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分子热力学与分子传递现象研究用英语English:Molecular thermodynamics is the study of the statistical behavior of the molecules in a system and their relationship to the system's thermodynamic properties. This field focuses on understanding how energy is transferred and distributed between molecules within a system, as well as how these molecules interact with each other. On the other hand, molecular transport phenomena involves the study of the movement of molecules within a system, including diffusion, convection, and thermal conduction. This area of research seeks to understand how molecules move and transport energy within a system, and how these processes contribute to mass and heat transfer.Chinese:分子热力学是研究系统中分子的统计行为及其与系统热力学性质的关系的学科。
这一领域集中在理解能量如何在系统中分子之间转移和分布，以及分子之间如何相互作用。
另一方面，分子传递现象涉及研究系统内分子的运动，包括扩散、对流和热传导。
这一研究领域旨在理解分子在系统内的移动和能量传输的方式，并且这些过程如何促进质量和热量的传递。
山西大同大学教学名师 — — 赵 仁姓 名赵 仁 性 别男 民 族汉族 职 称 教授 职 务处长 出生年月 1956.11 政治面貌群 众毕业学校 西安交大学 位 博 士 学 历博士研究生参加工作时间1981.09教学及科研成果简介赵 仁 ，1956年11月生于山西朔州，联系地址：山西大同大学研究生处，大同，037009 Email：zhaoren2969@； zhao2969@一、教育科研经历学历教育2004.09 — 2007.12：西安交通大学攻读博士学位，理学博士1995.09 — 1997.07：山西教育学院物理系1978.09 — 1981.07：雁北师范专科学校物理系进修与培训1984.03 — 1985.01： 华东师范大学物理系理论物理进修班学习1986.09 — 1988.07： 辽宁大学理论物理助教班，学习理论物理硕士研究生课程1993.09 — 1994.07： 北京师范大学物理系做国内访问学者工作经历1981.07： 山西大同大学物电学院（雁北师范专科学校、雁北师范学院）任教,教授2001.07： 雁北师范学院学位办主任2001.08： 被聘为南昌大学兼职硕士生导师2007.01： 山西大同大学研究生处处长2008.12： 被聘为中北大学兼职博士生导师二、主要学术成果1. Ren Zhao, Hui-Hua Zhao, Meng-Sen Ma, Li-Chun Zhang，On the critical phenomenaand thermodynamics of charged topological dilaton AdS black holes，Eur. Phys. J. C (2013) 73:26452.Lichun Zhang, Huaifan Li, Ren Zhao, Ronggen Cai, The Entropy of A Dielectric Black Hole, Modern Physics Letters A , 2013, 28 (07): 1350009 3. Ren Zhao, Mengsen Ma, Huaifan Li, Lichun Zhang, On Thermodynamics of Charged andRotating Asymptotically AdS Black Strings ，Advances in High Energy Physics ，Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 371084, 7 pages4.Huihua Zhao, Guangliang Li, Lichun Zhang, Hawking and Unruh Effects of a 5-Dimensional Minimal Gauged Supergravity Black Hole by a Global Embedding Approach, En tropy 2013, 15, 1057-10685.Ren Zhao, Lichun Zhang, A new explanation for statistical entropy of charged black hole,SCIENCE CHINA Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy, 2013, 56(9): 1632-16356.Lichun Zhang, Huaifan Li，Huihua Zhao, Ren Zhao. Analytic study of properties ofholographic superconductors with Weyl corrections, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Int J Theor Phys (2013) 52: 2455–24637.Lichun Zhang, Huaifan Li, Ren Zhao,Ronggen Cai. Entanglement entropy of acousticblack hole in Bose-Einstein Condensatem. Astrophysics and Space Science: Astrophys Space Sci (2013) 344:451–4548.Huaifan Li，Huihua Zhao, Lichun Zhang, Quantum statistical entropy of dielectric blackhole, International Journal of Theoretical Physics: 2013，52(2) : 362-3679.Jianhua Shi, Shuangqi Hu, Ren Zhao, Entanglement entropy of a black hole and isolatedhorizon, Astrophysics and Space Science: Astrophys Space Sci (2013) 343:555–558 10.Huihua Zhao, Guangliang Li, Lichun Zhang, Generalized uncertainty principle andentropy of three-dimensional rotating acoustic black hole, Physics Lett. A 2012, 376: 2348-235111.Ren Zhao, Lichun Zhang, Huihua Zhao, Quantum statistical entropy of Schwarzchild-deSitter spacetime Astrophysics and Space Science: 2012, 341: 675-67912.Ren Zhao，Lichun Zhang Hawking radiation from a dielectric black hole，AstrophysSpace Sci (2012) 338，295–30013.Cao Shuo, Zhu zonghong, Zhao Ren, Testing and selecting dark energy models with lensredshift data, PHYSICAL REVIEW D 84, 023005 (2011)14.Lichun Zhang, Huaifan Li and Ren Zhao Thermodynamics of the Reissner-Nordstrom-deSitter black hole, SCIENCE CHINA Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy 2011，54(8):1384-138715.Lichun Zhang, Huaifan Li and Ren Zhao Hawking and Unruh effects of the cosmologicalhorizon in a higher-dimensional Kerr-de Sitter spacetime by the global embedding approach，Europhyisics Letter. 2011(94) :4000316.张丽春，李怀繁，赵仁. 利用新的整体嵌入方法研究高维旋转黑洞的Hawking效应和Unruh效应, 物理学报 2011，60(8): 08040317.Lichun Zhang, Huaifan Li, Ren Zhao, Yueqin Wu, Thermodynamics of the five-dimensional Schwarzschild-de Sitter black hole, Astrophys Space Sci, 2011，335(2):523-52718.Lichun Zhang, Huaifan Li, Ren Zhao. Tunneling mechanism in higher-dimensionalrotating black hole with a cosmological constant in the approach of dimensional reduction，Astrophys Space Sci (2011) 333: 457-46219.Lichun Zhang, Huaifan Li, Ren Zhao. Hawking radiation from a rotating acoustic blackhole, Phys. Lett. B,2011, 698: 438-44220.Lichun Zhang，Hai Lin, Huaifan Li, Ren Zhao. Radiation spectrum of rotating Gödel blackhole and correction entropy，Chines Physics C，2011，35（4）：339-34321.张丽春，林海，李怀繁，赵仁，Kerr-Newman 时空中带电旋转粒子的Hawking辐射，中国科学G辑：物理、力学、天文学，2011，41（3）：221-22622.Ren Zhao, Li-Chun Zhang,Yue-Qin Wu, Huai-Fan Li，Temperature and Energy of 4-Dimensional Axisymmetric Black Holes from Entropic Force，Int J Theor Phys, 2011 50(4): 244-25023.Li Chun Zhang, Yue Qin Wu, Huai Fan Li, and Ren Zhao，Radiation Spectrum andCorrection to the Entropy of the Kerr-(anti)de Sitter Black Hole in all Dimensions，Chinese Journal of Physics, 2010, 48(4): 439-45024.张丽春，李怀繁，赵仁，Schwarzchild-de Sitter 黑洞的热力学性质，物理学报 2010，59(12):8994-899825.Zhang Lichun，Li Huaifan, Zhao Ren, Radiation spectrum and entropy correction of blackholes in Horava-Lifshitz gravity，Europhyisics Letter. 2010(89) :2000826.Zhao Ren, Li Huaifan, Zhang Lichun, Wu Yueqin, Hawking radiation and entropy in deSitter spacetime, Astrophys Space Sci (2010) 330: 361–36527.赵仁，张丽春，李怀繁 Kerr-Newman黑洞的辐射谱 物理学报 2010，29(5): 2982-298628.Zhang Lichun, Li Huaifan, Wu Yueqin, Zhao Ren Hawking Radiation Spectrum andEntropy Correction of Apparent Horizon in a FRW Universe Int J Theor Phys, 2010, 49(4): 1587-159429.张丽春，赵仁 Kerr-Newman-de Sitter 黑洞辐射谱和熵修正 物理学报 2010，59(4): 2217-222230.Zhao Ren, Li Huaifan, Zhang Lichun, Wu Yueqin Radiation spectrum of a high-dimensional rotating black hole SCIENCE CHINA Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy 2010，53(3):504-50731.Ren Zhao, Li-Chun Zhang, and Huai-Fan Li, Hawking radiation of a Reissner–Nordström–de Sitter black hole, General Relativity and Gravitation. 2010, 42(4): 975-98332.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun, Li Huaifan, hawking radiation of charged particles in reissner-nordstrom black hole, Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China), 2010,53 (3): 499–502 33.Zhang Lichun, Li Huaifan, Zhao Ren, radiation spectrum and correction entropy of (n+4)-dimensional kerr-(A)dS black hole, Int J Theor Phys, 2010, 49(4): 791-79734.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun, Wu Yueqin, Li Huaifan, Generalized uncertainty principle andtunneling radiation of the SAdS5 black hole, Chin. Phys. B, 2010, 19(1): 01040235.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun, Li Huaifan, Wu Yueqin. Hawking radiation of a high-dimensional rotating black hole, The European Physical Journal C. 2010, 65(1): 289-293 36.Li Huaifan, Zhang Shengli, Zhao Ren. General Radiation Spectrum of a Kerr-NewmanBlack Hole, Chinese Journal of Physics, 2009, 47(5): 618-62437.胡双启，张丽春，赵仁，Schwarzschild-de Sitter黑洞的Hawking辐射，物理学报. 2009, 58(10):6798-6802.38.Ren Zhao, Li-Chun Zhang, Yue-Qin Wu, and Huai-Fan Li, Generalized UncertaintyRelation and Hawking Radiation of the Black Hole , International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 2009,48(11): 3220-322739.Ren Zhao, Yue-Qin Wu, Li-Chun Zhang and Huai-Fan Li, Bekenstein-Hawkingcosmological entropy and correction term corresponding cosmological horizon of rotating and charged black string, Commun. Theor. Phys. 2009,52(6):264-26840.Huai-Fan Li, Sheng-Li Zhang, Yue-Qin Wu, Li-Chun Zhang and Ren Zhao, Hawkingradiation of Kerr–Newman–de Sitter black hole, The European Physical Journal C. 2009, 63(1): 133-13841.Li-Chun Zhang, Yue-Qin Wu, Huai-Fan Li, Ren Zhao, Hawking radiation and entropycorrection of a black hole, Europhyisics Letter. 