微观经济学第十四章习题

第十四章竞争市场上的企业问题与应用1．许多小船用一种从石油中提炼出来的玻璃纤维制造。

假设石油价格上升。

A．用图形说明单个造船企业的成本曲线和市场供给曲线发生了什么变动.答：石油价格上升，使个别造船企业的边际成本、平均总成本、平均可变成本均上升. 厂商成本上升,供给减少,供给曲线从S 1平移到S2，市场价格上升,销售量下降.(a)成本曲线（b)市场供给曲线图14－7 个别造船企业的成本曲线和市场供给曲线B．短期中造船者的利润会发生什么变动？长期中造船者的数量会发生什么变动？? 答：短期中造船者的利润会下降。

因为价格有粘性,短期内,市场价格不会有太大变动,但厂商的生产成本上升了。

长期中造船者的数量会下降，因为市场规模缩小了。

2．你到镇里最好的餐馆,点了一道4400美元的龙虾。

吃了一半龙虾，你就感到非常饱了.你的女友想劝你吃完，因为你无法把它拿回家，而且也因为“你已经为此花了钱"。

你应该吃完吗？把你的答案与本章的内容联系起来.答：我不应该吃完.因为龙虾已经买下了，买龙虾所付的钱成为沉没成本。

短期均衡中，沉没成本不予考虑。

此时,我只衡量吃龙虾的边际成本与边际收益就可以了。

我感到饱了,就是我的收益已经最大化。

如果再吃,就会产生不适感，边际成本大于边际收益，利润会为负。

这就像竞争厂商的短期均衡一样，只要MR＝MC，厂商就不再增加产量,因为已经达到利润最大化。

3．鲍伯的草坪剪草中心是追求利润最大化的竞争企业。

鲍伯每剪一块草坪赚27美元。

他每天的总成本是280美元，其中30美元是固定成本。

他每天剪10块草坪.你对鲍伯的短期停止营业决策和长期退出决策有何见解？答：对鲍伯的剪草中心来说,P＝27 美元，A TC＝280／10＝28 美元，AVC＝（280－30）／10＝25 美元.当P〈A VC,即P〈25 美元时,鲍伯应该短期停止营业.因为在短期中，价格没有弥补平均可变成本，企业停止生产,状况会变好一些.当P<ATC,即P<28 美元时，鲍伯应该长期退出剪草坪市场。

平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）习题详解（第14章-投⼊要素市场）平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第14章投⼊要素市场课后复习题详解跨考⽹独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这⾥查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少⾛弯路，躲开⼀些陷阱。

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1．为什么当⼚商在产品市场具有垄断势⼒时，它对劳动⼒的需求曲线⽐⼚商是竞争性⽣产时弹性⼩？答：⼚商在产品市场具有垄断势⼒时，它对劳动⼒的需求曲线⽐⼚商是竞争性⽣产时弹性⼩，其原因在于：（1）⼚商对劳动的需求曲线是由劳动的边际收⼊产出L MRP 决定的。

L MRP 指在其他⽣产要素的投⼊量固定不变时追加⼀单位的劳动⼒要素投⼊所带来的收益。

它等于边际物质产品（L MP ）与边际收益（MR ）的乘积，即·L L MRP MP MR =。

（2）在完全竞争市场上，边际收益曲线具有完全弹性并且等于价格P ，故·L L MRP MP P =。

在垄断市场上，边际收益曲线是向下倾斜的，弹性较⼩。

通过边际收⼊产出L MRP 的表达式可以看出，当⼚商在产出品市场具有垄断势⼒时，对劳动的需求曲线⽐⼚商是竞争性⽣产时弹性⼩。

2．为什么劳动供给曲线可能是向后弯曲的？答：劳动供给曲线是⼈们提供的劳动和对劳动所⽀付的报酬之间关系的表现形式。

假设劳动的供给只取决于⼯资，则劳动供给曲线可⽤图14-4表⽰。

此图是向后弯曲的劳动供给曲线。

这是因为，当⼯资较低时，随着⼯资的上升，消费者为较⾼的⼯资所吸引，将减少闲暇，增加劳动供给量。

在这个阶段，劳动供给曲线向右上⽅倾斜。

但是，⼯资上涨对劳动供给的吸引是有限的。

当⼯资涨到⾜够⾼（例如0W ）时，消费者的劳动供给量达到最⼤，此时，如果继续增加⼯资，劳动供给量不会继续增加，反⽽会减少，如当⼯资从0W 提⾼到1W 时，劳动供给则从0L 减少到1L 。

