本文将探讨美国堕胎案件的法律法规，包括宪法背景、各州法律差异以及近年来的一些重要案例。

二、宪法背景1. 美国宪法第14修正案美国宪法第14修正案规定，所有在美国出生或归化并受其管辖的人都是合众国的公民，并享有法律面前平等的保护。

这一修正案为堕胎权利提供了宪法依据。

2. 罗诉韦德案（Roe v. Wade）1973年，美国最高法院在罗诉韦德案中作出裁决，认定女性有权在怀孕初期堕胎。

该案确立了堕胎权的宪法原则，即女性在怀孕初期享有堕胎权，但随着怀孕时间的推移，这一权利受到限制。

三、各州法律差异美国各州在堕胎法律法规方面存在较大差异，主要表现在以下几个方面：1. 堕胎限制条件部分州对堕胎实施严格的限制条件，如要求女性在堕胎前接受咨询、提供身份证件等。

例如，阿肯色州规定，女性在堕胎前必须进行至少24小时的等待期。

2. 堕胎方法限制部分州对堕胎方法实施限制，如禁止使用特定药物或限制堕胎手术的执行时间。

例如，密西西比州禁止在怀孕第15周后使用任何堕胎方法。

3. 医疗机构要求部分州要求堕胎机构具备一定的医疗条件，如医院级别、医生资质等。

例如，俄克拉荷马州规定，所有堕胎机构必须达到医院级别的医疗标准。

4. 妇女权益保护部分州为保护妇女权益，实施堕胎保险政策，如为低收入妇女提供免费或低成本的堕胎服务。

四、重要案例1. 罗诉韦德案（Roe v. Wade）如前所述，罗诉韦德案是美国堕胎法律史上的里程碑事件。

该案确立了女性在怀孕初期享有堕胎权的宪法原则。

2. 普莱茨诉塞奇威克县卫生部门案（Planned Parenthood v. Casey）1992年，美国最高法院在普莱茨诉塞奇威克县卫生部门案中，对罗诉韦德案进行了一定程度的修正。

该案认为，尽管女性享有堕胎权，但州政府有权在怀孕后期对堕胎实施一定限制，以保护孕妇的身体健康。

以宪法的十大经典案例宪法是一个国家的基本法律，规定了国家的组织机构以及国家与公民之间的权利和义务。

作为一部法律文件，宪法是一个国家政治体系的底线，是国家权力的约束和制约。

宪法的十大经典案例代表了宪法在不同情况下的发挥和保护公民权利的重要性。

下面将对这十大经典案例进行一一介绍。

第一，美国《布朗诉托皮卡教育局案》（Brown v. Board of Education）：该案件判决了美国种族隔离政策的非法性，认为种族隔离违反了宪法保护的平等权利。

第二，南非《国家地方政府组织法案》（Prince v. President of the Law Societyof the Cape of Good Hope）：该案件涉及南非宪法对性取向歧视的禁止，并为同性婚姻合法化铺平了道路。

第三，印度《拉茨案》（Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala）：该案件确认了印度宪法的基本结构原则，限制了宪法修正的权力，保护了公民的基本权利。

第四，加拿大《狼的真实名字案》（R. v. Oakes）：该案件明确了加拿大宪法中的合理性测试标准，确保了政府采取限制性措施时必须考虑到公民权利的平衡。

第五，韩国《选举人员罢免权案》（Min v. National Election Commission）：该案件保护了韩国公民的选举权，确立了罢免选举制度，增强了公民的政治参与感。

第六，德国《近距离空拳保护权案》（Lüth Case）：该案件限制了德国政府对言论自由的限制权力，强调了媒体的重要性。

第七，南非《CADESA 促进省政府立法的案件》（Premier, Western Cape v. President of South Africa）：该案件要求南非政府保护和促进残障人士的基本权利，确保他们在社会生活中的平等参与。

第八，加拿大《挝威查德案》（Egan v. Canada）：该案件扩大了对同性伴侣的福利保障，废除了对异性恋婚姻的特殊待遇。

"堕"还是"不堕"，这是个问题1969年，21岁的诺玛·麦考维（Norma L. McCorvey）发现自己不小心怀孕时，她开始抱怨上帝待人的不公平。

这个来自路易斯安纳的姑娘刚刚经历了一段失败的婚姻，孤身一人，在得州做侍者为生。

收入可怜又居无定所的她，根本无力供养一个新生命。

更加令其无助的是，按照得州百年来执行的法律，除非为保护母亲的生命，否则堕胎被严格禁止。

这种看似有些偏执的立法，并不能异想天开地找到太多文化根源。

事实上，在美国建国后的很长时间里，联邦、州或者地方层次上都并不过多关注堕胎之类的司法问题。

因为当时的美国法律传承着英语国家普通法（common law）的影响，延续了在法律和道德上不承认在胎儿具有"胎动"（quickening）之前所谓的"宪法人"地位。

对于传统的遵循一直保持到了19世纪20年。

1821年，康涅狄格州首先立法，把胎动后的堕胎视为违法。

8个月之后，纽约州走得更远：认定胎动之前的堕胎行为为重罪，并进一步推定胎动前的堕胎同样属于轻罪。

此后，1830年至1849年短短不到20年间，当时美国的30个联邦州的16个都相继禁止堕胎。

这场立法运动最终在19世纪60年代快速蔓延为主流思潮。

探究早期各州立法限制堕胎的动机，并非如人们后来习惯性认为的道德伦理甚至宗教情绪问题，而是极其现实的对于堕胎手术本身在医学技术上可能出现危险的担忧以及对于堕胎本身对妇女身心健康危害的忧虑。

而当时主导这一思潮的力量，事实上也并不是宗教界，而是医学界。

医学界这样做的目的至今还没有统一的说法，一般而言，主流的观点除了认为他们担心手术安全问题之外，还有认为医学界要防止不断增长的游医的恶性竞争，或者是为了规范行业，以维护自身利益。

直到1900年，堕胎几乎在每一个州里都被视为违法行为。

当然有些州虽然追随了潮流，但仍然保留了相对温和的条件：比如在妊娠危及孕妇生命安全等情况，可以考虑实施"治疗性堕胎"等。

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