2009 (86) :5900242.Ren Zhao, Yue-Qin Wu, Li-Chun Zhang, Hawking Radiation of Charged Particles from aRotating Black String, International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 2009, 48(5):1231-1238 43.Ren Zhao, Yue-Qin Wu, Li-Chun Zhang, Entropy of a rotating and charged black stringto all orders in the planck length, Chinese Physics B. 2009, 18(5):1749-178444.Ren Zhao, Yue-Qin Wu, Li-Chun Zhang and Huai-Fan Li, Hawking radiation of five-dimensional rotating black hole, The European Physical Journal C. 2009, 60(4): 685-69045.赵仁，张丽春，李怀繁. 广义测不准关系和三维BTZ黑洞熵. 物理学报. 2009, 58(4): 2193-2197.46.*L.-C. Zhang, H.-F. Li, R. Zhao, Canonical Entropy of Higher-Dimensional Reissner-Nordstroem Black Hole. Bulgarian Journal of Physics. 2007, 34(2) (34): 092-10247.赵仁，张丽春，李怀繁. 黑洞的Hawking辐射. 物理学报. 2008, 57(12), 7463-7466.48.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun, Wu Yueqin , Li Huaifan. Entropy of Four-DimensionalSpherically Symmetric Black Holes with Planck mun. Theor. Phys.2008,50(6):1327-133049.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun, Li Huaifan, Wu Yueqin. Entropy of Kerr-Newman Black Hole toAll Orders in the Planck Length. International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 2008, 47(12): 3083-309050.Li-Chun Zhang, Huai-Fan Li, Ren Zhao and Yue-Qin Wu,Canonical entropy of black holein the generalized uncertainty principle. International Journal of Theoretical Physics.2008, 47 (7): 2021-2028（SCI: 310IF）51.Zhang Lichun, , Wu Yueqin, Li Huaifan, Zhao puting the Entropy of Kerr-Newman Black Hole Without Brick Walls Method, International Journal of Modern Physics A, 2008,23(20): 3155-316352.Zhang Shaoming, Hu Shuangqi, Zhao Ren, Entropy of toroidal black hole to all orders inthe Planck length, IL NUOVO CIMENTO, 2008,123(2): 247-255（SCI:363OF）53.张丽春，武月琴，赵仁，带电黑洞Bekenstein-Hawking熵的修正值,中国科学G辑：物理、力学、天文学，2008，38（9）：1113－111954.Zhang Lichun, Wu Yueqin, Zhao Ren, Correction value to charged bekenstein-Hwakingblack hole entropy, Sciencein China Series G: Physics, mechanics & Astronomg, 2008, 51(9): 1214-1220（SCI:335UO）55.Zhao Ren, Wu Yueqin, Zhang Lichun, Canonical entropy and phase transition of rotatingblack hole, Chinese Physics Letters, 2008,25(7):2385-2388(SCI:321SE)56.Zhang Lichun, Wu Yueqin, Li Huaifan, Zhao Ren.Generalized Uncertainty Principle andThermodynamic Quantities of SAdS5 Black Hole, Commun. Theor. Phys., 2008, 50(1): 97-100(SCI: 333AQ,IF:0.726)57.Li Huaifan, Zhang Shengli, Wu Yueqin, Zhao Ren, Entanlement Entropy of The Six-Dimensional Horwitz Strominger Black Hole, International Journal of Modern Physics A, 2008,23(13): 1963-1972(SCI: 321JE)58.张丽春, 胡双启, 李怀繁, 赵仁. 轴对称黑洞的量子统计熵. 物理学报, 2008, 57(6): 3328-333259.Zhao Ren, Wu Yueqin, Zhang Lichun. Generalized uncertainty principle andthermodynamic quantities of the Achucarro-Ortiz black hole. Modern Physics Letters A, 2008,23(11): 839-84660.Zhao Ren, Zhang ShengLi. Quantum statistical entropy corresponding to cosmic horizonin five-dimensional spacetime. Sciencein China Series G: Physics, mechanics & Astronomg, 2008, 51(2): 140-14661.Liu Xinmei, Zhang Lichun, Wu Yueqin, Zhao Ren.Entropy of Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger dilaton black holes with the planck length. IL Nuovo Cimento, 2008, 122B(8): 909-91762.Zhang Ya, Hu Shuangqi, Zhao Ren, Li Huaifan. Generalized uncertainty principle andcorrection value to the kerr black hole Entropy. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 2008, 47(1): 520-525(SCI: 269WO)63.Zhao Ren, Zhao Haixia, Hu Shuagnqi. General Logarithmic Corrections to Bekenstein-Hawking Entropy. Modern Physics Letters A, 2007, 22(23): 1737-1743, gr-qc/0609080(SCI: 243EV)64.赵 仁, 张丽春, 张胜利. 正则黑洞熵与相变. 物理学报, 2007, 56(12): 7355-7358(SCI: 246PI,EI: 080311033748)65.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lihun, Wu Yueqin. Calculating Entropy of Plane Symmetry Black Holevia Generalized Uncertainty Relation. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 2007, 46: 3128-3134(SCI: 235LS)66.赵 仁, 张胜利. 五维时空中宇宙视界对应的量子统计熵. 中国科学 G辑 物理 力学 天文学,2007, 37, (4): 434-43967.Zhao Ren, zhang Lichun, Zhang Shengli. Canonical Entropy of Reissner-Nordstrom BlackHole. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 2007, 46(8): 2158-2167(SCI: 215KR)68.赵 仁, 张丽春, 张胜利. 正则黑洞熵. 物理学报, 2007, 56(7):3719-3722(SCI:191ME)69.Zhao Haixia, Li Huaifan, Hu Shuangqi, Zhao Ren. Generalized uncertainty principle andblack hole Entropy of higher-dimensional de sitter spacetime. Commun. Theor. Phys., 2007, 48(3): 465-468(SCI: 212MJ)70.Zhao Ren, Li Huaifan, Hu Shuangqi. Hawking Radiation as Tunneling for RotatingCharged Black Strings. Chinese Journal of Physics, 2007, 45(1): 32-40(SCI: 138BL)71.Zhao Ren, Zhang Shengli. Generalized uncertainty principle and black hole entropy.Physics Letters B, 2006, 641: 208-211(SCI: 093WS,IF:5.043)72.Zhao Ren Zhang Shengli. Canonical entropy of three-dimensional BTZ black hole.Physics Letters B, 2006,641: 318-322; gr-qc/0608122(SCI: 092ZS,IF:5.043)73.Hu Shuangqi, Zhang Lichun, Zhao Ren. Black Cylinder Entropy Without Brick Walls. ILNuovo Cimento, 2006, 121B (03): 221-227 (SCI: 074ZQ, IF: 0.324)74.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun, Hu Shuangqi. (Anti)-de Sitter Black Hole Entropy and theGeneralized Uncertainty Principle. Commun. Theor. Phys., 2006, 45(4): 635-638(IF:0.726) 75.Zhao Ren, Wu Yueqin, Zhang Shengli. Quantum Statistical Entropy of the Five-Dimensional black hole. Commun. Theor. Phys., 2006, 45(5): 849-852(SCI:047IK, IF:0.726) 76.Zhao Ren, Li Huaifan, Zhang Shengli. Hawking Radiation as Tunneling for Kerr-Newman-de Sitter black hole. Romanian Journal of Physics, 2006,51(7-8): 709-71777.赵仁, 张丽春, 胡双启. 探讨黑洞Hawking辐射的新方法--量子统计法. 物理学报, 2006, 55(8):3898-3901(SCI: 073MF, IF:1.051)78.赵仁, 张丽春, 胡双启. 黑洞的统计熵. 物理学报, 2006, 55(8): 3902-3905(SCI: 073MF,IF:1.051)79.Zhao Ren, Hu Shuang-Qi. Quantum Statistical Entropy of the 5-Dimensional Stringyblack hole. Chinese Journal of Physics, 2006, 44(3): 172-179(SCI: 053ZI)80.Zhao Ren, Hu Shuang-Qi. Quantum statistic entropy of three-dimensional BTZ blackhole. International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 2006, 45(6): 1163-1170(SCI: 060WP) 81.Zhao Ren, Zhang Sheng-Li. Cardy-Verlinde Formula and Thermodynamics of Black Holein Higher Dimensional Space-Time. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 2006,45(6): 1116-1123(SCI: 060WP, IF: 0.389)82.Zhang Lichun, Wu Yueqin, Li Huaifan. Canonical entropy of higher-dimension black hole.IL Nuovo Cimento, 2006, 121B(7): 743-75083.Zhao Ren, Zhang Shengli. Cardy-Verlinde formula and logarithmic correction of D-dimensional global monopole black hole. Chinese Journal of Physics, 2005, 43(6): 1044-1050(SCI:995QS, IF:0.440)84.Zhao Ren, Zhang Shengli. Entropy Correction for Kerr Black Hole. Commun. Theor.Phys., 2005, 44(6): 1037-1040(SCI:001LC, IF:0.872)85.Hu Shuangqi, Zhao Ren. Uncertainty relation and black hole entropy of Kerr spacetime.Chinese Physics, 2005, 14(07): 1477-1481(SCI: 943CJ)86.Zhao Ren, Zhang Zizhen, Zhang Shengli. Uncertainty relation and black hole entropy ofNUT-Kerr-Newman spacetime. IL Nuovo Cimento, 2005, 120B (1): 61-67(SCI: 963CM) 87.Zhao Ren, Wu Yueqin, Zhang Lichun. The Nernst theorem and the statistical entropy ofThe NUT-Kerr-Newman black hole. Bulgarian Journal of Physics, 2005,32: 1-988.Zhang Zizhen, Zhang Lichun. Calculating the entropy of Garfinkle- Horowitz- Stromingerdilaton without brick-wall method. IL Nuovo Cimento, 2004, 119B(10): 1001-1006(SCI: 928TH)89.Zhao Ren, Zhang Shengli. Statistical entropy of the A torus-like black hole. IL NuovoCimento, 2004, 119B(6): 557-563(SCI: 901EJ)90.Hu Shuangqi, Zhao Ren. Uncertainty Relation and Black Hole Entropy of ToroidalSpacetime. International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics, 2004, 1(6):731-737(SCI: 888RZ)91.Ding Tianran, Zhao Ren. Quantum Statistical Entropy of Kerr-de Sitter Black Hole.International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics, 2004, 1(1):159-166(SCI: 885MF)92.Zhao Ren, Wu Yueqin, Zhang Shengli. Quantum Statistical Entropy of d-dimensionalHorowitz -Strominger Black Hole. Gen. Rel. Grav., 2004,36(11): 2539-2547(SCI:875EV) 93.Zhao Ren, Zhang Li-Chun. Statistical entropy of a rotating higher-dimensional blackholes. IL Nuovo Cimento, 2004, 119B(1): 33-40(SCI: 859OB)94.张丽春, 赵仁. 具有双旋转参数5-维黑洞的Cardy-Verlinde公式. 物理学报, 2004, 53(12):4435-4438(SCI: 775NT)95.赵仁, 张丽春. 黑洞的量子统计熵. 