第一章测试1.由于人们会对激励做出反应，如果会计师的平均薪水增加50％，而教师的平均薪水增加20％，我们可以预期（）A:上大学的学生少了B:学生将从会计专业转向教育专业C:学生将从教育专业转向会计专业答案:C2.下列哪一项不是去度假的机会成本的一部分? （）A:你用于食物的钱B:如果你留在家里并工作可以赚到的钱C:你用于飞机票的钱D:你看百老汇表演所花的钱答案:A3.高而持久的通货膨胀的原因是（）A:欧佩克使石油价格上升得太高了B:工会使工资增加得太多了C:政府增加的货币量太多了D:管制使生产成本增加得太多了答案:C4.可以提高生产率的方法是（）A:限制与国外的贸易B:提高工会会员的工资C:改善工人的教育D:提高最低工资答案:C5.下列哪一种情况涉及到权衡取舍? （）A:上大学B:买一辆新汽车C:星期天下午看一场足球比赛答案:ABC第二章测试1.如果一种经济在其生产可能性边界上运行，它要多生产另一种物品就必须少生产一种物品。

A:错B:对答案:B2.生产可能性边界上的点是（）A: 有效率的B: 无效率的C: 不能达到的D: 规范的答案:A3.以下哪一项不会使一国的生产可能性曲线向外移动? （）A: 失业减少B: 劳动力增加C: 资本存量增加D: 技术进步答案:A4.以下哪一项描述了经济增长（）A: 生产可能性边界向外移动B: 从该曲线内向曲线移动C: 沿着生产可能性边界向资本品移动D: 生产可能性边界向内移动答案:A5.以下哪一项表述是规范表述? （）A: 发行了太多货币就引起通货膨胀B: 失业率应该降低C: 大量政府赤字使经济增长更慢D: 如果工资高，人们就努力工作答案:B第三章测试1.即使一国在所有物品上都有绝对优势。

两国也能从贸易中得到好处。

A:对B:错答案:A2.下表表示澳大利亚和韩国一个工人每月可以生产的产量，根据该表答题：下列哪一种关于绝对优势的表述是正确的A:韩国在粮食和电器的生产上都有绝对优势。

蔡继明《微观经济学（第2版）第14章公共选择跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

1．解释下列基本概念：私人选择、公共选择、投票交易、寻租。

答：略。

2．说明阿罗定理及其含义。

答：阿罗的不可能性定理是指试图找出一套规则（或程序），以从一定的社会状况下的个人选择顺序中推导出符合某种理性条件的社会选择顺序，一般是办不到的。

阿罗不可能定理包含两项重要假设：每个人的偏好是可以排序的；每个人的偏好次序是传递的。

阿罗首先定义了阿罗首先假定了从表面上看社会偏好应该服从的六个无可非议的公理：①所有的社会状态一定可以排序；②社会排序一定是可传递的；③排序与个人偏好正相关；④如果出现新的可行社会状态，不应该影响起初的社会状态排序；⑤不存在独裁，或者说个人不能把自己的偏好强加于社会；⑥没有与个人偏好无关的排序。