数学物理学报, 2004, 24A(5): 513-52096.Zhao Ren, Zhang Sheng-Li. Dilatonic black hole entropy without brick walls. Gen. Rel.Grav., 2004, 36 (9): 2123-2130(SCI:847NN)97.Zhang Li-Chun, Zhao Ren, Lin Hai. Horowitz-Strominger Black Hole Entropy WithoutBrick Wall. Chinese Physics Letters, 2004,21(6)1009-1012(SCI: 831MM)98.Zhao Ren, Hu Shuang-Qi. Reissner-Nordstrom black hole without brick walls. IL NuovoCimento, 2004, 119B(2): 149-155(SCI: 859OC)99.Zhang Li-Chun, Wu Yue-Qin, Zhao Ren. Quantum Statistical Entropy for Kerr-de SitterBlack Hole. Chinese Physics, 2004, 13(06): 974-978100.Ding Tianran, Wu Yueqin, Zhang Lichun. Bosonic and fermionic entropy of black holes with different temperatures on horizon surface. Chinese Physics, 2004, 13(02):268-272(SCI: 770UK)101.Zhao Ren, Wu Yue-Qin, Zhang Li-Chun. Quantum Statistical Entropy of Sen Black Hole.Turkish Journal of Physics, 2004, 28(2): 81-87(EI: 04238192675)102.张丽春, 赵 仁. Sen黑洞熵与能斯特定理. 物理学报, 2004, 53(2): 362-366(SCI: 775NT) 103.Zhao Ren, Guo Yong, Ding Bing Jun. The entropy of a Kim black hole and the Nernst theorem. IL Nuovo Cimento, 2003,118B(7) 685-691(SCI: 937PT)104.Zhao Ren, Wu Yue-Qin, Zhang Li-Chun. Spherically symmetric black-hole without brick walls. Classical and Quantum Gravity, 2003, 20(22): 4885-4890(SCI: 752AC)105.Zhao Ren, Wu Yue-Qin, Zhang Li-Chun. Nernst Theorem and the Statistical of 5-Dimensional Rotating black Hole. Communications in Theoretical Physics, 2003, 40(6): 745-748(SCI: 759LL)106.Zhao Ren, Wu Yue-Qin, and Zhang Li-Chun. Kaluza-Kelin black-hole entropy by quantum statistics. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 2003, 42(4): 809-816(SCI: 695MH) 107.Zhao Ren, Guo Yong, Ding Bing Jun. Statistical Entropy of Higher-Dimensional Black Hole. Journal of the Korean Physical Society, 2003, 43(6): 987-990(SCI: 754JT)108.Zhao Ren, Wu Yue-Qin, Zhang Li-Chun. Bosonic and Fermionic Entropy for Dilaton Black Hole. Bulgarian Journal of Physics. 23(2003)(in press)(1)(2)U U109.Zhao Ren, Wu Yue-Qin, Zhang Li-Chun. Entropy of N-dimensional spherically symmetric charged black hole. Communications in Theoretical Physics, 2003, 39(4): 425-428(SCI: 671AF)110.韩伏龙, 张丽春, 赵 仁. A torus-like 黑洞与熵能斯特定理. 数学物理学报, 2003, 23A(6): 655-659111.张丽春, 韩伏龙, 赵 仁. Reissner-Nordstrom 黑洞几何中Dirac场的统计熵与能斯特定理.数学物理学报, 2003, 23A(1): 77-83112.赵 仁, 张丽春. 黑洞热力学关系式. 雁北师范学院学报, 2002, 18(5): 1-6113.赵 仁, 张丽春. 平面对称黑洞的统计熵. 物理学报, 2002, 51(1): 21-24(SCI: 512CZ)114.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun. Statistical entropy of Kerr black hole. International Journal of Modern Physics Letters D, 2002, 11(9): 1381-1387(SCI: 641FD)115.Zhao Ren, Zhang Junfang, Zhang Lichun. Quantum statistical entropy of black hole. Gen.Rel. Grav., 2002,34(12): 2063-2073(SCI: 616NN)116.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun, Yang Chunhua. Statistical entropy of a rotating cylindrical black hole. Chinese Journal of Physics, 2002, 40(5): 505-511(SCI: 604YC)117.Zhao Ren, Wu Yueqin, Zhang Lichun. Bosonic and frmionic entropy of tree-dimensional black hole. IL Nuovo Cimento, 2002, 117B(3): 367-372(SCI: 592UZ)118.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun. Entropy of Riessner-Nordstrom-anti-de Sitter black hole.Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, 2002, 52(6): 775-780(SCI: 574QR)119.Zhao Ren, Zhang Junfang, Zhang Lichun. Entropy of dilatonic black hole. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 2002,41(7): 1369-1375(SCI: 582JN)120.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun. Statistical entropy of Vaidy-de Sitter black hole. IL Nuovo Cimento, 2002, 117B(1): 69-73(SCI: 564KC)121.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun. Entropy black hole. IL Nuovo Cimento, 2002, 117B(1): 129-136(SCI: 564KC)122.赵 仁, 张丽春. Kerr-Newman黑洞的统计熵. 物理学报, 2002, 51(6): 1167-1170(SCI: 559XE) 123.Zhao Ren, Zhang Junfang, Zhang Lichun. Statistical entropy of black cylinder. Gen. Rel.Grav., 2002, 34(5): 571-576(SCI: 564TJ)124.张丽春, 武月琴, 赵 仁. 轴对称Einstein-Maxwel-Dilaton-Axion黑洞熵与能斯特定理. 数学物理学报, 2002, 22A(1): 115-120125.Zhao Ren, Zhang Junfang, Zhang Lichun. Entropy of Reissner--Nordstrom--de Sitter black hole in non-thermal-equilibrium. Communications in Theoretical Physics, 2002, 37(1)45-48 (SCI: 515WT)126.Zhao Ren, Zhang Junfang, Zhang Lichun. Statistical Entropy of Horowitz-Strominger Black Hole. Communications in Theoretical Physics, 2002,37(5): 564-566(SCI: 558RF) 127.Zhang Junfang, Zhang Lichun, Zhao Ren. Statistical entropy of a charged black hole. IL Nuovo Cimento, 2001, 116B(8): 959-963(SCI: 500UE)128.Zhao Ren, Zhang Junfang, Zhang Lichun. The Nernst theorem and statistical entropy in 1+1 dimensional charged black hole. IL Nuovo Cimento, 2001, 116B (6): 707-711(SCI: 486TC)129.Zhao Ren, Zhang Junfang, Zhang Lichun. Statistical entropy of axial symmetry Einstein-Maxwel- Dilaton-Axion black hole. Bulgarian Journal of Physics, 2001, 28(5/6): 200-208 130.Zhao Ren, Zhang Junfang, Zhang Lichun. Statistical entropy of a cylindrical black hole.Il Nuovo Cimento, 2001, 116B(10): 1181-1186(SCI: 524VL)131.Zhang Lichun, Zhao Ren, Wu Yueqin. The entropy of the Dirac field on the background of the Reissner--Nordstrom black hole. IL Nuovo Cimento, 2001, 116B(5): 555-562(SCI: 477KA)132.Zhang Lichun, Zhao Ren and Wu Yueqin. Statistical entropy in Kaluza--Klein Geometry.IL Nuovo Cimento, 2001, 116B(3): 335-339(SCI: 476BX)133.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun. The Static Spherically Symmetric metric of a Schwarzschild black hole Surrounded by the Radiation Field. IL Nuovo Cimento, 2001,116B(5): 509-514(SCI: 477KA)134.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun, and Wu Yueqin. Nernst theorem and entropy of the axisymmetric Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton-Axion black hole. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 2001, 40(9): 1657-1664(SCI: 479XH)135.Zhao Ren, Zhang Junfang, Zhang Lichun. Entropy of Schwarzschild-De Sitter Black Hole in Non-Thermal-Equilibrium. Modern Physics Letters A , 2001, 16 (11): 719-723(SCI: 434TN)136.Zhao Ren, Zhang Junfang, Zhang Lichun. Statistical entropy in Reissner-Nordstrom black hole. Nuclear Physics B, 2001,609: 247-252(SCI: 464EH)137.Wu Yueqin, Zhang Lichun, Zhao Ren. Black Hole and Cosmic Entropy for Schwarschild-de Sitter space-time. International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 2001, 40(5): 1001-1008(SCI: 438AW)138.赵 仁, 张丽春. Kim 黑洞熵与能斯特定理. 物理学报, 2001, 50(4): 593-596(SCI: 419KJ, EI: 04057987069)139.赵 仁, 张丽春. Reissner--Nordstrom几何中标量场的统计熵与能斯特定理. 物理学报, 2001, 50(6): 1015-1018(SCI: 438TC)140.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun. The Nernst theorem and the entropy of a cylindrical black hole.Modern Physics Letters A , 2000, 15(35): 2165-2170(SCI: 394DV)141.赵 仁, 张丽春. De Sitter宇宙的稳定性. 数学物理学报, 2000, 20增: 583-588142.Zhao Ren, Zhang Lichun, Wu Yueqin. The Nernst theorem and the entropy of the Reissner-Nordstrom black hole. Gen. Rel. Grav., 2000, 32(8): 1639 -1646(SCI: 348CP) 143.赵仁, 张丽春. 充满物质的Friedmann-Robertson-Walker宇宙的稳定性. 物理学报, 2000, 49(8): 1644-1647(SCI: 343CW)144.张丽春, 赵仁. 球对称带电动态时空中Dirac粒子的Hawking效应. 数学物理学报, 1999,19(5): 573-578145.Zhang Lichun, Wu Yueqin, Zhao Ren. Hawking Effect of the Dirac Particles of Evaporating146.张丽春、张全龙、赵仁. 结合物理教学在学生中开展科学教育. 雁北师范学院学报 6(1999) 18-20三、主持或参与的教研、科研项目纵向课题：1.李怀繁、赵 仁、郭雄英、赵惠华、刘芳：山西省青年科技研究基金“规范/引力对偶在强耦合凝聚态系统中的应用，（2012021003-4）”2012年1月－2014年12月2.李怀繁、赵 仁、史建华、郭雄英、刘先锋：AdS/CFT 对应在凝聚态物理中的应用（11205097），国家自然科学青年基金。