阿罗证明，尽管上述6公理从表面上看都是合理的，但并不存在同时服从上述6个条件的一般社会关系，即：社会偏好并不总是同时满足上述6公理。

此即阿罗定理。

阿罗证明了不存在一个选择规则或选择程序能够同时满足上面六个条件，这表明由个人选择合乎逻辑地转化为社会选择的过程包含巨大的困难。

根据阿罗不可能性定理，在非独裁的情况下，不可能存在有适用于所有偏好类型的社会福利函数。

同时，它还意味着不能从不同个人的偏好中合理地形成社会偏好。

换句话说，一般意义上的社会福利函数并不存在，这表明，西方经济学没有能彻底的解决资源配置问题。

3．说明中间投票人定理及其带来的问题。

答：中间投票人定理是指如果在一个多数决策的模型中，个人偏好都是单峰的，则反映中间投票人意愿的那种政策会最终获胜，因为选择该政策会使一个团体的福利损失最小。

A.右移10亿美元；B.左移10亿美元；C.右移支出乘数乘以10亿美元；D.左移支出乘数乘以10亿美元。

解答：C2.如果净税收增加10亿美元，会使IS()。

A.右移税收乘数乘以10亿美元；B.左移税收乘数乘以10亿美元；C.右移支出乘数乘以10亿美元；D.左移支出乘数乘以10亿美元。

解答：B3.假定货币供给量和价格水平不变，货币需求为收入和利率的函数，则收入增加时()。

A.货币需求增加，利率上升；B.货币需求增加，利率下降；C.货币需求减少，利率上升；D.货币需求减少，利率下降。

解答：A4.假定货币需求为L＝ky－hr，货币供给增加10亿美元而其他条件不变，则会使LM()。

A.右移10亿美元；B.右移k乘以10亿美元；C.右移10亿美元除以k(即10÷k)；D.右移k除以10亿美元(即k÷10)。

解答：C5.利率和收入的组合点出现在IS曲线右上方、LM曲线左上方的区域中，则表示()。

A.投资小于储蓄且货币需求小于货币供给；B.投资小于储蓄且货币需求大于货币供给；C.投资大于储蓄且货币需求小于货币供给；D.投资大于储蓄且货币需求大于货币供给。

解答：A6.怎样理解IS—LM模型是凯恩斯主义宏观经济学的核心？解答：凯恩斯理论的核心是有效需求原理，认为国民收入决定于有效需求，而有效需求原理的支柱又是边际消费倾向递减、资本边际效率递减以及心理上的流动偏好这三个心理规律的作用。

这三个心理规律涉及四个变量：边际消费倾向、资本边际效率、货币需求和货币供给。

在这里，凯恩斯通过利率把货币经济和实物经济联系了起来，打破了新古典学派把实物经济和货币经济分开的两分法，认为货币不是中性的，货币市场上的均衡利率会影响投资和收入，而产品市场上的均衡收入又会影响货币需求和利率，这就是产品市场和货币市场的相互联系和作用。

但凯恩斯本人并没有用一种模型把上述四个变量联系在一起。

汉森、希克较为完善的表述。

不仅如此，凯恩斯主义的经济政策即财政政策和货币政策的分析，也是围绕IS—LM模型而展开的，因此可以说，IS—LM模型是凯恩斯主义宏观经济学的核心。

曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）第14章竞争市场上的企业课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1．竞争市场（competitive market）（山东大学2007研）答：竞争市场指有许多买者和卖者，以至于每一个人对市场价格的影响都微不足道的市场。

竞争市场一般指完全竞争市场。

完全竞争又称为纯粹竞争，是指不存在任何阻碍和干扰因素的市场情况，亦即没有任何垄断因素的市场结构。

完全竞争市场需要具备以下四个条件：①市场上有大量的买者和卖者；②市场上每一个厂商提供的商品都是同质的；③所有的资源具有完全的流动性；④信息是完全的。

2．平均收益（average revenue）答：平均收益指厂商在出售一定数量的产品时，平均出售每一单位的产品所获得的货币收入，即总收益除以销售量。

在不同的市场结构中，厂商的平均收益具有不同的变化规律。

在完全竞争市场中，由于单个厂商可以在市场价格下出售任何数量的商品，厂商面临一条水平的需求线（即平均收益曲线）。

这时，当市场达到长期均衡时，厂商的平均收益与平均成本相等，所以厂商的利润为零，厂商只能得到正常利润。

在非完全竞争市场上，厂商能够影响市场价格。

为了多销售一单位产品，它不仅要以比原来价格更低的价格出售这一产品，而且还必须降低原来所有产品的价格。

因此，厂商面临的需求曲线（即平均收益曲线）向右下方倾斜，表明厂商想要多销售产品，必须降低产品价格。

3．边际收益（marginal revenue）（西北大学2003研）答：边际收益又称“边际报酬”，指新增加一个单位的产品销售量所引起的总收益的增加量，这里的收益是指货币收益或销售收入。

目　录第一篇　微观经济学导论第一章　微观经济学是什么第二章　需求、供给与市场均衡第二篇　完全竞争环境下的微观经济运行第三章　消费者行为理论（Ⅰ）第四章　消费者行为理论（Ⅱ）第五章　生产者行为理论（Ⅰ）第六章　生产者行为理论（Ⅱ）第七章　竞争性市场分析：产品市场第八章　竞争性市场分析：要素市场第九章　一般均衡与福利经济学第三篇　不完全竞争环境下的微观经济运行第十章　完全垄断理论第十一章　垄断竞争理论第十二章　寡头市场第十三章　博弈论与厂商的策略性行为第十四章　不完全竞争下的要素价格理论第四篇　不确定下、信息与市场失灵第十五章　不确定性、风险与信息非对称第十六章　市场失灵、外部性与公共物品第一篇　微观经济学导论第一章　微观经济学是什么1判断题（1）任何不对其索取价格的物品都是自由取用物品。