2011年技术物理学院08级（激光方向）专业英语翻译重点！！！作者：邵晨宇Electromagnetic电磁的principle原则principal主要的macroscopic宏观的microscopic微观的differential微分vector矢量scalar标量permittivity介电常数photons光子oscillation振动density of states态密度dimensionality维数transverse wave横波dipole moment偶极矩diode 二极管mono-chromatic单色temporal时间的spatial空间的velocity速度wave packet波包be perpendicular to线垂直be nomal to线面垂直isotropic各向同性的anistropic各向异性的vacuum真空assumption假设semiconductor半导体nonmagnetic非磁性的considerable大量的ultraviolet紫外的diamagnetic抗磁的paramagnetic顺磁的antiparamagnetic反铁磁的ferro-magnetic铁磁的negligible可忽略的conductivity电导率intrinsic本征的inequality不等式infrared红外的weakly doped弱掺杂heavily doped重掺杂a second derivative in time对时间二阶导数vanish消失tensor张量refractive index折射率crucial主要的quantum mechanics 量子力学transition probability跃迁几率delve研究infinite无限的relevant相关的thermodynamic equilibrium热力学平衡（动态热平衡）fermions费米子bosons波色子potential barrier势垒standing wave驻波travelling wave行波degeneracy简并converge收敛diverge发散phonons声子singularity奇点（奇异值）vector potential向量式partical-wave dualism波粒二象性homogeneous均匀的elliptic椭圆的reasonable公平的合理的reflector反射器characteristic特性prerequisite必要条件quadratic二次的predominantly最重要的gaussian beams高斯光束azimuth方位角evolve推到spot size光斑尺寸radius of curvature曲率半径convention管理hyperbole双曲线hyperboloid双曲面radii半径asymptote渐近线apex顶点rigorous精确地manifestation体现表明wave diffraction波衍射aperture孔径complex beam radius复光束半径lenslike medium类透镜介质be adjacent to与之相邻confocal beam共焦光束a unity determinant单位行列式waveguide波导illustration说明induction归纳symmetric 对称的steady-state稳态be consistent with与之一致solid curves实线dashed curves虚线be identical to相同eigenvalue本征值noteworthy关注的counteract抵消reinforce加强the modal dispersion模式色散the group velocity dispersion群速度色散channel波段repetition rate重复率overlap重叠intuition直觉material dispersion材料色散information capacity信息量feed into 注入derive from由之产生semi-intuitive半直觉intermode mixing模式混合pulse duration脉宽mechanism原理dissipate损耗designate by命名为to a large extent在很大程度上etalon 标准具archetype圆形interferometer干涉计be attributed to归因于roundtrip一个往返infinite geometric progression无穷几何级数conservation of energy能量守恒free spectral range自由光谱区reflection coefficient（fraction of the intensity reflected）反射系数transmission coefficient（fraction of the intensity transmitted）透射系数optical resonator光学谐振腔unity 归一optical spectrum analyzer光谱分析grequency separations频率间隔scanning interferometer扫描干涉仪sweep移动replica复制品ambiguity不确定simultaneous同步的longitudinal laser mode纵模denominator分母finesse精细度the limiting resolution极限分辨率the width of a transmission bandpass透射带宽collimated beam线性光束noncollimated beam非线性光束transient condition瞬态情况spherical mirror 球面镜locus（loci）轨迹exponential factor指数因子radian弧度configuration不举intercept截断back and forth反复spatical mode空间模式algebra代数in practice在实际中symmetrical对称的a symmetrical conforal resonator对称共焦谐振腔criteria准则concentric同心的biperiodic lens sequence双周期透镜组序列stable solution稳态解equivalent lens等效透镜verge 边缘self-consistent自洽reference plane参考平面off-axis离轴shaded area阴影区clear area空白区perturbation扰动evolution渐变decay减弱unimodual matrix单位矩阵discrepancy相位差longitudinal mode index纵模指数resonance共振quantum electronics量子电子学phenomenon现象exploit利用spontaneous emission自发辐射initial初始的thermodynamic热力学inphase同相位的population inversion粒子数反转transparent透明的threshold阈值predominate over占主导地位的monochromaticity单色性spatical and temporal coherence时空相干性by virtue of利用directionality方向性superposition叠加pump rate泵浦速率shunt分流corona breakdown电晕击穿audacity畅通无阻versatile用途广泛的photoelectric effect光电效应quantum detector 量子探测器quantum efficiency量子效率vacuum photodiode真空光电二极管photoelectric work function光电功函数cathode阴极anode阳极formidable苛刻的恶光的irrespective无关的impinge撞击in turn依次capacitance电容photomultiplier光电信增管photoconductor光敏电阻junction photodiode结型光电二极管avalanche photodiode雪崩二极管shot noise 散粒噪声thermal noise热噪声1.In this chapter we consider Maxwell’s equations and what they reveal about the propagation of light in vacuum and in matter. We introduce the concept of photons and present their density of states.Since the density of states is a rather important property，not only for photons，we approach this quantity in a rather general way. We will use the density of states later also for other(quasi-) particles including systems of reduced dimensionality.In addition,we introduce the occupation probability of these states for various groups of particles.在本章中，我们讨论麦克斯韦方程和他们显示的有关光在真空中传播的问题。
临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评选结果公示
根据《临沂市自然科学优秀学术成果奖评审与管理办法》，中共临沂市委组织部，临沂市人力资源和社会保障局，临沂市财政局，临沂市科协组织开展了临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖评选。
评选范围是2012年1月至2014年3月期间在正式学术刊物上发表或在学术会议上交流的学术成果，考察论证或调研报告，科技建议和正式出版的学术专著等。
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临沂市自然科学优秀学术成果奖
评选领导小组办公室
2014年8月5日
临沂市第十三届自然科学优秀学术成果奖
一等奖（88项）
二等奖（118项）
Bis[2--pyridyl)–4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide-
三等奖（232项）
21
22。
Ag-La系二元化合物结构与电子性能的第一性原理研究高恩强;张照超;阮海光;黄福祥;陈志谦;王兰兰【摘要】通过第一性原理方法系统地研究了Ag-La系四种二元化合物的相结构稳定性和电子结构，包括B2-LaAg、LaAg2、La14Ag51和α-LaAg5。
结构优化后的平衡态晶体参数及质量密度与实验值相符。
结合能表明，随La浓度的增加，化合物的键合强度和稳定性提高。
Ag-La系4种二元化合物的生成焓分别为-21．7，-26．8，-22．9，-18．1kJ／mol，与实验值或CALPHAD的理论值相符。
电子结构表明这些化合物是导体，其原子间的价键性质是由金属键、离子键和共价键构成，其中：离子键是由Ag原子从La原子中得到电子形成的，共价键是由Ags-p及Agp-Lad杂化构成的。
并且这些化合物的共价键和离子键随着La浓度的增加而增强，使得Ag-La化合物稳定性提高。
【期刊名称】《重庆理工大学学报》【年(卷),期】2016(030)008【总页数】8页(P45-51,68)【关键词】Ag-La系稀土相电子结构第一性原理【作者】高恩强;张照超;阮海光;黄福祥;陈志谦;王兰兰【作者单位】[1]重庆理工大学材料科学与工程学院,重庆400054;[2]西南大学材料与能源学部,重庆400715【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O641由稀土与银构成的金属间化合物或者合金系化合物在工业应用和固态理论研究上受到广泛关注[1-10]。
在早期的研究中，Ag-La系二元化合物中存在LaAg、LaAg2和。
McMasters等[11]证实了LaAg3事实上是La14Ag51，并且存在LaAg5相，其中LaAg5具有两种存在形式：低温六方MgZn2类型结构和高温不确定的结构，但确定其结构同CeAg5、PrAg5及YbAg5。
低温相α-LaAg5与高温相β-LaAg5间的转变温度还未被确定，大概在770 K[13]。
LaAg2(CeCu2型)和La14Ag51(Gd14Ag51型)的晶体结构由文献[14-15]确定，F.Tambornino详细研究Gd14Ag51型化合物的晶体结构[7]。
中国科技大学物理学院物理学专业英语仅供内部学习参考！2014目录1 Physics 物理学 (1)Introduction to physics (1)Classical and modern physics (2)Research fields (4)V ocabulary (7)2 Classical m echanics 经典力学 (10)Introduction (10)Description of classical mechanics (10)Momentum and collisions (14)Angular momentum (15)V ocabulary (16)3 Thermodynamics 热力学 (18)Introduction (18)Laws of thermodynamics (21)System models (22)Thermodynamic processes (27)Scope of thermodynamics (29)V ocabulary (30)4 Electromagnetism 电磁学 (33)Introduction (33)Electrostatics (33)Magnetostatics (35)Electromagnetic induction (40)V ocabulary (43)5 Optics 光学 (45)Introduction (45)Geometrical optics (45)Physical optics (47)Polarization (50)V ocabulary (51)6 Atomic ph ysics 原子物理 (52)Introduction (52)Electronic configuration (52)Excitation and ionization (56)V ocabulary (59)7 Statistical m echanics 统计力学 (60)Overview (60)Fundamentals (60)Statistical ensembles (63)V ocabulary (65)8 Quantum m echanics 量子力学 (67)Introduction (67)Mathematical formulations (68)Quantization (71)Wave-particle duality (72)Quantum entanglement (75)V ocabulary (77)9 Special r e lativity 狭义相对论 (79)Introduction (79)Relativity of simultaneity (80)Lorentz transformations (80)Time dilation and length contraction (81)Mass-energy equivalence (82)Relativistic energy-momentum relation (86)V ocabulary (89)正文标记说明：蓝色Arial字体（例如energy）：已知的专业词汇蓝色Arial字体加下划线（例如electromagnetism）：新学的专业词汇黑色Times New Roman字体加下划线（例如postulate）：新学的普通词汇1 Physics 物理学Introduction to physicsPhysics is a part of natural philosophy and a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry,and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.Core theoriesThough physics deals with a wide variety of systems, certain theories are used by all physicists. Each of these theories were experimentally tested numerous times and found correct as an approximation of nature (within a certain domain of validity).For instance, the theory of classical mechanics accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than atoms and moving at much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research, and a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos was discovered in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton (1642–1727) 【艾萨克·牛顿】.These central theories are important tools for research into more specialized topics, and any physicist, regardless of his or her specialization, is expected to be literate in them. These include classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, and special relativity.Classical and modern physicsClassical mechanicsClassical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), kinematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the forces that affect it); mechanics may also be divided into solid mechanics and fluid mechanics (known together as continuum mechanics), the latter including such branches as hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics pneumatics.Acoustics is the study of how sound is produced, controlled, transmitted and received. Important modern branches of acoustics include ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing; bioacoustics the physics of animal calls and hearing, and electroacoustics, the manipulation of audible sound waves using electronics.Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light.Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.Electricity and magnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at rest.Modern PhysicsClassical physics is generally concerned with matter and energy on the normal scale ofobservation, while much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions or on the very large or very small scale.For example, atomic and nuclear physics studies matter on the smallest scale at which chemical elements can be identified.The physics of elementary particles is on an even smaller scale, as it is concerned with the most basic units of matter; this branch of physics is also known as high-energy physics because of the extremely high energies necessary to produce many types of particles in large particle accelerators. On this scale, ordinary, commonsense notions of space, time, matter, and energy are no longer valid.The two chief theories of modern physics present a different picture of the concepts of space, time, and matter from that presented by classical physics.Quantum theory is concerned with the discrete, rather than continuous, nature of many phenomena at the atomic and subatomic level, and with the complementary aspects of particles and waves in the description of such phenomena.The theory of relativity is concerned with the description of phenomena that take place in a frame of reference that is in motion with respect to an observer; the special theory of relativity is concerned with relative uniform motion in a straight line and the general theory of relativity with accelerated motion and its connection with gravitation.Both quantum theory and the theory of relativity find applications in all areas of modern physics.Difference between classical and modern physicsWhile physics aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability. Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light. Outside of this domain, observations do not match their predictions.Albert Einstein【阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦】contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of absolute time and space with space-time and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light.Max Planck【普朗克】, Erwin Schrödinger【薛定谔】, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales.Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity.General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved space-time, with which highly massivesystems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described. General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions; several candidate theories of quantum gravity are being developed.Research fieldsContemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; particle physics; astrophysics; geophysics and biophysics. Some physics departments also support research in Physics education.Since the 20th century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialized, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers. "Universalists" such as Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and Lev Landau (1908–1968)【列夫·朗道】, who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare.Condensed matter physicsCondensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of particles in a system is extremely large and the interactions between them are strong.The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the bonding by way of the electromagnetic force between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the super-fluid and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in certain atomic systems at very low temperature, the superconducting phase exhibited by conduction electrons in certain materials,and the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices.Condensed matter physics is by far the largest field of contemporary physics.Historically, condensed matter physics grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields. The term condensed matter physics was apparently coined by Philip Anderson when he renamed his research group—previously solid-state theory—in 1967. In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics of the American Physical Society was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics.Condensed matter physics has a large overlap with chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology and engineering.Atomic, molecular and optical physicsAtomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions on the scale of single atoms and molecules.The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of the energy scales that are relevant. All three areas include both classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments; they can treat their subject from a microscopic view (in contrast to a macroscopic view).Atomic physics studies the electron shells of atoms. Current research focuses on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, low-temperature collision dynamics and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is influenced by the nucleus(see, e.g., hyperfine splitting), but intra-nuclear phenomena such as fission and fusion are considered part of high-energy physics.Molecular physics focuses on multi-atomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light.Optical physics is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects, but on the fundamental properties of optical fields and their interactions with matter in the microscopic realm.High-energy physics (particle physics) and nuclear physicsParticle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of matter and energy, and the interactions between them.In addition, particle physicists design and develop the high energy accelerators,detectors, and computer programs necessary for this research. The field is also called "high-energy physics" because many elementary particles do not occur naturally, but are created only during high-energy collisions of other particles.Currently, the interactions of elementary particles and fields are described by the Standard Model.●The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter (quarks and leptons) thatinteract via the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces.●Dynamics are described in terms of matter particles exchanging gauge bosons (gluons,W and Z bosons, and photons, respectively).●The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson. In July 2012CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, announced the detection of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson.Nuclear Physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology.Astrophysics and Physical CosmologyAstrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the solar system, and related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of radio astronomy. Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the earth's atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, and X-ray astronomy.Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories. In the early 20th century, Hubble's discovery that the universe was expanding, as shown by the Hubble diagram, prompted rival explanations known as the steady state universe and the Big Bang.The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleo-synthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1964. The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein's general relativity and the cosmological principle (On a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the Universe are the same for all observers). Cosmologists have recently established the ΛCDM model (the standard model of Big Bang cosmology) of the evolution of the universe, which includes cosmic inflation, dark energy and dark matter.Current research frontiersIn condensed matter physics, an important unsolved theoretical problem is that of high-temperature superconductivity. Many condensed matter experiments are aiming to fabricate workable spintronics and quantum computers.In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model have begun to appear. Foremost among these are indications that neutrinos have non-zero mass. These experimental results appear to have solved the long-standing solar neutrino problem, and the physics of massive neutrinos remains an area of active theoretical and experimental research. Particle accelerators have begun probing energy scales in the TeV range, in which experimentalists are hoping to find evidence for the super-symmetric particles, after discovery of the Higgs boson.Theoretical attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theoryof quantum gravity, a program ongoing for over half a century, have not yet been decisively resolved. The current leading