（　）【答案】×【解析】自由取用物品是指相对于人类的欲望来说，其数量是无限的，取用时不需要花费任何代价，其价格为零，如自然界中的空气、水等。

但是不对其索取价格并不代表都是自由取用物品，如得到免费馈赠的物品，对于被赠与人来说未被索取任何价格，但该物品仍是经济物品。

（2）稀缺物品一定有一个直接以货币支付的价格。

（　）【答案】×【解析】稀缺物品是指相对于人类无限多样性的需要或欲望而言，其数量是有限的，取用时需要付出一定的代价，其机会成本大于零。

但不是所有的稀缺性都可以用货币来表示。

例如，随着工业的发展和环境污染，清洁的水和新鲜的空气逐渐变得稀缺，但难以用货币来衡量。

（3）如果你得到两张免费的奥运会参观券，它们可以看作是自由取用物。

（　）【答案】×【解析】自由物品的免费取用是对于所有社会成员而言的，奥运会参观券对于其他人来说，仍需支付一定的价格，所以是稀缺物品。

（4）如果某种资源免费供应时社会成员所需要的多于现有的，那么，这种资源就是稀缺的。

（　）【答案】√【解析】当某种资源免费供应社会成员所需要的多于现有的，便出现了资源的有限性与欲望的无限性的矛盾，从而这种资源是稀缺的。

第十四章竞争市场上的企业问题与应用1．许多小船用一种从石油中提炼出来的玻璃纤维制造。

假设石油价格上升。

A．用图形说明单个造船企业的成本曲线和市场供给曲线发生了什么变动。

答：石油价格上升，使个别造船企业的边际成本、平均总成本、平均可变成本均上升。

厂商成本上升，供给减少，供给曲线从S 1平移到S2，市场价格上升，销售量下降。

（a）成本曲线（b）市场供给曲线图14－7 个别造船企业的成本曲线和市场供给曲线B．短期中造船者的利润会发生什么变动？长期中造船者的数量会发生什么变动??答:短期中造船者的利润会下降。

因为价格有粘性，短期内，市场价格不会有太大变动,但厂商的生产成本上升了。

长期中造船者的数量会下降，因为市场规模缩小了。

2．你到镇里最好的餐馆，点了一道4400美元的龙虾。

吃了一半龙虾，你就感到非常饱了。

你的女友想劝你吃完，因为你无法把它拿回家，而且也因为“你已经为此花了钱"。

你应该吃完吗？把你的答案与本章的内容联系起来。

答：我不应该吃完。

因为龙虾已经买下了,买龙虾所付的钱成为沉没成本.短期均衡中,沉没成本不予考虑。

此时，我只衡量吃龙虾的边际成本与边际收益就可以了。

我感到饱了,就是我的收益已经最大化.如果再吃，就会产生不适感，边际成本大于边际收益，利润会为负.这就像竞争厂商的短期均衡一样，只要MR＝MC，厂商就不再增加产量，因为已经达到利润最大化.3．鲍伯的草坪剪草中心是追求利润最大化的竞争企业。

鲍伯每剪一块草坪赚27美元。

他每天的总成本是280美元，其中30美元是固定成本。

他每天剪10块草坪.你对鲍伯的短期停止营业决策和长期退出决策有何见解?答：对鲍伯的剪草中心来说，P＝27 美元，ATC＝280／10＝28 美元，A VC＝（280－30）／10＝25 美元.当P<A VC，即P〈25 美元时，鲍伯应该短期停止营业。

因为在短期中，价格没有弥补平均可变成本，企业停止生产，状况会变好一些。

平狄克微观经济学第六版第十四章课后答案平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案***** 14***** FOR FACTOR INPUTSThe following two chapters examine the markets for labor and capital. Although the discussion in this chapter is general, most of the examples refer to labor as the only variable input to production, with the exception of Example 14.1, which discusses “The Demand for Jet Fuel” by airlines. Labor demand and supply are discussed in the first section, and the competitive factor market equilibrium and economic rent are discussed in the second section. Section 14.3 explores the factor market structure for the case where the buyer has monopsony power, and section 14.4 explores the case of monopoly power on the part of the seller of the factor.An understanding of this chapter relies on concepts from Chapters 4 through 8 and 10. If you have just covered Chapters 11-13, you might begin by reviewing marginal product, marginalrevenue, and cost minimization. You should then discuss marginal revenue product and the profit-maximizing condition MRPL = w. Explain why we are only interested in the portion of the MP curve below the average product curve (the downward-sloping portion). The derivation of the firm’s demand curve for labor is straightforward when labor is the only factor, but becomes more complicated when there are several variable inputs. In particular, you might explain why the MRPL curve shifts as the firm substitutes one input for another in production in response to a price change by noting that the MRPL curve is drawn for a fixed level of the other variable input.When presenting the market labor demand curve, explain that since the input prices change as more inputs are demanded, the market demand curve is not simply the summation of individual demand curves. You can extend the presentation of price elasticity of input demand (see Example 14.1) by discussing the conditions leading to price sensitivity. Elasticity is greater (1) when the elasticity of demand for the product is higher, (2) when it is easy to substitute one input for another, and (3) when the elasticity of supply is higher for other inputs. Elasticity of supply, which was discussed in Chapter 2, is reintroduced in Example 14.2.You should also distinguish between short-run and long-run elasticity (see Figure 14.6).If you have already covered substitution and income effects, the students will be ready for the derivation of the backward-bending supply curve for labor. Although Figure 14.9 is a straightforward application of these tools, students are often confused by the plotting of income against leisure. Point out that this is just another type of utility maximization problem where the two goods are leisure and income. Income can be thought of as the consumption of goods other than leisure, in that more income buys more goods. You can also implicitly assume that the price of other goods is $1 and the price of leisure is the wage. The supply of labor curve is derived by changing the wage and finding the new level of hours worked. An individual’s supply curve of labor is backward bending only when the income effect dominates the substitution effect and leisure is a normal good. Show typical supply curves for each group in Table 14.2. For an experimental study of the labor-leisure trade-off see Battalio, Green, and Kagel, “Income-Leisure Tradeoff of Animal Workers,” American Economic Review (September 1981).Section 14.2 brings together labor demand and supply forboth competitive and monopolistic Although economic rent was presented in Chapter 8, it is reintroduced with more detail here. In Section 14.3, carefully explain why the marginal expenditure curve is above the average expenditure curve for a monopsonist (see Figure 14.14). You can discuss how a monopsonist would price discriminate, e.g., pay a different wage rate to each employee. With perfect price discrimination, the marginal revenue expenditure curve would coincide with the average expenditure curve. Although monopsony exists in some markets, the exercise of monopsony power is rare because of factor mobility. However, the employment of athletes by the owners of professional teams provides a good example (see Example 14.4 “Monopsony Power in the Market for Baseball Players”). On this same topic, see Sommers and Quinton, “Pay and Performance in Major League Baseball: The Case of the First Family of Free Agents,” Journal of Hu man Resources (Summer 1982). Section 14.4 discusses the case of unions to explore monopoly power on the part of the seller of the input.平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案1. Why is a firm’s demand for labor curve more inelastic when the firm has monopoly power in the output market than when thefirm is producing competitively?The firm’s demand curve for labor is determined by the incremental revenue fromhiring an additional unit of labor known as the marginal revenue product of labor:MRPL = (MPL)(MR), the additional output (“product”) that the last worker produced,times the additional revenue earned by selling that output. In a competitive industry,the marginal revenue curve is perfectly elastic and equal to price. For a monopolist,marginal revenue is downward sloping. As more labor is hired and more output isproduced, the monopolist will charge a lower price and marginal revenue will diminish.All else the same, marginal revenue product will be smaller for the monopolist. Thisimplies that the marginal revenue product for the monopolist is more inelastic than forthe competitive firm.2. Why might a labor supply curve be backward bending?A backward-bending supply curve for labor may occur when the income effect of anincrease in the wage rate dominates the substitution effect. Labor supply decisions aremade by individuals choosing the most satisfying combination of work and other(leisure) activities. With a larger income, the individual can afford to work fewerhours: the income effect. As the wage rate increases, the value of leisure time (theopportunity cost of leisure) increases, thus inducing the individual to work longer hours:the substitution effect. Because the two effects work in opposite directions, the shapeof an individual’s labor supply curve depends on the individual’s preferences for income,consumption, and leisure.3. How is a computer company’s demand for computer programmers a derived demand?A computer c ompany’s demand for inputs, including