candidates are M-theory, superstring theory and loop quantum gravity.Many astronomical and cosmological phenomena have yet to be satisfactorily explained, including the existence of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, the baryon asymmetry, the acceleration of the universe and the anomalous rotation rates of galaxies.Although much progress has been made in high-energy, quantum, and astronomical physics, many everyday phenomena involving complexity, chaos, or turbulence are still poorly understood. Complex problems that seem like they could be solved by a clever application of dynamics and mechanics remain unsolved; examples include the formation of sand-piles, nodes in trickling water, the shape of water droplets, mechanisms of surface tension catastrophes, and self-sorting in shaken heterogeneous collections.These complex phenomena have received growing attention since the 1970s for several reasons, including the availability of modern mathematical methods and computers, which enabled complex systems to be modeled in new ways. Complex physics has become part of increasingly interdisciplinary research, as exemplified by the study of turbulence in aerodynamics and the observation of pattern formation in biological systems.Vocabulary★natural science 自然科学academic disciplines 学科astronomy 天文学in their own right 凭他们本身的实力intersects相交，交叉interdisciplinary交叉学科的，跨学科的★quantum 量子的theoretical breakthroughs 理论突破★electromagnetism 电磁学dramatically显著地★thermodynamics热力学★calculus微积分validity★classical mechanics 经典力学chaos 混沌literate 学者★quantum mechanics量子力学★thermodynamics and statistical mechanics热力学与统计物理★special relativity狭义相对论is concerned with 关注，讨论，考虑acoustics 声学★optics 光学statics静力学at rest 静息kinematics运动学★dynamics动力学ultrasonics超声学manipulation 操作，处理，使用infrared红外ultraviolet紫外radiation辐射reflection 反射refraction 折射★interference 干涉★diffraction 衍射dispersion散射★polarization 极化，偏振internal energy 内能Electricity电性Magnetism 磁性intimate 亲密的induces 诱导，感应scale尺度★elementary particles基本粒子★high-energy physics 高能物理particle accelerators 粒子加速器valid 有效的，正当的★discrete离散的continuous 连续的complementary 互补的★frame of reference 参照系★the special theory of relativity 狭义相对论★general theory of relativity 广义相对论gravitation 重力，万有引力explicit 详细的，清楚的★quantum field theory 量子场论★condensed matter physics凝聚态物理astrophysics天体物理geophysics地球物理Universalist博学多才者★Macroscopic宏观Exotic奇异的★Superconducting 超导Ferromagnetic铁磁质Antiferromagnetic 反铁磁质★Spin自旋Lattice 晶格，点阵，网格★Society社会，学会★microscopic微观的hyperfine splitting超精细分裂fission分裂，裂变fusion熔合，聚变constituents成分，组分accelerators加速器detectors 检测器★quarks夸克lepton 轻子gauge bosons规范玻色子gluons胶子★Higgs boson希格斯玻色子CERN欧洲核子研究中心★Magnetic Resonance Imaging磁共振成像，核磁共振ion implantation 离子注入radiocarbon dating放射性碳年代测定法geology地质学archaeology考古学stellar 恒星cosmology宇宙论celestial bodies 天体Hubble diagram 哈勃图Rival竞争的★Big Bang大爆炸nucleo-synthesis核聚合，核合成pillar支柱cosmological principle宇宙学原理ΛCDM modelΛ-冷暗物质模型cosmic inflation宇宙膨胀fabricate制造，建造spintronics自旋电子元件，自旋电子学★neutrinos 中微子superstring 超弦baryon重子turbulence湍流，扰动，骚动catastrophes突变，灾变，灾难heterogeneous collections异质性集合pattern formation模式形成2 Classical mechanics 经典力学IntroductionIn physics, classical mechanics is one of the two major sub-fields of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces. The study of the motion of bodies is an ancient one, making classical mechanics one of the oldest and largest subjects in science, engineering and technology.Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. Besides this, many specializations within the subject deal with gases, liquids, solids, and other specific sub-topics.Classical mechanics provides extremely accurate results as long as the domain of study is restricted to large objects and the speeds involved do not approach the speed of light. When the objects being dealt with become sufficiently small, it becomes necessary to introduce the other major sub-field of mechanics, quantum mechanics, which reconciles the macroscopic laws of physics with the atomic nature of matter and handles the wave–particle duality of atoms and molecules. In the case of high velocity objects approaching the speed of light, classical mechanics is enhanced by special relativity. General relativity unifies special relativity with Newton's law of universal gravitation, allowing physicists to handle gravitation at a deeper level.The initial stage in the development of classical mechanics is often referred to as Newtonian mechanics, and is associated with the physical concepts employed by and the mathematical methods invented by Newton himself, in parallel with Leibniz【莱布尼兹】, and others.Later, more abstract and general methods were developed, leading to reformulations of classical mechanics known as Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics. These advances were largely made in the 18th and 19th centuries, and they extend substantially beyond Newton's work, particularly through their use of analytical mechanics. Ultimately, the mathematics developed for these were central to the creation of quantum mechanics.Description of classical mechanicsThe following introduces the basic concepts of classical mechanics. For simplicity, it oftenmodels real-world objects as point particles, objects with negligible size. The motion of a point particle is characterized by a small number of parameters: its position, mass, and the forces applied to it.In reality, the kind of objects that classical mechanics can describe always have a non-zero size. (The physics of very small particles, such as the electron, is more accurately described by quantum mechanics). Objects with non-zero size have more complicated behavior than hypothetical point particles, because of the additional degrees of freedom—for example, a baseball can spin while it is moving. However, the results for point particles can be used to study such objects by treating them as composite objects, made up of a large number of interacting point particles. The center of mass of a composite object behaves like a point particle.Classical mechanics uses common-sense notions of how matter and forces exist and interact. It assumes that matter and energy have definite, knowable attributes such as where an object is in space and its speed. It also assumes that objects may be directly influenced only by their immediate surroundings, known as the principle of locality.In quantum mechanics objects may have unknowable position or velocity, or instantaneously interact with other objects at a distance.Position and its derivativesThe position of a point particle is defined with respect to an arbitrary fixed reference point, O, in space, usually accompanied by a coordinate system, with the reference point located at the origin of the coordinate system. It is defined as the vector r from O to the particle.In general, the point particle need not be stationary relative to O, so r is a function of t, the time elapsed since an arbitrary initial time.In pre-Einstein relativity (known as Galilean relativity), time is considered an absolute, i.e., the time interval between any given pair of events is the same for all observers. In addition to relying on absolute time, classical mechanics assumes Euclidean geometry for the structure of space.Velocity and speedThe velocity, or the rate of change of position with time, is defined as the derivative of the position with respect to time. In classical mechanics, velocities are directly additive and subtractive as vector quantities; they must be dealt with using vector analysis.When both objects are moving in the same direction, the difference can be given in terms of speed only by ignoring direction.AccelerationThe acceleration , or rate of change of velocity, is the derivative of the velocity with respect to time (the second derivative of the position with respect to time).Acceleration can arise from a change with time of the magnitude of the velocity or of the direction of the velocity or both . If only the magnitude v of the velocity decreases, this is sometimes referred to as deceleration , but generally any change in the velocity with time, including deceleration, is simply referred to as acceleration.Inertial frames of referenceWhile the position and velocity and acceleration of a particle can be referred to any observer in any state of motion, classical mechanics assumes the existence of a special family of reference frames in terms of which the mechanical laws of nature take a comparatively simple form. These special reference frames are called inertial frames .An inertial frame is such that when an object without any force interactions (an idealized situation) is viewed from it, it appears either to be at rest or in a state of uniform motion in a straight line. This is the fundamental definition of an inertial frame. They are characterized by the requirement that all forces entering the observer's physical laws originate in identifiable sources (charges, gravitational bodies, and so forth).A non-inertial reference frame is one accelerating with respect to an inertial one, and in such a non-inertial frame a particle is subject to acceleration by fictitious forces that enter the equations of motion solely as a result of its accelerated motion, and do not originate in identifiable sources. These fictitious forces are in addition to the real forces recognized in an inertial frame.A key concept of inertial frames is the method for identifying them. For practical purposes, reference frames that are un-accelerated with respect to the distant stars are regarded as good approximations to inertial frames.Forces; Newton's second lawNewton was the first to mathematically express the relationship between force and momentum . Some physicists interpret Newton's second law of motion as a definition of force and mass, while others consider it a fundamental postulate, a law of nature. Either interpretation has the same mathematical consequences, historically known as "Newton's Second Law":a m t v m t p F ===d )(d d dThe quantity m v is called the (canonical ) momentum . The net force on a particle is thus equal to rate of change of momentum of the particle with time.So long as the force acting on a particle is known, Newton's second law is sufficient to。
第52卷第1期2021年1月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.52No.1Jan.2021基于相变线源解的固液热导率测量方法及其影响因素分析周天，袁杰，马爱纯(中南大学能源科学与工程学院，湖南长沙，410083)摘要：基于相变线源解提出一种同时估算相变材料(PCMs)固液两相热导率的参数估计方法，该方法通过记录相变区域中某一监测点液相温度−时间曲线拟合得到相变材料的固液两相热导率。
首先利用灵敏度分析讨论该方法的可行性，随后采用数值模拟的方法研究热线半径、测点位置、加热功率、试样半径对固液两相热导率估算结果的影响规律。
研究结果表明：液相热导率具有较高的灵敏度，其估算结果精度较高，并随着相变时间逐渐增加；而固相热导率的灵敏度较低，其估算结果更易受到各类因素引起的温升变化影响。
关键词：相变材料；热导率；灵敏度分析；数值模拟中图分类号：O551.3文献标志码：A开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)文章编号：1672-7207（2021）01-0276-09A method for estimating solid-and liquid-phase thermal conductivities based on phase-change line-source solution andanalysis of influencing factorsZHOU Tian,YUAN Jie,MA Aichun(School of Energy Science and Engineering,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China)Abstract:A parameter estimation method for simultaneously estimating solid-and liquid-thermal conductivities of phase change materials(PCMs)was proposed based on the phase-change line-source solution.In this method,the thermal conductivities were obtained by measuring the liquid temperature curve at a monitoring point.The sensitivity analysis was carried out based on this method,and the effects of hot-wire radius,monitoring point position,heating power and sample radius on the result of thermal conductivities were observed and studied numerically,and the related rules were analyzed.The results show that because of the high sensitivity,the estimation accuracy of liquid phase thermal conductivity is higher,and increases gradually with the increase of theDOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2021.01.028收稿日期：2020−10−10；修回日期：2020−11−20基金项目(Foundation item)：国家自然科学基金资助项目(52076217)；湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2020JJ5763)(Project(52076217)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China;Project(2020JJ5763)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province)通信作者：马爱纯，博士，副教授，从事热工设备和热工过程仿真与优化、热物性测试研究；E-mail ：****************.cn引用格式：周天,袁杰,马爱纯.基于相变线源解的固液热导率测量方法及其影响因素分析[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2021,52(1):276−284.Citation:ZHOU Tian,YUAN Jie,MA Aichun.A method for estimating solid-and liquid-phase thermal conductivities based on phase-change line-source solution and analysis of influencing factors[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2021,52(01):276−284.第1期周天，等：基于相变线源解的固液热导率测量方法及其影响因素分析time.While the sensitivity of solid phase thermal conductivity is lower,its accuracy is easily affected by the trend of temperature rise caused by various factors.Key words:phase-change material;thermal conductivity;sensitivity analysis;numerical simulation为了克服快速城市化和化石燃料资源枯竭导致的能量供需缺口不断扩大的情况，开发提高能源利用效率的新技术已成为国内外学者关注的研究热点。
Phase relation and thermodynamic study of the Pt-ZnsystemQiao Zhiyu a*, Yuan Wenxia b, Huang Yuanzhang a,c,a Dept. of Physical Chemistry,b Dept. of ChemistryUniversity of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, Chinac Beijing General Institute of Non-ferrous Metals, Beijing 100082, ChinaAbstractPhase relation in the Pt-Zn binary system from 63.08 to 84.51 at.% Zn between 736-1090 K has been investigated by an isopiestic method. The phase boundaries of four intermetallic compounds were fixed based on the experimental data. Activities and partial molar enthalpies of zinc in the Pt-Zn system in the temperature range of 736-1090 K were derived from isopiestic method. The partial molar entropies of zinc were obtained by application of the Gibbs-Helmholtz relations.Keywords：Pt-Zn; intermetallic compounds; phase relations; isopiestic method; activity1 InstructionA number of intermetallics have attracted particular interest within recent years. Intermetallics, i.e. intermetallic compounds and ordered intermetallic phases, are a fascinating group of materials, both from the point of view of their fundamental properties and their practical applications [1]. The bimetallic catalysts of Pt-Zn show anomalous catalytic functions for hydrogenolysis of esters [2-3], hydrogenation of dienes, conversion of unsaturated aldehydes to unsaturated alcohols and partial oxidation of methanol [4]. The constitution of the Zn-rich part of the Pt-Zn system was first studied by Nowotny et.al [5]. They identified six phases, especially the following four phases:ξ-Pt7Zn12, γ1-Pt3Zn10 (23<at.% Zn<26 ), γ-PtZn5(20<at.% Zn<22) and Γ-PtZn8. The γ1-Pt3Zn10 accommodates 392 atoms in a face centered cubic unit cell. Ekman correctly assigned the Pt5Zn21 to this phase [6]. Two compounds were subsequently characterized by means of single crystalX-ray diffraction method, namely, ξ-Pt7Zn12 and γ1-Pt3Zn10 [7-8]. Harbrecht et.al [9] investigated the structure of the ordinary γ-phase Pt2Zn11-δ (0.2<δ<0.3), which turned out to have a very small homogeneity range and to contain less Pt than previously assumed. But, the phase relations and the phase boundaries of the Pt-Zn system, especially in the range of 63-85 at.% Zn, are not clear [10].Little seems to be known about the thermodynamic properties of the Pt-Zn system. Therefore it was decided to determine the zinc activity as a function of composition and temperature and the phase boundaries of Zn-rich part of the Pt-Zn system using a well-established isopiestic method.2 Experimental ProcedureStarting materials for all isopiestic experiments were platinum wire (0.1 mm) with a purity of 99.99 % (Johnson-Matthey, Royston, England) and zinc grain with a purity of 99.999 %(ASARCO, South Plainfield, NJ, USA). The platinum wire was wound into spools of about 50 mg, which were degreased with acetone and weighed into individual quartz crucibles to an accuracy of ± 0.05 mg. The zinc grains were cleaned to remove any surface oxides.The experimental details of the employed isopiestic method have been described repeatedly[11-12]. Because graphite crucibles could not be used for zinc systems, the experiments werecarried out in specially devised quartz crucibles as described by Ipser and Komarek [13]. Theentire quartz apparatus were cleaned in a procedure that has been reported previously [14-15]. The reservoir was filled with a\bout 15 g of pure zinc and 17 sample crucibles of platinum spools were arranged in the reaction tube. The fully assembled isopiestic apparatus was then evacuated to 10-1 Pa, flushed several times with purified argon and finally sealed under vaccum. The apparatus was placed into the temperature gradient of a two-zone furnace. The platinum spools were exposed to a constant vapor pressure of Zn (determined by the temperature of the Zn-reservoir within thereaction tube) for 14 days at temperature ranging from 730 K to 1080 K. The temperature of the zinc and the 15 samples was checked periodically by raising a calibrated Pt/Pt-10 % Rhthermocouple in a thermocouple well. After quenching the whole reaction tube in cold water, the samples were weighed again and their compositions were calculated from the mass difference,which was attributed to the uptake of zinc.3 Experimental Results and DiscussionIn an isopiestic experiment the total vapor pressure in the closed system is determined by the pure volatile component of the reservoir kept at the lowest temperature. At equilibrium the vapor pressure of this volatile component (Zn) above each alloy (at the corresponding sampletemperature T S ) is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component (Zn) at the given reservoir temperature T R as below.)