programmers, depends on howmany computers it sells. The firm’s demand for programming labor depends on (isderived from) the demand it faces in its market for computers. As demand forcomputers shifts, the demand for programmers shifts.4. Compare the hiring choices of a monopsonistic and a competitive employer of workers. Which will hire more workers, and which will pay the higher wages? Explain.Since the decision to hire another worker means the monopsonist must pay a higherwage for all workers, and not just the last worker hired, its marginal expenditure curvelies above the input supply curve (the average expenditure curve). The monopsonist’sprofit-maximizing input demand, where the marginal expenditure curve intersects themarginal revenue product curve, will be less than the competitor’s profit-maximizinginput choice, where the average expenditure curve intersects the demand curve. Themonopsonist hires less labor, and the wage paid will be lessthan in a competitivemarket.5. Rock musicians sometimes earn over $1 million per year. Can you explain such large incomes in terms of economic rent?Economic rent is the difference between the actual payment to the factor of productionand the minimum amount that the factor is willing to accept. In this case, you mightassume that there are a limited number of top-quality rock musicians who will continueto play rock music no matter what they are paid. This results in a perfectly inelasticsupply curve, or something close to it. Given the high demand for rock music, thewage will be very high and there will be a lot of economic rent. If there was a largersupply of top-quality rock musicians, or a more elastic supply, then the economic rentwould be smaller.平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案6. What happens to the demand for one input when the useof a complementary input increases?If the demand for the complementary input increases, the demand for the given inputwill increase as well. When demand for the complementary input increases, there isan increase in the quantity hired and possibly the price paid. Both of these changeswill increase the MRP of the given input, and hence will increase the quantity hiredand possibly the price paid. Whether the prices of the inputs increases depends on thedegree of monopsony power on the part of the firm.7. For a monopsonist, what is the relationship between the supply of an input and the marginal expenditure on it?The decision to increase employment means the monopsonist must pay all units thehigher price, and not just the last unit hired. Therefore, its marginal expenditurecurve lies above the input supply curve (the average expenditure curve). Hiring morelabor will increase the marginal expenditure, which willincrease the averageexpenditure. If the average expenditure is increasing, then the marginal expendituremust be greater than the average expenditure.8. Currently the National Football League has a system for drafting college players by which each player is picked by only one team. The player must sign with that team or not play in the league. What would happen to the wages of newly drafted and more experienced football players if the draft system were repealed, and all teams could compete for college players?The National Football League draft and reserve clause (a primary issue in the 1987-1988 season’s strike) creates a monopsoni st cartel among the owners of NFL teams. Ifthe draft system were repealed, competition among teams would increase wages offootball players to the point where the marginal revenue product of each player wouldbe equal to the player’s wage.9. The government wants to encourage individuals on welfare to become employed. It is considering two possibleincentive programs for firms.A. Give the firm $2 per hour for every individual on welfare who is hired.B. Give each firm that hires one or more welfare workers a payment of $1000 per year, irrespective of the number of hires.To what extent is each of these programs likely to be effective at increasing the employment opportunities for welfare workers?Firms will hire additional labor as long as the extra benefit is greater than the extracost of hiring the worker, or until MRPL = w. Option A would be effective because ifthe firm receives $2 per hour for every welfare worker hired then the effective wagepaid, w, will fall and the firm will find it optimal to hire more labor until the benefits(MRPL) again equal the costs (w) at the margin. Option B would be effective atincreasing employment opportunities also in that if the firm hires an individual whohas been on welfare they will then receive $1000. However,plan B is notnecessarily as effective as plan A given the firm only receives one lump sum paymentregardless of the number of welfare workers hired. In this case the firm only has anincentive to hire the one welfare worker, though they may of course choose to hiremore than one welfare worker.10. A small specialty cookie company, whose only variable input is labor, finds that the average worker can produce 50 cookies per day, the cost of the average worker is $64 per day, and the price of a cookie is $1. Is the cookie company maximizing its profit? Explain.The marginal product of labor is 50 (cookies per day) and the price per cookie is 1($ per cookie) so the marginal revenue product is $50/day. Since this is less than thewage of $64 per day the cookie company is not maximizing profit. They are平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案employing too much labor since the cost of labor is greaterthan the benefit of labor atthe margin, and are therefore producing too many cookies.11. A firm uses both labor and machines in production. Explain why an increase in the average wage rate causes both a movement along the labor demand curve and a shift of the curve.An increase in the wage rate causes an upward movement along the labor demandcurve. For any given marginal revenue product curve, the firm will find that theywant to hire fewer workers when the wage increases (an upward movement).However, when the wage increases the marginal cost will increase which will reducedesired output. When output falls, the firm will not need as many machines and themarginal product of labor curve will shift to the left, assuming machines and laborare complementary. This will also reduce the demand for labor.1. Suppose that the wage rate is $16 per hour, and the price of the product is $2. Values for output and labor are in units perhour.203547576570a. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Find the profit-maximizing quantity of labor.From the information given above, calculate the marginal product of labor, the extraoutput produced by hiring one more unit of labor, and then multiply by price to getthe marginal revenue product of labor. To find the profit-maximizing quantity oflabor, use the rule that the firm wants to hire labor only as long as the marginalrevenue product of labor is greater than the nominal wage, or up to the point wherethe marginal revenue product of labor is equal to the nominal wage. From thetable below, the firm will hire 5 units of labor.b. Suppose that the price of the product remains at $2 but that the wage rateincreases to $21. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.The above table does not change for this part of the problem. However, the firm nolonger wants to hire 5 units of labor because the benefit of the 5th unit ($16 per hour)is less than the cost of the 5th unit ($21 per hour). The firm would only hire 3 units平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案of labor per hour since in this case the benefit still exceeds the cost at the margin.The firm would stick with 3 units instead of 4 unless fractional units are possible.At L=4 the cost is greater than the benefit so you lose profit by hiring the 4th unit oflabor.c. Suppose the price of the product increases to $3 and the wage remains at $16 perhour. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.A change in the price of the product will not change the marginal product of labor,but it will change the marginal revenue product of labor. The new marginal revenueproduct of labor is given in the table below. The firm will still want to hire 5 units oflabor, as in part a above. It will not hire the 6th unit because the extra benefit is lessthan the extra cost. Profit will be greater than in part a.d. Suppose that the price of the product remains at $2 and the wage remains at $16,but there is a technological breakthrough that increases output by 25% for any given level of labor. Find the new profit-maximizing quantity of labor.The technological breakthrough changes the number of units of output produced by agiven number of units of labor, and hence changes the marginal product and themarginal revenue product of labor. The new output values are found by multiplyingthe old values by 1.25. This new information is given in thetable below. The firmwill still choose to hire 5 units of labor. Profit will be greater than in part a.2. Assume that workers whose incomes are less than $10,000 currently pay no federal income taxes. Suppose a new government program guarantees each worker $5,000, whether or not he or she earns any income. For all earned income up to $10,000, the worker must pay a 50-percent tax. Draw the budget line facing the workers under this new program. How is the program likely to affect the labor supply curve of workers?The budget line for workers under this program is a straight line at $5,000. This lineis shown in the figure and table below. Workers earn $5,000 whether they work or not.平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案6,0007,0008,0009,00010,000 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,0003. Using your knowledge of marginal revenue product, explain the following:a. A famous tennis star is paid $100,000 for appearing in a 30-second televisioncommercial. The actor who plays his doubles partner is paid $500.Marginal revenue product of labor, MRPL, is equal to marginal revenue from anincremental unit of output multiplied by the marginal product from an incrementalunit of labor, or in other words, the extra revenue generated by having the tennis starappear in the ad. The famous tennis star is able to help increase revenues far morethan the actor, so he is paid much more than the actor. The wage of the actor isdetermined by the supply and demand of actors willing to play tennis with tennis stars.平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案b. The president of an ailing savings and loan is paid not to stay in his job for the lasttwo years of his contract.The marginal revenue product of the president of the ailing savings and loan is likely tobe negative and therefore, the savings and loan is better off by paying the president notto show up. They have calculated that they will lose less (or gain more) by paying thepresident off and hiring someone else.c. A jumbo jet carrying 400 passengers is priced higher than a 250-passenger modeleven though both aircraft cost the same to manufacture.The ability of the larger jet to generate more revenue increases its value to the airline,and therefore the airline is willing to pay more for it.4. The demands for the factors of production listed below have increased. What can you conclude about changes in the demand for the related consumer goods? If demands for the consumer goods remain unchanged, what other explanation is there for an increase in derived demands for these items?a. Computer memory chipsIn general, an increase in the demand for a good increasesthe demand for its factorinputs. The converse is not necessarily true; i.e., an increase in the demand for factorinputs does not necessarily imply an increase in the demand for the final product. Thedemand for an input may increase due to a change in the use of other inputs in theproduction process. As the price of another input increases, its demand falls and thedemand of substitutable inputs rises. In this case, the increase in the demand forcomputer memory chips must have been caused by an increase in the demand forpersonal computers given that computer memory chips are used only in computers, andthere are no substitutes for computer memory chips.b. Jet fuel for passenger planesWith an increase in the demand for jet travel, the demand for jet fuel will increase.There are no substitutes for jet fuel.c. Paper used for newsprintGiven the paper is being used to print newspapers then there must have been anincrease in the circulation of newspapers.d. Aluminum used for beverage cansWith an increase in demand for cold drinks in the summer, the seasonal demand foraluminum increases, so this is one possible explanation. Alternatively, if glass orplastic have become more expensive then this may affect the demand for aluminum.Finally, changes in the market for recycled aluminum may affect the