()(R Zn S Zn T p T p = (1)And the activity of zinc at the sample temperature T S is given by(2))(/)()(/)(S Zn R Zn S Zn S Zn Zn T p T p T p T p a o o o ==Originally, the vapor pressure values of zinc were taken from the compilation of Hultgren et.al.[16](3)56.9)(lg 27.1)/6680()(lg +−−=K T T atm p Zn o Natural logarithms of the zinc activities for all samples at the individual sample temperaturewere calculated by means of Eq (2) and given in Table 1. The partial molar enthalpies of zinc were obtained from the temperature dependence of the activities according to the following integrated Gibbs-Helmholtz equation.)11()(ln )(ln 1212T T R H T a T a Zn Zn Zn −∆=− (4) Four successful isopiestic experiments (run 1-4) were carried out in the Pt-Zn system withreservoir temperature varying between 730-1080 K, which allowed us to cover the whole zinc-rich part (63-85 at.% Zn) of the Pt-Zn binary system. The experimental conditions, the results and the calculated thermodynamic activities of zinc are listed in Table 1. The so called “equilibriumcurves”, i.e. sample temperature versus sample composition, are shown in Fig.1 for thecomposition range between 60 and 85 at.% Zn. It is estimated that the uncertainty of thecompositions is generally less than ± 0.05 at.% Zn and that the temperatures are accurate within ±1 to 2 K.Table 1 Experimental isopiestic results (standard state: liquid Zn )Run 1 Temperature of reservoir, which contains 15 g Zn: 871 K; 14 days for equilibriumNo. x Zn T (K) Zn a ln1 0.8404 884 -0.2412 0.8388 890 -0.3493 0.8376 894 -0.421 4 0.8353 897 -0.4835 0.8117 900 -0.536 6 0.8102 903 -0.5797 0.8075 909 -0.6848 0.8047 918 -0.837 9 0.7991 943 -1.247 10 0.7556 971 -1.680 11 0.7438 996 -2.045 12 0.7351 1011 -2.255 13 0.6447 1025 -2.445 14 0.6443 1036 -2.591 15 0.6416 1045 -2.714 Run 2 Temperature of reservoir, which contains 15 g Zn: 822 K; 25 days for equilibriumNo. x Zn T (K) Zn a ln1 0.8424 826 -0.0952 0.8403 839 -0.353 3 0.8062 857 -0.7114 0.8019 881 -1.165 5 0.7537 906 -2.015 6 0.7416 930 -2.2897 0.7349 947 -2.688 8 0.6388 961 -2.8079 0.6308 973 -2.909 Run 3 Temperature of reservoir, which contains 15 g Zn: 922 K; 31 days for equilibriumNo. x Zn T (K) Zn a ln1 0.8387 931 -0.1482 0.8372 936 -0.2303 0.8362 940 -0.2954 0.8349 942 -0.335 5 0.8337 944 -0.366 6 0.8320 947 -0.4067 0.8082 948 -0.429 8 0.8056 952 -0.485 9 0.8030 961 -0.624 10 0.8000 977 -0.873 11 0.7946 996 -1.141 12 0.7513 1017 -1.433 13 0.7377 1037 -1.700 14 0.7291 1054 -1.918 15 0.7234 1066 -2.075 16 0.6337 1075 -2.179 17 0.6328 1084 -2.293 Run 4 Temperature of reservoir, which contains 15 g Zn: 716 K; 14days for equilibriumNo. x Zn T (K) Zn a ln1 0.8430 736 -0.5482 0.8423 738.6 -0.615 3 0.8420 741 -0.6814 0.8147 743 -0.7335 0.8096 747.6 -0.850 6 0.8089 749.6 -0.9027 0.8083 751 -0.9428 0.8079 753 -0.991 9 0.8069 757 -1.092 10 0.8068 758 -1.129Not all the samples listed in Table 1 are situated in the same phase region of the Pt-Zn system. As can be seen, a number of them locate at the different two-phase regions, or in two-phase fields. The so-called “equilibrium curves” for different reservoir temperature, i.e. sample temperatureversus sample composition, are shown in Fig.1 for the composition range between 63.08 and84.51 at.% Zn. Since the “equilibrium curves” in Fig.1 are actually isobars, they must be horizontal in any two-phase region of the binary system, and valuable information on different phase boundaries can be derived from these curves. At the single-phase region, the value of component (Zn) is almost proportional to temperature, that is, it obeys thermodynamic law.Fig.1 Temperature dependence of compositions of Zn in the samples No data could be found in the literature dealing with the thermodynamics of binary Pt-Zn alloys. However, the most interesting result of the present study is three gaps in composition between 83.37-80.97 at.% Zn (746-945 K), 79.08-75.56 at.% Zn (904-1015 K) and 72.13-64.95 at.% Zn (951-1066 K). From Fig.1, we found four different homogeneity ranges of the Pt-Zn system with zinc content between 63.08 and 84.51 at.% Zn and corresponding range data that have been determined from the “equilibrium curves” are 83.37< at.% Zn (736-945 K) <84.51, 79.08< at.% Zn (746-1015 K) <80.97, 72.13 < at.% Zn (904-1066 K) < 75.56 and 63.08< at.% Zn (951-1090 K) <64.95, respectively. But there were h1-PtZn1.7 (x Zn=0.625-0.645)和γ1-Pt3Zn10 (x Zn=0.72-0.76) in the existing Pt-Zn phase diagrams[10]. The rest of two samples (83.37< at.% Zn <84.51, 79.08< at.% Zn <80.97) are new found in the experiment. They will be well used to construct the corresponding part of the Pt-Zn phase diagram, which is unknown in T.B.Massalski’s book [10].Fig.2 Temperature dependence of compositions of Zn in the samples (run4)According to the results of the X-ray diffraction of the Pt-Zn alloy (at.%Zn=80.7 and 83.8) [17], these compounds are γ′1-Pt 5Zn 21 and γ1- Pt 5Zn 21, respectively. A plot of the sample composition versus temperature obtained from isopiestic measurements shows a discontinuity between samples containing the phase boundaries of the γ′1-Pt 5Zn 21 (83.52< at.% Zn <84.30）and γ1- Pt 5Zn 21 （80.66< at.% Zn <80.96）in Fig.2, as expected, are separated by two-phase region. Two new phases (γ′1-Pt 5Zn 21 and γ1- Pt 5Zn 21) can be made by isopiestic method. It is also found that the homogeneity range of the γ1-phase to extend from 79.08-80.97 at.% Zn. The experimental results for the phase boundaries from the isopiestic method are in excellent agreement with the recent work of Thrimmaiah et al. [17].For a given composition straight lines were obtained by linear regression, corresponding to Eq.(4). From the slopes of these lines partial molar enthalpies Zn H ∆ were calculated and plotted as function of composition in Fig.3. Using Zn H ∆-values from the smoothed curve in Fig.3, Eq. (4) was applied to convert the activities of zinc to a common temperature of 907 K, which can be considered the median sample temperature.Fig .3 Natural logarithms of the zinc activity for all samples dependence of temperatureThe values of the partial molar properties of zinc at 907 K are collected in Table 2.Table 2 Partial molar thermodynamic properties of Zn in Pt-Zn system at 907 K4 ConclusionsA series of alloy samples with different content can be made by isopiestic method. An investigation of the constitution of the Zn-rich part of the Pt-Zn system revealed the existence of four distinct phases, i.e., γ′1-Pt5Zn21, γ1-Pt5Zn21, γ1-Pt3Zn10 and h1′-PtZn1.7.The phase boundaries of four intermetallic compounds are 83.37-84.51 at.% Zn (736-945 K), 79.08-80.97 at.% Zn (746-1015 K), 72.13-75.56 at.% Zn (906-1066K) and 63.08-64.95 at.% Zn (951-1090 K),respectively. The activities of zinc and partial thermodynamic properties of Zn for Pt-Zn alloys (63-85 at.% Zn) between 736-1090 K were calculated based on the isopiestic measurements.AcknowledgementsFinancial support of this investigation by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.29871005) and the National Doctorate Fund of State Education Ministry of China (No. 20020008017) as well as the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF) under project No.P14159-CHE is gratefully acknowledged.Reference1 Herbert Ipser, Olga Semenova, Regina Krachler. 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