demand for newaluminum.5. Suppose there are two groups of workers, unionized and nonunionized. Congress passes a law that requires all workers to join the union. What do you expect to happen to the wage rates of formerly nonunionized workers? of those workers who were originally unionized? What have you assumed about the union’s behavior?In general, we expect that nonunionized workers are earning lower wages thanunionized workers. If all workers are forced to join the union, it would be reasonableto expect that the nonunionized workers will now receive higher wages and theunionized workers will receive a wage that could go either way. There are a couple ofitems to consider. First, the union now has more monopoly power in that there are nononunion workers to act as substitutes for union workers. This gives more power tothe union, which means higher wages can in general be negotiated. However, the unionnow has more members to satisfy. If wages are kept at a high level, there will be fewerjobs, and hence some previously nonunionized workers may end up with no job. Theunion may wish to trade off some of the wage for a guarantee of more jobs. The平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案average income of all workers will rise if labor demand is inelastic and will fall if labordemand is elastic.平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案implications of the government’s monopsony power: fewer soldiers are hired, and theyare paid less than their marginal product. When a mandatory draft is implemented,even fewer professional soldiers are hired. Wages for volunteer soldiers fall, pusheddown by the fact that wages of the draftees can be very low.8. The demand for labor by an industry is given by the curve L = 1200 - 10w, where L is the labor demanded per day and w is the wage rate. The supply curve is given by L = 20w. What is the equilibrium wage rate and quantity of labor hired? What is the economic rent earned by workers?The equilibrium wage rate is determined where quantity of labor supplied is equal tothe quantity of labor demanded:20w = 1,200 - 10w, or w = $40.平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案Substituting into either the labor supply or labor demand equations, we find theequilibrium quantity of labor is 800:LS = (20)(40) = 800,andLD = 1,200 - (10)(40) = 800.Economic rent is the summation of the difference between the equilibrium wage andthe wage given by the labor supply curve. Here, it is the area above the labor supplycurve up to L = 800 and below the equilibrium wage. This triangle’s area is(0.5)(800)($40) = $16,000.9. This exercise is a continuation of Exercise 8. Suppose now that the only labor available is controlled by a monopolistic labor union that wishes to maximize the rent earned by union members. What will be the quantity of labor employed and the wage rate? How does your answer compare with your answer to Exercise 8? Discuss. (Hint: The union’s marginal revenue curve is given by L = 1200 - 20w.)Recall that the monopolist chooses output by setting marginal revenue equal to themarginal cost of supplying one more unit of output, asopposed to the competitive firmwhich chooses output by setting price equal to marginal cost, or in other wordsproducing where supply intersects demand. The monopolistic labor union acts in thesame way. To maximize rent in this case, the union will choose the number of workershired so that the marginal revenue to the union (the additional wages earned) is equalto the extra cost of inducing the worker to work. This involves choosing the quantity oflabor at the point where the marginal revenue curve crosses the supply curve of labor.Note that the marginal revenue curve has twice the slope of the labor demand curve.Marginal revenue is less than the wage, because when more workers are hired, allworkers receive a lower wage.Setting the marginal revenue curve equal to the supply curve for labor, we find:1200 - 20w = 20w, or w* = 30.At w*, we may determine the number of workers who are willing to work bysubstituting w* into the labor supply equation:L* = (20)(30) = 600.Therefore, if the union wants to maximize the rent that the union members earn, theunion should limit employment to 600 members.To determine the wage the members will earn, substitute L* into the labor demandequation:600 = 1,200 - 10w, or w = 60.The total rent the employed union members will receive is equal to:Rent = (60 - 30)(600) + (0.5)(30)(600) = $27,000.Notice that the wage is higher and the number of workers employed is lower than in Exercise (8).*10. A firm uses a single input, labor, to produce output q according to the production function q . The commodity sells for $150 per unit and the wage rate is $75 per hour.a. Find the profit-maximizing quantity of L.There are two (equivalent) methods of solving this problem.Most generally, definethe profit function, where revenues and costs are expressed in terms of the input,calculate the first order necessary condition (the first derivative of the profit function),and solve for the optimal quantity of the input. Alternatively, use the rule that the平狄克微观经济学第六版课后答案firm will hire labor up until the point where the marginal revenue product (p*MPL) equals the wage rate. Using the first method:TR TC pq wL150*8*L 75L1 600L2 75 0 LL 64.12b. Find the profit-maximizing quantity of q.From part a, the profit maximizing quantity of labor is 64 so substitute this quantity of labor into the production function to find q 8L 8* 64. 12c.d. What is the maximum profit? Profit is total revenue minustotal cost or 150*64 75*64 4800. Suppose now that the firm is taxed $30 per unit of output and the wage rate issubsidized at a rate of $15 per hour. Assume the firm is a price taker, so that the price of the product remains at $150. Find the new profit-maximizing levels of L, q, and profit.After the $30 tax per unit of output is paid, the firm receives 150-30=$120 per unit of output sold. This is the relevant price for the profit maximizing decision. The input cost is now 75-15=$60 per unit labor after the subsidy is received. The profit maximizing values can be found as in parts a-c above:TR TC pq wL120*8*L 60L1 480L2 60 0 LL 64q 64123840.e. Now suppose that the firm is required to pay a 20% tax on its profits. Find thenew profit-maximizing levels of L, q, and profit.The profit maximizing values can be found as in parts a-c above, only here profit is 80% of total revenue minus total cost.。